509:
breakaway posts). These barrier terminals were sometimes able to spear through small cars that hit them at exactly the wrong angle and were deprecated in 1993. The second generation of these terminals, called energy-absorbing terminals, was developed in the 1990s and 2000s. The goal was to develop a kinetic energy dissipating system soft enough for small vehicles to decelerate without causing the guardrail to spear through them, but firm enough to stop larger vehicles. The energy dissipation could be done through bending, kinking, crushing, or deforming guardrail elements. The first family of energy-absorbing terminal products was the extruding terminal type. It features a large steel impact head that engages the frame or bumper of the vehicle in head-on collisions. The impact head is driven back along the guide rail, dissipating the vehicle's kinetic energy by bending or tearing the steel in the guide rail sections away to the side to prevent spearing. When the terminals are hit in an angle, they dissipate much of the energy but the "gating" feature allows the vehicles to pass through the rail as it bends.
134:, also known as clear recovery area or horizontal clearance is defined (through study) as a lateral distance in which a motorist on a recoverable slope may travel outside of the travelway and return their vehicle safely to the roadway. This distance is commonly determined as the 85th percentile in a study comparable to the method of determining speed limits on roadways through speed studies and varies based on the classification of a roadway. In order to provide for adequate safety in roadside conditions, hazardous elements such as fixed obstacles or steep slopes can be placed outside of the clear zone in order to reduce or eliminate the need for roadside protection.
480:
41:
501:
460:
373:
517:
392:
247:
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struck blunt ends at the wrong angle could stop too suddenly or suffer penetration of the passenger compartment by steel rail sections, resulting in severe injuries or fatalities. Traffic engineers have learned through such real-world experience that the ends of barriers are as important as the barriers themselves; the
467:
For several decades after the invention of motor vehicles, designers of early traffic barriers paid little attention to their ends, so that the barriers either ended abruptly in blunt ends, or sometimes featured some flaring of the edges away from the side of the barrier facing traffic. Vehicles that
508:
To address the vaulting and rollover crashes, a new type of terminals were developed. The first generation of these terminals in the 1970s were breakaway cable terminals, in which the rail curves back on itself and is connected to a cable that runs between the first and second posts (which are often
487:
In response, a new style of barrier terminals was developed in the 1960s in which the installers were directed to twist the guardrail 90 degrees and bring its end down so that it would lie flat at ground level (so-called "turned-down" terminals or "ramped ends"). While this innovation prevented the
413:
are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. A permanent concrete barrier will only deflect a negligible amount when struck by a vehicle. Instead, the shape of a concrete barrier is designed to redirect a vehicle into a path parallel to the barrier. This means they can be used to protect traffic
304:
are used to protect traffic from hazards in work zones. Their distinguishing feature is they can be relocated as conditions change in the road works. Two common types are used: temporary concrete barrier and water-filled barrier. The latter is composed of steel-reinforced plastic boxes that are put
422:
also lift the vehicle as the tires ride up on the angled lower section. For low-speed or low-angle impacts on these barriers, that may be sufficient to redirect the vehicle without damaging the bodywork. The disadvantage is there is a higher likelihood of rollover with a small car than the single
293:
are designed to restrain vehicles from crashing off the side of a bridge and falling onto the roadway, river or railroad below. It is usually higher than roadside barrier, to prevent trucks, buses, pedestrians and cyclists from vaulting or rolling over the barrier and falling over the side of the
387:
include box beam guide rail, heavy post blocked out corrugated guide rail and thrie-beam guide rail. Thrie-beam is similar to corrugated rail, but it has three ridges instead of two. They deflect 3 to 6 feet (0.91 to 1.83 m): more than rigid barriers, but less than flexible barriers. Impact
127:
Roadside hazards must be assessed for the danger they pose to traveling motorists based on size, shape, rigidity, and distance from the edge of travelway. For instance, small roadside signs and some large signs (ground-mounted breakaway post) often do not merit roadside protection as the barrier
562:
is dissipated by the shattering of the barrels and the scattering of the sand inside, and the vehicle decelerates over a longer period of time instead of sudden and more violent rapid deceleration from striking a solid obstruction. In turn, the risk of injury to the vehicle occupants is greatly
368:
systems. These are referred to as flexible barriers because they will deflect 1.6 to 2.6 m (5.2 to 8.5 ft) when struck by a typical passenger car or light truck. Impact energy is dissipated through tension in the rail elements, deformation of the rail elements, posts, soil and vehicle
315:
Road blockers are used to enhance security by preventing unauthorized or hostile vehicles from entering sensitive or protected locations, such as government buildings, military installations, airports, embassies, and high-security facilities. They act as a formidable deterrent against potential
158:
When a barrier is needed, careful calculations are completed to determine length of need. The calculations take into account the speed and volume of traffic volume using the road, the distance from the edge of travelway to the hazard, and the distance or offset from the edge of travelway to the
106:
While barriers are normally designed to minimize injury to vehicle occupants, injuries do occur in collisions with traffic barriers. They should only be installed where a collision with the barrier is likely to be less severe than a collision with the hazard behind it. Where possible, it is
128:
itself may pose a greater threat to general health and well-being of the public than the obstacle it intends to protect. In many regions of the world, the concept of clear zone is taken into account when examining the distance of an obstacle or hazard from the edge of travelway.
492:
rolling at high speed into the very objects which guardrails or barriers were supposed to protect them from in the first place. Such wild crashes caused the United States to ban ramped ends in 1990 on high-speed, high-volume highways, and to extend the ban in 1998 to the entire
118:
before they are approved for general use. While crash testing cannot replicate every potential manner of impact, testing programs are designed to determine the performance limits of traffic barriers and provide an adequate level of protection to road users.
316:
threats, including vehicle-borne attacks and unauthorized access. Road blockers are equipped with mechanisms that allow for quick deployment and retraction when needed, providing a flexible and effective means of traffic control and security management.
388:
energy is dissipated through deformation of the rail elements, posts, soil and vehicle bodywork, and friction between the rail and vehicle. Box beam systems also spread the impact force over a number of posts due to the stiffness of the steel tube.
450:
and other areas where aesthetics are considered important, reinforced concrete walls with stone veneers or faux stone finishes are sometimes used. These barrier walls usually have vertical faces to prevent vehicles from climbing the barrier.
549:
is an energy-absorbing type of impact attenuator consisting of a group of sand-filled plastic barrels, usually yellow in color with a black lid. Fitch barriers are often found in a triangular arrangement at the end of a guard rail between a
305:
in place where needed, linked together to form a longitudinal barrier, then ballasted with water. These have an advantage in that they can be assembled without heavy lifting equipment, but they cannot be used in freezing weather.
488:
rail from penetrating the vehicle, it could also vault a vehicle into the air or cause it to roll over, since the rising and twisting guardrail formed a ramp. These crashes often led to vehicles vaulting, rolling, or vaulting
445:
Concrete barriers usually have smooth finishes. At some impact angles, coarse finishes allow the drive wheel of front wheel drive vehicles to climb the barrier, potentially causing the vehicle to roll over. However, along
541:
had been proposed for highway crash barriers by 2012, but many governments prefer sand-filled crash barriers because they have excellent energy-absorption characteristics and are easier to erect and dismantle.
512:
If space allows, a guide rail may also be terminated by gradually curving it back to the point that the terminal is unlikely to be hit end-on, or, if possible, by embedding the end in a hillside or cut slope.
469:
198:
The regulation highlights the importance of designing and implementing barriers that are robust enough to withstand various threat scenarios, including different types of vehicles and potential
558:), along the most probable line of impact. The barriers in front contain the least sand, with each successive barrel containing more. When a vehicle collides with the barrels, the vehicle's
430:
State
Highway Department. This led to the term Jersey barrier being used as a generic term, although technically it applies to a specific shape of concrete barrier. Other types include
414:
from hazards very close behind the barrier, and generally require very little maintenance. Impact energy is dissipated through redirection and deformation of the vehicle itself.
99:. Some of these barriers, designed to be struck from either side, are called median barriers. Traffic barriers can also be used to protect vulnerable areas like school yards,
338:
Barriers are divided into three groups, based on the amount they deflect when struck by a vehicle and the mechanism the barrier uses to resist the impact forces. In the
183:, specifically in 10 CFR 73.55(e)(10) Vehicle Barriers. This section requires licensees to "use physical barriers and security strategies to protect against
873:
103:, and fuel tanks from errant vehicles. In pedestrian zones, like school yards, they also prevent children or other pedestrians from running onto the road.
647:
342:, traffic barriers are tested and classified according to the AASHTO Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) standards, which recently superseded
1314:
909:
American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (2011). "Chapter 8: End Treatments (Anchorages, Terminals, and Crash Cushions)".
494:
672:
1422:
1367:
423:
slope or step barriers. Impact forces are resisted by a combination of the rigidity and mass of the barrier. Deflection is usually negligible.
978:
918:
1252:
269:, and bodies of water. Roadside barriers can also be used with medians, to prevent vehicles from colliding with hazards within the median.
1001:
238:
Traffic barriers are categorized in two ways: by the function they serve, and by how much they deflect when a vehicle crashes into them.
2678:
1158:
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with a 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) pickup truck traveling 100 km/h (62 mph), colliding with the rail at a 25-degree angle.
172:
812:
800:
1069:
2632:
1762:
1205:
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reduced. Fitch barriers are widely popular due to their effectiveness, low cost, and ease of setup and repair or replacement.
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1752:
1737:
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1006:
776:
343:
2614:
2604:
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1044:
219:
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from unauthorized vehicle access, emphasizing the need for effective barrier systems against potential vehicular threats.
176:
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2423:
1948:
1811:
751:
893:
2330:
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1417:
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223:
180:
330:(PSDs) without the doors, used when PSDs are not feasible due to cost, technological compatibility or other factors.
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structure. Bridge rails are usually multi-rail tubular steel barriers or reinforced concrete parapets and barriers.
1508:
913:(4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 8-1.
613:
211:
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Roadside Design Guide, American
Association of State Highway Transportation Officials, 2004, pages 5-10 to 5-23
1116:
651:
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712:
87:, or from traversing steep (non-recoverable) slopes or entering deep water. They are also installed within
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1836:
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850:
535:. These are used for wider hazards that cannot be effectively protected with a one-sided traffic barrier.
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700:
435:
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Components of a standard guiderail (A-profile): S – guardrail, D – distance piece/spacer, P – sigma post
327:
230:. Adherence to these regulations is crucial for mitigating risks associated with vehicle-based threats.
2215:
2537:
2235:
1958:
1856:
1742:
1342:
1327:
1124:(Technical report). Joint AASHTO-FHWA Task Force on Guardrail Terminal Crash Analysis. pp. 12–14
971:
Efficient
Transportation and Pavement Systems: Characterization, Mechanisms, Simulation, and Modeling
676:
261:
are used to protect traffic from roadside obstacles or hazards, such as slopes steep enough to cause
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2363:
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2003:
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628:
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168:
894:"Frequently Asked Questions: Barriers, Terminals, Transitions, Attenuators, and Bridge Railings"
40:
824:
500:
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are used to prevent vehicles from crossing over a median and striking an oncoming vehicle in a
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2018:
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100:
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preferable to remove, relocate or modify a hazard, rather than shield it with a barrier.
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222:
detailed guidelines on vehicle barriers demonstrate its commitment to maintaining high
207:
1095:"Safety Analysis of Extruding W-Beam Guardrail Terminal Crashes Appendix A – Glossary"
83:
such as boulders, sign supports, trees, bridge abutments, buildings, walls, and large
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2013:
1943:
1933:
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1272:
740:. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. 2002. pp. 1–3.
623:
603:
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339:
280:
154:
Near large signs/illumination poles or other roadside elements which may pose hazards
1218:
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1998:
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1801:
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618:
203:
184:
27:
Barrier installed within medians of and next to roads to prevent vehicle collisions
283:. Unlike roadside barriers, they must be designed to be struck from either side.
2522:
2167:
2157:
2132:
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1968:
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555:
372:
266:
92:
88:
84:
64:
17:
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391:
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2197:
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2023:
1993:
1963:
1903:
1851:
1503:
969:. In Al-Qadi, Imad L.; Sayed, Tarek; Alnuaimi, Nasser A.; Masad, Eyad (eds.).
967:"Turning the world's roads into forgiving highways preventing needless deaths"
427:
396:
365:
347:
115:
56:
35:
31:
1052:
110:
To make sure they are safe and effective, traffic barriers undergo extensive
2383:
2230:
2117:
2077:
2067:
2062:
1953:
1821:
1816:
1666:
1585:
1542:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1468:
246:
191:". Here, the focus is on safeguarding the protected area and vital areas of
1190:
472:
devotes an entire chapter to the topic of barrier "end treatments" in its
202:. The integration of these barriers with other security measures, such as
91:
of divided highways to prevent errant vehicles from entering the opposing
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2571:
2403:
2152:
2147:
2008:
1973:
1921:
1911:
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1357:
696:
395:
1.1-meter (43 in)-high version of the Jersey barrier for deflecting
80:
2474:
2458:
2285:
2127:
1978:
1488:
1463:
551:
447:
148:
76:
72:
2581:
2251:
1661:
1624:
346:
NCHRP Report 350. Barrier deflections listed below are results from
214:, forms a critical component of comprehensive security planning at
515:
499:
478:
470:
American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
458:
390:
371:
245:
39:
1300:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
1230:
1261:
1234:
904:
902:
2092:
1154:
1118:
Safety
Analysis of Extruding W-Beam Guardrail Terminal Crashes
1028:
Ivey, Don L.; Bronstad, M.E.; Griffin, Lindsay I. III (1992).
463:
A crash barrier terminal which has been crushed in a collision
851:"We Now Have a Better-Than-Nothing Subway-Platform Barrier"
896:, Federal Highway Administration. Access date 2/15/2011.
426:
An early concrete barrier design was developed by the
369:
bodywork, and friction between the rail and vehicle.
44:
Traffic barrier with a pedestrian guardrail behind it
1002:"ACTION: Traffic Barrier Safety Policy and Guidance"
2590:
2561:
2467:
2284:
2244:
2206:
2048:
2037:
1889:
1776:
1693:
1684:
1612:
1517:
1431:
1313:
1280:
1271:
137:Common sites for installation of traffic barrier:
1206:"Time can't catch up with 86-year-old hot rodder"
79:and prevent them from colliding with dangerous
163:U.S. NRC, 10 CFR 73.55(e)(10) Vehicle Barriers
1246:
1224:on June 30, 2021 – via Race Safety.com.
8:
675:. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Archived from
1064:
1062:
2045:
1690:
1277:
1253:
1239:
1231:
960:
958:
956:
629:Trinity Industries#Guardrail controversies
151:where steep or vertical drops are present
554:and an exit lane (the area known as the
177:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
1030:"Guardrail End Treatments in the 1990s"
973:. Leiden: CRC Press. pp. 257–268.
803:; 10 CFR 73.55(e)(10) Vehicle Barriers.
777:"Determining Length of Need of Barrier"
639:
578:Water and Sand Filled Barriers buffers
520:Sand filled barrels in Canada used as
2349:Median / Central reservation
144:Near steep slopes from roadway limits
7:
483:Turned-down end terminal in New York
36:Guide rail § Roadway guide rail
650:. Oxford Dictionary. Archived from
587:Pennsylvania Guardrail End Terminal
2267:Risk compensation (road transport)
25:
590:Traffic barrier energy attenuator
179:addresses vehicle barriers under
2633:Glossary of road transport terms
1204:Wharton, Tom (August 14, 2003).
1097:. Federal Highway Administration
1075:. Federal Highway Administration
941:. Kentucky Transportation Center
224:standards of safety and security
1164:from the original on 2012-07-10
1037:Transportation Research Record
1007:Federal Highway Administration
344:Federal Highway Administration
95:of traffic and help to reduce
1:
2615:Pavement performance modeling
2605:International roughness index
1045:Transportation Research Board
2610:Present serviceability index
2404:Sidewalk / Pavement
1949:Diamond grinding of pavement
965:Dreznes, Michael G. (2008).
504:Extruding guardrail terminal
265:crashes, fixed objects like
2582:Underpass / Tunnel
2577:Overpass / Flyover
2331:High-occupancy vehicle lane
2221:Driving under the influence
1295:Freeway / Motorway
212:intrusion detection systems
51:(known in North America as
2695:
2679:Transportation engineering
1509:Highway systems by country
849:Chang, Clio (2024-01-22).
752:"Cross Sectional Elements"
614:Hostile vehicle mitigation
527:An alternative to energy
29:
2628:
2620:Granular base equivalency
2439:Traffic signal preemption
1847:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1753:Single-point urban (SPUI)
1144:"Markets for Scrap Tires"
566:Types of end treatments:
364:and weak post corrugated
250:Median barrier in Finland
147:At drainage crossings or
2600:Pavement condition index
2326:High-occupancy toll lane
2321:Contraflow lane reversal
2296:Barrier transfer machine
939:Highway Knowledge Portal
584:Quad guard crash cushion
1454:Express-collector setup
495:National Highway System
432:constant-slope barriers
2638:Road types by features
2533:Raised pavement marker
2500:Constant-slope barrier
2424:Traffic directionality
2414:Street running railway
1837:Protected intersection
524:
505:
484:
464:
455:Barrier end treatments
436:concrete step barriers
403:
377:
251:
45:
2495:Concrete step barrier
1832:Offset T-intersection
1214:The Salt Lake Tribune
1151:Office of Solid Waste
911:Roadsign Design Guide
738:Roadside Design Guide
701:genericized trademark
519:
503:
482:
474:Roadsign Design Guide
462:
394:
375:
328:Platform screen doors
249:
234:Types and performance
43:
2538:Road surface marking
2236:Single-vehicle crash
1959:Full depth recycling
1857:Seagull intersection
1193:on February 3, 2020.
1070:"Roadside Terminals"
593:W-beam double buffer
173:nuclear power plants
2669:Protective barriers
2659:Road infrastructure
2364:Pedestrian crossing
1927:Reinforced concrete
1763:Three-level diamond
1474:Two-lane expressway
1459:Farm-to-market road
1183:"The Fitch Barrier"
874:safety.fhwa.dot.gov
401:semi-trailer trucks
383:Semi-rigid barriers
167:In accordance with
2394:Runaway truck ramp
2216:Driver's education
2004:Rubberized asphalt
1939:Crocodile cracking
1862:Split intersection
1630:Hierarchy of roads
1591:Single carriageway
533:impact attenuators
525:
522:impact attenuators
506:
485:
465:
404:
378:
300:Work zone barriers
252:
216:nuclear facilities
193:nuclear facilities
123:Need and placement
97:head-on collisions
46:
2646:
2645:
2454:Wide outside lane
2280:
2279:
2257:Automotive safety
2138:Road slipperiness
1885:
1884:
1733:Diverging diamond
1680:
1679:
1596:Single-track road
1538:Bicycle boulevard
980:978-0-203-88120-0
920:978-1-56051-509-8
699:(formerly Armco)
529:absorbing barrier
356:Flexible barriers
322:Platform barriers
257:Roadside barriers
200:explosive devices
189:explosive devices
16:(Redirected from
2686:
2674:Street furniture
2490:Cat's eye (road)
2311:Complete streets
2083:Dead Man's Curve
2046:
1984:Pavement milling
1899:Asphalt concrete
1842:Quadrant roadway
1783:
1705:
1691:
1657:Street hierarchy
1305:Elevated highway
1278:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1217:. Archived from
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1189:. Archived from
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1113:
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724:
709:
703:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
669:
663:
662:
660:
659:
644:
440:F-shape barriers
420:F-shape barriers
411:
410:
385:
384:
358:
357:
324:
323:
313:
312:
302:
301:
291:
290:
277:
276:
259:
258:
169:U.S. regulations
101:pedestrian zones
59:, in Britain as
49:Traffic barriers
21:
18:Guardrail (road)
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2624:
2592:
2586:
2557:
2548:Traffic barrier
2508:F-Shape barrier
2463:
2419:Traffic calming
2379:Reversible lane
2369:Pedestrian zone
2354:Motorcycle lane
2316:Contraflow lane
2288:time allocation
2287:
2276:
2272:Underride guard
2240:
2202:
2088:Expansion joint
2050:
2040:
2033:
2019:Stamped asphalt
1881:
1812:Continuous flow
1785:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1706:
1702:grade-separated
1699:
1698:
1676:
1635:Private highway
1608:
1513:
1427:
1309:
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1208:
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1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
981:
964:
963:
954:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
921:
908:
907:
900:
892:
888:
883:
879:
872:
868:
859:
857:
848:
847:
843:
834:
832:
825:"Road Blockers"
823:
822:
818:
811:
807:
799:
795:
786:
784:
775:
774:
770:
761:
759:
750:
749:
745:
736:
735:
731:
722:
720:
711:
710:
706:
695:
691:
682:
680:
673:"crash barrier"
671:
670:
666:
657:
655:
646:
645:
641:
637:
600:
581:Rubber end caps
457:
416:Jersey barriers
408:
407:
382:
381:
355:
354:
336:
321:
320:
310:
309:
299:
298:
289:Bridge barriers
288:
287:
275:Median barriers
274:
273:
256:
255:
244:
236:
165:
125:
114:and full scale
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:Road transport
2661:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Jersey barrier
2515:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2449:Unused highway
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Traffic island
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Drowsy driving
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:Level crossing
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Channelization
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:3-way junction
1788:
1786:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1694:
1688:
1686:Road junctions
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:business route
1647:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1578:Primitive road
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:County highway
1446:
1444:Collector road
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1418:United Kingdom
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Czech Republic
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1282:Limited-access
1275:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1196:
1174:
1135:
1108:
1086:
1058:
1020:
993:
979:
952:
926:
919:
898:
886:
877:
866:
841:
816:
805:
793:
768:
743:
729:
713:"Barrier Need"
704:
689:
664:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
609:Safety barrier
606:
599:
596:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
571:
560:kinetic energy
539:Recycled tyres
531:terminals are
456:
453:
409:Rigid barriers
362:cable barriers
335:
332:
243:
240:
235:
232:
208:access control
181:10 CFR Part 73
164:
161:
156:
155:
152:
145:
142:
124:
121:
69:Armco barriers
61:crash barriers
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Noise barrier
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Cable barrier
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Traffic lanes
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Refuge island
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Living street
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Climbing lane
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2208:Human factors
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Traffic light
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Oversize load
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Manhole cover
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Crushed stone
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Michigan left
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1779:Intersections
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Directional T
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:special route
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Frontage road
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Arterial road
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1423:United States
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Types of road
1270:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1008:
1003:
997:
994:
982:
976:
972:
968:
961:
959:
957:
953:
940:
936:
930:
927:
922:
916:
912:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
887:
881:
878:
875:
870:
867:
856:
852:
845:
842:
830:
826:
820:
817:
814:
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
782:
778:
772:
769:
757:
753:
747:
744:
739:
733:
730:
718:
714:
708:
705:
702:
698:
693:
690:
679:on 2013-12-13
678:
674:
668:
665:
654:on 2014-09-07
653:
649:
643:
640:
634:
630:
627:
625:
624:Traffic guard
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:SAFER barrier
602:
601:
597:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
561:
557:
553:
548:
547:Fitch Barrier
543:
540:
536:
534:
530:
523:
518:
514:
510:
502:
498:
496:
491:
481:
477:
475:
471:
461:
454:
452:
449:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
421:
417:
412:
402:
398:
393:
389:
386:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
345:
341:
340:United States
333:
331:
329:
325:
317:
314:
311:Road Blockers
306:
303:
295:
292:
284:
282:
281:head-on crash
278:
270:
268:
264:
260:
248:
241:
239:
233:
231:
229:
228:nuclear sites
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
160:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
133:
129:
122:
120:
117:
116:crash testing
113:
108:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:within their
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2553:Traffic cone
2547:
2543:Rumble strip
2444:Truck bypass
2399:Shared space
2359:Passing lane
2344:Managed lane
2301:Bicycle lane
2183:Washboarding
2178:Traffic sign
2103:Hairpin turn
1872:Texas U-turn
1802:Box junction
1696:Interchanges
1640:Route number
1548:Country lane
1290:Bike freeway
1219:the original
1212:
1199:
1191:the original
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1150:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1117:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1040:
1036:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
1010:. 1994-09-29
1005:
996:
984:. Retrieved
970:
943:. Retrieved
938:
929:
910:
889:
880:
869:
858:. Retrieved
854:
844:
833:. Retrieved
831:. 2022-05-16
828:
819:
808:
796:
785:. Retrieved
783:. 2010-05-01
780:
771:
760:. Retrieved
758:. 2010-05-01
755:
746:
737:
732:
721:. Retrieved
719:. 2010-05-01
716:
707:
692:
681:. Retrieved
677:the original
667:
656:. Retrieved
652:the original
642:
619:Traffic cone
565:
544:
537:
528:
526:
511:
507:
489:
486:
473:
466:
444:
425:
406:
405:
380:
379:
353:
352:
337:
319:
318:
308:
307:
297:
296:
286:
285:
272:
271:
267:bridge piers
254:
253:
237:
204:surveillance
197:
185:land vehicle
166:
157:
136:
131:
130:
126:
109:
105:
85:storm drains
68:
60:
52:
48:
47:
2591:Performance
2523:Kassel kerb
2480:Botts' dots
2468:Demarcation
2168:Storm drain
2133:Road debris
2058:Aquaplaning
2051:environment
2039:Road safety
1917:Cobblestone
1867:Superstreet
1672:Winter road
1620:Concurrency
1613:Other terms
1604:Sunken lane
1573:Main street
1518:Local roads
1187:Race Safety
935:"Guardrail"
648:"Guardrail"
397:automobiles
348:crash tests
141:Bridge ends
93:carriageway
65:auto racing
57:guard rails
2653:Categories
2593:indicators
2562:Structures
2513:Guard rail
2389:Road verge
2262:Seat belts
2198:Snowsquall
2163:Speed bump
2143:Road train
1964:Glassphalt
1904:Bioasphalt
1877:Turnaround
1852:Roundabout
1782:(at-grade)
1748:Roundabout
1713:Cloverleaf
1568:Green lane
1504:Trunk road
1432:Main roads
1315:By country
1168:2015-12-18
1014:2021-05-31
860:2024-04-15
835:2023-10-16
787:2011-01-11
762:2011-01-11
723:2011-01-11
683:2015-07-06
658:2014-09-07
635:References
428:New Jersey
366:guide rail
132:Clear zone
53:guardrails
32:Guard rail
30:See also:
2384:Road diet
2286:Space and
2231:Road rage
2118:Oil spill
2078:Crosswind
2068:Black ice
2063:Avalanche
1989:Permeable
1822:Jughandle
1817:Hook turn
1723:Free-flow
1667:Toll road
1586:Side road
1543:Boulevard
1499:Super two
1494:Ring road
1469:Link road
1368:Hong Kong
1323:Australia
1265:hierarchy
1053:0361-1981
1047:: 63–75.
829:TxDOT RDM
781:TxDOT RDM
756:TxDOT RDM
717:TxDOT RDM
570:Bull nose
334:Stiffness
242:Functions
159:barrier.
112:simulated
81:obstacles
63:, and in
2572:Causeway
2409:Shoulder
2245:Vehicles
2193:Whiteout
2153:Rockfall
2148:Roadkill
2073:Bleeding
2049:Road and
2009:Sealcoat
1934:Corduroy
1922:Concrete
1912:Chipseal
1891:Surfaces
1743:Raindrop
1558:Driveway
1553:Dead end
1533:Backroad
1484:2+2 road
1479:2+1 road
1403:Portugal
1393:Pakistan
1159:Archived
813:ecfr.gov
801:ecfr.gov
697:AK Steel
598:See also
448:parkways
360:include
263:rollover
226:at U.S.
149:culverts
73:vehicles
2475:Bollard
2459:Woonerf
2188:Washout
2128:Pothole
2041:factors
2029:Texture
1999:Plastic
1979:Macadam
1768:Trumpet
1718:Diamond
1489:Parkway
1464:Highway
1378:Ireland
1358:Germany
1348:Croatia
1328:Belgium
986:28 July
574:ET Plus
552:highway
89:medians
77:roadway
71:) keep
2568:Bridge
2252:Airbag
2024:Tarmac
1969:Gravel
1797:Bowtie
1738:Parclo
1662:Stroad
1625:Detour
1600:Street
1528:Avenue
1413:Taiwan
1398:Poland
1363:Greece
1338:Canada
1333:Brazil
1128:22 May
1101:25 May
1079:25 May
1051:
977:
945:27 May
917:
855:Curbed
438:, and
218:. The
210:, and
187:borne
175:, the
1994:Plank
1908:Brick
1758:Stack
1524:Alley
1408:Spain
1388:Nepal
1383:Italy
1373:India
1343:China
1222:(PDF)
1209:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
1147:(PDF)
1122:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
1033:(PDF)
220:NRC's
2504:Curb
2335:Lane
2098:Ford
2014:Sett
1954:Dirt
1582:Road
1262:Road
1130:2024
1103:2024
1081:2024
1049:ISSN
1041:1367
988:2020
975:ISBN
947:2024
915:ISBN
556:gore
418:and
399:and
171:for
34:and
2158:Rut
2093:Fog
1974:Ice
1155:EPA
490:and
67:as
55:or
2655::
1211:.
1185:.
1157:.
1153:.
1149:.
1061:^
1043:.
1039:.
1035:.
1004:.
955:^
937:.
901:^
853:.
827:.
779:.
754:.
715:.
545:A
497:.
476:.
442:.
434:,
326:,
206:,
1704:)
1700:(
1254:e
1247:t
1240:v
1171:.
1132:.
1105:.
1083:.
1055:.
1017:.
990:.
949:.
923:.
863:.
838:.
790:.
765:.
726:.
686:.
661:.
20:)
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