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says the facts "look ugly" and "seem to suggest a plot." John
Gillingham points out that if Henry had planned to murder William it would have been in his interest to wait until a later time. It looked as though there would soon be a war between William and his brother Robert, which would result in one of them being eliminated, thus opening the way for Henry to acquire both England and Normandy through a single assassination. Tirel fled immediately. Henry had the most to gain by his brother's death. Indeed, Henry's actions "seem to be premeditated: wholly disregarding his dead brother, he rode straight for Winchester, seized the treasury (always the first act of a usurping king), and the next day had himself elected."
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884:" was a just end for a wicked king, and was regarded as a fitting demise for a ruler who came into conflict with the religious orders to which they belonged. Over the following centuries, the obvious suggestion that one of William's enemies had a hand in this event has repeatedly been made: chroniclers of the time point out themselves that Tirel was renowned as a keen bowman, and thus was unlikely to have loosed such an impetuous shot. Moreover, Bartlett says that rivalry between brothers was the pattern of political conflict in this period. William's brother Henry was among the hunting party that day and succeeded him as king.
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433:, who was a half-brother of William the Conqueror. As Robert failed to appear in England to rally his supporters, William won the support of the English with silver and promises of better government, and defeated the rebellion, thus securing his authority. In 1091 he invaded Normandy, crushing Robert's forces and forcing him to cede a portion of his lands. The two made up their differences and William agreed to help Robert recover lands lost to
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William was homosexual or not; however, he never took a wife or a mistress, or fathered any children. As a bachelor king without an heir, William would have been pressed to take a wife and would have had numerous proposals for marriage. That he never accepted any of these proposals nor had any relations with women may show that he either had no desire for women, or he may have taken a vow of chastity or celibacy.
1052:" were identified, and that William's "baronial friends and companions were mostly married men", despite having concluded that the chroniclers were "hostile and biased witnesses", Barlow considers that "there seems no reason why they should have invented this particular charge" (of homosexuality) and states that, in his opinion, "On the whole the evidence points to the king's bisexuality".
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1006:. The particulars of the king's relationship with the people of England are not credibly documented. Contemporaries of William, as well as those writing after his death, roundly denounced him for presiding over what these dissenters considered a dissolute court. In keeping with the tradition of Norman leaders, William scorned the English and the English culture.
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That the spot where an Event so
Memorable might not hereafter be forgotten; the enclosed stone was set up by John Lord Delaware who had seen the Tree growing in this place. This Stone having been much mutilated, and the inscriptions on each of its three sides defaced, this more Durable Memorial, with
274:
observed
William was " rumbustious, devil-may-care soldier, without natural dignity or social graces, with no cultivated tastes and little show of conventional religious piety or morality – indeed, according to his critics, addicted to every kind of vice, particularly lust and especially sodomy." On
887:
Modern scholars have reopened the question, and some have found the assassination theory credible or compelling, but the theory is not universally accepted. Barlow says that accidents were common and there is not enough hard evidence to prove murder. Bartlett notes that hunting was dangerous. Poole
553:'s actions centuries later, and as such should not be seen as a defect of William's reign in particular. Of course, contemporary churchmen were themselves not above engaging in such politics: it is reported that, when Archbishop Lanfranc suggested to William I that he imprison the rebellious bishop
580:
of 1086, a survey undertaken at his father's command, essentially for the purposes of taxation, which was an example of the control of the
English monarchy. If he was less effective than his father in containing the Norman lords' propensity for rebellion and violence, through charisma or political
509:
in the Church than
Lanfranc. William and Anselm disagreed on a range of ecclesiastical issues, in the course of which the king declared of Anselm that, "Yesterday I hated him with great hatred, today I hate him with yet greater hatred and he can be certain that tomorrow and thereafter I shall hate
664:
to
William in return for a payment of 10,000 marks, which equates to about a quarter of William's annual revenue. In a display of the effectiveness of English taxation, William raised the money by levying a special, heavy, and much-resented tax upon the whole of England. He then ruled Normandy as
1040:
The historian Emma Mason has noted that while during his reign
William himself was never openly accused of homosexuality, in the decades after his death numerous medieval writers spoke of this and a few began to describe him as a "sodomite". Modern historians cannot state with certainty whether
417:. Since the younger William and his brother Robert were natural rivals, these nobles worried that they could not hope to please both of their lords, and thus ran the risk of losing the favour of one ruler or the other, or both. The only solution, as they saw it, was to unite
49:
989:
tended to take a dim view of
William's reign, arguably on account of his long and difficult struggles with the Church: these chroniclers were themselves generally clerics, and so might be expected to report him somewhat negatively. His chief minister was
501:. After Lanfranc's death in 1089, the king delayed appointing a new archbishop for many years, appropriating ecclesiastical revenues in the interim. In panic, owing to serious illness in 1093, William nominated as archbishop another Norman-Italian,
279:
virtues and achievements were all too obvious. He had maintained good order and satisfactory justice in
England and restored good peace to Normandy. He had extended Anglo-Norman rule in Wales, brought Scotland firmly under his lordship, recovered
456:
William Rufus was thus secure in his kingdom. As in
Normandy, his bishops and abbots were bound to him by feudal obligations, and his right of investiture in the Norman tradition prevailed within his kingdom during the age of the
818:
258:
William was a figure of complex temperament, capable of both bellicosity and flamboyance. He did not marry nor have children, which – along with contemporary accounts – has led some historians to speculate on homosexuality or
962:
Here stood the Oak Tree, on which an arrow shot by Sir Walter Tyrrell at a Stag, glanced and struck King William the Second, surnamed Rufus, on the breast, of which he instantly died, on the second day of August, anno 1100.
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reported that the tree was cut down and burned during the 18th century. Later in that century the Rufus Stone was set up. Originally it was around 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) tall with a stone ball on top.
1099:
could not possibly keep at the same time both the allegiance which he owed to the King and obedience to the Apostolic See against the King's will." Anselm found himself in similar conflict with William II's successor,
469:, penetrated to the local level to an extent unmatched in France. The king's administration and law unified the realm, rendering him relatively impervious to papal condemnation. In 1097 he commenced the original
510:
him continually with ever fiercer and more bitter hatred." The English clergy, beholden to the king for their preferments and livings, were unable to support Anselm publicly. In 1095 William called a council at
595:, the thrice-annual court where the King announced his governmental decisions to the great lords. William led an army against Robert and defeated him. Robert was dispossessed and imprisoned, and another noble,
1689:
The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character, Vol.
740:
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The claim was first made by a certain Mr Purkis of the family of charcoal-burners and cottagers remaining at the same spot, who claimed descent when, in 1806, he sold a bridle he claimed was the king's to
441:. This plan was later abandoned, but William continued to pursue a ferociously warlike defence of his French possessions and interests to the end of his life, exemplified by his response to the attempt by
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970:
King William the Second, surnamed Rufus being slain, as before related, was laid in a cart, belonging to one Purkis, and drawn from hence, to Winchester, and buried in the Cathedral Church, of that City.
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to the forest. At the time the most popular account of William's death involved the fatal arrow deflecting off a tree, and Charles appears to have been shown a suitable tree. Letters in
799:
622:, which had previously been claimed by the Scots. Subsequently, the two kings quarrelled over Malcolm's possessions in England, and Malcolm again invaded, ravaging Northumbria. At the
702:, although the description of events was later embroidered with other details that may or may not be true. The first mention of any location more exact than the New Forest comes from
2555:
505: – considered the greatest theologian of his generation – but this led to a long period of animosity between Church and State, Anselm being a stronger supporter of the
720:
1037:) to become a nun in order to protect her from the lust of William Rufus, which angered Edith's father because of the effect it might have on her prospects of marriage.
781:
1751:
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He died not long after. It has been argued that his death was an assassination plot by his brother Henry, who not long after his older brother's death, raced to...
2381:
706:, who wrote in 1530 that William died at Thorougham, a placename that is no longer used, but that probably referred to a location on what is now Park Farm on the
557:, he exclaimed "What! He is a clergyman." Lanfranc retorted that "You will not seize the bishop of Bayeux, but confine the earl of Kent." (Odo held both titles.)
932:), is claimed to mark the spot where William fell. The claim that this is the location of his death appears to date from no earlier than a 17th century visit by
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514:
to bring Anselm to heel, but the archbishop remained firm. In October 1097, Anselm went into exile, taking his case to the Pope. The diplomatic and flexible
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onto their brother Robert from an upper gallery, thus infuriating and shaming him. A brawl broke out, and their father had to intercede to restore order.
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Contemporaries of William raised concerns about a court dominated by homosexuality and effeminacy, epitomised through seemingly "luxurious" attire and
668:
As regent in Normandy, William campaigned in France from 1097 to 1099. He secured northern Maine but failed to seize the French-controlled part of the
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3397:
857:
The king's body was abandoned by the nobles at the place where he fell. An arrow maker, Eli Parratt, later found the body. William's younger brother,
649:
William made two forays into Wales in 1097. Nothing decisive was achieved, but a series of castles were constructed as a marchland defensive barrier.
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928:
626:, on 13 November 1093, Malcolm was ambushed by Norman forces led by Robert de Mowbray. Malcolm and his son Edward were killed and Malcolm's brother
413:
The division of William the Conqueror's lands into two parts upon his death presented a dilemma for those nobles who held land on both sides of the
400:
263:. He died after being hit by an arrow while hunting. Circumstantial evidence in the behaviour of those around him – including his younger brother
313:
1048:
and thus died childless, although no illegitimate offspring are named. Barlow also allows that William may have been sterile. Noting that no "
2288:
895:, scattered among royal mortuary chests positioned on the presbytery screen, flanking the choir. His skull appears to be missing, but some
698:, which noted that the king was "shot by an arrow by one of his own men." Later chroniclers added the name of the killer, a nobleman named
692:, and was killed by an arrow through the lung, although the circumstances remain unclear. The earliest statement of the event was in the
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560:
While there are complaints of contemporaries regarding William's personal behaviour, he was instrumental in assisting the foundation of
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William was an effective soldier, but he was a ruthless ruler and, it seems, was little liked by those he governed. According to the
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in deference to the claims of Duke Robert), then to London, where he was crowned within days before either archbishop could arrive.
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714:, Hampshire, states "Remember King William Rufus who died in these parts then known as Truham whilst hunting on 2nd August 1100".
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534:. Anselm remained in exile, and William was able to claim the revenues of the archbishop of Canterbury to the end of his reign.
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Barlow said that the Welsh chronicles claim that Henry was able to succeed to the throne because his brother had made use of
376:
in Normandy in 1077 or 1078: William and Henry, having grown bored with casting dice, decided to make mischief by emptying a
391:, varying with certain glittering specks; of astonishing strength, though not very tall, and his belly rather projecting."
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387:, writing in the 12th century, William Rufus was "well set; his complexion florid, his hair yellow; of open countenance;
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Plumtree, James. "Stories of the Death of Kings: Retelling the Demise and Burial of William I, William II and Henry I",
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Records indicate strained relations between the three surviving sons of William I. William's contemporary, chronicler
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with William, whereby William recognised Urban as pope, and Urban gave sanction to the Anglo-Norman ecclesiastical
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once more under one ruler. The pursuit of this aim led them to revolt against William in favour of Robert in the
361:
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Less than two years after becoming king, William II lost his father's adviser and confidant, the Italian-Norman
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being Latin for "the Red"), perhaps because of his ruddy appearance or, more likely, due to having red hair.
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1147:, claiming also to have possessed a wheel from the cart that carried his body. Sir Francis Palgrave in his
324:. William succeeded to the throne of England on his father's death in 1087, but Robert inherited Normandy.
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regent in Robert's absence. Robert did not return until September 1100, one month after William's death.
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2342:"Stories of the Death of Kings: Retelling the Demise and Burial of William I, William II and Henry I"
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564:, endowing it with the manor of Bermondsey, and it is reported that his "customary oath" was "By the
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However, this conflict was symptomatic of medieval English politics, as exemplified by the murder of
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267:– raises strong, but unproven, suspicions of murder. Henry I hurriedly succeeded him as king.
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Cescinsky, Herbert; Gribble, Ernest R. (February 1922). "Westminster Hall and Its Roof".
646:. The new king recognised William's authority over Lothian and attended William's court.
606:
In external affairs, William had some successes. In 1091 he repulsed an invasion by King
2466:
2180:
861:, hastened to Winchester to secure the royal treasury (initially defended by the Norman
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3252:
3139:
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the original inscriptions, was erected in the year 1841, by Wm Sturges Bourne Warden.
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in 1094 and eventually removed Donald in 1097 with William's aid in a campaign led by
48:
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657:
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577:
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1278:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press
331:
and Matilda is not absolutely certain, but four sisters are more securely attested:
3277:
3034:
1022:
699:
689:
2629:
1291:
1117:, pp. 116–118. An alternative, pagan interpretation of this oath proposed by
2043:, University of Toronto Press, Toronto; Buffalo; London, 2017, pp. 302–353, 308.
2011:
1705:
17:
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2852:
619:
591:
586:
542:
377:
260:
473:, built "to impress his subjects with the power and majesty of his authority".
275:
the other hand, he was a wise ruler and victorious general. Barlow noted, "His
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England in Europe: English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, C. 1000–C. 1150
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1095:, an unusually well placed witness, William II "protested that Archbishop
30:"William Rufus" redirects here. For the American diplomat and jurist, see
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region. According to William of Malmesbury he was planning to invade the
515:
494:
485:
Silver penny of William II showing a crowned head facing forward (1089),
422:
907:
3180:
3086:
2481:
2263:
1842:
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873:, in his account of William's death, stated that the body was taken to
639:
634:, who held power for a short time, and then another of Malcolm's sons,
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Barlow suggests that William and Henry probably urinated over Robert.
434:
2392:
An Advanced History of Great Britain from the Earliest Times to 1918
2255:
1710:, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, p. 125
1173:
An Advanced History of Great Britain from the Earliest Times to 1918
576:
William Rufus inherited the Anglo-Norman settlement detailed in the
2341:
1508:
Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016–1399
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The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284
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skills, he was forceful in overcoming the consequences. In 1095,
227:
from 26 September 1087 until his death in 1100, with powers over
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2389:
Tout, Thomas Frederick (1920). "William II, Rufus (1087–1100)".
2220:
The Killing of William Rufus: An Investigation in The New Forest
1122:
1003:
985:, he was "hated by almost all his people and abhorrent to God."
2544:
2182:
The Reign of William Rufus and the Accession of Henry the First
1130:
3344:
296:
William's exact date of birth is not known, but according to
2346:
Southern African Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
1748:
Southern African Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies
877:
by a few countrymen, including Eli who discovered the body.
630:
seized the Scottish throne. William supported Malcolm's son
465:. The king's personal power, through an effective and loyal
2357:
Rodgers, John & Parson, Elsie Clews. "The New Forest".
1837:
C. Warren Hollister, "The Strange Death of William Rufus,"
1815:
ed. Kenneth O. Morgan, Oxford University Press 1984, p. 115
300:
it occurred by 1060. He was the third of four sons born to
1341:
1339:
327:
William had five or six sisters. The existence of sisters
2102:(Second ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2281:
King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England
2067:
King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England
1922:. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. pp. 22–26.
1726:. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. pp. 11–12.
1587:. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. pp. 19–20.
1225:
King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England
1212:
King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England
1199:
King Rufus: The Life and Murder of William II of England
1029:
wrote that the abbess had ordered the Scottish princess
2317:
Mason, Emma (1977). "William Rufus: myth and reality".
660:. He needed money to fund this venture and pledged his
3310:
2172:
William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
461:
that brought excommunication upon the Salian Emperor
2404:
Warren, W. L. (1959). "The Death of William Rufus".
1884:. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. p. 41.
1800:
England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225
1763:
England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225
1693:. London: W. & R. Chambers Limited. p. 161.
518:, a new pope, was involved in a major conflict with
1612:. The New Forest Ninth Centenary trust. p. 1.
790:'s illustration of the discovery of William's body
526:. Reluctant to make another enemy, Urban came to a
235:. He was less successful in extending control into
193:
183:
171:
159:
146:
129:
125:
115:
105:
95:
84:
72:
41:
1267:
610:, forcing Malcolm to pay homage. In 1092 he built
1675:, London: George G. Harrap & Co., p. 164
915:A stone known as the "Rufus Stone", close to the
911:The site of the Rufus Stone, now a metal monument
549:(his great-nephew through his brother Henry) and
1861:. Dean and Chapter of Winchester Cathedral. 2011
1113:For a discussion of such blasphemous oaths, see
998:in 1099: this was a political appointment, to a
880:To the chroniclers, men of the Church, such an "
320:. Richard died around 1075 while hunting in the
2449:at the official website of the British monarchy
2174:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
2016:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 82–83.
1654:, Boston: Balch Brothers & Co., p. 644
1382:
1380:
2240:(1973). "The Strange Death of William Rufus".
429:, under the leadership of the powerful Bishop
2556:
684:William went hunting on 2 August 1100 in the
372:, wrote about an incident that took place at
8:
2119:Eadmer's History of Recent Events in England
1811:John Gillingham, "The Early Middle Ages" in
726:William's death in an illustration from the
710:estates. A memorial stone in the grounds of
3123:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2201:William II (Penguin Monarchs): The Red King
1826:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087–1216
1068:
249:
3300:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
3199:
3115:
2593:
2588:
2563:
2549:
2541:
2472:
2465:
2380:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2283:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press.
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1073:is alone in calling him William Longsword.
958:The inscription on the Rufus Stone reads:
47:
38:
2422:A History of the Norman Kings (1066–1125)
2222:. Newton Abbot, UK: David & Charles.
1813:The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain
409:Engraving of the Great Seal of William II
2395:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p.
2368:Historic Ninepins: A book of curiosities
1707:A Chronicle of England B.C. 55–A.D. 1485
1414:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
955:cover in 1841 after repeated vandalism.
599:, accused of treachery, was blinded and
401:Government in Norman and Angevin England
150:2 August 1100 (aged approximately 43–44)
3357:
3317:
1275:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1163:
1061:
716:
2459:Portraits of King William II ('Rufus')
2373:
2078:
1786:
1570:
1558:
1399:
1345:
1304:
1185:
1149:The History of Normandy and of England
1121:is that William swore by the "face of
1114:
947:visited the stone in 1789, along with
2061:
2059:
2057:
1632:
7:
2128:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
284:, and kept up the pressure on the
25:
3443:Children of William the Conqueror
2463:National Portrait Gallery, London
2179:Freeman, Edward Augustus (1882).
805:Memorial stone in the grounds of
27:King of England from 1087 to 1100
3423:English people of French descent
3398:11th-century monarchs of England
3360:
3332:
3320:
2013:Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages
1955:Rodgers and Parson "New Forest"
1666:Wilmot-Buxton, Ethel M. (1915),
817:
798:
780:
758:
739:
719:
243:, he is commonly referred to as
3413:Burials at Winchester Cathedral
2600:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
2300:William II: Rufus, the Red King
2218:Grinnell-Milne, Duncan (1968).
1998:Civilization of the Middle Ages
1651:Cyclopedia of Universal History
2597:Monarchs of England until 1603
2203:. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
1750:21 (2012 for 2011), pp. 10–17
1525:"Robert II | Duke of Normandy"
541:during the reign of the later
1:
2490:
1548:Gillingham, William II, p. 97
1104:, as also reported by Eadmer.
217:
133:
62:
2333:10.1016/0304-4181(77)90037-9
1859:Winchester Cathedral website
1292:UK public library membership
1070:De Miraculis Sancti Eadmundi
1018:than with sexual practices.
729:Grandes Chroniques de France
3207:British monarchs after the
2320:Journal of Medieval History
2039:, "Edith Becomes Matilda",
1482:History of the Norman Kings
1359:History of the Norman Kings
652:In 1096, William's brother
520:Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
3464:
2126:Cantor, Norman F. (1993).
1269:"William II (c.1060–1100)"
676:at the time of his death.
398:
29:
3295:
3218:
3202:
3198:
3135:
3118:
3114:
2591:
2587:
2529:
2520:
2512:
2507:
2475:
2199:Gillingham, John (2015).
2192:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2190:Garmonsway, G.N. (1972).
1686:Chambers, Robert (1832).
1021:Citing the traditions of
891:William's remains are in
824:Tomb of William Rufus in
362:Alan IV, Duke of Brittany
46:
2340:Plumtree, James (2012).
1841:(1973) 48#4 pp. 637–653
1776:Killing of William Rufus
1704:Doyle, James E. (1864),
1125:": Murray, Margaret A.,
1033:(later Matilda, wife of
939:The Gentleman's Magazine
788:Morris Meredith Williams
589:, refused to attend the
499:Archbishop of Canterbury
3433:Hunting accident deaths
2049:10.3138/j.ctt1whm96v.14
1529:Encyclopedia Britannica
1431:(subscription required)
975:Contemporary assessment
608:Malcolm III of Scotland
459:Investiture Controversy
389:different coloured eyes
340:Stephen, Count of Blois
213:
3418:Deaths by arrow wounds
2302:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
2117:Bosanquet, G. (1964).
2051:. Accessed 4 May 2020.
2010:Mills, Robert (2015).
1918:Lloyd, Arthur (2000).
1880:Lloyd, Arthur (2000).
1722:Lloyd, Arthur (2000).
1608:Lloyd, Arthur (2000).
1583:Lloyd, Arthur (2000).
1480:William of Malmesbury
1357:William of Malmesbury
1127:The God of the Witches
1069:
1002:that was also a great
972:
912:
854:
840:St William of Breteuil
490:
410:
250:
59:Historia Anglorum
3388:William II of England
3347:William II of England
2418:William of Malmesbury
2152:. New York: Penguin.
1984:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1331:William the Conqueror
1318:William the Conqueror
982:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
960:
910:
871:William of Malmesbury
838:
765:William's death from
746:William's death from
695:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
484:
408:
399:Further information:
385:William of Malmesbury
354:, who died unmarried;
302:William the Conqueror
241:William the Conqueror
223:– 2 August 1100) was
188:William the Conqueror
3393:11th-century Normans
3177:William III & II
2742:Henry the Young King
2692:Edward the Confessor
2660:Æthelred the Unready
2366:Timbs, John (1869).
2359:The English Woodland
2298:Mason, Emma (2005).
2279:Mason, Emma (2008).
2238:Hollister, C. Warren
1495:Struggle for Mastery
1456:Struggle for Mastery
1388:Struggle for Mastery
1372:Struggle for Mastery
1239:"William II (Rufus)"
1145:Sir Richard Phillips
1097:Anselm of Canterbury
994:, whom he appointed
919:near the village of
893:Winchester Cathedral
875:Winchester Cathedral
826:Winchester Cathedral
614:, taking control of
524:Antipope Clement III
165:Winchester Cathedral
155:, Hampshire, England
88:26 September 1087 –
3448:New Forest folklore
3125:Union of the Crowns
2194:. Dent, UK: Dutton.
1855:"Royal connections"
1824:Austin Lane Poole,
1789:, pp. 408–432.
1646:Ridpath, John Clark
1573:, pp. 420–423.
1402:, pp. 402–406.
1237:Cripps, T. (2023).
750:'s English history
348:, who became a nun;
316:, and the youngest
308:, the eldest being
306:Matilda of Flanders
239:. The third son of
198:Matilda of Flanders
3209:Acts of Union 1707
3172:James II & VII
2865:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2650:Edgar the Peaceful
2361:(Second ed.).
2185:. Clarendon Press.
2130:. Harper Collins.
2037:Elizabeth M. Tyler
1920:The Death of Rufus
1882:The Death of Rufus
1828:(1955) pp. 113–114
1724:The Death of Rufus
1610:The Death of Rufus
1585:The Death of Rufus
1506:Philip J. Potter,
913:
855:
853:at William's death
674:Duchy of Aquitaine
638:. Edgar conquered
491:
443:Elias de la Flèche
411:
395:England and France
3428:House of Normandy
3308:
3307:
3291:
3290:
3194:
3193:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
2655:Edward the Martyr
2539:
2538:
2530:Succeeded by
2482:House of Normandy
2290:978-0-7524-4635-6
2168:Douglas, David C.
1981:Garmonsway (ed.)
1944:Historic Ninepins
1798:Robert Bartlett,
1761:Robert Bartlett,
1348:, pp. 33–34.
1290:(Subscription or
1188:, pp. 11–12.
1027:Herman of Tournai
830:
793:
775:
753:
734:
662:Duchy of Normandy
624:Battle of Alnwick
583:Robert de Mowbray
572:War and rebellion
507:Gregorian reforms
427:Rebellion of 1088
231:and influence in
203:
202:
141:Duchy of Normandy
101:26 September 1087
32:William Rufus Day
18:Guillaume le Roux
16:(Redirected from
3455:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3200:
3160:Richard Cromwell
3150:The Protectorate
3140:James I & VI
3116:
2697:Harold Godwinson
2617:Edward the Elder
2610:Alfred the Great
2594:
2589:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2513:Preceded by
2503:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2473:
2469:
2435:
2413:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2336:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2186:
2175:
2163:
2146:Carpenter, David
2141:
2122:
2113:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2052:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1957:English Woodland
1953:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1683:
1677:
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1663:
1657:
1655:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1469:Eadmer's History
1467:Bosanquet (tr.)
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1443:Eadmer's History
1441:Bosanquet (tr.)
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
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1254:
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1234:
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1221:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1152:
1140:
1134:
1111:
1105:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1016:unusual footwear
996:Bishop of Durham
931:
828:
821:
802:
791:
784:
773:
762:
751:
743:
732:
723:
688:, probably near
562:Bermondsey Abbey
522:, who supported
487:Yorkshire Museum
471:Westminster Hall
253:
222:
219:
138:
135:
91:
67:
64:
51:
39:
21:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3438:Norman warriors
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:sister projects
3351:
3349:at Knowledge's
3343:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3287:
3214:
3190:
3155:Oliver Cromwell
3131:
3106:
3101:
2948:Constantine III
2857:
2682:Harold Harefoot
2672:Edmund Ironside
2583:
2578: and
2569:
2535:
2526:
2523:King of England
2518:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2416:
2403:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2339:
2316:
2310:
2297:
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2278:
2256:10.2307/2856221
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2138:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1899:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:Grinnell-Milne
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1644:
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1639:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1582:
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1453:
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1411:
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1406:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1356:
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1344:
1337:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1137:
1119:Margaret Murray
1112:
1108:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1012:
992:Ranulf Flambard
977:
949:Queen Charlotte
945:King George III
927:
905:
831:
822:
813:
803:
794:
785:
776:
763:
754:
744:
735:
724:
682:
654:Robert Curthose
612:Carlisle Castle
574:
479:
415:English Channel
403:
397:
370:Orderic Vitalis
310:Robert Curthose
294:
225:King of England
220:
167:
151:
139:
136:
89:
80:
74:King of England
68:
65:
53:Miniature from
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3461:
3459:
3451:
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3405:
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3379:
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3374:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3306:
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3302:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3203:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3051:Edward Balliol
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2911:Constantine II
2908:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2703:Edgar Ætheling
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
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2585:
2584:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:Regnal titles
2505:
2504:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2456:
2455:at BBC History
2450:
2442:
2441:External links
2439:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2414:
2401:
2386:
2363:
2354:
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2250:(4): 637–653.
2234:
2228:
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2210:978-0141978550
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2158:
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2108:
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2081:, p. 109.
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1637:
1635:, p. 123.
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1420:(227): 76–84.
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1135:
1133:, 1970, p. 164
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1084:
1075:
1060:
1059:
1057:
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1025:in the 1140s,
1011:
1008:
976:
973:
925:grid reference
904:
901:
842:defending the
833:
832:
823:
816:
814:
807:Beaulieu Abbey
804:
797:
795:
786:
779:
777:
764:
757:
755:
745:
738:
736:
725:
718:
712:Beaulieu Abbey
681:
678:
644:Edgar Ætheling
585:, the earl of
573:
570:
478:
475:
447:Count of Maine
396:
393:
366:
365:
360:, who married
355:
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343:
338:, who married
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3011:
3009:
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2879:Constantine I
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
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1259:
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771:world history
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658:First Crusade
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3372:from Commons
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1951:
1943:
1938:
1919:
1881:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1858:
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1633:Doyle (1864)
1628:
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1534:12 September
1532:. Retrieved
1528:
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1273:
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1232:
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1172:
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1023:Wilton Abbey
1020:
1013:
980:
978:
969:
965:
961:
957:
937:
914:
899:may remain.
890:
886:
879:
856:
851:Prince Henry
733:(13th cent.)
727:
700:Walter Tirel
693:
690:Brockenhurst
683:
667:
651:
648:
605:
590:
575:
559:
536:
531:
492:
455:
412:
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298:Frank Barlow
295:
272:Frank Barlow
269:
257:
248:
244:
210:Anglo-Norman
205:
204:
58:
36:
3408:1100 deaths
3339:Middle Ages
3283:Charles III
3268:Edward VIII
2998:Alexander I
2978:Malcolm III
2953:Kenneth III
2853:Elizabeth I
2815:Richard III
2494: 1056
2327:(1): 1–20.
2079:Barlow 2000
2000:pp. 280–284
1972:pp. 102–103
1787:Barlow 2000
1765:(2000) p. 6
1571:Barlow 2000
1559:Barlow 2000
1493:Carpenter,
1400:Barlow 2000
1386:Carpenter,
1374:, pp. 125f.
1370:Carpenter,
1346:Barlow 2000
1305:Barlow 2000
1282:28 November
1245:13 December
1186:Barlow 2000
1115:Barlow 2000
987:Chroniclers
903:Rufus Stone
704:John Leland
656:joined the
620:Westmorland
592:Curia Regis
587:Northumbria
543:Plantagenet
378:chamber pot
292:Early years
261:bisexuality
221: 1057
137: 1057
106:Predecessor
66: 1253
3382:Categories
3258:Edward VII
3248:William IV
3238:George III
3167:Charles II
3062:Robert III
3008:Malcolm IV
2983:Donald III
2958:Malcolm II
2943:Kenneth II
2825:Henry VIII
2785:Richard II
2780:Edward III
2714:William II
2687:Harthacnut
2527:1087–1100
2453:William II
2447:William II
2121:. Cresset.
2088:References
2069:, pp. 9–25
1968:Hollister
1557:Quoted in
1454:Carpenter
1294:required.)
1227:, pp. 9–11
1050:favourites
1046:concubines
934:Charles II
897:long bones
882:act of God
863:St William
844:Winchester
686:New Forest
616:Cumberland
551:Henry VIII
532:status quo
512:Rockingham
449:, to take
437:, notably
322:New Forest
277:chivalrous
270:Historian
206:William II
153:New Forest
97:Coronation
42:William II
3273:George VI
3243:George IV
3233:George II
3145:Charles I
3127:from 1603
3077:James III
3057:Robert II
3013:William I
2988:Duncan II
2916:Malcolm I
2906:Donald II
2830:Edward VI
2820:Henry VII
2805:Edward IV
2775:Edward II
2765:Henry III
2748:Richard I
2709:William I
2630:Æthelstan
2516:William I
2376:cite book
2370:. London.
2272:162819807
1497:, p. 131.
1390:, p. 129.
1159:Citations
1010:Sexuality
953:cast iron
811:Hampshire
632:Duncan II
601:castrated
528:concordat
453:in 1099.
358:Constance
116:Successor
110:William I
78:(more...)
3263:George V
3253:Victoria
3228:George I
3097:James VI
3082:James IV
3072:James II
3045:David II
3040:Robert I
3029:Margaret
2963:Duncan I
2872:Donald I
2810:Edward V
2800:Henry VI
2790:Henry IV
2770:Edward I
2736:Henry II
2635:Edmund I
2624:Ælfweard
2582:monarchs
2576:Scottish
2420:(1989).
2243:Speculum
2170:(1964).
2148:(2004).
2098:(2000).
1865:22 March
1843:in JSTOR
1839:Speculum
1648:(1895),
1510:(2009),
1329:Douglas
1316:Douglas
1266:(2004).
929:SU270124
921:Minstead
867:Breteuil
849:against
847:treasury
708:Beaulieu
547:Henry II
516:Urban II
495:Lanfranc
477:Religion
467:chancery
463:Henry IV
423:Normandy
233:Scotland
229:Normandy
214:Williame
178:Normandy
3327:England
3313:Portals
3181:Mary II
3087:James V
3067:James I
3003:David I
2968:Macbeth
2900:Eochaid
2795:Henry V
2730:Matilda
2724:Stephen
2719:Henry I
2580:British
2574:,
2572:English
2533:Henry I
2461:at the
2352:: 1–30.
2264:2856221
2065:Mason,
1996:Cantor
1970:Henry I
1484:, p. 60
1223:Mason,
1214:, p. 16
1210:Mason,
1201:, p. 10
1197:Mason,
1102:Henry I
1035:Henry I
1004:fiefdom
767:Ridpath
640:Lothian
451:Le Mans
419:England
374:L'Aigle
329:Adeliza
314:Richard
265:Henry I
120:Henry I
3092:Mary I
2973:Lulach
2937:Amlaíb
2931:Cuilén
2921:Indulf
2847:Philip
2842:Mary I
2645:Eadwig
2640:Eadred
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2428:
2306:
2287:
2270:
2262:
2226:
2207:
2156:
2134:
2106:
2047:
2020:
1987:p. 235
1942:Timbs
1926:
1888:
1730:
1669:Anselm
1616:
1591:
1458:p. 132
1426:861585
1424:
1333:p. 395
1320:p. 393
1288:
1171:Tout,
1093:Eadmer
829:(1832)
792:(1915)
774:(1895)
752:(1864)
628:Donald
503:Anselm
489:, York
435:France
352:Agatha
346:Cecily
194:Mother
184:Father
160:Burial
3369:Media
2993:Edgar
2893:Giric
2759:Louis
2666:Sweyn
2500:Died:
2488:Born:
2268:S2CID
2260:JSTOR
2045:JSTOR
1959:p. 51
1946:p. 92
1673:(PDF)
1512:p. 47
1471:p. 54
1445:p. 53
1422:JSTOR
1361:p. 70
1056:Notes
1031:Edith
859:Henry
748:Doyle
680:Death
670:Vexin
636:Edgar
545:king
439:Maine
336:Adela
318:Henry
286:Vexin
282:Maine
251:Rufus
237:Wales
173:House
85:Reign
3223:Anne
3186:Anne
3179:and
3035:John
2844:and
2836:Jane
2753:John
2677:Cnut
2426:ISBN
2382:link
2304:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1867:2011
1728:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1536:2018
1284:2013
1247:2022
1123:Loki
618:and
421:and
304:and
147:Died
130:Born
2926:Dub
2886:Áed
2329:doi
2252:doi
1131:OUP
1000:see
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