365:, and the transcript is made a part of the permanent record of the case to preserve the conviction's validity from being challenged at some future time. "Intelligent" has been described as "an elusive term, meaning that the defendant knows his rights, the nature of the charge to which he is pleading, and the consequences of his plea." "Voluntary" has been described as also "an elusive term which has come to mean not induced by 'improper' inducements, such as
36:
1139:
326:, for instance, state, "If a defendant refuses to enter a plea or if a defendant organization fails to appear, the court must enter a plea of not guilty." Similarly, if a defendant attempts to enter an unorthodox plea (a "creative plea"), this will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty. One example of this was a defendant accused of a crime committed while protesting a
199:" is a guilty plea entered with no plea agreement in place. Plea bargains are particularly common in the United States. Other countries use a more limited form of plea bargaining. In the United Kingdom and Germany, guidelines state that only the timing of the guilty plea can affect the reduction in the punishment, with an earlier plea resulting in a greater reduction.
357:, "knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently". The burden is on the prosecution to prove that all waivers of the defendant's rights complied with due process standards. Accordingly, in cases of all but the most minor offenses, the court or the prosecution (depending upon local custom and the presiding judge's preference) will engage in a
401:
In the U.S. federal system, the court must also satisfy itself that there is a factual basis for the guilty plea. However, this safeguard may not be very effective because the parties, having reached a plea agreement, may be reluctant to reveal any information that could disturb the agreement. When a
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it is called "standing mute", and it has been left to juries to decide the reason for the muteness, whether maliciousness or mental impairment. Historically, during an arraignment an accused person would enter a plea, guilty or not, and after pleading not guilty would be asked how he was to be tried,
410:
Other special pleas used in criminal cases include the plea of mental incompetence, challenging the jurisdiction of the court over the defendant's person, the plea in bar, attacking the jurisdiction of the court over the crime charged, and the plea in abatement, which is used to address procedural
381:' by prosecutors)." Empirical research has demonstrated that violent conditions in jails during pretrial detention of people who are legally innocent do improperly induce or coerce guilty pleas, but this has not constitutionally invalidated the pleas under current Supreme Court precedent.
445:
A defendant who enters a plea of guilty must do so unequivocally. A guilty plea which is "imperfect, unfinished or otherwise ambiguous" will not legitimate and should the court proceed to sentence on such a plea, there exist grounds for ordering a retrial or quashing the conviction.
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errors in bringing the charges against the defendant, not apparent on the "face" of the indictment or other charging instrument. Special pleas in federal criminal cases have been abolished, and defenses formerly raised by special pleas are now raised by motion to dismiss.
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Demurrer: Which is an "objection to the form or substance of the indictment". It is essentially no different than a motion to quash the indictment, however, it continues to exist in law. Unlike standard pleas, this must be entered in writing in advance of the
449:
In R v
Atkinson, the Court of Appeal held that, where a defendant entered a plea of 'Guilty, but i intended to defend myself' this could be held to be an unequivocal plea where the judge had clarified any ambiguity before accepting the plea.
226:
These pleas claim that a case cannot proceed for some reason. They are so-called because, rather than being an answer to the question of guilt or innocence, they are a claim that the matter of guilt or innocence should not be considered.
394:(2010), in which the Court held that defense counsel is obligated to inform defendants of the potential immigration consequences of a guilty plea. Thus a defendant who is not advised of immigration consequences may have an
167:
In civil law jurisdictions, a confession by the defendant is treated like any other piece of evidence. A full confession does not prevent a full trial or relieve the prosecutor from presenting a case to the court.
414:
A conditional plea is one where the defendant pleads guilty to the offense but expressly reserves the right to appeal certain aspects of the charges (for example, that the evidence was illegally obtained).
361:
wherein they ask the defendant a series of rote questions about the defendant's knowledge of his rights and the voluntariness of the plea. Typically the hearing on the guilty plea is transcribed by a
212:) plea is when the defendant submits a plea that neither admits nor denies the offense. It has the same immediate effect as a guilty plea because the trial avoids determining the defendant's guilt.
1017:
428:
and led to an enhanced sentence. Although the defendant had pleaded guilty, he was not awarded a reduction in sentence because the feigned illness was considered to mean that he was not
314:, was pressed until he died for refusing to answer "By God and my country" after pleading not guilty to the charges. Obtaining pleas by torture was abolished by statute in 1772.
195:, a defendant makes a deal with the prosecution or court to plead guilty in exchange for a more lenient punishment, or for related charges against them to be dropped. A "
46:
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plea agreement has been made, the judge's factual basis inquiry is usually perfunctory, and the standard for finding that the plea is factually based is very low.
492:. It must be pleaded at the first opportunity (i.e. before arraignment if the pardon has by then been granted). In modern times, the plea has become obsolete."
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or even treatment as an aggravating circumstance in an ongoing capital prosecution. However, the
Supreme Court recognized an important exception in
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Virtually all jurisdictions hold that defense counsel need not discuss with defendants the collateral consequences of pleading guilty, such as
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involves discussions between the prosecutor and defendants to reach an agreement for a guilty plea in exchange for a more lenient punishment.
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being expected to answer "By God and my country". There were various penalties for refusing to do this if one was of sound mind. In cases of
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510:. It typically involves a lawyer telling a judge of extenuating circumstances that could result in a lesser sentence for an offender.
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791:"How do the consequences of pretrial detention on guilty pleas and carceral sentences vary between misdemeanor and felony cases?"
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Three special pleas (though not in the strictest sense of the word) exists in the criminal courts of
England and Wales:
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does not have the power to hear the case before it, such a plea is usually entered where the offence being charged is
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In some legal systems pleading guilty can result in a more lenient punishment for the defendant; it is thus a type of
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in sentencing. While in some other legal systems pleading guilty instead can result in a harsher punishment. In a
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570:"The Ethics of Cause Lawyering: An Empirical Examination of Criminal Defense Lawyers as Cause Lawyers"
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881:"Behavior of the Defendant in a Competency-to-Stand-Trial Evaluation Becomes an Issue in Sentencing"
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A defendant who refuses to enter a plea is usually interpreted as giving a plea of not guilty; the
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Pardon: "It may be relied on where a pardon has been granted by the Crown on the advice of the
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Quarter Sessions Ex p/ Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis 2 QB 80
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or not guilty. Depending on jurisdiction, additional pleas may be available, including
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Judicial
Supervision of the Guilty Plea Process: A Study of Six Jurisdictions
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Judicial
Supervision of the Guilty Plea Process: A Study of Six Jurisdictions
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477:. Similarly to Demurrer, this plea must be entered in writing in advance.
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if the court accepts the plea. The court will then determine and impose a
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868:, vol. 54, The American Journal of Comparative Law, pp. 199–267
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plant, who gave his plea as "I plead for the beauty that surrounds us".
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843:"Effective Assistance of Counsel and the Consequences of Guilty Pleas"
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Plea to jurisdiction: Can be entered where the defendant believes the
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A plea in mitigation is used during criminal law proceedings in many
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who enters a plea of guilty must do so, in the phraseology of a 1938
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Questions and
Answers about Civil Disobedience and the Legal Process
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Hurst, John (August 10, 1978), "A-plant protestors being freed",
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885:
Journal of the
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
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Thomas, C., Cadoff, B., Wolff, K. T., & Chauhan, P. (2022),
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Under common law systems, a defendant who pleads guilty will be
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reported details of such during a murder trial in the reign of
27:
Answer to a claim made by someone in a common law criminal case
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29:
891:(1). Journal of the American Psychiatric Association: 126–128
54:
841:
Chin, Gabriel J.; Holmes, Richard W. Jr. (2001–2002),
701:"Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure: Rule 11. Pleas"
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1154:
1034:
944:. : OXFORD UNIV PRESS US. 2023. pp. D12.52.
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543:(11th ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Group.
43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
645:. Oxford University Press. 22 January 2015.
257:plea of pardon – where the accused has been
695:
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574:The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
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1004:
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668:"The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination"
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:When a defendant refuses to plead to an
864:Turner, Jenia Iontcheva (Winter 2006),
778:, vol. 70, Judicature, p. 203
763:, vol. 70, Judicature, p. 203
531:
819:
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718:National Lawyers Guild, LA Chapter,
941:BLACKSTONE'S CRIMINAL PRACTICE 2023
377:(except for inducements involving '
324:Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
176:The most common types of plea are "
980:. Government of the United Kingdom
774:McDonald, William F. (1986–1987),
759:McDonald, William F. (1986–1987),
568:Etienne, Margareth (Summer 2005).
25:
1330:Evidence law in the United States
601:"Plea Bargaining and Its History"
396:ineffective assistance of counsel
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879:Darani, Shaheen (January 2006).
250:) – where under the doctrine of
34:
642:A Dictionary of Law Enforcement
1184:Deferred prosecution agreement
807:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.102008
685:The Felony and Piracy Act 1722
539:Garner, Bryan A., ed. (2019).
1:
978:The Crown Prosecution Service
599:Alschuler, Albert W. (1979).
310:, charged with Witchcraft in
294:the accused was tortured by
917:R v Atkinson EWCA Crim 153
795:Journal of Criminal Justice
349:United States Supreme Court
339:"Voluntary and intelligent"
57:, discuss the issue on the
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432:for his illegal behavior.
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298:until he entered a plea;
430:accepting responsibility
202:In the United States, a
123:. A defendant may plead
100:Not to be confused with
974:"Sentencing - Overview"
421:United States v. Binion
1241:Statute of limitations
1036:Criminal investigation
908:R v Ingleson 1 KB 512
853:, Cornell L. Rev.: 697
666:Morgan, E. M. (1949).
541:Black's law dictionary
508:Commonwealth countries
426:obstruction of justice
386:consecutive sentencing
1179:Criminal jurisdiction
318:US criminal procedure
95:Plea (disambiguation)
1219:Inquisitorial system
1156:Criminal prosecution
1096:Reasonable suspicion
1071:Exigent circumstance
672:Minnesota Law Review
555:"Sentencing Council"
93:For other uses, see
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
1236:Preliminary hearing
484:in exercise of the
391:Padilla v. Kentucky
375:sentence bargaining
277:peine forte et dure
1164:Adversarial system
1106:Search and seizure
1076:Knock-and-announce
1027:Criminal procedure
847:Cornell Law Review
705:Cornell Law School
496:Plea in mitigation
441:"unambiguous plea"
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1385:
1368:Wikimedia Commons
1315:Criminal defenses
1250:Charges and pleas
1174:Bill of attainder
1111:Search of persons
951:978-0-19-287029-2
747:Los Angeles Times
652:978-0-19-175825-6
639:"Standing mute".
502:Mitigating factor
486:royal prerogative
354:Johnson v. Zerbst
236:autrefois convict
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135:no case to answer
119:'s response to a
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