144:. In many cases these functions can be performed by trained humans. However, because of the speed of, for example, a rocket's dynamics, human reaction time is too slow to control this movement. Therefore, systems—now almost exclusively digital electronic—are used for such control. Even in cases where humans can perform these functions, it is often the case that GNC systems provide benefits such as alleviating operator work load, smoothing turbulence, fuel savings, etc. In addition, sophisticated applications of GNC enable
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462:(SLBMs) prior to launch. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military and a commercial. The accuracy of the military signal is classified but can be assumed to be well under 0.5 meters. The GPS system space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi). The satellites are in six specific orbits and transmit highly accurate time and satellite location information which can be used to derive distances and calculate position.
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Flight control is accomplished either aerodynamically or through powered controls such as engines. Guidance sends signals to flight control. A Digital
Autopilot (DAP) is the interface between guidance and control. Guidance and the DAP are responsible for calculating the precise instruction for each
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system. IMUs are "spun up" and calibrated prior to launch. A minimum of 3 separate IMUs are in place within most complex systems. In addition to relative position, the IMUs contain accelerometers which can measure acceleration in all axes. The position data, combined with acceleration data provide
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data in the boost phase and relative position data for intercept targeting. Complex systems typically have multiple redundancy to address drift, improve accuracy (ex. relative to a target) and address isolated system failure. Navigation systems therefore take multiple inputs from many different
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is a position fixing technique that was devised to help sailors cross the featureless oceans without having to rely on dead reckoning to enable them to strike land. Celestial navigation uses angular measurements (sights) between the horizon and a common celestial object. The Sun is most often
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is the "driver" of a vehicle. It takes input from the navigation system (where am I) and uses targeting information (where do I want to go) to send signals to the flight control system that will allow the vehicle to reach its destination (within the operating constraints of the vehicle). The
391:(IMUs) are the primary inertial system for maintaining current position (navigation) and orientation in missiles and aircraft. They are complex machines with one or more rotating Gyroscopes that can rotate freely in 3 degrees of motion within a complex
276:"targets" for guidance systems are one or more state vectors (position and velocity) and can be inertial or relative. During powered flight, guidance is continually calculating steering directions for flight control. For example, the
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from a known position/starting point (e.g. IMU). Today's complex systems use multiple approaches to determine current position. For example, today's most advanced navigation systems are embodied within the
408:, optical celestial navigation and other navigation aids. When targeting another (moving) vehicle, relative vectors become paramount. In this situation, navigation aids which provide updates of position
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and ephemeris data. Today's space shuttle, and most interplanetary spacecraft, use optical systems to calibrate inertial navigation systems: Crewman
Optical Alignment Sight (COAS), Star Tracker.
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the necessary inputs to "track" motion of a vehicle. IMUs have a tendency to "drift", due to friction and accuracy. Error correction to address this drift can be provided via ground link
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measured. Skilled navigators can use the Moon, planets or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated in nautical almanacs. Historical tools include a
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534:. The space shuttle crew leverages a hand held device to feed information into rendezvous planning. The primary limitation on this device is that it requires a
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165:") from the vehicle's current location to a designated target, as well as desired changes in velocity, rotation and acceleration for following that path.
444:(LORAN) : This was the predecessor of GPS and was (and to an extent still is) used primarily in commercial sea transportation. The system works by
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refers to the manipulation of the forces, by way of steering controls, thrusters, etc., needed to execute guidance commands while maintaining vehicle
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545:). Uses a ground scanning radar to "match" topography against digital map data to fix current position. Used by cruise missiles such as the
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Draper, C. S.; Wrigley, W.; Hoag, G.; Battin, R. H.; Miller, E.; Koso, A.; Hopkins, A. L.; Vander Velde, W. E. (June 1965).
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also targets a vector. The target vectors are developed to fulfill the mission and can be preplanned or dynamically created.
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device calculates relative position to a highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of the technology on
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provides the most common approach to combining navigation data (from multiple sensors) to resolve current position.
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686:(Report). Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Instrumentation Laboratory. pp. I-3 et seqq
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is the art of determining where you are, a science that has seen tremendous focus in 1711 with the
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621:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
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GNC systems are found in essentially all autonomous or semi-autonomous systems. These include:
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targets an altitude, velocity vector, and gamma to drive main engine cut off. Similarly, an
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systems also typically estimate a predicted position for future computing cycles. See also
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refers to the determination, at a given time, of the vehicle's location and velocity (the "
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which accepts guidance commands to affect change in aerodynamic and/or engine controls.
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flight control. The DAP provides feedback to guidance on the state of flight controls.
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Radar/Infrared/Laser : This form of navigation provides information to guidance
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dealing with the design of systems to control the movement of vehicles, especially,
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sensors, both internal to the system and/or external (ex. ground based update).
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Academic Earth: Aircraft
Systems Engineering: Lecture 16 GNC. Phil Hattis – MIT
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Princeton
Satellite Systems: GNC of High-Altitude Airships. Joseph Mueller
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Guidance, navigation, and control systems consist of 3 essential parts:
30:"GN&C" redirects here. For the Great Northern and City Railway, see
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Boeing: Defense, Space & Security: International Space
Station: GNC
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Grewal, Mohinder S.; Weill, Lawrence R.; Andrews, Angus P. (2007).
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Global
Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration
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refers to the determination of the desired path of travel (the "
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point of reference (ex. landmark, north star, LORAN Beacon),
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the ship's position based on directional reference to known
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520:- more resistive to countermeasures, than IR homing system
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position to a target (ex. radar, infra-red, ...) or track
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are more important. In addition to the current position,
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237:. Navigation aids either measure position from a
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650:Aided Navigation: GPS with High Rate Sensors
509:. The missile's seeker head homes in on the
654:. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies. pp.
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814:
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753:Georgia Tech: GNC: Theory and Applications
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
50:This article includes a list of general
1299:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
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1321:Psychological and sociological effects
727:https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/
538:between the target and the designator.
210:Precision-guided munition § Types
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460:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
1640:Applications of control engineering
489:(detects target's radar emissions),
1030:Weather and environment monitoring
282:Intercontinental ballistic missile
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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110:Guidance, navigation and control
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18:Guidance, navigation and control
1074:Space launch market competition
218:which tracks current location,
1311:Health threat from cosmic rays
681:Apollo Guidance and Navigation
573:Aircraft flight control system
318:or those participating in the
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364:Autonomous underwater vehicle
758:NASA Shuttle Technology: GNC
516:Ultraviolet homing, used in
1427:Self-replicating spacecraft
1263:International Space Station
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941:Space Liability Convention
541:Terrain contour matching (
471:relative to a known target
418:Inertial navigation system
389:Inertial Measurement Units
256:RIM-161 Standard Missile 3
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29:
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1304:Space adaptation syndrome
763:24 September 2016 at the
547:Tomahawk (missile family)
456:Global Positioning System
438:and Celestial navigation.
1037:Communications satellite
787:CEAS: EuroGNC Conference
646:Farrell, Jay A. (2008).
354:Unmanned aerial vehicles
337:Reaction control systems
1541:reusable launch systems
1158:Extravehicular activity
1069:Commercial use of space
973:Militarisation of space
946:Registration Convention
862:Accidents and incidents
583:Flight control surfaces
507:surface-to-air missiles
493:semiactive radar homing
424:Astro-inertial guidance
258:leverages GPS, IMU and
71:more precise citations.
1589:Mission control center
1551:Non-rocket spacelaunch
985:Billionaire space race
479:(employs own radar to
410:relative to the target
369:Related examples are:
359:Auto-steering tractors
252:Anti-ballistic missile
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1439:Spacecraft propulsion
889:European Space Agency
481:illuminate the target
442:Long-range Navigation
320:DARPA Grand Challenge
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27:Branch of engineering
1660:Military electronics
1064:Satellite navigation
780:11 June 2014 at the
374:Celestial navigation
1449:Electric propulsion
1136:Life-support system
1020:Imagery and mapping
980:Private spaceflight
742:AIAA GNC Conference
578:Control engineering
414:inertial navigation
1402:Robotic spacecraft
1328:Space and survival
1183:Space colonization
1079:Space architecture
931:Outer Space Treaty
432:information fusion
179:") as well as its
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32:Northern City Line
1665:Uncrewed vehicles
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1574:Flight controller
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1109:Human spaceflight
1084:Space exploration
1010:Earth observation
665:978-0-07-164266-8
632:978-0-470-04190-1
532:Laser-guided bomb
436:Inertial guidance
329:Precision-guided
124:) is a branch of
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624:
619:
618:
609:
606:
599:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
555:
548:
544:
540:
537:
536:line of sight
533:
529:
525:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
474:
472:
468:
467:
466:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
446:triangulating
443:
440:
437:
433:
429:
428:sensor fusion
425:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
375:
372:
371:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
344:
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
326:
323:
321:
317:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
297:
291:
288:
287:
283:
279:
278:Space Shuttle
274:
271:
270:
266:
265:Kalman filter
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
228:
227:
225:
221:
217:
211:
207:
199:
194:
190:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:(abbreviated
111:
103:
99:
91:
88:
80:
77:February 2012
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1519:Space launch
1504:Interstellar
1470:Destinations
1239:Apollo–Soyuz
1188:Space diving
1173:Space toilet
997:Applications
914:Soviet Union
874:Space policy
869:Space launch
722:
711:
700:
688:. Retrieved
674:
649:
641:
616:
608:
470:
465:
450:transmitters
409:
368:
301:
246:
242:
238:
223:
219:
215:
213:
186:
177:state vector
170:
156:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:
98:
83:
74:
55:
1655:Cybernetics
1477:Sub-orbital
1412:Space probe
1278:New Shepard
1256:Shuttle–Mir
1015:Archaeology
968:Space force
951:Moon Treaty
823:Spaceflight
563:Aeronautics
316:Mars rovers
130:automobiles
126:engineering
69:introducing
1634:Categories
1546:Launch pad
1537:Expendable
1487:Geocentric
1454:Solar sail
1397:Spaceplane
1357:Spacecraft
1151:Space suit
1129:commercial
1057:Television
852:Space Race
690:12 October
600:References
593:Navigation
526: : A
503:air-to-air
346:Spacecraft
341:spacecraft
307:Autopilots
230:Navigation
216:navigation
204:See also:
172:Navigation
163:trajectory
142:spacecraft
52:references
1556:Spaceport
1407:Satellite
1124:Astronaut
1052:Telephone
1005:Astronomy
926:Space law
879:Australia
398:telemetry
193:stability
152:control.
146:automatic
1645:Avionics
1608:Category
1273:Tiangong
1268:Shenzhou
1197:Programs
1042:Internet
847:Timeline
778:Archived
761:Archived
744:(annual)
716:NASA.gov
705:NASA.gov
658:et seq.
556:See also
511:infrared
298:Examples
272:Guidance
247:movement
243:relative
220:guidance
181:attitude
158:Guidance
138:aircraft
118:GN&C
1482:Orbital
1283:Artemis
1214:Voskhod
1209:Mercury
1117:General
857:Records
842:History
830:General
487:passive
434:of the
379:sextant
333:systems
331:airdrop
314:, like
289:Control
224:control
188:Control
122:G&C
65:improve
1619:Portal
1612:
1601:
1417:Lander
1370:Rocket
1234:Skylab
1229:Apollo
1219:Gemini
1204:Vostok
909:Russia
662:
629:
543:TERCOM
477:active
393:gimbal
254:, the
150:remote
140:, and
54:, but
1422:Rover
1224:Soyuz
1047:Radio
904:Japan
899:India
884:China
684:(PDF)
426:is a
406:radar
383:watch
239:fixed
200:Parts
134:ships
120:, or
1584:Pass
1539:and
692:2014
660:ISBN
627:ISBN
505:and
339:for
208:and
1251:Mir
402:GPS
148:or
116:,
114:GNC
1636::
625:.
623:21
483:),
404:,
400:,
381:,
136:,
132:,
815:e
808:t
801:v
694:.
668:.
656:5
635:.
549:.
495:,
452:.
430:/
420:.
195:.
183:.
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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