1508:
986:
976:
965:
954:
936:
912:
812:
2608:
2795:
299:
313:
942:
568:
754:
2553:. The two factions frequently fought each other over power in many other northern Italian cities. The two sides were now fighting either against German influence (in the case of the Guelphs) or against the temporal power of the Pope (in the case of the Ghibellines). In Florence and elsewhere, the Guelphs usually included merchants and burghers, while the Ghibellines tended to be noblemen. To identify themselves, people adopted distinctive customs such as wearing a feather on a particular side of their hats, or cutting fruit a particular way, according to their affiliation.
676:
385:
3606:
741:
2678:
278:
1006:
613:
593:
713:
250:
469:
664:
373:
603:
3590:
2434:
888:
3578:
458:
262:
817:
42:
652:
3664:
701:
289:
434:
529:
505:
556:
3626:
996:
858:
848:
838:
828:
195:
3652:
6150:
688:
397:
878:
868:
2500:
4531:
325:
2283:
410:
4607:
788:
223:
2090:
725:
640:
628:
422:
361:
349:
337:
479:
446:
6139:
2043:
4622:
583:
3782:
makes repeated mention of both Guelfs and
Ghibellines. The pro-Papal Guelfs are associated with usury and corruption while the pro-Imperial Ghibellines are associated with law and order. The famous "fascist" canto, LXXII, makes mention of Ezalino (who would appear to be the sometime-Ghibelline leader
3645: – white cross on a red field – as their own. Guelph armies usually reversed the colors – red cross on white. These two schemes are prevalent in the civic heraldry of northern Italian towns and remain a revealing indicator of their past factional leanings.
3857:
in 1908, there is a reference to the Guelph and
Ghibelline conflict in the first chapter after Miss Bartlett and Mr Beeb's conflict, when one of the little old ladies comes to chatter. In the book there is a spelling mistake where Guelphs is written "Guelfs"; this could be attributed to the Italian
2732:
in 1447. However, over the next few years they engaged in intense disputes. After the initial leadership of the
Ghibellines, the Guelphs seized power at the election of the Captains and Defenders of the Liberty of Milan. The Guelph government became increasingly autocratic, leading to a Ghibelline
3765:'s essay "On Women", he claimed that women are usually unfriendly toward each other. The reason is that "with women only one thing is decisive, namely, which man they please." Schopenhauer asserted that "Even when they meet in the street, women look at one another like Guelphs and Ghibellines." ("
2596:
revolted against the
Guelphs and established a separate government which lasted a couple of decades. Guelph families fled to their strongholds east (Fieschi) and west (Grimaldi). They were forced to cease their resistance after several military campaigns: they were again accepted in the city's
2347:. Philip was supported by the Ghibellines as a son of Frederick I, while Otto was supported by the Guelphs. Although the Guelphs initially succeeded in getting Otto crowned as Emperor, Otto turned against the Papacy, was excommunicated, and was replaced with Philip's heir
2199:
in
Italian). Thus, the Hohenstaufen faction became known as the Ghibellines and the Welfs eventually became known as the Guelphs. The Ghibellines were the imperial party, while the Guelphs supported the pope. Cities more directly threatened by the enlargement of the
2263:, and a city could easily change party after internal upheavals. The conflicts between Guelphs and Ghibellines ended in the 14th century with the creation of a new situation, where the State and the laity began to withdraw from any ecclesiastical interference.
2228:
The conflict between the two factions dominated the politics of medieval Italy, and persisted long after the confrontation between emperor and pope had ceased. Smaller cities tended to be
Ghibelline if the larger city nearby was Guelph. For example, Guelph
2764:, consolidated the imperial power over Italy in 1529. In the course of the Italian Wars of 1494 to 1559, the political landscape changed radically and the division between Guelphs and Ghibellines became irrelevant. This became evident with the election of
4489:"You will remember Mosca, too, who said alas 'What's done is at an end, which was the seed of evil for the Tuscans'. I added: and brought death to your own kinsmen; then having heard me speak, grief heaped on grief." (Inferno, XXVIII, lines 106–110)
2204:
tended to align with the
Ghibelline faction, while the cities that wanted more autonomy from the Empire tended to belong to the Guelph faction. The clash between the municipalities of Northern Italy and imperial power originated in the
2629:, the Guelphs began infighting. By 1300, the Florentine Guelphs had divided into the Black and White Guelphs. The Blacks continued to support the Papacy, while the Whites were opposed to Papal influence, specifically the influence of
2351:. Frederick II was an enemy of both Otto and the papacy, and during Frederick's reign, the Guelphs became more strictly associated with the papacy while the Ghibellines became supporters of the Empire and Frederick in particular.
2640:
Those who were not connected to either side or who had no connections to either
Guelphs or Ghibellines considered both factions unworthy of support but were still affected by changes of power in their respective cities. Emperor
2721:, excommunicated John's rival Emperor Louis IV in 1324 and threatened heresy charges against the Ghibellines. The Ghibellines then supported Louis' invasion of Italy and coronation as King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor.
3571:. Families also distinguished their factional allegiance by the architecture of their palaces, towers, and fortresses. Ghibelline structures had "swallow-tailed" crenellations, while those of the Guelphs were square.
2129:, who were allied with and related to the old dynasty. Out of fear of the Hohenstaufen, Lothair III placed himself under the pope's protection. To this end, he ceded all Imperial rights to the pope under Henry V's
1507:
2430:. Frederick approached Rome. Meanwhile, Pope Gregory died. Frederick withdrew his forces and freed two cardinals he had jailed in Capua. However, Frederick marched again against Rome throughout 1242 and 1243.
2533:
in 1268, the terms Guelph and
Ghibelline became associated with individual families and cities, rather than with the conflict between empire and papacy. The stronghold of Italian Ghibellines was the city of
2741:. Public opinion turned against the Guelphs. In the next elections the Ghibellines were briefly victorious, but were deposed after imprisoning Guelph leaders Giovanni Appiani and Giovanni Ossona. After
2484:
Frederick retreated and gathered another army, but the resistance of Parma encouraged other cities to rebel, and
Frederick was powerless to do anything. The Ghibellines were eventually defeated in the
3605:
1044:
2453:– was elected. At first, Frederick was pleased with the election since Innocent had relatives in the Imperial camp. However, the new Pope immediately turned against Frederick. When the City of
3589:
3695:(1300s), participants in the conflict are featured prominently. For example, Mosca dei Lamberti is the character suffering in hell for the schism for which he was held responsible.
2363:, this division developed there, and his regent in Italy fought a war with the Pope. That war was ended and the excommunication was lifted in 1230, but the hostility continued.
3577:
2133:. War then broke out in Germany between those who supported the Hohenstaufen, and those who were aligned to Lothair and the pope. Upon Lothair's death, the Hohenstaufen
1037:
2689:
The term Ghibelline continued to indicate allegiance to the declining Imperial authority in Italy, and saw a brief resurgence during the Italian campaigns of Emperors
5209:
1841:
3835:, the narrator refers to the Guelphs and Ghibellines to describe the nature of the sudden guerrilla fighting that breaks out in the streets of a Latin American city.
2745:
was made Duke by Milan's senate in 1450, many Ghibellines who had fled such as Filippo Borromeo and Luisino Bossi were restored to positions of prominence in Milan.
6204:
6194:
6184:
2473:. Soon the tide turned against the imperial party. The Lombard city of Parma rebelled. Enzo – who had not been present – asked his father for help. Frederick and
4541:
6219:
5241:
2733:
conspiracy led by Giorgio Lampugnino and Teodoro Bossi. It failed, and many Ghibellines were massacred in 1449. Others fled, including the prominent Ghibelline
2465:, leader of Viterbo, had the garrison massacred. The Pope made another treaty but he immediately broke it and continued to back the Guelphs. The Pope supported
1865:
6174:
5872:
5224:
3560:
1853:
1030:
4135:
2546:
was nominally in the Papal States. Over the centuries, the papacy tried several times to regain control of Forlì, sometimes by violence or by allurements.
2542:. That city remained with the Ghibelline factions, partly as a means of preserving its independence, rather than out of loyalty to the temporal power, as
5836:
4766:
2820:
and the Catholic Archdiocese of Florence, guided by the Captain-General Andrea Claudio Galluzzo under the custody of Consul Luciano Artusi. The Mayor of
2488:
against the army of Bologna. Enzo was captured and imprisoned until his death. Although the Ghibellines started recovering, defeating the Guelphs in the
2071:
2014:
6224:
5970:
2607:
5877:
2300:
5442:
4307:
Haegen, Anne Mueller von der; Strasser, Ruth F. (2013). "Between Papacy and Empire – the Interminable Conflict between Guelphs and Ghibellines".
985:
975:
964:
953:
935:
911:
811:
4654:
2794:
4106:
A History of Germany, from Its Invasion by Marius Down to the Year 1867: On the Plan of Mrs. Markham's Histories. For the Use of Young Persons
6120:
5283:
4316:
3568:
5917:
5192:
5000:
1686:
1671:
1459:
5109:
4577:
5246:
2466:
5965:
5550:
5177:
5010:
4771:
2019:
1725:
5197:
5172:
5015:
4063:
2426:. The Pope convened a council, but an Imperial-Pisan fleet defeated a Papal fleet carrying cardinals and prelates from Genoa in the
2322:
1729:
1412:
1356:
4626:
5569:
4850:
4736:
3754:
influenced heavily by both Dante and Boccaccio, that deals directly with the Guelph and Ghibelline conflict. Its central figure,
2757:
2249:
and Florence. Local or regional political reasons motivated political alignments. Within cities, party allegiances differed from
1984:
947:
148:
5146:
3742:'s annotator E. K. claimed (incorrectly) that the words "Elfs" and "Goblins" derive etymologically from Guelphs and Ghibellines.
3625:
5693:
5605:
5452:
5447:
5278:
2272:
1886:
916:
144:
2705:, the Guelphs took a pro-French stance. As late as the 16th century, Ghibellines like the Colonna or Gonzaga still fought for
6209:
6199:
6189:
6179:
5641:
5229:
4706:
4464:
4359:
4291:
4088:
3950:
3642:
2304:
2064:
1954:
1609:
3817:
1859:
2469:
as King of the Romans and soon plotted to have Frederick killed. After an attempted assassination failed, the pope fled to
6214:
5892:
5723:
5610:
5141:
5136:
4020:
3713:
2761:
2706:
2690:
2642:
1801:
1796:
1780:
1237:
1197:
958:
298:
5288:
5651:
5590:
5575:
5427:
4741:
2694:
1989:
1922:
969:
312:
3844:
fantasy book series (2003–2009), the Duelphs and Nibhellines are feuding families based on the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
5995:
5713:
5559:
5341:
5251:
5151:
5037:
5005:
4690:
2637:
was among the supporters of the White Guelphs. In 1302 he was exiled when the Black Guelphs took control of Florence.
2340:
2035:
1876:
881:
821:
753:
4159:
4247:
2677:
6050:
5678:
5498:
5405:
5378:
5313:
5187:
4721:
4647:
4049:
3787:), "who didn't believe the world was made by a Jew" (i.e., he rejected papal and Christian claims and embraced the
1969:
1928:
1115:
740:
3663:
2293:
6080:
5846:
5769:
5733:
4751:
4716:
4711:
4154:
2729:
2477:, the Tyrant of Verona, laid siege to the city. The imperial camp was ambushed by the Guelphs and in the ensuing
2057:
1999:
1964:
1959:
1487:
6095:
6085:
6065:
6035:
5990:
5688:
5530:
5462:
5432:
5412:
5293:
4969:
4934:
4731:
4579:
History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy from the Earliest Times to the Death of Lorenzo the Magnificent
4499:
3840:
3734:
3254:
1979:
1714:
1572:
1222:
1177:
1005:
861:
592:
2113:, about whether secular rulers or the pope had the authority to appoint bishops and abbots. Upon the death of
1254:
249:
2437:
Map of central Europe during the time of the Hohenstaufen Emperors, primarily showing the territories of the
1247:
5975:
5738:
5595:
5565:
5540:
5457:
5417:
5356:
5255:
4990:
4512:"…between women there is already, by nature, hostility…." (zwischen Weibern ist schon von Natur Feindschaft)
3869:
3804:
2825:
2798:
2645:
was disgusted by supporters of both sides when he visited Italy in 1310. In 1325, the city-states of Guelph
2427:
2206:
2110:
1872:
1661:
1467:
1142:
999:
468:
267:
4583:
1095:
6229:
5673:
5661:
5437:
5422:
5114:
4756:
3784:
3718:
3137:
2749:
2474:
2004:
1232:
1105:
1100:
1009:
979:
612:
41:
3503:
3467:
3431:
3413:
2461:. The pope signed a peace treaty with the emperor, relieving the city. After the Emperor left, Cardinal
5980:
5907:
5887:
5801:
5750:
5508:
5488:
5298:
4892:
4860:
4746:
4726:
4640:
4546:
3981:
3936:
plays a minor Lord given to long, rambling conspiracy theories about how the Guelphs are coming for him.
3755:
3726:
3485:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3155:
2378:
but was repulsed. In 1239, Frederick was again excommunicated by Pope Gregory. In response, he expelled
2344:
1994:
1974:
1896:
1533:
1458:. During the 12th and 13th centuries, rivalry between these two parties dominated political life across
1242:
1192:
602:
4129:
3395:
3377:
3245:
3209:
3191:
3164:
1090:
3651:
3512:
3494:
3350:
3323:
3218:
3173:
3146:
2433:
2221:
in 1176. Frederick recognized the full autonomy of the cities of the Lombard league under his nominal
5831:
5646:
5535:
5513:
5167:
5065:
4949:
4817:
4352:
Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics
3986:
3368:
3308:
3236:
2734:
2622:
2611:
2526:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2371:
2348:
2238:
2230:
2214:
1812:
1603:
1527:
1227:
1202:
1182:
1127:
1080:
606:
292:
4007:
The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century
3476:
2513:
After the death of Frederick II in 1250, the Ghibellines were supported by Conrad IV and later King
6115:
6105:
6060:
5826:
5791:
5786:
5503:
5124:
5060:
4980:
4615:
4375:
4166:
3762:
2783:
2682:
2658:
2518:
1774:
1762:
1739:
1641:
1443:
1271:
1264:
1187:
693:
402:
167:
2709:, while Guelphs like the Orsini and Este still fought for the French. During the French-dominated
2366:
In 1237, Frederick entered Italy with a large army, intending to subdue the defiant cities of the
816:
6090:
6075:
6055:
5912:
5853:
5806:
5728:
5585:
5555:
5545:
5520:
5493:
5400:
5393:
5329:
5085:
5080:
4797:
3849:
3705:
3458:
3386:
3299:
3227:
2742:
2702:
2630:
2485:
2184:
2176:
2130:
1735:
1675:
1471:
1439:
1157:
871:
792:
426:
139:
99:
891:
887:
4521:"... bei ihnen (Weibern) nur eine entscheidet, nämlich: welchem Manne sie gefallen haben."
2457:
rebelled, the Pope backed the Guelphs. and Frederick immediately marched to Italy and besieged
2109:
The conflict between Guelphs and Ghibellines arose from the political divisions caused by the
6040:
6030:
5902:
5816:
5781:
5708:
5698:
5476:
5346:
5260:
5090:
5070:
5044:
5032:
4827:
4822:
4807:
4802:
4787:
4460:
4355:
4312:
4287:
4084:
4059:
3946:
3910:
3906:
3893:
3821:
3440:
3182:
2813:
2738:
2698:
2662:
2654:
2573:
2557:
2522:
2514:
2489:
2442:
2438:
2355:
excommunicated Frederick II in 1227 for failing to go on Crusade, then again for going on the
2246:
2234:
2218:
2098:
1880:
1690:
1522:
1463:
1431:
1259:
1162:
1110:
841:
680:
644:
632:
620:
616:
576:
533:
509:
438:
389:
365:
353:
341:
302:
270:
135:
6110:
5932:
5882:
5863:
5858:
5811:
5718:
5656:
5636:
5624:
5580:
5383:
5363:
5351:
5214:
5182:
5095:
4812:
4675:
4667:
4203:
4180:
3922:
3832:
3746:
3552:
3527:
2778:
2581:
2458:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2336:
2164:
1496:
1426:
1418:
1377:
1371:
1294:
1212:
1147:
1132:
1075:
989:
757:
656:
586:
377:
171:
288:
6020:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5897:
5821:
5683:
5202:
5100:
4985:
4885:
4792:
4563:
3976:
3956:
3691:
3686:
3641:
During the 12th and 13th centuries, armies of the Ghibelline communes usually adopted the
2969:
2817:
2718:
2666:
2634:
2478:
2462:
2423:
2383:
2360:
2352:
2138:
2114:
1916:
1719:
1217:
1207:
1152:
1137:
831:
668:
596:
414:
46:
A 14th-century conflict between the militias of the Guelph and Ghibelline factions in the
2588:
was often under Guelph rule in the early years of the 13th century, in 1270, Ghibellines
4435:
4332:
3909:
is set during the struggles between Guelph and Ghibellines and in particular during the
3583:
Coat of arms of an Italian family with Ghibelline (Imperial) style heraldic chief at top
555:
6153:
6100:
6070:
6015:
5922:
5796:
5743:
5703:
5373:
5368:
5219:
5119:
5075:
5027:
4929:
4897:
4855:
4832:
3874:
3739:
3332:
3200:
2994:
2725:
2714:
2710:
2589:
2577:
2569:
2367:
2210:
2180:
2118:
1847:
1651:
1566:
1451:
1085:
851:
450:
227:
83:
4409:
2496:
had reconquered much of his possessions. This brought peace to Italy for a few years.
1022:
995:
857:
847:
837:
827:
194:
6168:
6025:
5666:
5236:
4924:
4902:
4761:
4535:
4124:
3971:
3933:
3928:
3878:
3854:
3700:
3596:
3404:
3359:
2615:
2356:
2168:
2142:
2102:
2009:
1560:
1539:
1447:
253:
87:
3767:
Schon beim Begegnen auf der Straße sehn sie einander an wie Guelfen und Ghibellinen.
2499:
6143:
5950:
5755:
5525:
5129:
4995:
4944:
4919:
4225:
3898:
3792:
3788:
3751:
3548:
2753:
2593:
2403:
2201:
2188:
2126:
2047:
1768:
1597:
1553:
877:
867:
573:
559:
282:
202:
128:
4053:
2568:("masked"), although the origin of these terms is not clear. Local families like
6045:
5985:
5955:
5308:
4939:
4149:
3882:
3422:
3341:
3080:
2964:
2949:
2939:
2771:
2765:
2450:
2379:
2282:
2122:
1909:
1822:
1577:
1455:
744:
317:
306:
122:
2529:(1260). After the Hohenstaufen dynasty lost the Empire when Charles I executed
2245:
maintained a staunch Ghibelline stance against her fiercest rivals, the Guelph
2089:
5303:
4912:
4611:
4606:
4128:
3917:
3809:
3779:
3774:
3294:
2626:
2222:
2192:
2134:
1902:
4139:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–669.
3902:
3303:
3290:
3204:
3035:
3014:
2411:
2191:(led by Conrad III) used "Wibellingen" (the name of a castle today known as
2094:
1589:
1583:
478:
17:
3547:
Some individuals and families indicated their faction affiliation in their
4621:
4081:
Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages
2183:). The Welfs were said to have used the name as a rallying cry during the
5960:
5945:
5940:
5841:
4875:
4870:
3886:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3128:
3070:
3040:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2821:
2802:
2621:
After the Tuscan Guelphs finally defeated the Ghibellines in 1289 at the
2550:
2549:
The division between Guelphs and Ghibellines was especially important in
2543:
2535:
2530:
1785:
198:
115:
4565:
Il convito del 1216. La vendetta all'origine del fazionalismo fiorentino
3758:, is a Ghibelline, while his love, the Duchess of Valperga, is a Guelph.
2824:
established the headquarters of the reborn Guelph Party in the historic
582:
4975:
4907:
3796:
3531:
3480:
3399:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3327:
3285:
3222:
3213:
3150:
3141:
3095:
3030:
3025:
3009:
3004:
2974:
2959:
2954:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2878:
2646:
2539:
2470:
2454:
2419:
2415:
2391:
2307: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2172:
1631:
482:
462:
329:
53:
3961:, part of which includes a battle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
3721:
tells the struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines in the city of
5600:
4211:
4188:
3813:
3616:
3612:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3390:
3159:
3090:
3045:
2999:
2979:
2944:
2928:
2893:
2858:
2853:
2665:
threatened people who used either the Guelph or Ghibelline name with
2650:
2395:
472:
110:
48:
4534: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4880:
4663:
3722:
3449:
3345:
3336:
3276:
3267:
3186:
3132:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
2989:
2984:
2918:
2898:
2793:
2676:
2606:
2585:
2556:
The conflict between Guelphs and Ghibellines was important in the
2498:
2432:
2255:
2250:
2088:
787:
717:
705:
222:
4632:
3561:
yellow fleurs-de-lys on a blue field, with a red heraldic "label"
5388:
4865:
3312:
3258:
3195:
3177:
3168:
2903:
2868:
2863:
2728:, the Guelphs and Ghibellines cooperated in the creation of the
2407:
2242:
1435:
734:
729:
4636:
1026:
2481:
the imperial party was routed, losing much of their treasury.
2370:. Pope Gregory tried to broker a peace, but failed. Frederick
2276:
1383:
4270:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198 – c. 1300
3824:
and the desire to be left alone for local rule as the Papacy.
2661:, which led to a resurgence of Ghibelline fortunes. In 1334,
2359:(1228–1229) while excommunicated. While Frederick was in the
3555:(a horizontal band at the top of the shield). Guelphs had a
1342:
1306:
4398:
Cecilia M. Ady, Edward Armstrong; Methuen & Co., 1907.
4272:, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 127, 131, 378, 381
3708:, one of the ladies is a firm adherent of the Ghibellines.
2576:
usually sided with the Guelph party, in conflict with the
2492:, Frederick by then was ill. By the time he died, his son
1398:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1300:
3885:
is set in the Guelph and Ghibelline era of 12th century
4412:[History of Milan ::: from 1426 to 1450].
4408:
Tolfo, Maria Grazia; Colussi, Paolo (23 January 2009).
3816:
to the Guelphs and Ghibellines, respectively, with the
2756:, while the Ghibellines were supporters of the emperor
1413:
1404:
1401:
1389:
1386:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1315:
1312:
1303:
1462:. The struggle for power between the Papacy and the
1395:
1380:
1339:
1333:
1309:
5931:
5768:
5623:
5475:
5328:
5271:
5160:
5147:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
5053:
4962:
4843:
4780:
4699:
4683:
4674:
3615:of the "Casa di Romeo", of the Montecchi family of
2125:, as the new emperor. This displeased the house of
1324:
1297:
4019:Ippolito, Antonio Menniti (2005). Treccani (ed.).
3569:black German imperial eagle on a golden background
2195:, as their cry; "Wibellingen" subsequently became
4550:. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
4210:(in Italian). Edizioni Landoni. p. 155. SBN
3599:, with Guelph (Anjou) style heraldic chief at top
2752:during his invasion of Italy at the start of the
2418:fell and Frederick once more advanced, capturing
4311:. Potsdam: H.F. Ullmann Publishing. p. 66.
4187:(in Italian). Edizioni Landoni. p. 16. SBN
2410:. He was forced to retreat, sacking the city of
2406:, and marched through Tuscany hoping to capture
2121:, the dukes elected an opponent of his dynasty,
4391:
4389:
34:
4436:"Statuto – Parte Guelfa – Ordo Partis Guelfae"
4648:
3955:follows a plot of the character from Dante's
3567:or "chief of the empire", with a form of the
2065:
1038:
8:
4410:"Storia di Milano ::: dal 1426 al 1450"
3631:Annotated diagram with both types of merlons
2769:
4614:has original text related to this article:
2812:was reconstituted as a Christian order and
2768:(1605), the first to bear the "Ghibelline"
2760:. Cities and families used the names until
2748:In the 15th century, the Guelphs supported
2597:political life, after paying war expenses.
2374:and refused all peace offers from them. He
5774:
5629:
5481:
5334:
4680:
4655:
4641:
4633:
4354:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
2072:
2058:
1481:
1045:
1031:
1023:
154:Weakening of Imperial authority over Italy
31:
27:Rival political factions in medieval Italy
2390:Imperial vicar in Italy. He also annexed
2323:Learn how and when to remove this message
1470:, which began in 1075 and ended with the
4119:
4117:
4115:
3110:
2835:
4333:"Guelf and Ghibelline European History"
3998:
3725:during the reign of Tuscan condottiere
3647:
3573:
3107:Allegiance of the main Italian families
2717:, who supported the French-allied King
2657:, resulting in Modena's victory at the
2525:defeated the Florentine Guelphs at the
1495:
1484:
929:
908:
805:
783:
549:
521:
243:
215:
3595:Coat of arms of the Roberti family of
2701:(Southern Italy) to the French prince
2386:friars from Lombardy and made his son
2335:At the beginning of the 13th century,
6205:14th century in the Holy Roman Empire
6195:13th century in the Holy Roman Empire
6185:12th century in the Holy Roman Empire
4571:(in Italian). University of Florence.
4202:D'Ilario, Giorgio; Gianazza, Egidio;
4179:D'Ilario, Giorgio; Gianazza, Egidio;
4055:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E
4035:
2832:Allegiance of the main Italian cities
1425:
7:
6220:Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
5193:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
4416:(in Italian). Milano: Storiadimilano
4396:A History of Milan under the Sforza.
4058:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 209.
4009:. Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
3812:compares the peasants and gentry of
2305:adding citations to reliable sources
6175:Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
3643:war banner of the Holy Roman Empire
2564:("grappling hooks") and the latter
2467:Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia
2137:was elected, while Lothair's heir,
1427:[ˈɡwɛlfieɡibelˈliːni,-fje-]
35:Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
25:
4544:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
4540:Gardner, Edmund Garratt (1910). "
2372:defeated the League at Cortenuova
6225:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
6149:
6148:
6137:
4620:
4605:
4529:
3799:in which the Canto was written).
3750:(1823) is a historical novel by
3662:
3650:
3624:
3604:
3588:
3576:
3559:or "chief of Anjou", containing
3120:Families of variable allegiance
2758:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
2517:. The Guelphs were supported by
2281:
2041:
1506:
1376:
1293:
1004:
994:
984:
974:
963:
952:
940:
934:
910:
886:
876:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
815:
810:
786:
752:
739:
723:
711:
699:
686:
674:
662:
650:
638:
626:
611:
601:
591:
581:
566:
554:
527:
503:
477:
467:
456:
444:
432:
420:
408:
395:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
323:
311:
297:
287:
276:
260:
248:
221:
193:
40:
5878:Orders, decorations, and medals
4309:Art & Architecture: Tuscany
4130:"Guelphs and Ghibellines"
2697:(1327). Since the Pope granted
2681:The Holy Roman Empire when the
2560:, where the former were called
2292:needs additional citations for
2273:Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)
4108:. J. Murray. pp. 104–105.
4079:Christopher Kleinhenz (2004).
2845:Cities of variable allegiance
2414:. Soon the Ghibelline city of
2345:rivals for the imperial throne
1610:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
1:
4576:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1532).
4503:, Volume 2, Chapter 27, § 368
4457:The Complete Book of Heraldry
4376:"Louis IV Holy Roman emperor"
3714:Life of Castruccio Castracani
2762:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2707:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2175:(including the namesake Duke
2171:, the family of the dukes of
1720:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
749:Variable Italian city-states
60:of Giovanni Sercambi of Lucca
4286:. Savona, Italy: Sabatelli.
3949:'s early 20th-century opera
3551:by including an appropriate
2187:in 1140, in which the rival
1781:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
1434:supporting respectively the
892:Azzo VII, Marquis of Ferrara
487:Variable Italian city-states
5918:Water supply and sanitation
5342:Italian geographical region
5210:Monarchy and the World Wars
5152:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
5038:War of the Sicilian Vespers
4691:Timeline of Italian history
2737:, who was sheltered in his
104:2nd phase: Stalemate (1392)
6246:
5837:Inventions and discoveries
5247:Fall of the Fascist regime
5230:Fourth War of Independence
5188:Expedition of the Thousand
5178:Second War of Independence
4083:. Routledge. p. 507.
4050:Greenwood Publishing Group
3675:In art and popular culture
3611:Ghibelline swallow-tailed
3563:, while Ghibellines had a
3123:
2848:
2270:
6133:
5777:
5632:
5611:Security and intelligence
5484:
5337:
5198:Third War of Independence
5173:First War of Independence
4438:(in Italian). 16 May 2015
4284:La liguria e la sua anima
4155:The Story of Civilization
4005:Angelov, Dimiter (2019).
3732:In the notes to the poem
3114:Main Ghibelline families
2730:Golden Ambrosian Republic
2580:and some branches of the
2207:struggle for investitures
1624:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
1414:-eenz, -inz
1065:
771:
181:
64:
39:
5289:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
5284:Institutional referendum
4500:Parerga and Paralipomena
3841:The Quentaris Chronicles
3735:The Shepheardes Calender
2167:form of the name of the
1715:Italy in the Middle Ages
1573:Roman expansion in Italy
1010:Guido I, Count of Urbino
862:Ottaviano degli Ubaldini
439:Patriarchate of Aquileia
5812:Emigration and diaspora
5021:Guelphs and Ghibellines
5006:the Sardinian Judicates
4627:Guelphs and Ghibellines
4542:Guelphs and Ghibellines
4380:Encyclopedia Britannica
4350:James D. Tracy (2002).
4337:Encyclopedia Britannica
4282:Gori – Martini (1967).
4136:Encyclopædia Britannica
3870:The Flame and the Arrow
3805:Christ Stopped at Eboli
2839:Main Ghibelline cities
2826:Palazzo di Parte Guelfa
2799:Palazzo di Parte Guelfa
2601:White and Black Guelphs
2111:Investiture Controversy
1923:European migrant crisis
1873:Italian Social Republic
1788:Italy (1801–1814)
1745:Guelphs and Ghibellines
1468:Investiture Controversy
1057:Guelphs and Ghibellines
607:Pro-Ghibelline Florence
5694:Science and technology
5642:Italian regions by GDP
5443:Marine protected areas
5115:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4208:Legnano e la battaglia
4185:Legnano e la battaglia
4048:Jacques, Tony (2007).
3785:Ezzelino III da Romano
2808:On 25 March 2015, the
2805:
2770:
2750:Charles VIII of France
2686:
2618:
2510:
2475:Ezzelino III da Romano
2446:
2339:, a Hohenstaufen, and
2145:, continued fighting.
2106:
1606:(286 AD–476 AD)
1536:(12th–6th c. BC)
1530:(18th–3rd c. BC)
1422:
980:Ezzelino III da Romano
772:Commanders and leaders
6210:15th century in Italy
6200:14th century in Italy
6190:13th century in Italy
6180:12th century in Italy
5893:Public administration
5001:the Holy Roman Empire
4562:Faini, Enric (2006).
4547:Catholic Encyclopedia
4248:"Guelfi e Ghibellini"
4104:Mrs. Markham (1872).
3982:Hierocracy (medieval)
3858:spelling of the word.
3756:Castruccio Castracani
3738:(1579), English poet
3727:Castruccio Castracani
3117:Main Guelph families
2797:
2680:
2610:
2521:. The Ghibellines of
2502:
2436:
2271:Further information:
2092:
1866:Italy in World War II
1569:(509 BC–27 BC)
1563:(753 BC–509 BC)
1542:(8th–3rd c. BC)
1534:Etruscan civilization
1122:Reign of Frederick II
6215:Geopolitical rivalry
6121:World Heritage Sites
5576:Council of Ministers
5314:Coronavirus pandemic
4712:Currency and coinage
4629:at Wikimedia Commons
4478:The Lombard Communes
4167:Simon & Schuster
3987:Royal Guelphic Order
2735:Vitaliano I Borromeo
2623:Battle of Campaldino
2612:Battle of Campaldino
2527:Battle of Montaperti
2508:Pacino di Buonaguida
2504:Battle of Montaperti
2349:Emperor Frederick II
2301:improve this article
2239:Battle of Montaperti
2231:Republic of Florence
2215:Frederick Barbarossa
1960:Currency and coinage
1899:(1970s–1980s)
1854:Italy in World War I
1765:(14th–16th c.)
1600:(27 BC–286 AD)
1528:Nuragic civilization
882:John III of Armagnac
617:Pro-Ghibelline Milan
5652:Automotive industry
5591:Metropolitan cities
5137:Early Modern period
5110:Kingdom of Sardinia
5061:Italian city-states
4476:W.F. Butler (1906)
4459:by Stephen Slater (
4212:IT\ICCU\LO1\1256757
4189:IT\ICCU\LO1\1256757
4022:Guelfi e Ghibellini
3952:Francesca da Rimini
3719:Niccolò Machiavelli
2842:Main Guelph cities
2683:Golden Bull of 1356
2659:Battle of Zappolino
2519:Charles I of Naples
2267:13th–14th centuries
2093:The defence of the
1763:Italian Renaissance
1740:Italian city-states
1444:Italian city-states
1423:guelfi e ghibellini
293:Pro-Guelph Florence
168:Italian city-states
5714:Telecommunications
5081:Maritime republics
4616:Istorie fiorentine
4586:on 13 October 2016
3853:, book written by
3850:A Room with a View
3706:Giovanni Boccaccio
2806:
2784:Papal coat of arms
2743:Francesco I Sforza
2703:Charles I of Anjou
2687:
2631:Pope Boniface VIII
2619:
2511:
2486:Battle of Fossalta
2447:
2402:, and part of the
2185:Siege of Weinsberg
2177:Welf II of Bavaria
2131:Concordat of Worms
2107:
1736:Maritime republics
1722:(6th–8th c.)
1676:Carolingian Empire
1472:Concordat of Worms
1440:Holy Roman Emperor
1238:Henry VII campaign
793:Guido da Landriano
427:Republic of Ancona
330:Commune of Bologna
100:Peace of Constance
6162:
6161:
6129:
6128:
5764:
5763:
5699:Southern question
5619:
5618:
5551:Political parties
5499:Foreign relations
5471:
5470:
5324:
5323:
5045:Kingdom of Naples
5033:Kingdom of Sicily
4625:Media related to
4382:. 7 October 2023.
4318:978-3-8480-0321-1
4268:Abulafia, David,
4204:Marinoni, Augusto
4181:Marinoni, Augusto
3947:Riccardo Zandonai
3926:(2017), based on
3911:battle of Legnano
3907:F. Murray Abraham
3822:Holy Roman Empire
3540:
3539:
3255:Della Gherardesca
3104:
3103:
2814:archconfraternity
2663:Pope Benedict XII
2655:War of the Bucket
2558:Republic of Genoa
2515:Manfred of Sicily
2490:Battle of Cingoli
2443:Kingdom of Sicily
2439:Holy Roman Empire
2341:Otto of Brunswick
2333:
2332:
2325:
2247:Republic of Genoa
2237:faced off at the
2235:Republic of Siena
2219:Battle of Legnano
2213:defeated Emperor
2099:battle of Legnano
2082:
2081:
1929:COVID-19 pandemic
1925:(2014–2016)
1919:(2007–2009)
1913:(1992–2001)
1905:(1986–1992)
1883:(1943–1945)
1881:Italian Civil War
1868:(1940–1945)
1862:(1922–1943)
1856:(1914–1918)
1850:(1882–1960)
1844:(1861–1946)
1816:(1815–1871)
1777:(1545–1648)
1771:(1494–1559)
1732:in southern Italy
1700:
1699:
1691:Holy Roman Empire
1523:Prehistoric Italy
1464:Holy Roman Empire
1280:
1279:
1260:War of the Bucket
1021:
1020:
1000:Manfred of Sicily
842:Pope Celestine IV
681:Republic of Massa
645:Republic of Lucca
633:Republic of Siena
534:Holy Roman Empire
510:Holy Roman Empire
390:Republic of Massa
366:Republic of Genoa
354:Republic of Lucca
342:Republic of Siena
177:
176:
145:Great Interregnum
136:Kingdom of Sicily
16:(Redirected from
6237:
6152:
6151:
6144:Italy portal
6141:
6140:
6081:National symbols
5775:
5630:
5482:
5335:
5215:Kingdom of Italy
5142:Napoleonic Italy
4681:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4634:
4624:
4609:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4582:. Archived from
4572:
4570:
4551:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4504:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4414:Storia di Milano
4405:
4399:
4393:
4384:
4383:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4176:
4170:
4161:The Age of Faith
4147:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4121:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4010:
4003:
3923:The Little Hours
3897:(2009) starring
3873:(1950) starring
3833:Alejo Carpentier
3666:
3654:
3628:
3608:
3592:
3580:
3565:capo dell'impero
3553:heraldic "chief"
3111:
2836:
2790:Modern aftermath
2775:
2584:families. While
2428:Battle of Giglio
2400:Duchy of Spoleto
2376:besieged Brescia
2337:Philip of Swabia
2328:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2285:
2277:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2048:Italy portal
2046:
2045:
2044:
1775:Catholic revival
1628:
1627:
1510:
1500:
1482:
1429:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1213:Sicilian Vespers
1198:Colle Val d'Elsa
1060:
1058:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1008:
998:
990:Enzo of Sardinia
988:
978:
967:
956:
945:
944:
943:
938:
914:
890:
880:
872:Charles of Anjou
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
819:
814:
791:
790:
758:Empire of Nicaea
756:
743:
728:
727:
726:
718:Commune of Terni
716:
715:
714:
704:
703:
702:
691:
690:
689:
679:
678:
677:
667:
666:
665:
657:Republic of Pisa
655:
654:
653:
643:
642:
641:
631:
630:
629:
615:
605:
597:County of Urbino
595:
587:March of Treviso
585:
571:
570:
569:
558:
532:
531:
530:
508:
507:
506:
481:
471:
461:
460:
459:
449:
448:
447:
437:
436:
435:
425:
424:
423:
413:
412:
411:
400:
399:
398:
388:
387:
386:
378:March of Ferrara
376:
375:
374:
364:
363:
362:
352:
351:
350:
340:
339:
338:
328:
327:
326:
315:
303:Pro-Guelph Milan
301:
291:
281:
280:
279:
265:
264:
263:
252:
226:
225:
197:
140:Charles of Anjou
134:Conquest of the
66:
65:
44:
32:
21:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6138:
6125:
6096:Public holidays
5927:
5873:Life expectancy
5760:
5615:
5531:Law enforcement
5467:
5320:
5267:
5256:Social Republic
5220:Colonial Empire
5203:Capture of Rome
5156:
5049:
4958:
4851:Ancient peoples
4839:
4776:
4737:Historic states
4695:
4670:
4661:
4602:
4589:
4587:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4539:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4471:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4387:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4148:
4144:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4038:, pp. 7–36
4034:
4030:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3977:Guelph, Ontario
3968:
3943:
3865:
3687:Dante Alighieri
3682:
3677:
3670:
3669:Ghibelline Flag
3667:
3658:
3655:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3620:
3609:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3581:
3545:
3536:
3521:
3317:
3109:
3100:
3019:
2933:
2834:
2818:Catholic Church
2792:
2739:County of Arona
2719:John of Bohemia
2675:
2667:excommunication
2653:clashed in the
2649:and Ghibelline
2614:on a fresco in
2603:
2479:Battle of Parma
2463:Raniero Capocci
2361:Crusader states
2353:Pope Gregory IX
2343:, a Welf, were
2329:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2298:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2233:and Ghibelline
2151:(often spelled
2139:Henry the Proud
2115:Emperor Henry V
2087:
2078:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
1985:Historic states
1949:
1941:
1940:
1917:Great Recession
1848:Colonial Empire
1837:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1808:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1556:
1546:
1545:
1518:
1498:
1491:
1480:
1466:arose with the
1394:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1323:
1320:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1276:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1017:
1014:
941:
939:
928:
927:
922:
921:
907:
906:
899:
896:
832:Pope Gregory IX
804:
803:
798:
797:
785:
782:
781:
767:
764:
724:
722:
712:
710:
700:
698:
692:Pro-Ghibelline
687:
685:
675:
673:
669:Duchy of Modena
663:
661:
651:
649:
639:
637:
627:
625:
567:
565:
548:
547:
542:
541:
538:
528:
526:
520:
519:
514:
504:
502:
493:
490:
457:
455:
445:
443:
433:
431:
421:
419:
415:County of Savoy
409:
407:
396:
394:
384:
382:
372:
370:
360:
358:
348:
346:
336:
334:
324:
322:
277:
275:
261:
259:
242:
241:
236:
235:
232:
220:
214:
213:
208:
163:
157:
105:
103:
90:
73:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6243:
6241:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6167:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5704:Stock exchange
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5606:Municipalities
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5566:Prime Minister
5563:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5453:Regional parks
5450:
5448:National parks
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5357:Climate change
5349:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5122:
5120:Duchy of Savoy
5117:
5112:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5028:Lombard League
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4950:Western Empire
4942:
4937:
4935:Roman conquest
4932:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4856:Italic peoples
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4610: Italian
4601:
4600:External links
4598:
4597:
4596:
4573:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4524:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4491:
4482:
4469:
4449:
4427:
4400:
4385:
4367:
4360:
4342:
4324:
4317:
4299:
4292:
4274:
4261:
4239:
4217:
4194:
4171:
4142:
4127:, ed. (1911).
4125:Chisholm, Hugh
4111:
4096:
4089:
4071:
4064:
4040:
4028:
4011:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3914:
3890:
3875:Burt Lancaster
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3845:
3836:
3829:The Lost Steps
3825:
3818:Fascist regime
3800:
3797:fascist milieu
3770:
3759:
3743:
3740:Edmund Spenser
3730:
3709:
3696:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3649:
3638:
3637:In vexillology
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3575:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2791:
2788:
2715:Pope John XXII
2711:Avignon Papacy
2674:
2671:
2602:
2599:
2590:Oberto Spinola
2506:, workshop of
2368:Lombard League
2331:
2330:
2289:
2287:
2280:
2268:
2265:
2211:Lombard League
2181:Henry the Lion
2119:Salian dynasty
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1894:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1733:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:962–1801
1694:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1604:Western Empire
1601:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1580:
1575:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1460:medieval Italy
1452:Northern Italy
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:Milan uprising
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:Pieve al Toppo
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
961:
950:
931:
925:
924:
923:
920:
919:
904:
903:
902:
900:
898:
897:
895:
894:
884:
874:
864:
854:
852:Pope John XXII
844:
834:
824:
807:
801:
800:
799:
796:
795:
779:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:
768:
766:
765:
763:
762:
761:
760:
747:
737:
732:
720:
708:
696:
683:
671:
659:
647:
635:
623:
609:
599:
589:
579:
563:
551:
545:
544:
543:
540:
539:
537:
536:
523:
517:
516:
515:
513:
512:
499:
494:
492:
491:
489:
488:
485:
475:
465:
453:
441:
429:
417:
405:
392:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
309:
295:
285:
273:
257:
245:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
231:
230:
228:Lombard League
217:
211:
210:
209:
207:
206:
190:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
156:
155:
152:
142:
132:
127:Extinction of
125:
119:
106:
96:
92:
91:
82:
80:
76:
75:
70:
62:
61:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6242:
6231:
6230:Divine Comedy
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6155:
6147:
6145:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Years of Lead
5297:
5295:
5294:Economic Boom
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:Fascist Italy
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:Niçard exodus
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:Magna Graecia
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4536:public domain
4528:
4527:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4065:9780313335372
4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4025:(in Italian).
4024:
4023:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3934:Nick Offerman
3931:
3930:
3929:The Decameron
3925:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:Virginia Mayo
3876:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3855:E. M. Forster
3852:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3778:(1915–1962),
3777:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3701:The Decameron
3697:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3680:In literature
3679:
3674:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:coats of arms
3542:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2828:in the city.
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:to serve the
2815:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2673:Later history
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2616:San Gimignano
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2449:A new pope –
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:Sixth Crusade
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2316:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:This section
2288:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:. The Guelph
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Hohenstaufens
2186:
2182:
2179:, as well as
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:House of Welf
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:; in Italian
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:House of Welf
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2103:Amos Cassioli
2100:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:Years of Lead
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:774–962
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:568–774
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:435–534
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:493–553
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:476–493
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:Magna Graecia
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Central Italy
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1290:
1286:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:-Frederick II
1171:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:-Frederick II
1070:
1064:
1059:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
971:
966:
962:
960:
955:
951:
949:
937:
933:
932:
930:
918:
913:
909:
901:
893:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
863:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
823:
818:
813:
809:
808:
806:
794:
789:
784:
776:
775:
770:
759:
755:
751:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
736:
733:
731:
721:
719:
709:
707:
697:
695:
684:
682:
672:
670:
660:
658:
648:
646:
636:
634:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
578:
575:
564:
561:
557:
553:
552:
550:
535:
525:
524:
522:
511:
501:
500:
498:
495:
486:
484:
480:
476:
474:
470:
466:
464:
454:
452:
442:
440:
430:
428:
418:
416:
406:
404:
393:
391:
381:
379:
369:
367:
357:
355:
345:
343:
333:
331:
321:
319:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
284:
274:
272:
269:
258:
255:
251:
247:
246:
244:
229:
224:
219:
218:
216:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:
189:
186:
185:
180:
173:
169:
166:
161:
160:
153:
150:
146:
143:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
124:
121:Diffusion of
120:
118:
117:
112:
111:free communes
108:
107:
101:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:Central Italy
85:
81:
78:
77:
71:
68:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5981:Architecture
5951:Quattrocento
5908:Social class
5888:Prostitution
5802:Demographics
5724:Trade unions
5667:Central Bank
5509:Human rights
5489:Constitution
5272:Contemporary
5242:World War II
5130:Italian Wars
5054:Early modern
5020:
4996:Papal States
4974:Italy under
4920:Ancient Rome
4588:. Retrieved
4584:the original
4578:
4564:
4556:Bibliography
4545:
4517:
4508:
4498:
4494:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4456:
4452:
4440:. Retrieved
4430:
4418:. Retrieved
4413:
4403:
4395:
4379:
4370:
4351:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4308:
4302:
4283:
4277:
4269:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4250:(in Italian)
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4228:(in Italian)
4226:"Montaperti"
4220:
4207:
4197:
4184:
4174:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4134:
4105:
4099:
4080:
4074:
4054:
4043:
4031:
4021:
4014:
4006:
4001:
3972:Cæsaropapism
3957:
3951:
3927:
3921:
3899:Rutger Hauer
3892:
3868:
3848:
3839:
3828:
3803:
3793:World War II
3789:antisemitism
3773:
3766:
3763:Schopenhauer
3752:Mary Shelley
3745:
3733:
3712:
3699:
3690:
3640:
3564:
3557:capo d'Angiò
3556:
3546:
2810:Parte Guelfa
2809:
2807:
2777:
2754:Italian Wars
2747:
2723:
2688:
2639:
2620:
2604:
2594:Oberto Doria
2565:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2512:
2483:
2448:
2404:Papal States
2365:
2334:
2319:
2313:October 2023
2310:
2299:Please help
2294:verification
2291:
2260:
2254:
2227:
2202:Papal States
2196:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2127:Hohenstaufen
2108:
2034:
2024:
1932:
1931:(2020–
1908:
1890:
1889:(1946–
1813:Risorgimento
1811:
1769:Italian Wars
1757:Early modern
1744:
1588:
1582:
1554:Ancient Rome
1288:
1284:
1282:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1121:
1120:
1101:Monte Porzio
1068:
1067:
1055:
1054:Wars of the
948:Frederick II
496:
283:Papal States
187:
182:Belligerents
149:Frederick II
129:Hohenstaufen
114:
57:
47:
29:
18:Guelph party
6046:Italophilia
6006:Coat of arm
5956:Cinquecento
5832:Immigration
5782:Aristocracy
5647:Agriculture
5541:Nationality
5514:LGBT rights
5428:Earthquakes
5309:Mani pulite
5225:World War I
5168:Unification
5161:Late modern
5125:Renaissance
4970:Middle Ages
4963:Middle Ages
4940:Roman Italy
4707:Citizenship
4150:Will Durant
3883:Nick Cravat
3831:(1953), by
3704:(1350s) by
3657:Guelph Flag
3543:In heraldry
3468:Tornaquinci
3423:Frescobaldi
3342:Della Torre
3300:Pallavicino
3138:Lambertazzi
3129:Della Scala
3081:San Miniato
2940:Alessandria
2772:Reichsadler
2766:Pope Paul V
2693:(1310) and
2451:Innocent IV
2123:Lothair III
2105:(1832–1891)
2097:during the
1955:Citizenship
1910:Mani pulite
1823:Young Italy
1642:Ostrogothic
1578:Roman Italy
1497:History of
1456:Middle Ages
1454:during the
1289:Ghibellines
1193:Tagliacozzo
1106:Alessandria
917:Frederick I
745:Santa Fiora
497:Ghibellines
401:Pro-Guelph
318:Della Torre
307:Della Torre
162:Territorial
123:Black Death
109:Decline of
98:1st phase:
56:, from the
6169:Categories
6116:Traditions
6106:Television
6091:Philosophy
6056:Literature
5996:Cathedrals
5966:Settecento
5827:Healthcare
5792:Corruption
5787:Censorship
5546:Parliament
5504:Government
5304:Maxi Trial
5252:Resistance
4981:Ostrogoths
4913:Messapians
4798:Villanovan
4788:Prehistory
4781:Prehistory
4612:Wikisource
4467:), p. 201.
4465:1843096986
4361:0521814316
4293:8875451893
4090:1135948801
4036:Faini 2006
3993:References
3918:Jeff Baena
3894:Barbarossa
3810:Carlo Levi
3780:Ezra Pound
3775:The Cantos
3717:(1520) by
3504:Della Rosa
3441:Gherardini
3432:Falconieri
3414:Cavalcanti
3295:Montferrat
2685:was signed
2627:Vicopisano
2566:mascherati
2380:Franciscan
2253:to guild,
2223:suzerainty
2197:Ghibellino
2193:Waiblingen
2135:Conrad III
2101:(1176) by
1903:Maxi Trial
1786:Napoleonic
1319: ...
1228:Campaldino
1203:Roccavione
1183:Montaperti
1128:Cortenuova
694:Montferrat
403:Montferrat
113:; rise of
6076:Mythology
6051:Libraries
5971:Ottocento
5913:Terrorism
5854:Languages
5807:Education
5729:Transport
5679:Companies
5586:Provinces
5556:President
5521:Judiciary
5494:Elections
5406:Volcanoes
5401:Volcanism
5394:Apennines
5379:Mountains
5347:Peninsula
5330:Geography
5261:Civil War
4986:Byzantium
4893:Etruscans
4828:Canegrate
4823:Golasecca
4808:Rinaldone
4803:Terramare
4793:Neolithic
4442:29 August
4254:30 August
4232:30 August
4158:, Vol.4:
3903:Raz Degan
3528:Malaspina
3486:Boschetti
3459:Simonetti
3387:Malatesta
3304:Po Valley
3291:Aleramici
3282:Da Romano
3273:Buonconti
3264:Salimbeni
3228:Ordelaffi
3205:Casentino
3156:Parcitadi
3036:Fivizzano
3015:Pontevico
2691:Henry VII
2643:Henry VII
2494:Conrad IV
2412:Benevento
2384:Dominican
2159:, plural
2141:, of the
2117:, of the
2095:Carroccio
1877:Partisans
1632:Odoacer's
1590:Optimates
1584:Populares
1474:in 1122.
1272:Gamenario
1265:Zappolino
1188:Benevento
1116:Calcinato
959:Henry VII
926:2nd phase
905:1st phase
802:2nd phase
780:1st phase
546:2nd phase
518:1st phase
316:House of
240:2nd phase
212:1st phase
74:1216–1392
72:1125–1186
6154:Category
6041:Internet
6031:Folklore
5961:Seicento
5946:Trecento
5941:Duecento
5903:Religion
5864:Regional
5842:Italians
5817:Gambling
5709:Taxation
5536:Military
5477:Politics
5279:Republic
5066:Florence
4991:Lombards
4930:Republic
4876:Samnites
4871:Picentes
4813:Apennine
4772:Railways
4752:Military
4700:By topic
4684:Overview
4668:articles
4480:, p. 348
4206:(1976).
4183:(1976).
4163:, p. 661
3966:See also
3941:In music
3887:Lombardy
3808:(1945),
3747:Valperga
3472:Florence
3463:Florence
3454:Florence
3445:Florence
3436:Florence
3427:Florence
3418:Florence
3409:Florence
3396:Del Sale
3378:Adelardi
3250:Florence
3246:Lamberti
3241:Florence
3210:Ubaldini
3192:Guttuari
3183:Visconti
3165:Frigerio
3071:Piacenza
3041:Florence
2965:Camberia
2889:Grosseto
2874:Fabriano
2822:Florence
2803:Florence
2695:Louis IV
2574:Grimaldi
2551:Florence
2531:Conradin
2441:and the
2382:and the
2241:, 1260.
2163:) is an
2036:Timeline
2000:Military
1948:By topic
1887:Republic
1871:Fascist
1842:Monarchy
1797:Republic
1709:Medieval
1687:Germanic
1672:Frankish
1567:Republic
1488:a series
1486:Part of
1438:and the
1432:factions
1365:-il-ynze
1158:Fossalta
970:Louis IV
968:Emperor
957:Emperor
946:Emperor
915:Emperor
820:Emperor
621:Visconti
562:(Empire)
256:(Empire)
199:Holy See
172:communes
151:'s death
116:signorie
84:Northern
79:Location
58:Croniche
6111:Theatre
6086:Palaces
6066:Museums
6036:Gardens
6021:Fashion
6011:Cuisine
5991:Castles
5933:Culture
5883:Poverty
5859:Italian
5770:Society
5751:Welfare
5719:Tourism
5689:Exports
5657:Banking
5637:Economy
5625:Economy
5581:Regions
5463:Valleys
5433:Islands
5413:Beaches
5384:Prealps
5364:Geology
5352:Climate
5016:Normans
4976:Odoacer
4925:Kingdom
4908:Ligures
4844:Ancient
4818:Nuragic
4767:Postage
4742:Judaism
4732:Genetic
4722:Fashion
4717:Economy
4676:History
4538::
4169:, 1950.
4052:(ed.).
3958:Inferno
3863:In film
3820:as the
3795:in the
3692:Inferno
3613:merlons
3532:Tuscany
3530:: from
3515:: from
3513:Guidoni
3506:: from
3497:: from
3495:Rangoni
3488:: from
3481:Brescia
3479:: from
3470:: from
3461:: from
3452:: from
3443:: from
3434:: from
3425:: from
3416:: from
3407:: from
3400:Ravenna
3398:: from
3389:: from
3382:Ferrara
3380:: from
3373:Ferrara
3371:: from
3364:Ferrara
3362:: from
3355:Ferrara
3353:: from
3351:Giocoli
3344:: from
3335:: from
3333:Fieschi
3328:Bologna
3326:: from
3324:Geremia
3311:: from
3302:: from
3293:: from
3286:Treviso
3284:: from
3275:: from
3266:: from
3257:: from
3248:: from
3239:: from
3230:: from
3223:Ferrara
3221:: from
3219:Torelli
3214:Mugello
3212:: from
3203:: from
3194:: from
3185:: from
3176:: from
3174:Quadrio
3167:: from
3158:: from
3151:Bologna
3149:: from
3147:Carrari
3142:Bologna
3140:: from
3131:: from
3096:Vicenza
3031:Ferrara
3026:Bergamo
3010:Perugia
3005:Orvieto
2975:Cremona
2960:Brescia
2955:Bologna
2924:Treviso
2914:Spoleto
2909:Pistoia
2879:Foligno
2782:on his
2647:Bologna
2625:and at
2582:Spinola
2570:Fieschi
2562:rampini
2540:Romagna
2471:Liguria
2459:Viterbo
2455:Viterbo
2420:Ravenna
2416:Ferrara
2392:Romagna
2217:at the
2173:Bavaria
2165:Italian
2085:Origins
2020:Railway
2015:Postage
1990:Judaism
1980:Genetic
1970:Fashion
1965:Economy
1933:present
1891:present
1860:Fascism
1802:Kingdom
1730:Normans
1662:Lombard
1561:Kingdom
1478:History
1442:in the
1430:) were
1419:Italian
1321:
1285:Guelphs
1255:Soncino
1248:Brescia
1178:Cassano
1163:Cingoli
1148:Viterbo
1133:Brescia
1111:Legnano
1091:Carcano
1081:Spoleto
1076:Tortona
822:Otto IV
619:led by
574:Staufen
560:Staufen
483:Orvieto
463:Perugia
305:led by
268:Angevin
188:Guelphs
164:changes
131:dynasty
54:Bologna
6142:
6016:Design
6001:Cinema
5976:Anthem
5898:Racism
5847:People
5822:Health
5684:Energy
5674:Brands
5601:Comune
5596:Cities
5458:Rivers
5418:Canals
5101:Amalfi
5086:Venice
4945:Empire
4886:Veneti
4861:Latins
4833:Latial
4666:
4590:20 May
4463:
4358:
4315:
4290:
4087:
4062:
3814:Aliano
3617:Verona
3597:Reggio
3517:Modena
3508:Modena
3499:Modena
3490:Modena
3405:Cerchi
3391:Rimini
3369:Turchi
3309:Gorini
3237:Uberti
3160:Rimini
3091:Verona
3046:Gubbio
3000:Mantua
2980:Faenza
2950:Aquila
2945:Ancona
2929:Urbino
2894:Modena
2859:Assisi
2854:Arezzo
2699:Sicily
2651:Modena
2424:Faenza
2398:, the
2396:Marche
2161:Guelfi
2157:Guelfo
2149:Guelph
1836:Modern
1652:Vandal
1598:Empire
1490:on the
1359:GWELFS
1233:Lastra
1143:Giglio
1138:Faenza
577:Sicily
473:Mantua
271:Sicily
254:Welfen
203:Papacy
147:after
102:(1186)
95:Result
49:comune
6101:Sport
6071:Music
6061:Media
5923:Women
5797:Crime
5662:Banks
5438:Lakes
5423:Caves
5374:Flora
5369:Fauna
5091:Genoa
5076:Milan
5071:Siena
5011:Arabs
4898:Celts
4881:Umbri
4757:Music
4727:Flags
4664:Italy
4569:(PDF)
4420:6 May
3723:Lucca
3477:Ugoni
3450:Pazzi
3346:Milan
3337:Genoa
3277:Siena
3268:Siena
3232:Forlì
3201:Guidi
3187:Milan
3133:Milan
3086:Siena
3076:Prato
3066:Parma
3061:Padua
3056:Milan
3051:Lucca
2990:Lecco
2985:Genoa
2970:Crema
2919:Terni
2899:Pavia
2884:Forlì
2779:chief
2726:Milan
2635:Dante
2586:Genoa
2578:Doria
2544:Forlì
2538:, in
2536:Forlì
2523:Siena
2261:rione
2256:rione
2251:guild
2153:Guelf
2005:Music
1975:Flags
1726:Islam
1517:Early
1499:Italy
1374:also
1218:Forli
1208:Desio
1153:Parma
1096:Milan
1086:Crema
706:Pavia
6026:Flag
5756:Wine
5744:road
5739:rail
5570:List
5560:List
5389:Alps
5254:and
5096:Pisa
4866:Osci
4762:Name
4747:LGBT
4592:2009
4461:ISBN
4444:2024
4422:2010
4356:ISBN
4313:ISBN
4288:ISBN
4256:2023
4234:2023
4085:ISBN
4060:ISBN
3905:and
3881:and
3711:The
3360:Este
3313:Pisa
3259:Pisa
3196:Asti
3178:Como
3169:Como
2995:Lodi
2904:Pisa
2869:Como
2864:Asti
2592:and
2572:and
2422:and
2408:Rome
2388:Enzo
2243:Pisa
2010:Name
1995:LGBT
1879:and
1738:and
1728:and
1587:and
1450:and
1436:Pope
1363:GHIB
1361:...
1287:and
1283:The
1170:Post
735:Todi
730:Asti
572:Pro-
451:Lodi
266:Pro-
170:and
69:Date
5986:Art
5734:air
5526:Law
3920:'s
3916:In
3847:In
3838:In
3827:In
3802:In
3791:of
3772:In
3761:In
3698:In
3689:'s
3685:In
2801:in
2776:in
2724:In
2303:by
2259:to
1446:of
1069:Pre
138:by
52:of
6171::
4388:^
4378:.
4335:.
4165:,
4152:,
4133:.
4114:^
3932:,
3901:,
3877:,
3769:")
2786:.
2713:,
2669:.
2633:.
2394:,
2225:.
1875:,
1421::
1417:;
1393:,-
1384:iː
1378:/-
1372:US
1368:,
1343:aɪ
5572:)
5568:(
5562:)
5558:(
4656:e
4649:t
4642:v
4594:.
4446:.
4424:.
4364:.
4339:.
4321:.
4296:.
4258:.
4236:.
4214:.
4191:.
4093:.
4068:.
3913:.
3889:.
3729:.
3619:.
2445:.
2326:)
2320:(
2315:)
2311:(
2297:.
2073:e
2066:t
2059:v
1935:)
1893:)
1693:)
1689:(
1678:)
1674:(
1408:/
1405:z
1402:n
1399:ɪ
1396:l
1390:z
1387:n
1381:l
1352:/
1349:z
1346:n
1340:l
1337:ɪ
1334:b
1331:ɪ
1328:ɡ
1325:ˈ
1316:s
1313:f
1310:l
1307:ɛ
1304:w
1301:ɡ
1298:ˈ
1295:/
1291:(
1046:e
1039:t
1032:v
205:)
201:(
86:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
