102:
117:
1199:
45:
455:
1093:
1081:
1069:
129:
491:
species: 1168 fresh water fish, 269 amphibians (54% endemics), 295 reptiles (29%), 1004 birds (7.7%), and 282 mammals (11%). Diversity of invertebrates remains largely undocumented, but there are several species of endemic butterflies and dung beetles.
499:
have been found, approximately 40% of which is considered endemic. The shield is overlain by the largest expanse of tropical forest on any
Precambrian shield area in the world. Guianan rain forest is similar in nature to
1125:
438:, of the Roraima supergroup and Quasi-Roraima formation, and the rounded granite peaks of the Parguaza and Imataca complexes to the north and southwestern edges of the area. The highest point in the shield is
551:
national parks. In 2014, the
Government of Colombia designated a 250 hectare area of the Guiana Shield, as a Ramsar Wetland, thus becoming a protected area of international importance in accordance to the
3253:
1118:
1111:
3246:
1900:
769:
403:
states of Brazil. From this arc, the southern uplands slope gently downwards towards the Amazon River and the northern uplands slope gently downwards toward the
446:, a highly eroded sandstone plateau that straddles the Venezuela-Brazil border and that has lost the typical tabletop shape of the other tepuis in the region.
3377:
3239:
915:
3447:
3402:
3442:
3148:
548:
3138:
1003:
3387:
3119:
1893:
3472:
3362:
3143:
1815:
559:
According to recent researches, although ecosystems of the
Guayana Highlands remain vibrant, emerging issues (including "a well-known
544:
3133:
418:
with an elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft) that forms the western edge of the shield. The plateau is separated from the eastern
391:
of south-central
Suriname, along the southern boundary of Suriname and Guyana, forming the Acarai Mountains of Roraima state and the
44:
3422:
3407:
749:
765:
2390:
1810:
1545:
1488:
3208:
512:
3306:
1439:
58:
3397:
3382:
3372:
1886:
3457:
951:"Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana)"
3467:
3462:
3452:
3437:
1913:
1347:
875:
Ferrer-Paris, José R; Lozano, Cecilia; Cardozo-Urdaneta, Arlene; Thomas
Cabianca, Arianna (2016). "Indicative response of
1397:
988:
3432:
3417:
3392:
1820:
1377:
1357:
3367:
3321:
1367:
1011:
3427:
3412:
3352:
2424:
2300:
816:
Stachowicz, Izabela; Ferrer Paris, José Rafael; Quiroga-Carmona, Marcial; Moran, Lisandro; Lozano, Cecilia (2020).
632:
626:
101:
3326:
3123:
2335:
2320:
2163:
2138:
1853:
1567:
1459:
1444:
1414:
1266:
1256:
768:[Geosciences: IBGE revises the altitude of seven high points] (Press release) (in Portuguese). Brasília:
528:
3271:
2984:
2964:
1754:
3291:
2325:
2315:
2280:
2212:
2148:
1073:
459:
204:
are found. The Guiana
Highlands are also the source of some of the world's most well-known waterfalls such as
3276:
2345:
2249:
2123:
2108:
1959:
1577:
1300:
1261:
927:
608:
2202:
1928:
3153:
3088:
1696:
1555:
1550:
1392:
353:
272:
2773:
2158:
2133:
1515:
818:"Baseline for monitoring and habitat use of medium to large non-volant mammals in Gran Sabana, Venezuela"
3286:
3128:
2673:
2275:
2153:
2128:
2118:
2078:
2073:
2020:
1999:
1858:
1793:
1582:
1424:
1352:
540:
520:
392:
121:
116:
3052:
3018:
2994:
2868:
2807:
2642:
1701:
1481:
1409:
879:
Linné (Coleoptera: Scarabaidae) to vegetation condition in the basin of the
Orinoco river, Venezuela".
109:
2168:
2027:
3357:
3093:
2873:
2795:
2790:
2657:
2560:
2383:
2290:
2254:
2172:
1978:
1964:
1940:
1909:
1848:
1803:
1783:
1429:
1188:
1020:
426:
sediments of the Sub-Andean Trough that runs along the northern and western rim of the Guiana Shield.
411:
388:
177:
2778:
2662:
2578:
2013:
1626:
1602:
1198:
2784:
2747:
2731:
2689:
2634:
2599:
2439:
2433:
2330:
2310:
2285:
2182:
2143:
2098:
1798:
1788:
1674:
1609:
1503:
1085:
850:
577:
571:
509:
336:
and granitic plutonic rocks. The Early to Middle
Proterozoic Roraima Group consists of continental
157:
2883:
2699:
2652:
2647:
2192:
3163:
3042:
3025:
3007:
2878:
2761:
2755:
2718:
2694:
2358:
2207:
1971:
1952:
1734:
1686:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1649:
1246:
1226:
1097:
1046:
896:
742:
The Gran Sabana: The World's Finest
Quartzite Karst?, in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World
105:
3076:
3047:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2766:
2684:
2667:
1434:
1402:
468:
442:
in Brazil at 2,995 metres (9,826 ft). Pico da
Neblina is the highest summit of the larger
3188:
3037:
2969:
2259:
2047:
2041:
1830:
1773:
1724:
1719:
1691:
1532:
1178:
745:
553:
501:
315:
3347:
3213:
2999:
2974:
2832:
2538:
2533:
2476:
2305:
2103:
1863:
1838:
1749:
1597:
1587:
1510:
1493:
1419:
1362:
1251:
1236:
1221:
1213:
1036:
1028:
888:
829:
727:
Geology and Mineral Resource Assessment of the Venezuelan Guayana Shield, USGS Bulletin 2062
560:
431:
373:
337:
193:
185:
165:
1103:
3311:
2737:
2723:
2570:
2550:
2513:
2376:
2233:
2228:
2113:
2093:
2083:
1933:
1843:
1744:
1681:
1659:
1540:
1325:
1285:
1231:
1153:
1148:
1140:
620:
602:
439:
319:
307:
141:
3193:
2861:
1616:
1342:
914:
Costa, Mauro; Viloria, Ángel L.; Hubber, Otto; Attal, Stéphane; Orellana, Andrés (2013).
1024:
3083:
2958:
2846:
2840:
2815:
2583:
2545:
2522:
2460:
2340:
2295:
2088:
1729:
1644:
1592:
1454:
1290:
496:
443:
213:
209:
149:
3341:
3296:
3168:
3098:
2979:
2856:
2528:
2466:
2197:
1387:
1372:
1337:
1305:
1168:
671:
614:
524:
236:
189:
93:
1050:
900:
3212:; includes landforms that may not strictly conform to the definition of a tepui or
3066:
3031:
2888:
2851:
2827:
2821:
2742:
2679:
2555:
2006:
1449:
1382:
1183:
629: – Paleozoographic event resulting from the formation of the Isthmus of Panama
504:
and known protected areas include the Iwokrama Forest of central Guyana, Kaieteur,
480:
3216:. Poorly known sites or lower mountains treated as tepuis for historical reasons.
387:
The Tumucumaque Uplands which are a series of central massifs in an arc from the
17:
3281:
3183:
3173:
3114:
3071:
3060:
2713:
2707:
1739:
1621:
1562:
1522:
1315:
1310:
1173:
1163:
1158:
590:
341:
311:
256:
205:
181:
3231:
1878:
791:
3013:
2034:
1992:
1572:
1498:
1329:
1295:
1277:
916:"Lepidoptera del Pantepui. Parte I: Endemismo y caracterización biogeográfica"
892:
488:
454:
357:
345:
264:
260:
255:. The rocks of the Guiana Shield consist of metasediments and metavolcanics (
73:
60:
2989:
2622:
2471:
1764:
950:
679:
565:
472:
349:
244:
834:
817:
599: – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
1092:
1080:
1068:
310:
marks the southern boundary of the complex. South of that fault are Early
2054:
949:
Funk, V.; Hollowell, T.; Berry, P.; Kelloff, C.; Alexander, S.N. (2007).
675:
667:
532:
516:
484:
464:
404:
400:
330:
326:
323:
296:
248:
228:
192:
that forms a portion of the northern coast. The higher elevations on the
1041:
2451:
687:
658:
423:
415:
396:
381:
377:
288:
1032:
849:
Vari, R.P.; Ferraris Jr., C.J.; Radosavljevic, A.; Funk, V.A. (2009).
3316:
2501:
2412:
1945:
1473:
1209:
683:
663:
536:
505:
299:
292:
276:
268:
252:
220:
173:
380:
and extend across much of west-central Guyana and into the northern
128:
2399:
2177:
596:
453:
435:
419:
303:
201:
127:
115:
100:
1985:
1469:
333:
3235:
2620:
2499:
2410:
2372:
1882:
1107:
792:"Checklist of the Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Guiana Shield"
766:"Geociências: IBGE revê as altitudes de site Pontos culminates"
1197:
27:
Precambrian geological formation in northeast South America
2368:
851:"Checklist of the freshwater fishes of the Guiana Shield"
958:
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium
729:. US Government Printing Office. 1993. pp. 10–15.
275:
intruded by sills of younger mafic intrusives such as
605: – Geographic and geologic area of North America
3107:
2806:
2633:
2592:
2569:
2512:
2450:
2423:
2268:
2242:
2221:
2066:
1921:
1829:
1772:
1763:
1712:
1637:
1531:
1468:
1324:
1275:
1208:
1139:
1002:Rull, V.; Vegas-Vilarrúbia, T.; Safont, E. (2016).
479:The Guiana Shield is one of the regions of highest
368:There are three upland areas of the Guiana Shield:
89:
35:
495:Plant life is equally rich and 13,367 species of
200:, which is where the table-like mountains called
858:Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington
799:Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington
617: – Mountain in Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela
329:Supamo Complex. The Cuchivero Group consists of
770:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
674:, and sometimes even includes the portions of
434:is dominated by high flat-topped peaks called
3247:
2384:
1894:
1119:
508:National Park of southern Guyana, the UNESCO
8:
539:. In Venezuela the forests are protected by
3254:
3240:
3232:
2630:
2617:
2509:
2496:
2420:
2407:
2391:
2377:
2369:
1901:
1887:
1879:
1769:
1126:
1112:
1104:
287:The oldest rocks in the shield consist of
32:
1040:
833:
740:Wray, Robert (2010). Migon, Piotr (ed.).
716:Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, ISBN
712:Gibbs, A.K. and Barron,C.N. (eds) (1993)
1134:Major South American geological features
593: – Region in southeastern Venezuela
162:Planalto das Guianas, Escudo das Guianas
662:is often used as a collective name for
644:
569:and "one of the most aggressive weeds"
259:) overlain by sub-horizontal layers of
41:
978:CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, ISBN
790:Hollowell, T.; Reynolds, R.P. (2005).
703:CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, ISBN
146:Plateau des Guyanes, Bouclier guyanais
1004:"The Lost World's pristinity at risk"
976:Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield
701:Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield
487:species. The region houses over 3000
88:
7:
376:proper are in Venezuela east of the
623: – Highest mountain in Brazil
611: – Subregion of South America
49:Political map of the Guiana Shield
25:
3378:Geographical regions of Venezuela
690:) which are on the Guiana Shield.
575:) and infectious faecal bacteria
154:Hoogland van Guyana, Guianaschild
3448:Natural history of South America
3403:Natural regions of South America
1091:
1079:
1067:
714:The Geology of the Guiana Shield
686:(including most of the state of
43:
3443:Flora of northern South America
3209:Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana
974:Hammond, David S. (ed.) (2005)
699:Hammond, David S. (ed.) (2005)
513:Central Suriname Nature Reserve
291:Imataca Complex, composed of a
180:. It is a 1.7 billion-year-old
3206:List sourced from volume 1 of
881:Journal of Insect Conservation
430:The north-central part of the
1:
2301:Middle East Eastern Highlands
3262:Natural regions of Venezuela
926:(3): 193–217. Archived from
744:. Springer. pp. 80–81.
219:The Guiana Shield underlies
3307:Island and Coastal Lowlands
2164:Chiapas–Guatemala Highlands
1012:Diversity and Distributions
483:in the world, and has many
3489:
3388:Geography of French Guiana
3160:Tepui caves and sinkholes
2255:East Australian Cordillera
1755:Pampean Pegmatite Province
633:Geography of South America
627:Great American Interchange
475:part of the Guiana Shield)
356:presumed to be 1.8 to 1.4
3473:Precambrian South America
3363:Plateaus of South America
3327:Sur del Lago de Maracaibo
3267:
3204:
2629:
2616:
2508:
2495:
2419:
2406:
2354:
2336:Himalayan Mountain System
2260:Western Australian Shield
2139:Baja California peninsula
1227:Arequipa-Antofalla Craton
1195:
893:10.1007/s10841-016-9886-6
529:Tumucumaque National Park
344:sediments include quartz
54:
42:
3423:Geology of French Guiana
3408:Geology of South America
3292:Venezuelan Coastal Range
2732:Neblina–Aracamuni Massif
2434:Neblina–Aracamuni Massif
2326:Northern Asian Mountains
2316:Central Siberian Plateau
2281:Central European Uplands
1713:Metallogenetic provinces
1237:Central Brazilian Shield
989:"Colombia | Ramsar"
460:Heliamphora chimantensis
314:rocks consisting of the
2124:Pacific Mountain System
1348:Bucaramanga-Santa Marta
609:Caribbean South America
3149:Serranía de la Neblina
2708:Duida–Marahuaca Massif
2346:Central Asian Lowlands
2250:East Australian Basins
2178:Andean Mountain System
2042:East African Highlands
1960:South African Platform
1276:Structures undergoing
1257:Río de la Plata Craton
1202:
835:10.12933/therya-20-891
581:have been documented.
549:Serranía de la Neblina
476:
414:is a sandstone topped
247:, as well as parts of
172:) is one of the three
169:
161:
153:
145:
133:
125:
120:Devil's Canyon in the
113:
3398:Geography of Suriname
3383:Geography of Colombia
3373:Plateaus of Venezuela
2276:Fenno-Scandian Shield
2203:Paraná–Paraguay Plain
2154:Gulf Coastal Lowlands
2129:Rocky Mountain System
2119:Intermontane Plateaus
2079:Appalachian Highlands
1929:African Alpine System
1910:Physiographic regions
1201:
521:Guiana Amazonian Park
502:Amazonian rain forest
457:
393:Tumuc-Humac Mountains
131:
122:Canaima National Park
119:
104:
3468:Geography of Roraima
3453:North Region, Brazil
3438:Geology of Venezuela
3322:South Orinoco Region
3277:Cordillera de Mérida
3089:Sierra de Maigualida
2291:Great European Plain
1301:Juan Fernández Ridge
1262:São Francisco Craton
1100:at Wikimedia Commons
1088:at Wikimedia Commons
1076:at Wikimedia Commons
412:Chiribiquete Plateau
389:Wilhelmina Mountains
243:), much of southern
178:South American Plate
74:5.14333°N 60.76250°W
3433:Geology of Suriname
3418:Geology of Colombia
3393:Geography of Guyana
3272:Serranía del Perijá
2774:Serranía Tapirapecó
2748:Cerro de la Neblina
2600:Pacaraima Mountains
2440:Cerro de la Neblina
2331:Indo-Gangetic Plain
2311:West Siberian Plain
2183:Brazilian Highlands
2159:Neovolcanic Plateau
2134:Sierra Madre System
2099:Hudson Bay Lowlands
1821:Paraná and Etendeka
1025:2016DivDi..22..995R
877:Oxysternon festivum
578:Helicobacter pylori
572:Polypogon elongatus
510:World Heritage Site
338:clastic sedimentary
70: /
3458:Geography of Amapá
3368:Plateaus of Brazil
3164:Cueva del Fantasma
3124:Venezuelan Guayana
3053:Tereke-yurén-tepui
3043:Kamarkawarai-tepui
3019:Cerro Sarisariñama
2995:Wadakapiapué-tepui
2719:Cerro Huachamacari
2674:Cuao–Sipapo Massif
2359:Physical geography
2208:Patagonian Plateau
2109:Interior Highlands
2021:Natal Terrace Belt
2000:Damara–Nama Upland
1775:Volcanic provinces
1735:El Indio Gold Belt
1533:Sedimentary basins
1398:Magallanes-Fagnano
1247:Paranapanema Block
1203:
772:(IBGE). 2016-02-29
477:
134:
132:Map of the Guianas
126:
114:
110:Guainía department
106:Cerros de Mavecure
79:5.14333; -60.76250
3463:Geography of Pará
3428:Geology of Guyana
3413:Geology of Brazil
3353:Guayana Highlands
3335:
3334:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3180:Tepui waterfalls
3144:Parima–Tapirapecó
3139:Jaua–Sarisariñama
2869:Cerro Guaiquinima
2643:Cerro Aratitiyope
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2366:
2365:
2321:Eastern Highlands
2173:Yucatán Peninsula
2057:
2050:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1956:
1948:
1937:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1725:Chilean Iron Belt
1720:Bolivian Tin Belt
1578:Eastern Venezuela
1368:Dolores-Guayaquil
1358:Cordillera Blanca
1096:Media related to
1084:Media related to
1072:Media related to
1033:10.1111/ddi.12469
930:on 27 August 2016
563:plant elsewhere"
554:Ramsar Convention
545:Parima-Tapirapeco
306:gneiss. The Guri
99:
98:
18:Guayana Highlands
16:(Redirected from
3480:
3302:Guiana Highlands
3256:
3249:
3242:
3233:
2631:
2618:
2534:Wei-Assipu-tepui
2510:
2497:
2477:Wei-Assipu-tepui
2421:
2408:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2306:Fertile Crescent
2169:Gulf Coast Plain
2104:Innuitian Region
2053:
2046:
2033:
2028:Mozambique Plain
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1816:Central Atlantic
1776:
1770:
1750:Lithium Triangle
1704:
1677:
1629:
1612:
1605:
1558:
1518:
1506:
1484:
1405:
1267:Uruguayan Shield
1222:Amazonian Craton
1128:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1095:
1086:Guiana Highlands
1083:
1071:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1008:
999:
993:
992:
985:
979:
972:
966:
965:
955:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
911:
905:
904:
872:
866:
865:
855:
846:
840:
839:
837:
813:
807:
806:
796:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
762:
756:
755:
737:
731:
730:
723:
717:
710:
704:
697:
691:
649:
432:Guiana Highlands
384:state in Brazil.
374:Guiana Highlands
302:and subordinate
198:Guiana Highlands
85:
84:
82:
81:
80:
75:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
47:
33:
21:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3312:Maracaibo Basin
3263:
3260:
3230:
3217:
3200:
3134:Duida–Marahuaca
3103:
3094:Sierra Marutaní
3077:Sororopán-tepui
3048:Murisipán-tepui
2911:Agparamán-tepui
2895:Chimantá Massif
2874:Cerro Guanacoco
2802:
2796:Serranía Yutajé
2791:Cerro Coro Coro
2738:Cerro Aracamuni
2724:Cerro Marahuaca
2658:Cerro Tamacuari
2625:
2604:
2588:
2571:Potaro-Siparuni
2565:
2561:Mount Yakontipu
2551:Mount Ayanganna
2514:Cuyuni-Mazaruni
2504:
2483:
2446:
2415:
2402:
2397:
2367:
2362:
2350:
2264:
2238:
2234:West Antarctica
2229:East Antarctica
2217:
2114:Interior Plains
2094:Canadian Shield
2084:Arctic Lowlands
2062:
1979:Matabele Upland
1965:Kalahari Region
1941:African massive
1934:Atlas Mountains
1917:
1907:
1877:
1868:
1844:Noronha hotspot
1825:
1774:
1759:
1745:Iron Quadrangle
1708:
1702:
1697:Terra Australis
1675:
1633:
1627:
1610:
1603:
1583:Golfo San Jorge
1556:
1551:Andean foreland
1527:
1516:
1504:
1482:
1464:
1460:Trans-Brazilian
1403:
1378:Eastern Frontal
1320:
1286:Antarctic Plate
1271:
1232:Atlantic Shield
1204:
1193:
1141:Tectonic plates
1135:
1132:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1019:(10): 995–999.
1006:
1001:
1000:
996:
987:
986:
982:
973:
969:
953:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
913:
912:
908:
874:
873:
869:
853:
848:
847:
843:
815:
814:
810:
794:
789:
788:
784:
775:
773:
764:
763:
759:
752:
739:
738:
734:
725:
724:
720:
711:
707:
698:
694:
650:
646:
641:
621:Pico da Neblina
603:Canadian Shield
587:
497:vascular plants
469:Chimantá Massif
452:
440:Pico da Neblina
366:
285:
196:are called the
170:Escudo guayanés
78:
76:
72:
69:
64:
61:
59:
57:
56:
50:
38:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:table mountain
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3189:Cuquenán Falls
3186:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3120:National parks
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Sierra de Lema
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Aparamán-tepui
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2970:Karaurín-tepui
2967:
2959:Eastern Tepuis
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Chimantá-tepui
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2818:
2816:Angasima-tepui
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2781:
2779:Sierra Unturán
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2670:
2665:
2663:Cerro Yapacana
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2584:Mount Wokomung
2581:
2579:Mount Kopinang
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Maringma-tepui
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2523:Eastern Tepuis
2518:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2461:Eastern Tepuis
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2429:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2341:Deccan Plateau
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Ural Mountains
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Central Meseta
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Atlantic Plain
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2014:Cape Mountains
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1957:
1949:
1938:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Juan Fernández
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1730:Deseado Massif
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1557:Central Brazil
1553:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Sierra Ballena
1442:
1440:Sarandí del Yí
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:Carnegie Ridge
1288:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Río Apa Craton
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1189:South American
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1063:
1062:External links
1060:
1057:
1056:
994:
980:
967:
941:
906:
887:(3): 527–538.
867:
841:
828:(2): 169–179.
808:
782:
757:
750:
732:
718:
705:
692:
643:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
586:
583:
451:
448:
444:Neblina massif
428:
427:
408:
385:
365:
362:
284:
281:
225:British Guiana
214:Cuquenan Falls
210:Kaieteur Falls
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
36:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3485:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Orinoco Delta
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Sima Humboldt
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3099:Upuigma-tepui
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:Yuruaní-tepui
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Roraima-tepui
2978:
2976:
2975:Kukenán-tepui
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Tirepón-tepui
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Apacará-tepui
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Abacapá-tepui
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Cerro La Luna
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:Araopán-tepui
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:Aprada Massif
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:Yutajé Massif
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Cerro Moriche
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:Yuruaní-tepui
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Roraima-tepui
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Roraima-tepui
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Alpine System
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Orinoco Basin
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Guiana Shield
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Buried Ranges
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1768:
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1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1698:
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1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:Cariri Velhos
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1511:Neuquén Rifts
1509:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Asunción Rift
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Liquiñe-Ofqui
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:Malpelo Ridge
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:Guiana Shield
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1190:
1187:
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1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
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1167:
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1099:
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1087:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:Guiana Shield
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
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1005:
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984:
981:
977:
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945:
942:
929:
925:
921:
920:Entomotropica
917:
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894:
890:
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878:
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868:
863:
859:
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751:9789048130542
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728:
722:
719:
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689:
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681:
677:
673:
672:French Guiana
669:
665:
661:
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634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:Mount Roraima
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525:French Guiana
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422:by the thick
421:
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371:
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364:Geomorphology
363:
361:
359:
355:
354:conglomerates
351:
347:
343:
340:rocks. These
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
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282:
280:
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274:
273:conglomerates
270:
266:
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254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:French Guiana
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:South America
188:in northeast
187:
183:
179:
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171:
167:
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159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:Guiana Shield
130:
123:
118:
111:
107:
103:
95:
94:South America
92:
83:
55:Coordinates:
53:
46:
37:Guiana Shield
34:
19:
3301:
3207:
3194:Yutajé Falls
3067:Carrao-tepui
3061:Ptari Massif
3059:
3032:Los Testigos
3030:
3006:
2985:Tramen-tepui
2957:
2951:Toronó-tepui
2941:Sarvén-tepui
2906:Acopán-tepui
2893:
2889:Cerro Venamo
2884:Cerro Venado
2862:Uaipán-tepui
2852:Cerro El Sol
2841:Auyán Massif
2839:
2828:Aprada-tepui
2820:
2783:
2754:
2743:Cerro Avispa
2730:
2706:
2700:Cerro Sipapo
2680:Cerro Autana
2672:
2653:Cerro Guanay
2648:Cerro Camani
2556:Mount Venamo
2521:
2459:
2432:
2356:
2193:Amazon Plain
2187:
2007:Namib Desert
1241:
1042:10261/137349
1016:
1010:
997:
983:
975:
970:
961:
957:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
923:
919:
909:
884:
880:
876:
870:
861:
857:
844:
825:
821:
811:
802:
798:
785:
774:. Retrieved
760:
741:
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726:
721:
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708:
700:
695:
656:
652:
647:
576:
570:
564:
558:
494:
481:biodiversity
478:
458:
429:
367:
316:metavolcanic
286:
240:
233:Dutch Guiana
232:
231:(previously
224:
223:(previously
218:
197:
137:
135:
3358:The Guianas
3282:Coro region
3184:Angel Falls
3174:Sima Martel
3115:Gran Sabana
3072:Ptari-tepui
3026:Kurún-tepui
3008:Jaua Massif
2936:Murey-tepui
2931:Churí-tepui
2916:Amurí-tepui
2879:Cerro Ichún
2847:Auyán-tepui
2762:Cerro Euaja
2756:Parú Massif
2714:Cerro Duida
2695:Cerro Ovana
2074:Appalachian
2048:Rift Valley
1972:Lunda Swell
1953:Mid-African
1523:Salta Rifts
1489:Amazon Rift
1330:shear zones
1316:Nazca Ridge
1311:Nazca Plate
1179:North Andes
591:Gran Sabana
342:Precambrian
312:Proterozoic
257:greenstones
206:Angel Falls
184:geological
182:Precambrian
124:, Venezuela
77: /
3342:Categories
3287:Barlovento
3014:Cerro Jaua
2767:Cerro Parú
2685:Cerro Cuao
2668:Cerro Yaví
2357:See also:
2222:Antarctica
2055:Abyssinian
2035:Madagascar
1993:High Karoo
1687:San Rafael
1670:Gondwanide
1665:Famatinian
1650:Brasiliano
1588:Magallanes
1420:Pernambuco
1353:Cochabamba
1296:Chile Rise
1278:subduction
776:2016-03-02
651:The term
639:References
489:vertebrate
473:Venezuelan
350:quartzites
346:sandstones
320:Supergroup
265:quartzites
261:sandstones
158:Portuguese
112:, Colombia
65:60°45′45″W
2990:Uei-tepui
2965:Ilú-tepui
2623:Venezuela
2472:Uei-tepui
2243:Australia
1859:San Felix
1849:Galápagos
1839:Ascension
1811:Caribbean
1765:Volcanism
1703:Tilcarian
1638:Orogenies
1541:Altiplano
1517:Paramirim
1499:Cuyo Rift
1435:San Ramón
1415:Oca-Ancón
1154:Caribbean
1149:Antarctic
680:Venezuela
566:Poa annua
535:State of
245:Venezuela
186:formation
62:5°08′36″N
3154:Yapacana
3108:See also
2635:Amazonas
2593:See also
2425:Amazonas
2213:Piedmont
2067:Americas
1864:Trindade
1831:Hotspots
1740:El Mutún
1628:Solimões
1604:Pantanal
1593:Malvinas
1568:Colorado
1455:El Tigre
1425:El Pilar
1051:23002053
901:17263106
676:Colombia
668:Suriname
585:See also
561:invasive
527:and the
517:Suriname
405:Atlantic
360:in age.
331:ash flow
327:plutonic
324:granitic
322:and the
318:Pastora
297:feldspar
249:Colombia
229:Suriname
3348:Cratons
3129:Canaima
3122:of the
2808:Bolívar
2452:Roraima
2269:Eurasia
1804:Austral
1794:Central
1682:Pampean
1660:Chonide
1611:Paraíba
1598:Neuquén
1483:Aguapeí
1474:grabens
1430:Romeral
1388:Huincul
1373:Domeyko
1363:Córdoba
1338:Atacama
1214:shields
1210:Cratons
1169:Malpelo
1021:Bibcode
934:25 June
688:Roraima
659:Guianas
541:Canaima
531:in the
485:endemic
467:to the
465:endemic
450:Ecology
424:Neogene
416:plateau
382:Roraima
378:Orinoco
289:Archean
283:Geology
277:gabbros
235:), and
176:of the
174:cratons
166:Spanish
3317:Llanos
2502:Guyana
2413:Brazil
2400:Tepuis
1946:Sahara
1922:Africa
1784:Andean
1692:Sunsás
1645:Andean
1617:Paraná
1546:Amazon
1505:Espino
1450:Sobral
1383:Gastre
1343:Boconó
1326:Faults
1184:Scotia
1098:Tepuis
1049:
899:
822:Therya
748:
684:Brazil
664:Guyana
653:Guiana
537:Brazil
519:, the
506:Kanuku
436:tepuis
352:, and
300:gneiss
293:quartz
269:shales
253:Brazil
241:Guyane
221:Guyana
202:tepuis
194:shield
142:French
90:Region
1986:Veldt
1799:South
1789:North
1676:Juruá
1622:Salta
1563:Chaco
1470:Rifts
1410:Morón
1174:Nazca
1164:Coiba
1159:Cocos
1047:S2CID
1007:(PDF)
954:(PDF)
897:S2CID
854:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
597:Tepui
533:Amapá
420:Andes
401:Amapá
308:Fault
304:mafic
150:Dutch
30:Place
2171:and
1914:list
1573:Cuyo
1472:and
1404:Meta
1328:and
1212:and
936:2016
746:ISBN
682:and
670:and
657:The
547:and
410:The
399:and
397:Pará
372:The
334:tuff
271:and
251:and
239:(or
212:and
136:The
1037:hdl
1029:doi
889:doi
830:doi
655:or
523:in
515:of
471:(a
395:of
227:),
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1035:.
1027:.
1017:22
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1009:.
962:55
960:.
956:.
924:28
922:.
918:.
895:.
885:20
883:.
862:17
860:.
856:.
826:11
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820:.
803:13
801:.
797:.
678:,
666:,
556:.
543:,
463:,
358:Ga
348:,
279:.
267:,
263:,
216:.
208:,
168::
164:;
160::
156:;
152::
148:;
144::
108:,
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3248:t
3241:v
2392:e
2385:t
2378:v
2037:)
1963:(
1955:)
1944:(
1936:)
1932:(
1916:)
1912:(
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1895:t
1888:v
1127:e
1120:t
1113:v
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1039::
1031::
1023::
991:.
964:.
938:.
903:.
891::
864:.
838:.
832::
805:.
779:.
754:.
407:.
295:-
140:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
