351:
31:
339:
475:
capture the very "conditions that aesthetically constitute beauty." He reiterated this in the aesthetic section of the book where he spoke of his desire to portray the "conditions of beauty: beauty of form associated with the exactness of the facial expression, pose and gesture." Duchenne referred to these facial expressions as the "gymnastics of the soul". He replied to criticisms of his use of the old man by arguing that "every face could become spiritually beautiful through the accurate rendering of his or her emotions", and furthermore said that because the patient was suffering from an
671:
patients, believing them to be subject to absolute, mechanistic laws. However, unlike
Duchenne, who restricted his experiments to the realm of the sane, Charcot was interested almost exclusively in photographing the expressions of traumatized patients - the "hysterics". He is also known for enabling the public to witness these emotional displays by establishing his renowned weekly "theatre of the passions" for the fashionable society of the day to witness the expressions of the insane. This provided much inspiration for popular culture, including the
504:
much care as the face so as to form an harmonious whole." For these plates
Duchenne used a partially blind young woman who he claimed "had become accustomed to the unpleasant sensation of this treatment …". As in many of the plates for the scientific section, this model was also stimulated faradically to provoke a different expression on either side of her face. Duchenne advised that looking at both sides of the face simultaneously would reveal only a "mere grimace" and he urged the reader to examine each side separately and with care.
606:
588:
488:
260:(1777–1835) before returning to Boulogne and setting up in practice there. Duchenne married a local woman, and, following the birth of their son, his wife died. This resulted in a lengthy period of personal difficulties for Duchenne with his family and in a prolonged estrangement from his son (who later followed Duchenne into medical practice) and they were only reunited towards the end of his life.
549:, who had included psychiatric patients in his studies. Duchenne may have avoided photographing the "passions" of the insane because of technical problems at the time; however, it is more likely that he did so for aesthetic reasons – that he did not regard the expressions of the insane as socially acceptable. Charles Bell's writings also showed an instinctive revulsion for the mentally ill.
230:
639:, was published in 1872. This book elaborated on Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and concentrated on the genetic aspects of human behaviour. Darwin's text carried illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs, and Darwin and Duchenne corresponded briefly. It is noteworthy, also, that Darwin lent his copy of Duchenne's book to the British psychiatrist
214:
406:) which could reveal an "accurate rendering of the soul's emotions". He believed that he could observe and capture an "idealized naturalism" in a similar (and even improved) way to that observed in Greek art. It is these notions that he sought conclusively and scientifically to chart by his experiments and photography and it led to the publishing of
445:
emotions, even the most fleeting, to be written briefly on man's face. Once this language of facial expression was created, it sufficed for Him to give all human beings the instinctive faculty of always expressing their sentiments by contracting the same muscles. This rendered the language universal and immutable.
457:
Duchenne was convinced that the truth of his pathognomic experiments could only be effectively rendered by photography, the subject's expressions being too fleeting to be drawn or painted. "Only photography," he writes, "as truthful as a mirror, could attain such desirable perfection." He worked with
577:
Would Niobe have been less beautiful if the dreadful emotion of her spirit had bulged the head of her oblique eyebrow as nature does, and if a few lines of sorrow had furrowed the median section of her forehead? On the contrary, nothing is more moving and appealing than such an expression of pain on
503:
Whereas the scientific section was intended to exhibit the expressive lines of the face and the "truth of the expression," the aesthetic section was intended also to demonstrate that the "gesture and the pose together contribute to the expression; the trunk and the limbs must be photographed with as
444:
In the face our creator was not concerned with mechanical necessity. He was able in his wisdom or – please pardon this manner of speaking – in pursuing a divine fantasy … to put any particular muscles into action, one alone or several muscles together, when He wished the characteristic signs of the
271:
by which electric shock was administered beneath the skin with sharp electrodes to stimulate the muscles). After a brief second marriage, Duchenne returned to Paris in 1842 in order to continue his medical research. Here, he did not achieve a senior hospital appointment, but supported himself with a
515:
of the period. He believed that only by electroshock and in the setting of elaborately constructed theatre pieces featuring gestures and accessory symbols could he faithfully depict the complex combinatory expressions resulting from conflicting emotions and ambivalent sentiments. These melodramatic
470:
was the first publication on the expression of human emotions to be illustrated with actual photographs. Photography had only recently been invented, and there was a widespread belief that this was a medium that could capture the truth of any situation in a way that other mediums were unable to do.
670:
in 1862. He adopted
Duchenne's procedure of photographic experiments and also believed that it was possible to attain the truth through direct observation. He even named an examination room at the asylum after his teacher. Like Duchenne, Charcot sought to chart the gestures and expressions of his
374:
of man. He is known, in particular, for the way he triggered muscular contractions with electrical probes, recording the resulting distorted and often grotesque expressions with the recently invented camera. He published his findings in 1862, together with extraordinary photographs of the induced
564:
errors and failure to attend to the emotions. Thus at the end of the scientific section, for instance, Duchenne "corrects" the expressions of three widely revered classic Greek or Roman antiquities: In no manner, argues
Duchenne, do any of these countenances conform to nature as revealed by his
474:
Duchenne used six living models in the scientific section, all but one of whom were his patients. His primary model, however, was an "old toothless man, with a thin face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality." Through his experiments, Duchenne sought to
453:
the expression of which is controlled by one or two muscles. He also isolates the precise contractions that result in each expression and separates them into two categories: partial and combined. To stimulate the facial muscles and capture these "idealized" expressions of his patients, Duchenne
727:
Duchenne's ultimate legacy may be that he set the stage, as it were, for
Charcot's visual theater of the passions and defined the essential dramaturgy of all the visual theaters, both scientific and artistic, that have since been conceived in the attempt to picture our psyches. … In the end,
311:
Despite his unorthodox procedures, and his often uneasy relations with the senior medical staff with whom he worked, Duchenne's single-mindedness obtained him an international standing as a neurologist and researcher. He is counted as one of the developers of electro-physiology and
524:
in "extremely sorrowful prayer" experiencing "saintly transports of virginal purity"; a mother feeling both pain and joy while leaning over a child's crib; a bare-shouldered coquette looking at once offended, haughty and mocking; and three scenes from
716:. There, the protagonist, Charles Smithson, a young scientist, who "like most men of his time, was still faintly under the influence of the Lavater's Physiognomy," is intent on interpreting an alienated woman's true character from her expressions.
1249:
Freitas-MagalhĂŁes, A., & Castro, E. (2009). The
Neuropsychophysiological Construction of the Human Smile. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face (pp. 1–18). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press.
732:
and the photographic stills from its experimental theater of electroshock excitations established the modern field on which the struggle to depict and thus discern the ever-elusive meanings of our coded faces continues even now to be waged.
1094:
Although
Tournachon contributed some of the negatives for the scientific section, most of the photographs in this section, and all eleven plates corresponding to the aesthetic section, were made by Duchenne.
154:
wrote that
Duchenne found neurology "a sprawling infant of unknown parentage which he succored to a lusty youth." His greatest contributions were made in the myopathies that came to immortalize his name,
851:
In the first part of the century neurological works had been published by Cooke, Bell, Hall and others, but the first real advance in neurology did not come until the clinical experience of
Romberg and
402:
and other physiognomists of the era, Duchenne was skeptical of the face's ability to express moral character; rather he was convinced that it was through a reading of the expressions alone (known as
205:– also illustrated prominently by his photographs – was the first study on the physiology of emotion and was highly influential on Darwin's work on human evolution and emotional expression.
2337:
1846:
627:
615:
597:
449:
Duchenne defines the fundamental expressive gestures of the human face and associates each with a specific facial muscle or muscle group. He identifies thirteen primary
316:, and he also showed that smiles resulting from true happiness not only utilize the muscles of the mouth but also those of the eyes: such "genuine" smiles are known as
719:
Perhaps we can best understand
Duchenne's contribution to art and science by Robert Sobieszek's concluding words to his comprehensive chapter on Duchenne, in his book
792:
Physiologie des mouvements démontrée à l'aide de l'expérimentation électrique et de l'observation clinique, et applicable à l'étude des paralysies et des déformations
986:
Physiologie des mouvements démontrée à l'aide de l'expérimentation électrique et de l'observation clinique, et applicable à l'étude des paralysies et des déformation
925:
This device was described by Gowers as 'Duchenne's histological harpoon,' and by others as a 'miniature harpoon' - metonymy that alluded to his parentage by the sea.
533:, of cruel instincts," modulated to varying degrees of contrary feelings of filial piety. This theatre of pathognomic effect dominates the aesthetic section of the
350:
30:
1193:
London: Ashgate Publishing. Gordon provides a scholarly overview of the impact of Darwinism on French neurology, and on the popular Parisian culture of the day.
338:
2322:
894:
McHenry, p. 282: "His interest in neurology, which was slow in evolving, was largely inspired by Duchenne, whom Charcot called his "master in neurology."
1839:
244:
region of France. In opposition to his father's wishes that he become a sailor, and driven by a fascination with science, Duchenne enrolled at the
2317:
225:" to his name to avoid confusion with the like-sounding name of Édouard-Adolphe Duchesne (1804–1869) who was a popular society physician in Paris.
354:
Duchenne and his patient, an "old toothless man, with a thin face, whose features, without being absolutely ugly, approached ordinary triviality"
131:
developed from Duchenne's understanding of neural pathways and his diagnostic innovations including deep tissue biopsy, nerve conduction tests (
785:
MĂ©canisme de la physionomie humaine, ou Analyse Ă©lectro-physiologique de l'expression des passions applicable Ă la pratique des arts plastiques
416:
MĂ©canisme de la physionomie humaine, ou Analyse Ă©lectro-physiologique de l'expression des passions applicable Ă la pratique des arts plastiques
201:
1255:
2016:
300:, was published. Were it not for this small, but remarkable, work, his next publication, the result of nearly 20 years of study, Duchenne's
2239:
2021:
1492:
George, M S (January 1994). "Reanimating the face: early writings by Duchenne and Darwin on the neurology of facial emotion expression".
1955:
1940:
1832:
663:
2168:
876:
844:
139:) was achieved against the background of a troubled personal life and a generally indifferent medical and scientific establishment.
1950:
2352:
1220:
712:
699:
2342:
2357:
2188:
1219:, by Robert A. Sobieszek, was published in 1999 and accompanied the exhibition of the same name which took place in the
268:
218:
160:
151:
2198:
1986:
1914:
823:
Modem neurology is mainly of French extraction and derives from Duchenne, of Boulogne, through Charcot and his pupils.
743:
655:
to his asylum laboratory to undertake experiments involving the electrical stimulation of motor centres in the brain.
511:
included the use of performance and narratives which may well have been influenced by gestures and poses found in the
321:
156:
643:
in 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems to have mislaid the book for a year or so (in the West Riding lunatic asylum in
454:
applied faradic shock through electrified metal probes pressed upon the surface of the various muscles of the face.
436:
These sections were accompanied by an atlas of photographic plates. Believing that he was investigating a God-given
412:
The Electro-Physiological Analysis of the Expression of the Passions, Applicable to the Practice of the Plastic Arts
2224:
1960:
466:), and also taught himself the art in order to document his experiments. From an art-historical point of view, the
325:
2296:
2011:
1383:
Bach, J R (April 2000). "The Duchenne de Boulogne-Meryon controversy and pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy".
390:
Duchenne believed that the human face was a kind of map, the features of which could be codified into universal
1909:
172:
1593:
2347:
2163:
2056:
2031:
1970:
499:. In the upper row and the lower two rows, patients with different expressions on either side of their faces
1805:
FILM/TV/Director: Documentary DUCHENNE DE BOULOGNE OU L'ANATOMIE DES PASSIONS by Mark Blezinger 1999, 26min
263:
In 1835, Duchenne began experimenting with therapeutic "Ă©lectropuncture" (a technique recently invented by
193:
De l'electrisation localisée et de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à la thérapeutique.
2193:
2087:
1991:
772:
De l'Électrisation localisée et de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à la thérapeutique
605:
587:
132:
2178:
1867:
2117:
2061:
1808:
753:
640:
683:, who attended Charcot's clinical demonstrations in 1885, laid out the foundations of his life's work,
459:
1059:
is complex and to a degree uncertain. It was published over the course of 1862 and possibly into 1863.
2332:
2327:
2102:
2001:
560:
sculptors for unquestionably attaining an ideal of beauty, he nevertheless criticized them for their
313:
264:
398:; he was convinced that the expressions of the human face were a gateway to the soul of man. Unlike
2183:
703:
659:
272:
small private medical practice, while daily visiting a number of teaching hospitals, including the
257:
245:
143:
818:
479:
condition of the face, he could experiment upon the muscles of his face without causing him pain.
1671:
1634:
1480:
1371:
748:
391:
999:
296:) was published in 1862. A few months later, the first edition of his now much-discussed work,
2270:
2097:
1996:
1814:
1784:
1763:
1734:
1713:
1692:
1663:
1646:
Nelson, K R; Genain C (October 1989). "Vignette. Duchenne de Boulogne and the muscle biopsy".
1626:
1580:
1559:
1530:
1509:
1472:
1443:
1400:
1363:
1334:
1299:
1251:
1025:
872:
840:
667:
367:
273:
142:
Neurology did not exist in France before Duchenne and although many medical historians regard
136:
124:
79:
252:
at the age of 19. He then trained under a number of distinguished Paris physicians including
2291:
2249:
2229:
2173:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2092:
2082:
2041:
1930:
1755:
1655:
1616:
1608:
1551:
1501:
1464:
1433:
1425:
1392:
1355:
1324:
1289:
1015:
955:
Lasègue, C.; Straus, J. (1875). "Duchenne de Boulogne; sa vie scientifique et ses oeuvres".
487:
241:
146:
as the father of the discipline, Charcot owed much to Duchenne, often acknowledging him as "
112:
44:
619:. From Chapter VIII: Joy—High spirits—Love—Tender feelings—Devotion
545:
To help him locate and identify the facial muscles, Duchenne drew heavily upon the work of
2244:
2142:
2122:
2046:
1904:
305:
276:
psychiatric centre. He developed a non-invasive technique of muscle stimulation that used
240:
Guillaume-Benjamin Duchenne descended from a long line of mariners who had settled in the
2265:
1746:
Hueston, J T; Cuthbertson R A (July 1978). "Duchenne de Boulogne and facial expression".
941:
A treatise on localized electrization, and its applications to pathology and therapeutics
253:
249:
187:). In 1855, he formalized the diagnostic principles of electrophysiology and introduced
939:
812:
2112:
2107:
2051:
1935:
1883:
1438:
1413:
783:
687:, with a sympathetic deconstruction of Charcot's neurological lectures on hypnosis and
684:
623:
610:
592:
517:
188:
168:
164:
199:, was the first neurology text illustrated by photographs. Duchenne's monograph, the
2311:
2275:
2234:
2203:
2077:
2036:
2026:
2006:
1888:
1759:
1329:
1312:
1020:
680:
672:
652:
557:
496:
395:
324:. Duchenne died in 1875, after several years of illness. He was never elected to the
120:
1824:
1675:
1484:
1375:
2219:
1638:
676:
632:
553:
546:
526:
135:), and clinical photography. This extraordinary range of activities (mostly in the
907:
Collins, Joseph (1908). "Duchenne of Boulogne. A biography and an appreciation".
1965:
1346:
Siegel, I M (2000). "Charcot and Duchenne: of mentors, pupils, and colleagues".
707:
636:
601:(1872). Caption reads "FIG. 20.—Terror, from a photograph by Dr. Duchenne"
463:
359:
116:
1659:
342:
Demonstration of the mechanics of facial expression. Duchenne and an assistant
229:
1555:
1505:
1294:
1277:
566:
476:
403:
1704:
Cuthbertson, R A (1985). "Duchenne de Boulogne and human facial expression".
1396:
698:
when the book and its photographs were revealed - alongside illustrations of
883:
It must be emphasized that, before Duchenne, French neurology did not exist.
644:
512:
128:
96:
1563:
1513:
1476:
1447:
1404:
1367:
1338:
1303:
1029:
213:
1788:
1717:
1696:
1667:
1630:
1612:
1584:
1534:
1429:
1359:
1767:
1738:
1621:
1542:
Borg, K (April 1992). "The man behind the syndrome: Guillaume Duchenne".
1011:
871:. Cambridge UK; New York; etc.: Cambridge University Press. p. 227.
688:
530:
437:
288:, first published in 1855. A pictorial supplement to the second edition,
976:, Ist Edition 1862-3; 2nd Edition, published Paris, J.B. Baillière, 1876
1468:
561:
450:
399:
286:
On Localized Electrization and its Application to Pathology and Therapy
1278:"Duchenne De Boulogne: a pioneer in neurology and medical photography"
363:
184:
176:
2127:
604:
586:
570:
565:
electrophysiological research. He even questions the Greek artist
486:
422:. The work compromises a volume of text divided into three parts:
349:
343:
337:
317:
277:
228:
212:
651:, Letter 7220) and that - in 1872 - Crichton-Browne invited Sir
371:
1828:
556:
of the finest art of whatever age, and although he praised the
1191:
Dances with Darwin 1875 - 1910: Vernacular Modernity in France
521:
1455:
Jay, V (1998). "On a historical note: Duchenne of Boulogne".
1217:
Ghost in the Shell: Photography and the Human Soul, 1850–2000
1145:
Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 133-5; Cuthbertson trans., 102-3
529:
expressing the "aggressive and wicked passions of hatred, of
867:
Duchenne de Boulogne, G.-B.; Cuthbertson, Andrew R. (1990).
1811:
Contemporary artist working on Electro-Facial Choreography.
1803:
362:
of the 19th century, Duchenne wanted to determine how the
1594:"Duchenne de Boulogne: electrodiagnosis of poliomyelitis"
1154:
Duchenne, Mecanisme, part 3, 141; Cuthbertson trans., 105
1000:"Vignettes in Neurology Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)"
778:
Paraplegie hypertrophique de l'enfance de cause cerebrale
507:
Duchenne's experiments for the aesthetic section of the
320:
in his honor. He is also credited with the discovery of
938:
Duchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin; Tibbets, Herbert (1871).
1725:
Roth, N (1979). "Duchenne and the accuracy esthetic".
1414:"Some contributions of Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–75)"
1385:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
150:" (my master in neurology). The American neurologist
817:. Philadelphia & London: W. B. Saunders. p.
694:
In 1981, a modern audience was exposed to Duchenne's
2284:
2258:
2212:
2156:
2070:
1979:
1923:
1897:
1876:
1860:
552:The exact imitation of nature was for Duchenne the
280:
shock on the surface of the skin, which he called "
92:
75:
67:
51:
37:
21:
839:. Springfield IL: Charles C. Thomas. p. 270.
491:G.-B. Duchenne de Boulogne, Synoptic plate 4 from
284:" and he published these experiments in his work,
933:
931:
628:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
616:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
598:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
175:). He was the first clinician to practise muscle
1128:
1126:
123:'s research and greatly advanced the science of
370:which he believed to be directly linked to the
109:Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne)
578:a young forehead, which is usually so serene.
221:in Bethesda. Duchenne's colleagues appended "
1840:
1817:an 1870 book review of Duchenne's monograph,
1282:The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences
862:
860:
115:– September 15, 1875, in Paris) was a French
8:
1775:Stillings, D (1975). "Darwin and Duchenne".
1272:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008.
1819:MĂ©canisme de la Physionomie Humaine..&c
1544:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1494:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1167:, part 3, 169-74; Cuthbertson trans., 120-2
675:theatre which opened in 1897, and to which
2338:Academic staff of the École des Beaux-Arts
1847:
1833:
1825:
814:An introduction to the history of medicine
328:nor did he belong to a French university.
18:
1620:
1437:
1328:
1293:
1019:
902:
900:
631:written, in part, as a refutation of Sir
358:Influenced by the fashionable beliefs of
869:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
420:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
381:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
333:The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression
1592:Reincke, H; Nelson K R (January 1990).
1180:, part 2, 125; Cuthbertson trans., 100.
803:
1136:, part 3, 133; Cuthbertson trans., 102
1055:The publication history of Duchenne's
493:Le MĂ©canisme de la Physionomie Humaine
346:the mimetic muscles of "The Old Man."
1085:, part I, 65; Cuthbertson trans., 36.
1072:, part I, 31; Cuthbertson trans., 19.
304:, his most important contribution to
161:Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy
7:
1120:, part 2, 8; Cuthbertson trans., 43.
974:MĂ©canisme de la Physiognomie Humaine
662:, who became director of the insane
483:Aesthetics and the narrative setting
294:Album de Photographies Pathologiques
197:Album de photographies pathologiques
195:A companion atlas to this work, the
1956:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey
1706:Clinical and Experimental Neurology
1523:Revue médicale de la Suisse romande
1107:, part 2, 6; Cuthbertson trans., 42
730:Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine
706:- on screen in the film version of
658:Duchenne's most famous student was
377:Mecanisme de la physionomie Humaine
233:Woodcut illustration of Duchenne's
202:MĂ©canisme de la physionomie humaine
1313:"Duchenne de Boulogne (1806–1875)"
1046:, part 3, 130-1, trans. Sobieszek.
1004:Parkinsonism and Related Disorders
811:Garrison, Fielding Hudson (1913).
696:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
440:of facial signs, Duchenne writes:
408:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
385:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
308:, might well have gone unnoticed.
298:The Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
14:
2323:19th-century French photographers
1855:19th-century French photographers
1412:Pearce, J.M.S. (September 1999).
290:Album of Pathological Photographs
1760:10.1097/00000637-197807000-00009
1418:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
1330:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004
1221:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1021:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.04.004
458:a talented, young photographer,
254:René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec
29:
2169:Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour
1683:Tayeau, F (December 1985). "".
1311:Parent, André (November 2005).
998:Parent, Andre´ (7 April 2005).
837:Garrison's history of neurology
179:, with an invention he called "
2318:19th-century French physicians
1951:Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu
1946:Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne
957:Archives Générales de Médecine
468:Mechanism of Human Physiognomy
217:Albumen print archived at the
23:Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne
16:French neurologist (1806–1875)
1:
1941:Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard
1276:Parent, André (August 2005).
1204:The French Lieutenant's Woman
835:McHenry, Lawrence C. (1969).
713:The French Lieutenant's Woman
679:made numerous contributions.
649:Darwin Correspondence Project
635:'s theologically doctrinaire
418:), now generally rendered as
171:), and Duchenne's paralysis (
2189:Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron
2017:André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri
1521:Ostini, S (March 1993). "".
235:"appareil volta-Ă©lectrique."
219:National Library of Medicine
2240:Séraphin-Médéric Mieusement
2022:Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri
1987:Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon
1915:Julien Vallou de Villeneuve
744:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
322:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
157:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
2374:
1660:10.1177/088307388900400413
1571:Borg, K (March 1991). "".
1317:Parkinsonism Relat. Disord
569:accuracy in sculpting the
366:in the human face produce
326:French Academy of Sciences
152:Joseph Collins (1866–1950)
2012:Auguste Hippolyte Collard
1748:Annals of Plastic Surgery
1556:10.1080/09647049209525526
1506:10.1080/09647049409525585
1295:10.1017/s0317167100004315
582:
429:A Scientific Section, and
375:expressions, in the book
269:Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière
102:
85:
28:
1910:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
1189:Gordon, Rae Beth (2009)
410:in 1862 (also entitled,
173:progressive bulbar palsy
148:mon maître en neurologie
111:(September 17, 1806, in
2353:History of neuroscience
2057:Alphonse Louis Poitevin
1961:François Fauvel Gouraud
1777:Medical Instrumentation
1727:Medical Instrumentation
1270:Anatomy of the Passions
426:General Considerations,
302:Physiology of Movements
282:électrisation localisée
256:(1781–1826) and Baron
2088:Auguste-Rosalie Bisson
1992:Marie-Alexandre Alophe
1397:10.1093/jhmas/55.2.158
1261:Sobieszek, Robert A.,
963:. P. Asselin: 687–715.
915:. William Wood: 50–54.
735:
647:, Yorkshire - see the
620:
602:
580:
500:
447:
355:
347:
248:where he received his
237:
226:
167:, Duchenne's disease (
165:Duchenne-Erb paralysis
2343:History of psychiatry
2062:Henri Victor Regnault
1809:Artifacial Expression
1685:Bull. Acad. Natl. Med
1613:10.1002/mus.880130111
1430:10.1136/jnnp.67.3.322
1360:10.1353/pbm.2000.0055
1268:Delaporte, François.
1236:, 2003, MIT Press, 79
754:Duchenne-Aran disease
725:
641:James Crichton-Browne
608:
590:
575:
490:
442:
432:An Aesthetic Section.
353:
341:
232:
216:
191:in a textbook titled
2164:Ernest Eugène Appert
2032:Jean-Baptiste Frénet
2002:Louis-Auguste Bisson
1971:FĂ©lix-Jacques Moulin
1457:Pediatr. Dev. Pathol
944:. London: Hardwicke.
766:Essai sur la brûlure
583:Duchenne's influence
314:electro-therapeutics
127:. The era of modern
2358:French neurologists
2194:Étienne-Jules Marey
2184:John Beasley Greene
1815:Electro-Physiognomy
1348:Perspect. Biol. Med
988:, published in 1867
704:evolutionary theory
660:Jean-Martin Charcot
258:Guillaume Dupuytren
246:University of Douai
144:Jean-Martin Charcot
1469:10.1007/PL00010897
1263:Ghost in the Shell
1234:Ghost in the Shell
749:Erb-Duchenne palsy
738:Eponymous diseases
721:Ghost in the Shell
621:
603:
501:
462:, (the brother of
368:facial expressions
356:
348:
238:
227:
55:September 15, 1875
41:September 17, 1806
2305:
2304:
2103:Édouard Delessert
1265:, 2003, MIT Press
1256:978-989-643-034-4
723:where he writes:
460:Adrien Tournachon
265:François Magendie
125:electrophysiology
106:
105:
87:Scientific career
80:electrophysiology
2365:
2292:Hippolyte Arnoux
2230:Gabriel Lippmann
2148:Auguste Salzmann
2138:Georges Penabert
2093:Bruno Braquehais
2083:Edmond Becquerel
2042:Charles Marville
1931:Hippolyte Bayard
1868:Nicéphore Niépce
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1792:
1771:
1742:
1721:
1700:
1679:
1642:
1624:
1598:
1588:
1567:
1538:
1517:
1488:
1451:
1441:
1408:
1379:
1342:
1332:
1307:
1297:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
964:
952:
946:
945:
935:
926:
923:
917:
916:
904:
895:
892:
886:
885:
864:
855:
854:
832:
826:
825:
808:
541:Beauty and truth
383:, also known as
242:Boulogne-sur-Mer
113:Boulogne-sur-Mer
58:
33:
19:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2280:
2254:
2245:Louis Rousselet
2208:
2152:
2143:Dominique Roman
2123:Gustave Le Gray
2066:
2047:Auguste Mestral
1975:
1919:
1905:Antoine Claudet
1893:
1872:
1856:
1853:
1800:
1795:
1774:
1745:
1724:
1703:
1682:
1648:J. Child Neurol
1645:
1596:
1591:
1570:
1541:
1520:
1491:
1454:
1411:
1382:
1345:
1310:
1275:
1245:
1243:Further reading
1240:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
997:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
954:
953:
949:
937:
936:
929:
924:
920:
906:
905:
898:
893:
889:
879:
866:
865:
858:
847:
834:
833:
829:
810:
809:
805:
801:
762:
740:
609:Plate III from
591:Figure 20 from
585:
543:
485:
336:
318:Duchenne smiles
306:medical science
211:
181:l'emporte-pièce
63:
60:
56:
47:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Charles Darwin
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2271:Georges DemenĂż
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Esteban Gonnet
2110:
2108:Maxime Du Camp
2105:
2100:
2098:Étienne Carjat
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Édouard Baldus
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Auguste Belloc
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:Louis Daguerre
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1798:External links
1796:
1794:
1793:
1772:
1743:
1722:
1701:
1691:(9): 1401–12.
1680:
1643:
1589:
1579:(12): 1091–3.
1573:Läkartidningen
1568:
1539:
1518:
1489:
1452:
1409:
1380:
1343:
1308:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1225:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1048:
1035:
990:
978:
966:
947:
927:
918:
909:Medical Record
896:
887:
877:
856:
845:
827:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
789:
781:
775:
769:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
739:
736:
685:psychoanalysis
611:Charles Darwin
593:Charles Darwin
584:
581:
542:
539:
484:
481:
434:
433:
430:
427:
335:
330:
210:
207:
189:electrotherapy
183:" (Duchenne's
169:Tabes dorsalis
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
83:
82:
77:
76:Known for
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
59:(aged 68)
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2370:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2276:Constant Puyo
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2250:Eugène Trutat
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Auguste Maure
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2204:Camille Silvy
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Léon Crémière
2177:
2175:
2174:FĂ©lix Bonfils
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Charles Nègre
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Olympe Aguado
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Henri Le Secq
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:Jules Duboscq
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Adolphe Braun
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1889:Horace Vernet
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:(4): 411–20.
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1622:2027.42/50146
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:(2): 145–54.
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:(2): 158–78.
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1288:(3): 369–77.
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
991:
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
967:
962:
958:
951:
948:
943:
942:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
914:
910:
903:
901:
897:
891:
888:
884:
880:
878:0-521-36392-6
874:
870:
863:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:0-398-01261-X
842:
838:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
807:
804:
798:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
731:
724:
722:
717:
715:
714:
709:
708:John Fowles's
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
681:Sigmund Freud
678:
674:
673:Grand Guignol
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
653:David Ferrier
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
625:
618:
617:
612:
607:
600:
599:
594:
589:
579:
574:
572:
568:
563:
559:
558:ancient Greek
555:
550:
548:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
505:
498:
497:albumen print
494:
489:
482:
480:
478:
472:
469:
465:
461:
455:
452:
446:
441:
439:
431:
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
417:
414:. in French:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:mental states
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
345:
340:
334:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
236:
231:
224:
220:
215:
208:
206:
204:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:Luigi Galvani
118:
114:
110:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
54:
50:
46:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2285:1860s births
2266:Eugène Atget
2259:1850s births
2220:Arthur Batut
2213:1840s births
2199:Pierre Petit
2157:1830s births
2118:Charles Hugo
2071:1820s births
1980:1810s births
1945:
1924:1800s births
1898:1790s births
1877:1780s births
1861:1760s births
1818:
1780:
1776:
1751:
1747:
1730:
1726:
1709:
1705:
1688:
1684:
1651:
1647:
1607:(1): 56–62.
1604:
1601:Muscle Nerve
1600:
1576:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1529:(3): 245–6.
1526:
1522:
1500:(1): 21–33.
1497:
1493:
1463:(3): 254–5.
1460:
1456:
1421:
1417:
1388:
1384:
1354:(4): 541–7.
1351:
1347:
1323:(7): 411–2.
1320:
1316:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1262:
1233:
1228:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1133:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1007:
1003:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
960:
956:
950:
940:
921:
912:
908:
890:
882:
868:
850:
836:
830:
822:
813:
806:
791:
784:
777:
771:
765:
729:
726:
720:
718:
711:
695:
693:
677:Alfred Binet
657:
648:
633:Charles Bell
626:
622:
614:
596:
576:
567:Praxiteles's
554:sine qua non
551:
547:Charles Bell
544:
534:
527:Lady Macbeth
508:
506:
502:
492:
473:
467:
456:
448:
443:
435:
419:
415:
411:
407:
389:
384:
380:
376:
357:
332:
310:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
262:
250:Baccalauréat
239:
234:
222:
200:
196:
192:
180:
147:
141:
119:who revived
108:
107:
86:
57:(1875-09-15)
2333:1875 deaths
2328:1806 births
2225:Jules David
2052:Eugène Piot
1966:Jules Itier
1232:Sobieszek,
1014:: 411–412.
728:Duchenne's
668:Salpêtrière
637:physiognomy
464:Felix Nadar
360:physiognomy
274:Salpêtrière
223:de Boulogne
137:Salpêtrière
117:neurologist
68:Nationality
2312:Categories
2297:Paul Boyer
1733:(5): 308.
1654:(4): 315.
1424:(3): 322.
1176:Duchenne,
1163:Duchenne,
1132:Duchenne,
1116:Duchenne,
1103:Duchenne,
1081:Duchenne,
1068:Duchenne,
1042:Duchenne,
799:References
700:phrenology
562:anatomical
520:include a
477:anesthetic
404:pathognomy
392:taxonomies
1783:(1): 37.
1712:: 55–67.
1215:The book
1178:Mecanisme
1165:Mecanisme
1134:Mecanisme
1118:Mecanisme
1105:Mechanism
1083:Mecanisme
1070:Mecanisme
1057:MĂ©canisme
1044:Mecanisme
852:Duchenne.
645:Wakefield
535:Mecanisme
513:pantomime
509:Mechanism
209:Biography
129:neurology
97:neurology
1676:23670513
1564:11618423
1514:11618803
1485:44812187
1477:10463286
1448:10449553
1405:10820967
1376:28580400
1368:11058990
1339:16345141
1304:16225184
1030:16345141
1012:Elsevier
689:hysteria
624:Darwin's
531:jealousy
518:tableaux
495:. 1862,
451:emotions
438:language
344:faradize
45:Boulogne
1789:1092967
1718:3916360
1697:3915439
1668:2677116
1639:7217658
1631:2183045
1585:2016943
1535:8480122
1439:1736523
1202:Fowles
959:. 6th.
710:novel,
666:at the
400:Lavater
364:muscles
278:faradic
1787:
1768:365063
1766:
1739:388166
1737:
1716:
1695:
1674:
1666:
1637:
1629:
1583:
1562:
1533:
1512:
1483:
1475:
1446:
1436:
1403:
1374:
1366:
1337:
1302:
1254:
1028:
875:
843:
794:(1867)
788:(1862)
780:(1861)
774:(1855)
768:(1833)
664:asylum
185:trocar
177:biopsy
93:Fields
71:French
2128:Nadar
1672:S2CID
1635:S2CID
1597:(PDF)
1481:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1206:, 119
1010:(7).
760:Works
571:Niobe
62:Paris
1785:PMID
1764:PMID
1735:PMID
1714:PMID
1693:PMID
1664:PMID
1627:PMID
1581:PMID
1560:PMID
1531:PMID
1510:PMID
1473:PMID
1444:PMID
1401:PMID
1364:PMID
1335:PMID
1300:PMID
1252:ISBN
1026:PMID
873:ISBN
841:ISBN
702:and
372:soul
267:and
52:Died
38:Born
1756:doi
1689:169
1656:doi
1617:hdl
1609:doi
1552:doi
1527:113
1502:doi
1465:doi
1434:PMC
1426:doi
1393:doi
1356:doi
1325:doi
1290:doi
1016:doi
819:571
613:'s
595:'s
522:nun
394:of
387:).
133:NCS
2314::
1779:.
1762:.
1750:.
1731:13
1729:.
1710:21
1708:.
1687:.
1670:.
1662:.
1650:.
1633:.
1625:.
1615:.
1605:13
1603:.
1599:.
1577:88
1575:.
1558:.
1546:.
1525:.
1508:.
1496:.
1479:.
1471:.
1459:.
1442:.
1432:.
1422:67
1420:.
1416:.
1399:.
1389:55
1387:.
1370:.
1362:.
1352:43
1350:.
1333:.
1321:11
1319:.
1315:.
1298:.
1286:32
1284:.
1280:.
1125:^
1024:.
1008:11
1006:.
1002:.
930:^
913:73
911:.
899:^
881:.
859:^
849:.
821:.
691:.
573::
537:.
163:,
159:,
1848:e
1841:t
1834:v
1821:.
1791:.
1781:9
1770:.
1758::
1752:1
1741:.
1720:.
1699:.
1678:.
1658::
1652:4
1641:.
1619::
1611::
1587:.
1566:.
1554::
1548:1
1537:.
1516:.
1504::
1498:3
1487:.
1467::
1461:1
1450:.
1428::
1407:.
1395::
1378:.
1358::
1341:.
1327::
1306:.
1292::
1258:.
1223:.
1032:.
1018::
961:2
379:(
292:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
