Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation

318: 1509:, and part gathering space, which explores issues of urban life through public programming and discourse. The program is designed to proactively engage residents from each city that it visits, and participants on the Internet and from around the world, in free programs and experiments, and to address ideas and issues of urban living with particular relevance to each city. The Lab's Advisory Committee of experts nominates each city's lab team, an interdisciplinary group that creates the programming for that location. The lab was expected to visit nine cities for three months each over the course of six years, with three different structures housing the lab, each of which was to travel to three cities. In 2013, however, BMW ended its support of the project. 1369:

Inspired by traditional middle-eastern covered courtyards and wind towers, used to cool structures exposed to the desert sun, the museum's clusters of horizontal and vertical galleries of various sizes are connected by catwalks and planned around a central, covered courtyard, incorporating natural features intended to maximize the energy efficiency of the building. The largest galleries will offer a grand scale for the display of large contemporary art installations. Parts of the building will be four stories tall, with "clusters of block and cone-shaped connected galleries seemingly piled on top of each other." The museum is intended to be a centerpiece in the island's plan for contemporary art and culture".

1169:. His design dispensed with the conventional approach to museum layout, in which visitors are led through a series of interconnected rooms and forced to retrace their steps when exiting. Wright's plan was for the museum guests to ride to the top of the building by elevator, to descend at a leisurely pace along the gentle slope of the continuous ramp, and to view the atrium of the building as the last work of art. The open rotunda afforded viewers the unique possibility of seeing several bays of work on different levels simultaneously and even to interact with guests on other levels. The spiral design recalled a nautilus shell, with continuous spaces flowing freely one into another. 520:

and instantly polarized architecture critics, though today it is widely praised. Some of the criticism focused on the idea that the building overshadows the artworks displayed inside, and that it is difficult to properly hang paintings in the shallow, windowless, concave exhibition niches that surround the central spiral. Prior to its opening, twenty-one artists signed a letter protesting the display of their work in such a space. Upon opening, the museum received a largely favorable response from the public, despite the early misgivings: "overall Wright's design was, and still is, admired for being highly personal and inviting".

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some of the direction." The completion date was pushed back from 2011 to at least 2017. In March 2011, over 130 artists announced a plan to boycott the Abu Dhabi museum, citing reports of abuses of foreign workers, including the arbitrary withholding of wages, unsafe working conditions and failure of companies to pay recruitment fees to laborers. Continued progress awaits the approval of construction applications and contracts by the Tourism Development & Investment Company (TDIC). As of early 2016, no progress had been made on construction, and the Guggenheim Foundation confirmed that "TDIC has not yet awarded a contract."

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activities. The Foundation acquired these artworks for its permanent collection and included them as the focus of exhibitions at the museum in New York and subsequently traveled to two other cultural institutions or other venues around the world. The Foundation supplemented the exhibitions with a series of public and online programs based on the theme of cross-cultural exchange. UBS reportedly contributed more than $ 40 million to the project to pay for its activities and the art acquisitions. Foundation director Richard Armstrong commented: "We are hoping to challenge our Western-centric view of art history."

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his position in the foundation. He has remained, however, as an advisor for international affairs. Over his two decades at the head of the foundation, Krens was criticized not only for the deaccessioning of older works of the museum but for both his businesslike style and perceived populism and commercialization. One writer commented, "Krens has been both praised and vilified for turning what was once a small New York institution into a worldwide brand, creating the first truly multinational arts institution. ... Krens transformed the Guggenheim into one of the best-known brand name in the arts."

1620:) made a $ 10 million grant to help the New York museum to commission works for its permanent collection by at least three Chinese-born artists and to hire a curator dedicated to its Chinese art collection. The works were to be exhibited at the museum in New York in three exhibitions between 2014 and 2017 and also at the other Guggenheim museums. The commissions were part of an effort by the museum to broaden the geographical scope of its collection, and the Robert H.N. Ho Family Foundation hoped that the collaboration would foster "a greater understanding of Chinese culture." 1158:. Guggenheim felt that the site's proximity to Central Park was important; the park afforded relief from the noise, congestion and concrete of the city. Nature also provided the museum with inspiration. The building embodies Wright's attempts "to render the inherent plasticity of organic forms in architecture." The Guggenheim was to be the only museum designed by Wright. The city location required Wright to design the building in a vertical rather than a horizontal form, far different from his earlier, rural works. 1189:

storage space. In 1965, the second floor of the Monitor building was renovated to display the museum's growing permanent collection, and with the restoration of the museum in 1990–92, it was turned over entirely to exhibition space and christened the Thannhauser Building, in honor of one of the most important bequests to the museum. Wright's original plan for an adjoining tower, artists' studios and apartments went unrealized, largely for financial reasons. However, as part of the restoration, architects

1112:. The study recommended building the museum in Helsinki's South Harbor. In 2012, the proposal was rejected by the city board, and in 2013, the foundation made a revised proposal. The Guggenheim's licensing fee was to be funded by private sources; one journalist called the Foundation's cost and revenue estimates "speculative at best". An international architecture competition solicited designs for the museum, and in 2015, a design was chosen. In 2016 the Helsinki city council voted to reject the plan. 38: 1392:, Finland, envisioned "an indistinct jumble of pavilions faced in charred wood" and glass. The winning design was by Paris-based Moreau Kusunoki Architectes. Critics objected to the dark color of the design's exterior, which contrasts with the surrounding architecture, as well as the shape of the building. Osku Pajamaki, vice chairman of the city's executive board, said: "The symbol of the lighthouse is arrogant in the middle of the historical center ... a Guggenheim museum next to 1185:

would overshadow the museum's artworks. "On the contrary", wrote the architect, the design makes "the building and the painting an uninterrupted, beautiful symphony such as never existed in the World of Art before." Other critics, and many artists, felt that it is awkward to properly hang paintings in the shallow, windowless, concave exhibition niches that surround the central spiral. The building, nevertheless, became widely praised and inspired many other architects.

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lectures about the visual and performing arts and opportunities to interact with the museum's collections and special exhibitions through its labs, exhibition spaces, conference rooms and the Peter B. Lewis Theater. Between September 2005 and July 2008, the Guggenheim Museum underwent a significant exterior restoration to repair cracks and modernize systems and exterior details. Artist

1265: 1068: 908:, in cooperation with the Deutsche Bank. The Deutsche Guggenheim had four exhibitions each year, complemented by educational programming, and it annually commissioned one, or occasionally two, new artworks or series by contemporary artists, which were then displayed at the museum in a special exhibition. After 14 years of operation, Deutsche Guggenheim closed at the end of 2012. 1284:, encouraged him to design something daring and innovative. The curves on the exterior of the building were intended to appear random; the architect said that "the randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light". The interior "is designed around a large, light-filled atrium with views of Bilbao's estuary and the surrounding hills of the Basque country." 1128:

masterpieces should be organized into space, and only you ... would test the possibilities to do so. … I want a temple of spirit, a monument!" The resultant achievement, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, in New York City, testifies not only to Wright's architectural genius, but also to the adventurous spirit that characterized its founders. The critic

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art." Also in the original construction, the main gallery skylight had been covered, which compromised Wight's carefully articulated lighting effects. This changed in 1992 when the skylight was restored to its original design. Funding for the alterations was raised partly through the controversial sale of masterworks by the foundation in 1991.

1101:, where a performing arts center and other museums have been built. The completion date has been pushed back repeatedly. The museum is expected to house modern and contemporary collections that will focus on Middle-Eastern contemporary art and to display special exhibitions from the foundation's main collection. 1446:. More than 23,000 videos from 91 countries were submitted in response to an open call for submissions aimed "to discover and showcase the most exceptional talent working in the ever-expanding realm of online video". Foundation curators selected a short list of 125 videos from which a jury, including artists 885:, Spain. The building was greeted with glowing praise from architecture critics. The Basque government funded the construction, while the Foundation purchased the artworks and manages the facility. The museum's permanent collection includes works by modern and contemporary Basque and Spanish artists like 1233:

building was unfinished and has an unusually low elevation on the Grand Canal. The museum's website describes its "long low façade, made of Istrian stone and set off against the trees in the garden behind that soften its lines, forms a welcome "caesura" in the stately march of Grand Canal palaces from the

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The foundation annually lends hundreds of works of art from its collections to other museums and institutions around the world. It also enters into collaborations with partners throughout the world to engage with diverse audiences and to promote cultural discourse. From 2006 to 2011, exhibitions of

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further than many American institutions have been willing to do." Krens defended the action as consistent with the museum's principles, including expanding its international collection and building its "postwar collection to the strength of our pre-war holdings" and pointed out that such sales are a

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The distinctive cylindrical building, wider at the top than the bottom, with a spiral ramp climbing gently from ground level to the skylight at the top, turned out to be Wright's last major work, as the architect died six months before its opening. The building opened in October 1959 to large crowds

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Foundation; and the Bohen Foundation's collection of film, video, photography and new media. The foundation's collections have expanded greatly through eight decades and include every major movement of 20th- and 21st-century art. Its directors and curators have attempted to form a single collection

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In 2001, the museum opened the Sackler Center for Arts Education to the public, which was another part of Wright's original design for the building, through a gift of the Mortimer D. Sackler family. Located just below the large rotunda, this 8,200-square-foot education facility provides classes and

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analyzed Wright's original sketches to design the rectangular 10-story limestone tower, that stands behind, and taller than, the original spiral building (replacing a much smaller structure), which has four additional exhibition galleries with flat walls that are "more appropriate for the display of

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in which the Foundation identified and worked with artists, curators and educators from Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa to expand its reach in the international art world. For each of the three phases of the project, the museum invited one curator from the chosen region to the

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The Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition in 2014–2015 was the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation's first open, international architectural competition. It received 1,715 submissions from 77 countries, a record for a museum design competition. The design chosen for a proposed €130 million Guggenheim

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The new museum began construction on a peninsula at the northwestern tip of Saadiyat Island adjacent to Abu Dhabi. Gehry commented, "The site itself, virtually on the water or close to the water on all sides, in a desert landscape with the beautiful sea and the light quality of the place suggested

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The building's surface was made out of concrete to reduce the cost, inferior to the stone finish that Wright had wanted. The small rotunda (or "Monitor building", as Wright called it) next to the large rotunda was intended to house apartments for Rebay and Guggenheim but instead became offices and

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Even as it embraced nature, Wright's design also expresses his take on modernist architecture's rigid geometry. Wright ascribed a symbolic meaning to the building's shapes. He explained, "these geometric forms suggest certain human ideas, moods, sentiments – as for instance: the circle, infinity;

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resigned from his position as chairman of the foundation, expressing his opposition to Krens' plans for further global expansion of the Guggenheim museums. Lewis had been the largest donor in the history of the Guggenheim. Tensions continued, however, and on February 27, 2008, Krens resigned from

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succeeded Sweeney as director of the museum (but not the foundation) in 1961 and stayed for 27 years, the longest tenure of any of the city's major arts institutions' directors. When Messer took over, the museum's ability to present art at all was still in doubt due to the challenges presented by

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After Guggenheim's death, members of the Guggenheim family who sat on the foundation's board of directors had personal and philosophical differences with Rebay, and in 1952 she resigned as director of the museum. Nevertheless, she left a portion of her personal collection to the foundation in her

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to design the museum building. Rebay conceived of the space as a "temple of the spirit" that would facilitate a new way of looking at the modern pieces in the collection. In 1948, the collection was greatly expanded through the purchase of art dealer Karl Nierendorf's estate of some 730 objects,

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River in the old industrial heart of the city; while modest from street level, it is most impressive when viewed from the river. Eleven thousand square meters of exhibition space are distributed over nineteen galleries, ten of which follow a classic orthogonal plan that can be identified from the

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Wright's vision took 16 years to be fulfilled. Set in sharp contrast to typically rectangular Manhattan buildings that surround it, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum building opened in October 1959. Even before it opened, the design polarized architecture critics. Some believed that the building

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The foundation has long sought, in its constituent museums, to unite its artworks with distinguished architecture. In 1943, Hilla von Rebay and Solomon R. Guggenheim commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to build the foundation's first permanent museum. Rebay wrote to Wright that "each of these great

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and the retrospective of the work of fashion designer Armani. Others disagreed. A 2009 retrospective of Frank Lloyd Wright at the original building in New York showcased the architect on the 50th anniversary of the opening of the building and was the museum's most popular exhibit since it began

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for a two-year curatorial residency to work with a team of Guggenheim staff to identify new artworks that reflect the range of talents in their parts of the world. The resident curators organized international touring exhibitions that highlighted these artworks and helped to organize educational

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The 25 selected works continued on view at the museum until October 24, 2010. The 125 short list videos were on view throughout the fall of 2010 at kiosks at Guggenheim museums in New York, Berlin, Bilbao and Venice. The project's YouTube channel, youtube.com/play, features all of the short list

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stone facade and the unique canal terrace had been restored", and a protruding arcade wing, called the barchessa, had been rebuilt by architect Giorgio Bellavitis. Since 1985, the museum has been open year-round. In 1993, the foundation converted apartments adjacent to the museum into a garden

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In 2001 the foundation also established the Sackler Center for Arts Education on the campus of the original New York building. The same year, the foundation received a gift of the large collection of the Bohen Foundation, which, for two decades, commissioned new works of art with an emphasis on

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and was attended by over 54,000 visitors from 60 countries. The Lab was open in Berlin from May 24 to July 29, 2012. The programming of the Berlin Lab focused on four main topics: Empowerment Technologies (Gómez-Márquez), Dynamic Connections (Smith), Urban Micro-Lens (Rose) and the Senseable

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The museum in Abu Dhabi is planned to be the foundation's largest facility by far. Gehry's design features exhibition galleries, education and research space, a conservation laboratory, a center for contemporary Arab, Islamic and Middle Eastern culture, and a center for "art and technology".

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Peggy Guggenheim purchased the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni in 1948 to house and display her collection to the public, and she resided there for thirty years. Although sometimes mistaken for a modern building, it is an 18th-century palace designed by the Venetian architect Lorenzo Boschetti. The

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It turned out that the combination could work well in the Guggenheim's space, but, Messer recalled that at the time, "I was scared. I half felt that this would be my last exhibition." Messer had the foresight to prepare by staging a smaller sculpture exhibition the previous year, in which he

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The mission of the foundation is "to promote the understanding and appreciation of art, architecture, and other manifestations of visual culture, primarily of the modern and contemporary periods, and to collect, conserve, and study" modern and contemporary art. The Foundation seeks, in its

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Palace ... and the International Style Pavilion." Goldberger thought the building a catalyst for change, making it "socially and culturally acceptable for an architect to design a highly expressive, intensely personal museum. In this sense almost every museum of our time is a child of the

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Also in 1992, the New York museum building's exhibition and other space was expanded by the addition of an adjoining rectangular tower, taller than the original spiral, and a renovation of the original building. The same year, the foundation opened the small Guggenheim Museum SoHo in the

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the triangle, structural unity; the spiral, organic progress; the square, integrity." Forms echo one another throughout: oval-shaped columns, for example, reiterate the geometry of the fountain. Circularity is the leitmotif, from the rotunda to the inlaid design of the terrazzo floors.

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exterior by their stone finishes. The remaining nine galleries are irregularly shaped and can be identified from the outside by their swirling organic forms and titanium cladding. The largest gallery measures 30 meters wide and 130 meters long. Since 2005, it has housed

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Under Krens, the foundation mounted some of its most popular exhibitions: "Africa: The Art of a Continent" in 1996; "China: 5,000 Years" in 1998, "Brazil: Body & Soul" in 2001; and "The Aztec Empire" in 2004. It has shown unusual exhibitions on occasion, for example

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Before settling on the present site for the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum on Fifth Avenue between 88th and 89th Streets, Wright, Rebay and Guggenheim considered numerous locations in Manhattan, as well as in the Riverdale section of the Bronx, overlooking the

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commented: "It is an idea whose time has come. ... In many ways it is simply an old-fashioned open-submission exhibition of the kind that regional museums and art centers around the country have staged for decades – except that it has gone digital."

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Deutsche Guggenheim, in Berlin, opened one month after the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, in 1997. Designed by American architect Richard Gluckman in a minimalist style, the modest Berlin gallery occupied a corner of the ground floor of the sandstone

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By the early 1940s, the foundation had accumulated such a large collection of avant-garde paintings that the need for a permanent building to house the art collection had become apparent. In 1943, Guggenheim and Rebay commissioned architect

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in Paris. People are approaching from the sea, and the first thing that they will see is that the citizens of Helsinki bought their identity from the Guggenheim." The proposed museum was rejected by the Helsinki city council in 2016.

1027:, and it engaged Frank Gehry as the architect. His essentially complete designs for the building were showcased in 2001 at the Fifth Avenue museum, but these plans were disrupted by the economic downturn of the early 2000s and the 335:. The foundation's first venue for the display of art was called the "Museum of Non-Objective Painting". It opened in 1939 under the direction of Rebay, its first curator, in a former automobile showroom at East 54th Street in 515:

in 1956. Sweeney oversaw the last half dozen years of the construction of the museum building, during which time he had an antagonistic relationship with Frank Lloyd Wright, especially regarding the building's lighting issues.

979:, Russia. The first and larger of the two hosted one exhibition: "The Art of the Motorcycle", before closing in 2003. The latter, held ten exhibitions of masterworks by leading artists from the last six centuries, including 540:

continuous spiral ramp gallery that is both tilted and has curved walls. Almost immediately, in 1962, he took a risk putting on a large exhibition that combined the Guggenheim's paintings with sculptures on loan from the

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The Foundation took control of the building in 1979 following Guggenheim's death and took steps to expand gallery space. By 1985, "all of the rooms on the main floor had been converted into galleries ... the white

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that is not encyclopedic, but rather based on their unique visions. The collection has grown in scope to include new media and performance art, and the foundation has entered into collaborations with YouTube and

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The first exhibition (phase 1) focused on art from South and Southeast Asia and was curated by Singaporean June Yap, who worked in the curatorial departments of such modern and contemporary art museums as the

3883: 1942: 830:. This space was kept after the main museum was re-opened, but it closed in 2002 due to an economic downturn. To finance these moves, controversially, the foundation sold works by Kandinsky, Chagall and 734:, director of the foundation from 1988 to 2008, led a rapid expansion of the foundation's collections. In 1991, he broadened the foundation's holdings by acquiring the Panza Collection. Assembled by 1250:

annex, a shop and more galleries. In 1995, the Nasher Sculpture Garden was completed, Since 1993, the museum has doubled in size, from 2,000 to 4,000 square meters. and it was renovated in 2012.

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constituent museums, to unite distinguished architecture and artworks. The foundation's first permanent museum, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, is housed in a modern spiral building designed by

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event at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York on October 21, 2010, during which the videos were projected on the exterior of the museum building and inside the museum's rotunda.

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videos, as well as highlights from the event in New York and information about the project. The collaboration was intended to reach wide audiences beyond the museum environment.

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in 1980 by the foundation, which was then under the direction of Peter Lawson-Johnston. It includes early 20th century works of prominent American modernists and Italian

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and operates several museums around the world. The first museum established by the foundation was The Museum of Non-Objective Painting, in New York City. This became

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The museum is seamlessly integrated into the urban context, unfolding its interconnecting shapes of stone, glass and titanium on a 32,500-square-meter site along the

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at a particular angle, so the pieces were not at a true vertical yet appeared to be so. In the earlier sculpture show, this trick proved impossible for one piece, an

3891: 798:, portraits of celebrities, self-portraits, male and female nudes, flowers and statues. It also featured mixed-media constructions and included his well-known 1998 2626: 2847: 162:. Both of these innovative designs received wide press and critical attention. The Peggy Guggenheim Collection is housed in an 18th-century Italian palace, the 2722: 2379: 278:, Germany, and Guggenheim began to purchase Kandinsky's work. The same year, Guggenheim began to display the collection to the public at his apartment in the 2424: 2243: 570:

The next year, Messer acquired a private collection from art dealer Justin K. Thannhauser for the foundation's permanent collection. These 73 works include

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opened to the public in 1997, it was immediately hailed as one of the world's most spectacular buildings, a masterpiece of the 20th century. Architect

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in 1952, and the foundation moved the collection into its first permanent museum building, in New York City, in 1959. The foundation next opened the

4756: 3708: 1601: 1581: 420: 4163: 4129: 3682: 3825: 1880: 635:, Solomon's niece, collected and displayed art beginning in 1938. At Messer's urging, she donated her art collection and home in Venice, the 544:. Three-dimensional sculpture, in particular, raised "the problem of installing such a show in a museum bearing so close a resemblance to the 4372: 4340: 4266: 3850: 2925: 1914: 1814: 1097:". Gehry designed the structure, which will, if completed, be the foundation's largest by far. It began construction on the northwest tip of 878: 3932: 2797: 2176: 2660: 2475:

Plagens, Peter (September 7, 1998), "Rumble on the Ramps.('The Art of the Motorcycle,' Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York)",

4320: 897:, as well as works from the foundation, and it has organized various exhibitions curated by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. 3426: 3240: 2872: 2607: 4726: 4625: 2193: 1075: 79: 3604: 2558: 4393: 4071: 4560: 4229: 2106: 3031: 173:

The permanent collection of the foundation is based primarily on nine private collections: Solomon R. Guggenheim's collection of

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Foundation gifted 200 of his best photographs to the foundation. The works spanned his entire output, from his early collages,

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in the 1890s. He retired from his business in 1919 to devote more time to art collecting. In 1926, at age 66, he met artist

4746: 4496: 4432: 3955: 3187: 512: 4191: 2067: 2780: 1654: 1116: 3913: 2083: 1093:, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, announced an agreement with the Guggenheim Foundation to build a new museum, " 728:, an exhibition held every other summer. In 1986, the foundation purchased the Palladian-style pavilion, built in 1930. 4655: 3322: 1419: 1410: 392: 2276: 2050:

Canaday, John (August 17, 1962), "Museum Director Solves Problem; Guggenheim Official Faces Troubles of Architecture",

262:, who was commissioned by Guggenheim's wife, Irene Rothschild, to paint his portrait. Rebay introduced him to European 4699: 4661: 3227: 3093: 3014: 2280: 2112: 1219: 964: 640: 625: 607: 135: 2336: 2303: 3340:"artdaily.org "Guggenheim Marks Completion of Restoration With First Public Viewing of Work by Artist Jenny Holzer"" 4787: 4640: 4283:"Guggenheim UBS MAP Global Art Initiative: Richard Armstrong Director, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and Foundation" 2954: 2441: 2421: 1857:, Art of Tomorrow: Hilla Rebay and Solomon R. Guggenheim, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved March 8, 2012 1764:, Art of Tomorrow: Hilla Rebay and Solomon R. Guggenheim, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved March 8, 2012 1629: 1423: 1234: 1207: 1028: 2898: 2623: 3548: 1272:

In 1991, the Basque government suggested to the foundation that it would fund a Guggenheim museum to be built in

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Armstrong left the museum at the end of 2023. In June 2024, Mariët Westermann, previously the vice chancellor of

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later wrote that, before Wright's modernist building, "there were only two common models for museum design:

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One of Krens's most significant initiatives was to expand the foundation's international presence. The

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to raise $ 47 million, drawing considerable criticism for trading masters for "trendy" latecomers. In

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1966 2 Cent U.S. postage stamp honoring Frank Lloyd Wright, showing the Guggenheim in the background

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In 1937, Guggenheim established the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation to foster the appreciation of

230: 190: 4369: 3015:"Inflation Hits Museums, as the Guggenheim Becomes the Latest New York Institution to Hike Prices" 2223: 1708: 431:. Sweeney rejected Rebay's dismissal of "objective" painting and sculpture, and he soon acquired 4761: 4600: 3929: 3668: 3383: 2801: 2581: 2308: 2052: 2024: 1545: 1490: 1484: 706: 698: 575: 560: 496: 448: 395:

in 1952. The foundation expanded its display activities with a series of traveling exhibitions.

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in Venice, Italy, in 1980. Its international network of museums expanded in 1997 to include the

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The Guggenheim UBS MAP Global Art Initiative was a five-year program, supported by Swiss bank

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became the fifth director of the foundation on November 4, 2008. He had been director of the

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Since 1985, the United States has selected the foundation to operate the U.S. Pavilion of the

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In 1953, the foundation's collecting boundaries extended even further under its new director,

419: 336: 271: 267: 222: 194: 174: 2201: 1743:"Exhibition of Works Reflecting the Evolution of the Guggenheim's Collection Opens in Bilbao" 463:(c. 1899). In 1953, the foundation received a gift of 28 important works from the Estate of 122:. The foundation is a leading institution for the collection, preservation, and research of 4615: 4595: 3362:"National Register of Historic Places; New Listings October 6–10, 2008 (Building #05000443)" 2555: 2116: 1995: 1525: 1521: 1506: 1451: 1405: 1351: 1308: 1004: 992: 976: 972: 901: 886: 686: 664: 660: 632: 591: 587: 583: 557: 541: 536: 444: 400: 287: 127: 3627: 1572:, which was on view at the New York museum from October 11, 2013, through January 5, 2014. 4605: 4376: 4327: 4289: 4248: 3936: 3807: 3741: 3650: 3611: 3430: 3326: 2630: 2611: 2562: 2428: 1999: 1513: 1447: 1435: 1129: 1098: 1000: 807: 795: 787: 767: 725: 545: 508: 408: 384: 291: 259: 178: 119: 2943:"Guggenheim’s Modified Helsinki Proposal Reduces Costs, Keeps $ 30-Million Licensing Fee" 456: 946: 850: 620: 528: 4444: 4307: 3544: 3245: 2963: 2341: 1296: 1292: 1067: 1032: 922: 918: 843: 771: 755: 739: 735: 682: 678: 644: 488: 303: 299: 226: 218: 214: 210: 3361: 2677: 567:

vertical, "suggesting hallucination" in the disorienting context of the tilted floor.

4776: 2984: 1592: 1471: 1347: 1328: 1012: 996: 933: 894: 811: 783: 779: 710: 702: 690: 673: 595: 571: 404: 372: 307: 202: 193:'s gift of paintings and sculptures; Peggy Guggenheim's collection, concentrating on 66: 3761: 2748: 1031:, which prompted reconsideration of any plans in lower Manhattan. Other projects in 552:

discovered how to compensate for the space's weird geometry by constructing special

270:). Guggenheim completely changed his collecting strategy. In 1930, the two visited 17: 4620: 4545: 3258: 1977: 1541: 1281: 1199: 1176: 1155: 1145: 1023:. The foundation planned for a large Guggenheim museum on the waterfront in lower 1016: 980: 968: 763: 759: 731: 579: 492: 371:

paintings. By that time, the foundation's collection included a broad spectrum of

340: 295: 4523: 2957:, Yle Uutiset, 14 January 2014; and Joonas Laitinen, Joonas and Aleksi Teivainen. 1224: 388: 266:

art, in particular abstract art that she felt had a spiritual and utopian aspect (

1434:

In 2010, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and YouTube, in collaboration with

1277: 1166: 1044: 1020: 1011:

film, video, photography and new media. Artists included in the collection are

874: 751: 467:, a founder of America's first collection to be called a modern art museum, the 279: 263: 255: 159: 4341:"Guggenheim, UBS Unite for Global Art Initiative Focused on 'Emerging Markets'" 1303:, characterized it as "a fantastic dream ship of undulating form in a cloak of 1264: 2926:"Guggenheim Foundation proposes architectural competition for Helsinki museum" 2899:"Construction set to begin on Frank Gehry's long-awaited Guggenheim Abu Dhabi" 1502: 1323: 1083: 859: 747: 743: 652: 376: 332: 198: 123: 3319: 3130:"The Secret Life of Buildings: New York Public Library and Guggenheim Museum" 802:. The acquisition initiated the foundation's photography exhibition program. 229:

of the 1960s and 1970s; a collection of photographs and mixed media from the

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and others, notably American examples of the 1960s and 1970s. In 1992, the

714: 564: 476: 380: 325: 1552:. The lab was open from August 3 to October 16, 2011, in New York City's 1165:", because it resembled the steep steps on the ziggurats built in ancient 3475: 3320:

click link to podcast about restoration (10 MB, audio only, 8 min 45 sec)

1892:

Glueck, Grace. "James Johnson Sweeney Dies; Art Critic and Museum Head",

1389: 1304: 1162: 1105: 1048: 1040: 440: 4292:, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, April 12, 2012, accessed May 8, 2012 2959:"Architectural competition for Guggenheim Helsinki to begin this spring" 1871:, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Publications. Retrieved March 8, 2012 1246: 1036: 694: 484: 209:, and early modern masterpieces; part of Hilla von Rebay's collection; 4416:

The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Making of the Modern Museum

4208: 2499: 1840:

The Guggenheim: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Making of the Modern Museum

1512:

The lab's structure was designed by the Tokyo-based architecture firm

1418:

the foundation's works were seen in more than 80 museums, such as the

1307:", its brilliantly reflective panels also reminiscent of fish scales. 294:, and great artists who were not of the non-objective school, such as 282:

in New York City. Guggenheim's purchases continued with the works of

3051:"Cultural Comings and Goings: The Guggenheim’s New Director and More" 1558: 1273: 984: 882: 863: 648: 553: 275: 254:, a member of a wealthy mining family, began collecting works of the 143: 2687:"Cancela proyecto la fundación Solomon R. Guggenheim en Guadalajara" 1883:, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Publications. Retrieved March 8, 2012 1497:

travelling project that began in 2011. A collaboration between the

4132:(Press release). Guggenheim Foundation. May 6, 2011. Archived from 4096: 3132:, Colebrook Bosson Saunders Products Ltd.. Retrieved March 21, 2012 3069:"Guggenheim Selects Director, First Woman to Lead the Museum Group" 2068:"Oral History Interview with Thomas M. Messer, 1994 Oct.-1995 Jan." 1108:, Finland, commissioned the foundation to study the feasibility of 150:, in the United Arab Emirates after its construction is completed. 4530: 4111: 1439: 1404: 1295:

described it as "the greatest building of our time", while critic

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and his wife, Giovanna, the Panza Collection includes examples of

619: 527: 439:(1921), followed by works of other modernist sculptors, including 418: 316: 3032:"Richard Armstrong with Joachim Pissarro & Jennifer Stockman" 2262: 1795:, pp. 39–40, New York: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, 2006 1616:

The Hong Kong-based Robert H.N. Ho Family Foundation (founded by

495:

and Mondrian. Among others, Sweeney also acquired the works of

2614:, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved March 21, 2012 2363:"Guggenheim’s Krens Eyes Hudson Yards Museum, Seeks New Bilbaos" 2244:"Guggenheim May Sell Artworks to Pay for a Major New Collection" 2101: 2099: 1570:

Participatory City: 100 Urban Trends from the BMW Guggenheim Lab

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is a nonprofit organization founded in 1937 by philanthropist

3884:"Meet the Architects: Guggenheim Helsinki Design Competition" 2661:"Salzburg Guggenheim Offshoot Exists in Hopes and Blueprints" 1842:, pp. 217–18, New York: Guggenheim Museum Publications, 2009 959:

In 2001, the foundation opened two new museums in Las Vegas,

578:

and French modern masterpieces, including important works by

102: 4472:

The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalogue

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Archives Directory for the History of Collecting in America

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Also in 1997, the foundation opened a small gallery in the

391:. Guggenheim died in 1949, and the museum was renamed the 3614:, Blouin Artinifo, March 8, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2012 3228:“Oct 21, 1959: Guggenheim Museum opens in New York City” 475:(1914–18) by Brâncuși, an untitled still life (1916) by 339:. This moved, in 1947, to another rented space at 1071 3683:"Final Exhibition: The Guggenheim's Farewell to Berlin" 3261:, The Art Story Foundation. Retrieved on March 21, 2012 3215:, New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1976, p. 204 2817:"Guggenheim Foundation and Abu Dhabi Plan Museum There" 2678:"Why the Guggenheim won’t open a branch in Guadalajara" 2140:, p. 77, Guggenheim Museum Publications: New York, 1998 4267:"Guggenheim Project Challenges 'Western-Centric View'" 3433:, Peggy Guggenheim Collection. Retrieved 10 March 2012 3213:

The Guggenheim Museum Collection: Paintings, 1880–1945

3002:"Guggenheim project seen as 'risky' and 'unconvincing' 2200:. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. Archived from 1319:

calls the museum "an astonishing architectural feat".

842:

wrote that the sales "stretched the accepted rules of

455:. Sweeney reached beyond the 20th century to acquire 3664:"New U.S. Sector in Berlin: Little Guggenheim Branch" 2365:, Bloomberg, March 11, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2012 4009:"Top 25 videos make up 'ultimate YouTube playlist.'" 2955:"Helsinki city council reserves plot for Guggenheim" 1268:

The museum is clad in glass, titanium, and limestone

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Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Architecture: Volume 2

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Guggenheim Foundation. 4394:"Guggenheim Gets Grant to Commission Chinese Art" 3113: 3111: 2577:"Retrenching Guggenheim Closes Hall In Las Vegas" 2431:, Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved March 13, 2012 1980:, The Art Story Foundation, accessed July 3, 2014 1938: 1936: 1331:'s monumental installation "The Matter of Time". 1180:The Guggenheim atrium, looking up at the skylight 1119:, became the Guggenheim's first female director. 4474:(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002) 3870:, CultureGrrl, ArtsJournal.com, February 4, 2016 3760:. Arcspace.com. February 5, 2007. Archived from 3605:"Inside the Masterpiece: Serra’s Matter of Time" 2330: 2328: 2326: 2020:"Director of Guggenheim Retiring After 27 Years" 1715:, visual-arts-cork.com. 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Stephen. 4442:Levine, Neil (1996). 3092:Bianchini, Riccardo. 2554:Tinturier, Sandrine. 2496:The New York Observer 2204:on September 27, 2011 1992:The Writers Directory 1868:The Global Guggenheim 1591:Guggenheim Museum in 1408: 1362:Further information: 1339:Further information: 1267: 1258:Further information: 1227: 1218:Further information: 1179: 1148: 1104:In 2011, the city of 1070: 949: 853: 623: 531: 461:Man with Crossed Arms 429:James Johnson Sweeney 422: 355:(2nd Motif, 1st Part) 320: 252:Solomon R. Guggenheim 213:holdings of American 116:Solomon R. Guggenheim 4752:Learning Through Art 4717:Guggenheim Abu Dhabi 3764:on December 21, 2008 3338:Ignacio Villarreal. 2932:, September 24, 2013 2879:on November 18, 2011 2707:, January 20, 2005, 2149:Tacou-Rumney, p. 171 2087:The Frick Collection 1990:"Thomas M. Messer", 1947:The News and Courier 1606:Singapore Art Museum 1364:Guggenheim Abu Dhabi 1210:on October 6, 2008. 1095:Guggenheim Abu Dhabi 961:Guggenheim Las Vegas 481:Alexander Archipenko 369:German expressionist 353:Simultaneous Windows 183:German expressionism 148:Guggenheim Abu Dhabi 18:Guggenheim Las Vegas 4691:Deutsche Guggenheim 4343:, GalleristNY.com, 4136:on January 25, 2012 4019:on October 25, 2010 3782:Bharadwaj, Vinita. 3689:, November 15, 2012 3586:Muschamp, Herbert. 3382:Pierpont, Claudia. 3275:Sennott, pp. 572–73 3241:"Spiralling Upward" 3162:Storrer, pp. 400–01 3057:, November 21, 2023 2537:Peterson, Kristen. 1962:"The Wright Stuff," 1773:Vail, pp. 25 and 36 1713:Encyclopedia of Art 1682:"Mission Statement" 1618:Robert Hung-Ngai Ho 1518:Confronting Comfort 1341:Deutsche Guggenheim 1202:painted a tribute, 906:Deutsche Guggenheim 792:Robert Mapplethorpe 705:, Kandinsky, Miró, 616:Deutsche Guggenheim 524:Messer and the ramp 465:Katherine S. Dreier 433:Constantin Brâncuși 231:Robert Mapplethorpe 191:Katherine S. Dreier 32: 4762:BMW Guggenheim Lab 4601:Justin Thannhauser 4531:BMW Guggenheim Lab 4398:The New York Times 4271:The New York Times 4196:The New York Times 4168:The New York Times 4112:"What Is the Lab?" 4044:The New York Times 3960:The New York Times 3918:The New York Times 3855:The New York Times 3830:The New York Times 3788:The New York Times 3669:The New York Times 3522:"Frank Owen Gerty" 3520:Aggerwal, Artika. 3239:Goldberger, Paul. 3073:The New York Times 2852:The New York Times 2821:The New York Times 2785:The New York Times 2727:The New York Times 2709:The New York Times 2665:The New York Times 2582:The New York Times 2502:on October 6, 2008 2463:The New York Times 2446:The New York Times 2384:The New York Times 2361:Russell, James S. 2309:The New York Times 2248:The New York Times 2228:The New York Times 2053:The New York Times 2025:The New York Times 1894:The New York Times 1819:The New York Times 1546:Rirkrit Tiravanija 1491:BMW Guggenheim Lab 1485:BMW Guggenheim Lab 1479:BMW Guggenheim Lab 1415: 1270: 1230: 1204:For the Guggenheim 1182: 1151: 1073: 957: 867: 836:The New York Times 630: 576:Post-Impressionist 534: 497:Alberto Giacometti 473:Little French Girl 449:Alberto Giacometti 425: 364:Frank Lloyd Wright 329: 312:László Moholy-Nagy 207:Post-Impressionist 156:Frank Lloyd Wright 103:www.guggenheim.org 4788:Guggenheim family 4770: 4769: 4735: 4734: 4631:Mariet Westermann 4480:Guggenheim Bilbao 4425:Palaces of Venice 4345:New York Observer 4339:Russeth, Andrew. 3812:The Art Newspaper 3681:Kuhla, Karoline. 3293:Ballon, pp. 59–61 3146:Ballon, pp. 22–27 3037:The Brooklyn Rail 2967:, 14 January 2014 2804:on April 5, 2014. 2682:The Art Newspaper 2648:Los Angeles Times 2642:Lieberman, Paul. 2119:on March 15, 2013 2056:, pp. 25, 47 1662:Foundation Center 1534:Muchadeyi Masunda 1530:Nicholas Humphrey 1495:interdisciplinary 1456:Animal Collective 1411:Guggenheim Museum 1409:The front of the 1350:building, in the 1076:Richard Armstrong 928:The New Criterion 921:installations of 840:Michael Kimmelman 505:Willem de Kooning 349:Contrast of Forms 337:midtown Manhattan 272:Wassily Kandinsky 268:non-objective art 181:'s collection of 108: 107: 80:Richard Armstrong 16:(Redirected from 4805: 4646: 4626:Richard Armitage 4616:Thomas M. Messer 4596:Peggy Guggenheim 4570: 4563: 4556: 4547: 4527: 4526: 4524:Official website 4511: 4502: 4483: 4467: 4451: 4449: 4438: 4419: 4401: 4400:, March 19, 2013 4390: 4384: 4367: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4299: 4293: 4280: 4274: 4273:, April 11, 2012 4263: 4252: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4205: 4199: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4100: 4097:Official website 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4047: 4040: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4015:. Archived from 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3951: 3940: 3927: 3921: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3894:on July 20, 2015 3890:. Archived from 3880: 3871: 3866:Rosenbaum, Lee. 3864: 3858: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3821: 3815: 3799:Adam, Georgina. 3797: 3791: 3790:, March 20, 2012 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3754: 3745: 3732: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3711:on April 5, 2008 3696: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3635: 3621: 3615: 3601: 3595: 3584: 3573: 3564:Tyrnauer, Matt. 3562: 3556: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3474:Templer, Karen. 3472: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3434: 3421: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3391: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3335: 3329: 3316: 3310: 3309:, April 16, 2007 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3191: 3184: 3175: 3172: 3163: 3160: 3147: 3144: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3115: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3064: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3028: 3022: 3021:, August 2, 2023 3013:Cascone, Sarah. 3011: 3005: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2979: 2968: 2952: 2946: 2941:Rosenbaum, Lee. 2939: 2933: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2843: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2800:. Archived from 2794: 2788: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2718: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2674: 2668: 2659:Fowler, Brenda. 2657: 2651: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2615: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2572: 2566: 2552: 2546: 2535: 2526: 2525: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2455: 2449: 2438: 2432: 2419: 2413: 2412:Stoller, pp. 3–4 2410: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2375: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2332: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2251: 2240: 2231: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2190: 2184: 2173: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2115:, archived from 2108:Peggy Guggenheim 2103: 2094: 2081: 2075: 2066:Decker, Andrew. 2064: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2015: 2004: 2003: 1987: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1912: 1897: 1896:, April 15, 1986 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1811: 1796: 1789: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1746: 1740: 1725: 1724:Spector, pp. 6–7 1722: 1716: 1706: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1659: 1651: 1538:Enrique Peñalosa 1526:Elizabeth Diller 1522:Daniel Barenboim 1507:community center 1452:Takashi Murakami 1352:Unter der Linden 1309:Herbert Muschamp 977:Saint Petersburg 973:Hermitage Museum 912:Later activities 902:Unter den Linden 887:Eduardo Chillida 633:Peggy Guggenheim 602:Global expansion 594:and 32 works by 592:Vincent van Gogh 588:Camille Pissarro 558:Alexander Calder 542:Hirshhorn Museum 537:Thomas M. Messer 445:Alexander Calder 401:Alexander Calder 347:(1923), Léger's 128:contemporary art 90: 40: 33: 21: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4731: 4705: 4673: 4635: 4606:Hilla von Rebay 4579: 4574: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4505: 4499: 4486: 4477: 4461: 4441: 4435: 4422: 4413: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4391: 4387: 4377:Wayback Machine 4368: 4364: 4355: 4351: 4338: 4334: 4328:Wayback Machine 4319: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4290:Wayback Machine 4281: 4277: 4264: 4255: 4249:Wayback Machine 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4189: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3937:Wayback Machine 3928: 3924: 3920:, June 23, 2015 3911: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808:Wayback Machine 3798: 3794: 3781: 3777: 3767: 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Artdaily.com 3330: 3311: 3307:New York Times 3295: 3286: 3284:Levine, p. 317 3277: 3263: 3251: 3246:The New Yorker 3232: 3217: 3204: 3202:Levine, p. 301 3192: 3176: 3174:Levine, p. 340 3164: 3148: 3134: 3119: 3117:Levine, p. 362 3107: 3105:Levine, p. 299 3098: 3085: 3059: 3042: 3023: 3006: 2991: 2969: 2964:Helsinki Times 2947: 2934: 2918: 2903: 2890: 2864: 2833: 2807: 2789: 2779:Vogel, Carol. 2772: 2757: 2739: 2713: 2703:Vogel, Carol. 2696: 2669: 2652: 2635: 2616: 2594: 2567: 2547: 2527: 2505: 2482: 2467: 2450: 2440:Vogel, Carol. 2433: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2367: 2354: 2342:New York Times 2322: 2294: 2267: 2252: 2232: 2215: 2185: 2151: 2142: 2136:Vail, Karole. 2129: 2095: 2076: 2059: 2037: 2005: 1982: 1976:Wolf, Justin. 1969: 1951: 1932: 1930:Spector, p. 16 1923: 1898: 1885: 1873: 1859: 1844: 1832: 1823: 1797: 1775: 1766: 1747: 1726: 1717: 1686: 1674: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1625: 1622: 1613: 1610: 1580:Main article: 1577: 1574: 1483:Main article: 1480: 1477: 1468:New York Times 1431: 1428: 1402: 1401:Collaborations 1399: 1381:Main article: 1378: 1375: 1359: 1356: 1336: 1333: 1301:The New Yorker 1297:Calvin Tomkins 1293:Philip Johnson 1255: 1252: 1215: 1212: 1142: 1139: 1124: 1121: 1064: 1061: 1056:Peter B. Lewis 1033:Rio de Janeiro 923:Giorgio Armani 919:commercial art 913: 910: 844:deaccessioning 756:Robert Mangold 742:sculptures by 603: 600: 525: 522: 489:Marcel Duchamp 416: 413: 304:Albert Gleizes 300:Jean Metzinger 248: 245: 243: 240: 227:conceptual art 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 92: 86: 83: 82: 77: 74: 71: 70: 64: 60: 59: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4810: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4469: 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