183:
376:-speaking community started, which has caused Casamance to struggle for independence since 1982. Today, although they continue to struggle, the movement is more placid and learning Portuguese is popular in Casamance because they see it has a link to their past. It is also learned across Senegal since the independence of the country from France. In Senegal, the creole is the first language of at least 46,500 people (1998); it is mainly spoken in Ziguinchor, but there are also speakers in other Casamance cities and in
448:
383:
The use of Guinea-Bissau Creole is still expanding but with growing interference from
Portuguese (due to television, literacy, prestige and emigration to Portugal) and African languages (through the migration of speakers of native African languages to the main urban centres of Guinea-Bissau, where
371:
and in the middle of the 20th century, the language spread to the surrounding area. After
Senegal's independence from France, the Creole people were seen as friends of the French, and discrimination by the more numerous northern
268:
is the official language of Guinea-Bissau, but Guinea-Bissau Creole is the language of trade, informal literature and entertainment. It is not used in either news media, parliament, public services or educational programming.
277:
The creole languages of Upper Guinea are the oldest-known creoles whose lexicons derive heavily from
Portuguese. They first appeared around Portuguese settlements established along the northwest coast of
384:
the creole is prevalent). Because
Standard Portuguese is the official language in Guinea-Bissau, there is a code switching between the creole and standard Portuguese and/or native African languages.
282:; Guinea-Bissau Creole was among these Portuguese-lexified creoles to have emerged. Portuguese merchants and settlers started to mix with locals almost immediately. A small body of settlers called
367:. The former Casamance Kingdom made a friendly alliance with the Portuguese and the local king adopted European lifestyle, and there were Portuguese in his court. In 1899, the city was ceded to
806:
416:: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
461:
Benson, Carol (2003). "Possibilities for educational language choice in multilingual Guinea-Bissau". In Huss, Leena; Camilleri Grima, Antoinette; King, Kendall (eds.).
410:
os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razĂŁo e de consciĂŞncia, devem agir uns para com os outros em espĂrito de fraternidade.
1268:
1054:
402:
Tudu pekaduris ta padidu libri i igual na balur suma na diritus. Suma e dadu kapasidadi di pensa, e tene tambi konsiensia, e dibi di trata nutru suma ermons.
724:
288:("the thrown out ones"), contributed to the spread of the Portuguese language and influence by being intermediaries between the Portuguese and natives.
775:
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664:
1273:
792:
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There are three main varieties of this creole in Guinea-Bissau and
Senegal: Bissau and Bolama, Bafata, and Cacheu–Ziguinchor.
470:
355:
and speak a Creole. They are descendants of
Portuguese men and African women. Most of them have Portuguese surnames, such as
650:. Vol. II, Portuguese–based, Spanish based and French-based Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–49.
561:
1263:
182:
1158:
1040:
242:
Guinea-Bissau Creole is spoken as a native tongue by 250,000 Bissau-Guineans and as a second language by 1,000,000.
815:
755:
1137:
1131:
1180:
1153:
1148:
167:
173:
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347:, Eng. Children of Nobles) speak it, all of them are known, locally, as Purtuguis because they adopt
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537:[Portuguese language in Senegal] (in Portuguese). Instituto Camões. Archived from
314:
202:
97:
87:
538:
1098:
986:
935:
865:
610:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Crioulo da Guiné-Bissau (Guinea Bissau Creole)"
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82:
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643:
210:
62:
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298:, Pepéis and others, but most of the lexicon (around 80%) comes from Portuguese.
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The creole's substrate language is the language of the local peoples: Mandingas,
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70:
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743:. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press – via Google Books.
246:
214:
66:
657:
Description générale du créole afro-portugais de
Ziguinchor (Sénégal)
368:
348:
313:, similar to the one of Cacheu (Guinea-Bissau) has some influence of
279:
705:
Kriyol Syntax: The
Portuguese-Based Creole Language of Guinea-Bissau
646:. In Michaelis, S. M.; Mauer, P.; Haspelmath, M.; Huber, M. (eds.).
253:, a former Portuguese colony, which is known as Portuguis Creole or
463:
181:
732:(Master's thesis). The Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics.
16:
Portuguese-based creole of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and The Gambia
1036:
788:
614:
Office of the United
Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
748:
Sabou Almeida – Crioulu Grammar Made Simple (Peace Corps 1991)
245:
A variant of Guinea-Bissau Creole is also spoken in southern
676:"Upper Guinea Creole: Evidence in Favor of A Santiago Birth"
257:. Creole is the majority language of the inhabitants of the
753:
Luigi Scantamburlo – Dicionário Do Guineense (Fasbeti 2003)
400:
333:
319:
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58:
21:
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261:region and is used as a language of commerce.
221:. It is also called by its native speakers as
1048:
800:
642:Biagui, Noël-Bernard; Quint, Nicolas (2013).
8:
726:Body-Part Idioms in Crioulo of Guinea-Bissau
648:The Survey of Pidgin & Creole Languages
597:
1055:
1041:
1033:
807:
793:
785:
568:Sociolinguistic Situation in Guinea-Bissau
465:. Swets & Zeitlinger. pp. 67–88.
18:
563:Situação SociolinguĂstica da GuinĂ©-bissau
425:
186:Election signs in Guinea-Bissau Creole.
737:Wilson, William André Auquier (1962).
683:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
431:
429:
393:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
331:, English: Children of the Land) and
301:The Portuguese-influenced dialect of
7:
1269:Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles
773:Guinea-Bissau Creole lessons Memrise
723:Nicoleti, Elizabeth Colleen (2011).
518:
14:
1064:Portuguese-based creole languages
490:(2a. ed.). Lisboa: Colibri.
535:"A LĂngua Portuguesa no Senegal"
533:Horta, José (12–25 April 2006).
446:
574:(in Portuguese), archived from
659:(in French). Paris: Karthala.
207:derives mostly from Portuguese
1:
1279:Portuguese language in Africa
655:Biagui, Noël Bernard (2018).
1226:Portuguese lexical influence
486:Scantamburlo, Luigi (2019).
708:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
1295:
1274:Languages of Guinea-Bissau
816:Languages of Guinea-Bissau
401:
249:, mainly in the region of
85:: 350,000 (2013–2022)
1138:Cannanore Indo-Portuguese
718:– via Google Books.
598:Biagui & Quint (2013)
90:: 1.5 million (2013–2022)
31:
26:
1149:Daman and Diu Portuguese
1194:or Papiá Tugu (extinct)
695:10.1075/jpcl.25.2.04jac
488:Dicionário do Guineense
334:
320:
235:
229:
223:
51:
45:
39:
33:
1154:Korlai Indo-Portuguese
1143:Cochin Indo-Portuguese
839:Non-official languages
342:
327:
187:
110:Afro-Portuguese Creole
1159:Sri Lankan Portuguese
674:Jacobs, Bart (2010).
185:
1264:Languages of Senegal
1083:Guinea-Bissau Creole
740:The Crioulo of Guiné
702:Kihm, Alain (1994).
644:"Casamancese Creole"
436:Guinea-Bissau Creole
191:Guinea-Bissau Creole
117:Guinea-Bissau Creole
22:Guinea-Bissau Creole
1224:Creoles with strong
1078:Cape Verdean Creole
950:Immigrant languages
113:Upper Guinea Creole
1132:Bengali Portuguese
778:2018-10-25 at the
758:2019-08-29 at the
560:Intumbo, Incanha,
209:. It is spoken in
188:
52:purtuguis 'kriolo'
1251:
1250:
1237:Judaeo-Papiamento
1181:Flores Portuguese
1030:
1029:
823:Official language
666:978-2-8111-1907-2
444:(27th ed., 2024)
343:Filhos de Fidalgo
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106:Portuguese Creole
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1175:Bidau Portuguese
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335:Fijus di Fidalgu
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311:Casamance Creole
307:Portuguis Creole
255:Casamance Creole
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856:Balanta-Kentohe
851:Bainouk-Gunyuño
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78:Native speakers
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1071:Upper Guinea
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739:
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583:, retrieved
576:the original
567:
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543:. Retrieved
539:the original
514:
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413:
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407:
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198:
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189:
168:Linguasphere
151:
116:
1114:Principense
891:Jola-Felupe
545:10 December
519:Kihm (1994)
408:Portuguese:
305:, known as
1258:Categories
1243:Saramaccan
1233:Papiamento
1208:East Asian
1104:Annobonese
1007:Portuguese
896:Jola-Fonyi
830:Portuguese
635:Literature
585:2014-12-21
506:1091114509
472:1134380828
441:Ethnologue
420:References
378:The Gambia
266:Portuguese
219:The Gambia
71:The Gambia
1200:(extinct)
1192:Mardijker
1183:(extinct)
1177:(extinct)
1145:(extinct)
1134:(extinct)
926:Mansoanka
353:Catholics
303:Casamance
264:Standard
259:Casamance
251:Casamance
236:portuguis
174:51-AAC-ab
153:Glottolog
137:ISO 639-3
1215:Macanese
1198:Portugis
1012:Japanese
921:Mankanya
911:Mandinka
776:Archived
756:Archived
361:Carvalho
357:da Silva
349:European
296:Manjacos
285:lançados
224:guinensi
160:uppe1455
34:guinensi
1099:Angolar
1022:Russian
1002:Chinese
982:Italian
967:Spanish
957:English
941:Soninke
906:Kobiana
901:Kasanga
871:Biafada
861:Bassari
846:Badyara
414:English
398:Creole:
388:Example
365:Fonseca
339:(Port.
273:History
247:Senegal
215:Senegal
201:, is a
199:Crioulo
67:Senegal
1017:Romani
997:Arabic
992:Hebrew
977:German
972:Arabic
962:French
916:Manjak
886:Creole
876:Bijago
712:
663:
570:]
504:
494:
469:
369:France
315:French
280:Africa
230:kriyol
195:Kiriol
46:kiriol
40:kriyol
1109:Forro
987:Hindi
936:Papel
866:Bayot
730:(PDF)
679:(PDF)
579:(PDF)
572:(PDF)
566:[
374:Wolof
233:, or
931:Nalu
881:Fula
710:ISBN
661:ISBN
547:2014
502:OCLC
492:ISBN
467:ISBN
217:and
691:doi
438:at
363:or
309:or
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325:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
