756:
that Liu
Xianshi wanted to see him. When his young son cried and complained that his father was being taken away, a soldier shot the boy in the head. Guo was taken to a bridge outside the North gate of Guiyang, where they set him on a butcher's table and beheaded him. The squad assigned to Xiong Fanyu had scared Xiong, who believed they were robbers. Xiong asked them to take anything but to not do harm, to which a soldier replied that they had come to take his life, but not his belongings. Xiong was taken into his courtyard and also beheaded. He Linshu, hearing the initial shots of the coup, climbed over his neighbor's wall, where he hid. The squad that was to kill him instead took his two sons and his nephew, beheading them in the street. He later returned to his house and snuck out of Guiyang, pretending to be a diseased man in a palanquin. Ding Yizhong hid in his house and fled the city.
360:
592:. The Suiying school and the Guizhou Military Academy had an intense rivalry, with the Suiying school having many instructors that were not well-educated on military affairs and who had never had any battlefield experience. In contrast, the Guizhou Military Academy, with its Japanese-style military education, was so popular it even began to draw students from neighboring provinces. Wang expelled many students who were caught spying for the Suiying school and passing information about the inner workings of the Guizhou Military Academy to Liu Xianshi, with Wang and He going to great lengths to carefully examining candidates. The Suiying school, due to its worse quality, only produced 2 classes of graduates before closing. The Guizhou Military Academy had He as the commandant, and had produced 495 graduates by 5 years.
552:
past, and that it was resolved through marriage, making Wang Wenhua Liu
Xianshi's nephew. Wang also married one of Liu's nieces, strengthening their ties. However, even though Liu and Wang were close, they had political differences. Wang was an avid supporter of the revolutionaries, with progressive views similar to those of Sun Yat-sen. During the National Protection War, while Liu had been reluctant to fully commit to the war, Wang was strong in his support for Cai E and the anti-Yuan forces. Wang had even told Liu that he would lead troops into Sichuan, and that Liu could save himself by saying that Wang had rebelled and was acting outside of his control. Liu finally agreed to let Wang go to Sichuan.
391:, one of the leaders of the Guizhou Tongmenghui, passed through Kunming from Nanjing to return to Guizhou. When he heard the news of the invasion, he urged Cai E not to interfere in the internal affairs of Guizhou Province. Cai E, heeding the advice, ordered Tang Jiyao to divert his army's path into Sichuan and then into Hubei, but Tang Jiyao had been promised the position of governorship by the reactionary forces in Guizhou. Tang reported that his front team had entered Guizhou and was unable to change course, so they had to go deep into Guizhou. Zhong Changying chased the army in an attempt to persuade Tang Jiyao to change course, but he was assassinated in
803:, receiving financial support from Beijing, organized the Qianding Army in Wuchang and served as its commander-in-chief. In April 1922, Yuan expelled Lu Tao, who was supported by the Southern government, from Guiyang. Yuan, occupying Guiyang, claimed the position of commander-in-chief of the Guizhou Army. In August, he assumed the title of civilian governor of Guizhou. However, he gradually came into conflict with Tang Jiyao. In April 1923, Tang Jiyu, Tang Jiyao's brother, led the Yunnan Army to occupy Guiyang, assuming his position as Governor. Yuan was expelled from Guizhou and fled to Sichuan, where he fought with the
675:
proposed that 1 out of the 5 million sent would be used for the army. Some others proposed that the money would be used for completely different things. Zhang Xielu and Chen Tingce, Liu's supporters, were dissatisfied with Wang's proposal due to their dislike of Wang's growing political power as well as the unwillingness to take on too much debt. Zhang demanded that the loan would be restricted to 2 million dollars, and for the money only to be applied for infrastructure investments. Zhang, in a several hundred page long report, detailed his opposition to the loan and to the railroad, which changed Liu's mind.
559:(then known as the Chinese Revolutionary Party) during a 1917 visit to Shanghai. Wang was unhappy with politics in Guizhou, and many members of the Liu family complained to Liu Xianshi about his tolerance of Wang and warned him of Wang being too powerful militarily. These warnings were largely ignored by Liu. Liu did, however, have a separate military force under the command of Liu Xianqian. Wang, as commander-in-chief, chose his subordinates based on their similar political views to him. Wang looked for people who had military training and could help him modernize Guizhou. Along with his brother
481:
Guizhou army. The 6th
Regiment served as the right flank of the 1st Army of the National Protection Army. In June, after Yuan Shikai's death, Beijing appointed Liu to the position of Dujun, with Dai Kan becoming the civil governor. In August, Dai was transferred to the Office of Military Affairs of Sichuan, with the post of civil governor passed on to Liu Xianshi. Liu Xianshi consolidated his military and civil political power in Guizhou and implemented internal military rule. He supported Tang Jiyao's expansion into Sichuan, and formed and lead the Guizhou clique.
615:. The Young Guizhou Association called for students to call for the modernization of the province, increasing Wang's political power and taking the Liu–Wang conflict from the military scene to the student and civilian scene. He Yingqin was the nominal director of the movement, while Wang worked behind the scenes to hide his involvement. He described in his speeches the purpose of the movement - that Guizhou was an "old, sick man" and that the young would have to revitalize it. The main message of the Young Guizhou Association was this:
727:, about the plan to remove Liu Xianshi from power. Wang told Liu that he was withdrawing his troops from Sichuan due to a Yunnanese withdrawal. He ordered deputy commander Lu Tao to take the army back South to Guiyang to "sweep out the princes" and dismantle Liu Xianshi's power, while Wang himself sailed to Shanghai. Zhang Pengnian claims that before he left, Wang drew up two lists of names with Gu - one for those who were to be immediately assassinated, and the other for those who would be observed and possibly killed in the future.
683:
join in a mob to participate in a "Poor People's
Conference" calling for Zhang's trial. The Young Guizhou Association Daily published several articles on Zhang's alleged mishandling of provincial finance. Wang plotted against Chen Tingce, sending an assassin after him. After a banquet at Wang Wenhua's house attended by multiple leaders of the Guizhou clique (including Liu Xianshi) to discuss provincial affairs on November 26, 1919, an assassin shot twice at Chen at 11p.m., leaving him wounded. The would-be-assassin was never caught.
395:. In early March 1912, Tang Jiyao led the Yunnan Army into Guiyang. At first, the revolutionary government was tricked into believing that Tang's forces were simply passing through Guizhou on their way to aid revolutionary forces in Central China. However, aided by Liu Xianshi, Tang launched a coup against the military government and became the military governor. He persecuted the revolutionaries. Thus, the Guizhou government fell into the hands of Tang Jiyao, the Constitutionalists, and the old bureaucrats.
705:
36:
431:
jointly, with Liu commanding a new
Citizen's Army, and Liu's allies becoming responsible for the civil administration of Guizhou. This brought the revolutionaries to an end and paved the way for the taking of full political power by the Liu family. Due to the sharing of power with Tang, Liu Xianshi's power was limited, but it would be rewarded with the removal of office of Cai E. In order to cultivate military talent, Tang Jiyao founded the Guizhou Military Academy, with
769:
at first held back, but he threatened that he would kill himself unless he was allowed to go. He then turned to ask his sister (Wang Wenhua's mother) for her protection, persuading Wang's faction to let him go on
November 18, and personally accompanying him to Anshun, and then Xingyi. At Anshun, Liu met with Liu Xianqian and his army, going on to Xingyi. Sun Jianfeng ordered Lin Zixian to assassinate him on the way, which he refused to do.
1427:
519:. He Linshu was one of the main leaders of the Constitutionalists in Guizhou and the father-in-law to Liu Xianshi's second son, Liu Junzhuo, who served as the director of the Guizhou Government Office. Zhang Xielu, who helped the Liu family with schooling in Xingyi, served as the director of the Finance Department under Liu Xianshi. These "Pillars" became the backbone for an organization of merchants and landlords in Guizhou known as the
207:, disagreed with much of what Liu did, and was in conflict with him, using student organizations to agitate against him. He staged the Minjiu Incident, which forced Liu to resign his posts as military and civilian governor. Liu fled to Xingyi, with Wang fleeing to Shanghai, finally being assassinated by Liu's supporters in March 1921. Liu Xianshi was thus restored to power in Guizhou, and the rivalry between uncle and nephew ended.
716:. Wang Wenhua led the army, staying for several months in the province. Tang Jiyao shared Liu Xianshi's distaste for Wang - Some sources claim that Tang sent a secret telegram to Liu, saying that Wang was unfit for command due to his lack of any formal military training and his over-reliance on his subordinate officers. Other sources claim that Liu wanted to remove Wang himself, and initiated the plan to remove him.
656:
that they save the nation through studying instead of demonstration. He banned all student activities that were not approved by him. Likewise, Liu
Xianshi's cousin, Liu Jingwu, who was the president of the Institute of Law and Politics, reprimanded his students in a similar way. Liu Xianshi also made it so that students could not graduate or move up grades if they missed at least one third of their classes.
44:
647:, which happened in June as representatives from national student movement alliances came to Guiyang. In May 1919, Young Guizhou Association leaders met with representatives from 81 counties in order to create a new representative body for the Guizhou student movement named the Guizhou National People's Assembly, with more than 1000 people attending its first session in June. When the
679:
handing over military power to Wang. Liu was furious and rejected the proposals, leading to a further divide between Liu and Wang. By late 1919, Wang had been using force to attack people who had disagreed with the loan and railroad project. It was, by then, clear that Wang was determined to remove Liu from power, but was kept from doing so, possibly from familial relations.
1415:
289:
789:
347:, failed to take effective measures to consolidate their positions. Instead, they adopted a compromising approach to the constitutionalists and the old bureaucrats. Shen Yuqing was sent to towns to suppress the revolution. Liu Xianshi was appointed Chief of Staff of the Privy Council, and a provisional (constitution preparatory) council was established.
270:
544:
228:
1096:
772:
He
Yingqin quickly put into action the next phase of the plan, which was installing Ren Kecheng as acting governor until Wang Wenhua returned. However, Ren refused to participate in the plan and fled to Anshun. He was found by soldiers and taken back to Guiyang, but he escaped again, this time hiding
655:
Liu
Xianshi attempted to limit the Young Guizhou Association's influence as it was becoming a political threat to him. Zhang Xielu's brother, Zhang Pengnian, who was the director of Nanming Middle School, convened the school body to warn them against political activism. He recommended to the students
768:
Liu
Xianshi spent the entirety of the Minjiu incident in his own compound. Over the next few days following the death of his allies, surrounded by his private guards, Liu learnt of the fates of his associates. Liu, seeing the danger to his life, resigned his positions and returned to Xingyi. Liu was
755:
On the night of November 10, 1920, random shots were fired in random parts of Guiyang, starting the coup. Wang's soldiers blocked the streets. Sun Jianfeng had designated different squads to capture the men on the assassination list. When taking Guo Chongguang away, the squad assigned to him claimed
631:
newspaper, which advocated for political and social change in Guizhou and became one of the leading voices of reformist and revolutionary activism. Liu Xianshi, at the time, attended a rally held jointly by the Young Guizhou Association as well as the Patriotic Students' Association. By spring 1919,
587:
military professionals. At the center of Wang's plan was the Guizhou Military Academy, formed at the end of the Qing Empire. In 1917, Wang was successful in recruiting able young officers, and he rejected applications from candidates with relations to Liu Xianshi. In August 1917, Liu Xianshi and Liu
582:
Wang Wenhua believed in reform to better his home province, especially with a stronger military. He attempted to use his military power in Guizhou to implement Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary program, leading to the distinction between the Civilian Faction of Liu Xianshi and the Military Faction of Wang
255:
uprising. Due to this, he rose quickly within the ranks, elevating the Liu family to a hegemonic force within Guizhou. The Liu family would be one of the major forces in the early Guizhou clique, with many of its members holding important positions in the military. Their power base was Xingyi, where
551:
Wang Wenhua's position had gone from division commander to commander-in-chief of the Guizhou army. Despite receiving no formal military training, Wang rose up through the ranks due to his relationship with the Liu family. Evidence suggests that the Liu and Wang clans of Guizhou had conflicts in the
776:
Wang Wenhua, in Shanghai, stayed away from the chaos in Guizhou. He had brought funds with him so that he could strengthen and equip the Guizhou army. Liu's supporters went to Shanghai with him, and in March 1921, as Wang stepped into a car outside his hotel, assassins sent by Yuan Zuming shot and
739:
assemblyman Zhang Shiren was invited to mediate, and the list was finalized to four people - Guo Chongguang, Xiong Fanyu, He Linshu, and Ding Yizhong, the "four pillars" of the Old Xingyi Clique. After they were dead, Wang Wenhua planned to force Liu Xianshi to step down from his post as governor.
682:
In late 1919, the Young Guizhou Association launched a campaign against Zhang Xielu, denouncing him in a demonstration. His home was broken into, and many soldiers had joined in the demonstration. Another major protest against Zhang was planned to be on December 3, 1919, where local beggars would
480:
broke out. Liu Xianshi initially stayed neutral, but when the situation became urgent, he had to declare Guizhou's independence on January 27, 1916. Liu Xianshi held a military conference and decided to send the Yunnan Army Artillery Team, the Mechanical Team, and the 5th and 6th regiments of the
430:
On March 4, 1912, Tang Jiyao became military governor of Guizhou, recognized in May 1912 by Beijing, with Liu Xianshi assuming the role of Minister of War. Tang consolidated his power by disbanding and massacring revolutionary forces in Guizhou. Tang Jiyao and Liu Xianshi militarily ruled Guizhou
350:
Ren Kecheng, Zhang Bailin, and old bureaucrat Guo Chongguang worked from inside the Privy Council to suppress the revolution. They ordered Dujun (military governor) Yang Yicheng to lead his army North, and for the Dean, Zhang Bailin, to leave the provincial capital to visit various places. At the
438:
In order to turn Guizhou into his own fiefdom, Tang Jiyao forbade the introduction of foreign progressive ideas, actively supported local forces and ideas, and established the Guizhou Unification Party as an organization to cement his power. Key members of the Guizhou Unification Party were Liu
678:
Wang Wenhua and He Yingqin had formed a committee for the renovation of the Guizhou provincial government. They persuaded Ren Kecheng to chair the committee, who proposed that Liu Xianshi step down as military governor (Dujun) and appoint Wang in his stead, keeping Liu as civilian governor and
674:
through Guiyang. Zhao agreed to raise 5 million dollars to fund the project, signing an agreement in March 1919 which said that the Guizhou Provincial Assembly would have to authorize the construction of the railway within 3 months. Liu Xianshi initially supported the project, but Wang Wenhua
651:
spread to Guiyang, He Yingqin, as well as Zhang Pengnian, Zhang Xielu's brother and Chairman of the Guizhou Provincial Assembly, went to the National Citizen's Meeting in Guiyang on June 1, 1919. He led the Young Guizhou Association in a parade and delivered a keynote speech at the meeting.
738:
to lead his troops to Guiyang, to where he arrived in early November. On November 10, Sun met with He Yingqin to look over the assassination list. He Yingqin favored cutting the list down, but Sun favored adding names to the list in order to destroy Liu Xianshi's faction easier. Provincial
423:
599:, newspapers in Guizhou by 1917 had started to print articles on Western ideas. Students began to discuss politics and ideology or demand for the curricula to be reformed to add certain subjects. In late 1918, Wang Wenhua and He Yingqin created a new student organization named the
534:
While in power, Liu Xianshi expanded his army greatly. During a political crisis in 1916, Liu sent 400000 yuan to Shanghai from his treasury as an emergency fund in case he lost power. Liu Xianzhi and Liu Xianqian were each accused for taking 200000 yuan from Guizhou public funds.
371:
Although the revolution had been greatly weakened, Ren Kecheng, Liu Xianshi, Guo Chongguang, and other counter-revolutionaries felt that their power was insufficient and they dared not to launch a coup and seize power. As per Guo Chongguang's suggestion, they decided to send
461:
194:
The Guizhou warlords were very much focused on family relations, especially the Xingyi clique warlords under the Liu family. These family connections formed the core of Guizhou political power for a long time. The first Guizhou warlord in power was
452:
In November 1913, with Tang Jiyao returning to Yunnan after Cai E was placed under house arrest and stripped of his rank to take up his position as governor, power fell into the hands of Liu Xianshi, who assumed his position of military governor
439:
Xianshi, Ren Kecheng, Dai Kan, He Linshu, and Guo Chongguang, although many others played an important part in this party. Tang used the Guizhou Unification Party to prevent the development of the Kuomintang in Guizhou and to preserve his rule.
312:
went into a state of panic, and Liu Xianshi entered the provincial capital in an emergency effort to suppress the revolution. He immediately recruited people to march into the provincial capital. However, while Liu Xianshi was on the way,
810:
From 1924 onwards, Yuan Zuming made peace with Tang Jiyao. In January 1925, Yuan was appointed as military governor of Guizhou. However, he continued to participate in the civil war in Sichuan, and he left governing to his subordinates -
773:
in a Catholic church with Xiong Fanyu's brother and Chen Tingce. With Ren gone, the post of acting provincial governor was given to Zhou Hongbin. Gui Baizhu claims that instead of Zhou, Lu Tao was installed as acting provincial governor.
627:, with much of its message taken from the Young Guizhou Association, in order to turn young people away from Wang Wenhua and He Yingqin's student organization. In early March 1919, the Young Guizhou Association started publishing the
435:, a Yunnanese general, serving as its head. Many of the heads of the Academy were alumni of the Yunnan Military Academy. Graduates of the Academy became commanders and officers in the Yunnan and Guizhou armies, deployed in rotation.
742:
Liu Xianshi, through his spies, learned that there was a plot against him. However, he did not know of the details. To keep himself safe, he ordered Zhang Xianqian to take his troops from Xingyi to Guiyang. Liu also consulted
697:
759:
Sun Jianfeng put the heads of Guo Chengguang and Xiong Fanyu in a barrel, sending them to Gu Zhenglun. Gu later ordered the heads to be publicly shown and spoke about the "crimes" they had committed against Guizhou.
511:, and Guo Chongguang were called the "Four Pillars" of the clique. Xiong Fanyu was responsible for helping the Liu family with their schooling during the late Qing, and was the father-in-law of Liu Xianshi's son,
351:
beginning of February 1912, they killed Huang Zelin, a local Tongmenghui and provincial capital law enforcement leader. Zhang Bailin, upon returning to Guiyang, had to escape due to the threat of being killed.
380:, the governor of Yunnan, to invade Guizhou and "Stop the Guizhou Chaos", trying to slander the military government and the revolutionaries of Guizhou. After a bit of hesitation, Cai E decided to send
499:. The Xingyi clique itself was split into the Old and New factions. Liu Xianshi, with Liu Xianzhi, Liu Xianqian, and other members of the Liu family formed the backbone of the Old Xingyi clique, and
359:
1446:
398:
However, the people of Guizhou, especially the revolutionaries, were extremely opposed to the invasion of Guizhou, calling Tang Jiyao and his army "Dian Kou" (Yunnanese Enemy). The
1615:
639:, Guizhou students in Hunan organized a National Salvation Association, with 600 members. Wang Wenhua himself saw the Beijing Government's foreign policy as a failure due to the
1827:
666:, an overseas Chinese man who had previously helped Sun Yat-sen with funding infrastructure projects in China. Wang talked to Zhao about a plan to build a railroad from
384:, then an intermediate officer of the Yunnan army whose troops were situated in the North of Yunnan, to enter Guizhou and settle the divides in the Guizhou government.
619:
To sacrifice themselves for the country, to unite with the masses to protect the country, to advance learning and knowledge, and to exercise and develop their bodies.
807:
warlords. In March 1924, Yuan was appointed to the Sichuan-Guizhou Border Inspection Office by the government in Beijing and made the Chief of the 34th Division.
523:. Liu used his son, Liu Gangwu, as his emissary to Sun Yat-Sen. Liu Xianqian was placed into power in Western Guizhou, placing him in direct control of Xingyi.
2066:
214:
with their expansion into Sichuan. The main power base of the Guizhou warlords shifted from Xingyi to the provincial capital, Guiyang, as warlords changed.
831:
and won. Soon after, Liu and Yang became allies, attacking Yuan. In May 1926, Yuan was defeated in battle by forces in Sichuan and fled to western Hunan.
1841:
1605:
325:, the local constitutionalist leader, as well as many others, forced Shen Yuqing to step down on November 4, declaring the independence of Guizhou.
1795:
1555:
1471:
1404:
1352:
251:, was also a military leader of the Guizhou warlords. Liu Xianshi's father, Liu Guanli, had been a regiment commander when suppressing a
1673:
1525:
203:, Liu's enemies were defeated and Guizhou started a lasting relationship with Yunnan and especially Tang Jiyao. Liu Xianshi's nephew,
2042:
531:, was a brigade commander as well as Chief of Staff in the Guizhou army. Wang's older brother, Wang Boqun, served as Liu's emissary.
183:. Due to its weak economic situation, Guizhou warlords were typically dependent on more economically successful warlords such as the
176:
69:
1373:
869:
1535:
1813:
1309:(A History of the Rise of the Family of Guizhou Warlord Liu Xianshi), Guizhou Historical Resources Selected Works 3, pp. 186-200.
1491:
473:
340:
the Dean of the Privy Council, Ren Kecheng the Vice President, and Zhou Peiyi as Secretary-General and Chief Executive Officer.
595:
Another important factor in Wang Wenhua's support was his endorsement of the Guizhou student movement. With influence from the
547:
Wang Wenhua, a progressive reformer in the Guizhou clique basing his power in the military, opposed to Liu Xianshi, his uncle.
1668:
604:
780:
Liu Xianshi, who had fled to Kunming, returned to Guiyang in April 1923 with Yunnanese troops, who restored him to power.
623:
In response to the creation of the Young Guizhou Association, Liu Xianshi created his own student organization, named the
247:, Liu was born to a landlord family heavily involved in leading local militia groups during the 19th century. His cousin,
1635:
1958:
1713:
2061:
1890:
1850:
1625:
1176:
1952:
1817:
712:
In early 1920, the Guizhou army accompanied Tang Jiyao in his invasion of Sichuan against then-governor of Sichuan
1595:
414:, then President of China, tried to intervene in the name of the central government, but his attempt was useless.
1397:
1382:
1331:(A Personal Record of the Guizhou "Minjiu Incident"). Guizhou Historical Resources Selected Works 1, pp. 148–163.
1765:
1755:
644:
210:
The Guizhou warlords did not participate in many wars or expansions aside from assisting their allies in the
2023:
1495:
477:
364:
1695:
524:
204:
94:
1699:
1575:
747:, one of his supporters who was a subordinate of Wang Wenhua, to sow disorder from within Wang's faction.
704:
572:
1876:
1920:
1545:
583:
Wenhua, the former of which was made up of Xinhai-era reformers, and the latter of which was made up of
1390:
643:. Students of the Institute of Law and Politics in Guiyang considered making a Guizhou branch of the
636:
596:
567:, who had, while studying in Japan, started to support Sun Yat-sen's views. Among these officers was
388:
1585:
1809:
1734:
1564:
824:
816:
648:
584:
512:
199:, heading the Liu family and the Old Xingyi clique. With the invasion of Guizhou by Yunnan general
941:
820:
812:
735:
496:
337:
329:
314:
248:
114:
2000:
1995:
1861:
1646:
1515:
1481:
1461:
800:
792:
744:
724:
663:
564:
508:
500:
432:
333:
328:
The Guizhou New Army instructor and lecturer Wu Tang as well as Chief of the Army Primary School
322:
309:
297:, local Constitutionalist leader, counterrevolutionary and supporer of Tang Jiyao and Liu Xianshi
294:
104:
713:
659:
560:
1161:
A Record of Guizhou Political and Military Events in the 25 Years Following the 1911 Revolution
504:
1775:
1744:
1709:
1369:
1348:
865:
859:
422:
35:
1347:(Dictionary of Republican Characters - New and Revised Edition). Hebei People's Press, 2007.
1114:
990:
373:
275:
1872:
1785:
1739:
1657:
1559:
640:
608:
515:, as well as serving as Liu Xianshi's secretary and the leader of the Guizhou branch of the
305:
144:
1900:
1980:
1948:
1886:
1426:
882:
719:
Nevertheless, Wang Wenhua learned of the plot. He conversed with two of his subordinates,
576:
240:
1293:. Guizhou Wenshi Ziliao Xuanji (Guizhou Historical Resources Selected Works) 2, pp.40-46.
162:
917:
2005:
1990:
1845:
1837:
1805:
1422:
804:
1291:
The Evolution of Guizhou Politics in the Forty Years Since the 1911 Revolution, Part 1
367:, featuring many who were involved in the Yunnan clique during the invasion of Guizhou
2055:
1985:
1965:
720:
516:
211:
184:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1677:
955:
527:, Liu's nephew, rose to the position of division commander. Wang's brother-in-law,
43:
632:
the Young Guizhou Association completely dominated the Guizhou student movement.
1910:
1723:
1505:
1418:
612:
411:
318:
236:
196:
172:
124:
84:
460:
282:
and Liu Xianshi, counterrevolutionary along with Ren Kecheng and Guo Chongguang
2015:
568:
563:, Wang gathered a group of young officers from Guizhou who had studied at the
556:
528:
465:
381:
279:
252:
200:
919:
Zhang Bailin, the Most Meritorious Leader in the Xinhai Revolution in Guizhou
332:
were recommended to become the governors of the Guizhou military government.
1975:
1970:
667:
969:
1414:
828:
1258:
1064:
957:
One of the Leaders of the Xinhai Revolution in Guizhou - Zhong Changying
788:
543:
400:
Book of Guizhou's Complaints to the Compatriots of All Cities in Guizhou
227:
288:
244:
180:
49:
588:
Xianqian established a separate military academy in Xingyi called the
1066:
Toward the Minjiu Incident: Militarist Conflict in Guizhou, 1911–1921
671:
490:
392:
152:
269:
787:
731:
703:
696:
695:
542:
459:
421:
377:
358:
226:
188:
1368:(A History of the Guizhou Clique). Guizhou People's Press, 1987.
1260:
The May Fourth Movement and Provincial Warlords: A Reexamination
1201:
Random Notes on the Internal Struggles of the Liu Xianshi Clique
484:
As the Liu family hailed from Xingyi, their group is called the
1386:
992:
Military Force and Elite Power in the Formation of Modern China
795:, former subordinate of Liu Xianshi and governor of Guizhou
607:
in Beijing (which had been created in June) and modeled on
1203:. Guizhou Historical Sources Selected Works 1, pp. 98–114.
1178:
General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China
1101:. Progress Publishers, 1983. p. 624. Retrieved 12-6-2019.
730:
In October 1920, Guizhou forces left for Guiyang through
823:. In June 1925, Yuan and commander of the Sichuan Army
708:
A map of Minjiu Incident troop movement approximations
1163:. Historical Sources Selected Works 15, pp. 143–169.
1916:
1906:
1896:
1882:
1868:
1856:
1833:
1823:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1729:
1719:
1705:
1691:
1663:
1653:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1457:
120:
110:
100:
90:
80:
75:
65:
57:
21:
571:, who would later become an important part of the
1082:People's Government of Yunnan History Committee.
625:Republic of China Patriotic Students' Association
1364:Guizhou Clique Historical Research Association.
1086:. Yunnan People's Press, Kunming, 1989, p. 100.
1069:, Sage Publications, 2007. In Worthing, Peter.
899:
897:
895:
893:
617:
1181:. Cambridge University Press, 2016. pp. 25-26.
861:Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance
635:With influence from events in Beijing and the
1398:
858:Esherick, Joseph W. and Rankin, Mary Backus.
143:(Qian being the abbreviated name of Guizhou;
8:
1171:
1169:
40:Location of Guizhou on a map of modern China
1267:, Vol. 37, No. 2 (March 2011), pp. 135–169.
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
903:Feng, Zuyi, Cao, Weijing, and Wei, Yishen.
343:However, the revolutionaries, known as the
1842:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
1436:
1405:
1391:
1383:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1084:Yunnan History Selected Resources: Vol. 10
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
777:killed him, ending the Liu-Wang conflict.
662:, who was an emissary of Liu Xianshi, met
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1109:
1107:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1143:. Guizhou People's Press, Guiyang, 1986.
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
985:
983:
981:
907:. Guizhou People's Press, Guiyang, 2011.
864:, University of California Press, 2018.
426:Tang Jiyao, military governor of Guizhou
1305:Guizhou University History Department.
1301:
1299:
1243:. Guizhou People's Press, Guiyang, 2001
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
905:Xinhai Revolution: Guizhou Encyclopedia
840:
167:
1828:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1688:
1454:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
940:People's Government of Yunnan Portal.
472:With Yuan Shikai's declaration of the
171:), was a minor warlord faction in the
18:
1345:Minguo Renwu Da Cidian - Zengding Ban
7:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
884:Shedding light on Guizhou, Southeast
48:Map of Guizhou with the location of
2067:Warlord cliques in Republican China
1307:Guizhou Junfa Liu Xianshi Fajia Shi
916:Nanming Region Information Center.
1526:Constitutional Protection Movement
1241:He Yingqin - History in the Vortex
1141:The May Fourth Movement in Guizhou
231:Liu Xianshi, Guizhou clique leader
14:
1095:TikhvinskiÄ, SergeÄ Leonidovich.
972:An Explanation of Zhong Changying
605:Young China Students' Association
1814:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
1674:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
1425:
1413:
1329:Guizhou "Minjiu Shibian" Qinliji
402:was published in Chongqing, the
287:
268:
235:The Qian clique originated with
42:
34:
1745:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
700:Lu Tao, photographed March 1921
629:Young Guizhou Association Daily
555:Wang had previously joined the
488:to differentiate them from the
447:
179:, situated in the province of
157:
1:
2043:Republic of China (1912–1949)
1492:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
345:Self-Government Study Society
336:was to be the Vice Governor,
1576:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1073:Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 258-283.
448:Liu Xianshi's administration
406:were issued in Beijing, and
1891:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1626:Washington Naval Conference
2083:
1953:National Pacification Army
1818:Northeast Flag Replacement
1724:Zhongshan Warship Incident
1421:and warlordism during the
468:, member of the Liu family
410:was published in Wuchang.
308:in October 1911, governor
304:After the outbreak of the
91:November 1920 – March 1921
81:March 1912 – November 1920
2040:
1669:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
1616:1st National CPC Congress
1606:Spirit Soldier rebellions
1434:
827:attacked Sichuan general
645:National Student Alliance
601:Young Guizhou Association
404:Bloody Records of Guizhou
363:Yunnanese leaders of the
148:
33:
26:
1796:Muslim conflict in Gansu
1766:Shanghai Commune of 1927
1756:Nanking incident of 1927
1636:First Zhili–Fengtian War
1289:Zhang, Pengnian (n.d.).
495:, which would be led by
418:Guizhou under Tang Jiyao
317:, leader of the Guizhou
239:and his family. Born in
121:February 1932 – May 1935
52:, the provincial capital
1714:Canton–Hong Kong strike
1496:National Protection War
1139:Xiong, Zongren. (1986)
1098:Modern History of China
478:National Protection War
443:Xingyi clique dominance
365:National Protection War
101:August 1922 – June 1926
16:Chinese warlord faction
1700:May Thirtieth Movement
1556:Paris Peace Conference
1119:. Retrieved 12-6-2019.
796:
734:. Gu Zhenglun ordered
709:
701:
621:
573:Republic of China Army
548:
469:
427:
408:Guizhou Tears of Blood
376:to Yunnan to look for
368:
232:
111:June 1926 – April 1929
1596:Guangdong–Guangxi War
1546:Siberian intervention
791:
707:
699:
546:
463:
425:
362:
230:
1851:Sino-Soviet conflict
1506:Death of Yuan Shikai
637:Treaty of Versailles
597:New Culture Movement
139:, also known as the
1810:Huanggutun incident
1740:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
1735:Northern Expedition
1565:May Fourth Movement
784:Rule of Yuan Zuming
687:The Minjiu Incident
649:May Fourth Movement
2062:History of Guizhou
1862:Central Plains War
1696:Yunnan–Guangxi War
1647:First United Front
1516:Manchu Restoration
1482:Twenty-One Demands
1462:Bai Lang Rebellion
995:. Routledge, 2014.
989:McCord, Edward A.
797:
710:
702:
603:, inspired by the
565:Tokyo Shinbu Gakko
549:
470:
428:
369:
355:Yunnanese invasion
233:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2034:
1926:
1925:
1877:Qinghai–Tibet War
1776:Shanghai massacre
1710:Anti-Fengtian War
1683:
1682:
1472:Second Revolution
1366:Guizhou Junfa Shi
1353:978-7-202-03014-1
1257:Chen, Zhongping.
1175:Worthing, Peter.
1063:Worthing, Peter.
970:Zhong Changying,
539:Liu–Wang conflict
177:Republic of China
130:
129:
70:Republic of China
2074:
2027:
2024:Communist Party
2019:
1873:Sino-Tibetan War
1786:July 15 Incident
1689:
1658:Lincheng Outrage
1560:Shandong Problem
1536:Golok rebellions
1455:
1437:
1429:
1417:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1341:
1332:
1325:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1287:
1268:
1255:
1244:
1239:Xiong, Zongren.
1237:
1204:
1197:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1144:
1137:
1120:
1113:Huaxia Weijing.
1111:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1061:
996:
987:
976:
967:
961:
953:
947:
938:
923:
914:
908:
901:
888:
879:
873:
856:
641:Shandong Problem
609:Giuseppe Mazzini
306:Wuchang Uprising
291:
272:
169:
159:
150:
46:
38:
19:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2017:
1927:
1887:Kumul Rebellion
1849:
1840:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1742:
1738:
1712:
1698:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1586:Zhili–Anhui War
1562:
1558:
1494:
1430:
1411:
1381:
1380:
1363:
1359:
1342:
1335:
1326:
1313:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1271:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1207:
1198:
1185:
1174:
1167:
1159:Chen, Xianqiu.
1158:
1147:
1138:
1123:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1062:
999:
988:
979:
968:
964:
954:
950:
939:
926:
915:
911:
902:
891:
880:
876:
857:
842:
837:
799:In April 1920,
786:
766:
753:
694:
689:
577:Chiang Kai-shek
541:
474:Empire of China
450:
445:
420:
389:Zhong Changying
357:
302:
301:
300:
299:
298:
292:
284:
283:
278:, supporter of
273:
262:
225:
220:
133:
53:
41:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:War in Ningxia
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:Beijing Revolt
1838:Chiang-Gui War
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1806:Jinan incident
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1423:Nanjing decade
1412:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1357:
1343:Zhu, Youchun.
1333:
1311:
1295:
1269:
1245:
1205:
1183:
1165:
1145:
1121:
1103:
1088:
1075:
997:
977:
962:
948:
924:
909:
889:
881:Liu, Xianshi.
874:
839:
838:
836:
833:
805:Sichuan clique
785:
782:
765:
762:
752:
749:
693:
690:
688:
685:
590:Suiying School
585:May Fourth-era
540:
537:
449:
446:
444:
441:
419:
416:
387:At this time,
356:
353:
293:
286:
285:
274:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
261:
258:
224:
221:
219:
216:
137:Guizhou clique
131:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
47:
31:
30:
24:
23:
22:Guizhou clique
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2079:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2044:
2039:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1375:
1374:7-221-00240-1
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:Lin, Zixian.
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:Gui, Baizhu.
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
986:
984:
982:
978:
974:
973:
966:
963:
959:
958:
952:
949:
945:
944:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
920:
913:
910:
906:
900:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
885:
878:
875:
871:
870:0-520-06763-0
867:
863:
862:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:Peng Hanzhang
814:
808:
806:
802:
794:
790:
783:
781:
778:
774:
770:
763:
761:
757:
750:
748:
746:
740:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
721:Zhu Shaoliang
717:
715:
706:
698:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
630:
626:
620:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
586:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
545:
538:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Bank of China
514:
513:Liu Gongliang
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:
487:
486:Xingyi clique
482:
479:
475:
467:
462:
458:
456:
442:
440:
436:
434:
424:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
366:
361:
354:
352:
348:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
311:
307:
296:
290:
281:
277:
271:
259:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
222:
217:
215:
213:
212:Yunnan clique
208:
206:
202:
198:
192:
190:
186:
185:Yunnan clique
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
160:
154:
146:
142:
138:
132:Military unit
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
45:
37:
32:
25:
20:
2010:
1860:
1743:
1733:
1678:Beijing Coup
1667:
1645:
1563:
1365:
1360:
1344:
1328:
1306:
1290:
1265:Modern China
1264:
1259:
1240:
1200:
1177:
1160:
1140:
1115:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1071:Modern China
1070:
1065:
991:
971:
965:
956:
951:
942:
918:
912:
904:
883:
877:
860:
821:Zhou Xicheng
813:Wang Tianpei
809:
798:
779:
775:
771:
767:
758:
754:
741:
736:Sun Jianfeng
729:
718:
711:
681:
677:
658:
654:
634:
628:
624:
622:
618:
600:
594:
589:
581:
554:
550:
533:
520:
497:Zhou Xicheng
489:
485:
483:
471:
454:
451:
437:
429:
407:
403:
399:
397:
386:
370:
349:
344:
342:
338:Zhang Bailin
330:Yang Yicheng
327:
315:Zhang Bailin
303:
256:they lived.
249:Liu Xianqian
234:
209:
193:
166:
156:
140:
136:
134:
115:Feng Xicheng
2016:Kuomintang
2001:New Guangxi
1996:Old Guangxi
1911:Two-Liu war
1901:Han–Liu War
1419:Warlord Era
1116:Liu Xianshi
801:Yuan Zuming
793:Yuan Zuming
745:Yuan Zuming
725:Gu Zhenglun
664:Zhao Shijin
613:Young Italy
525:Wang Wenhua
509:Zhang Xielu
501:Xiong Fanyu
433:Han Fenglou
412:Yuan Shikai
334:Zhao Dequan
323:Ren Kecheng
319:Tongmenghui
310:Shen Yuqing
295:Ren Kecheng
237:Liu Xianshi
205:Wang Wenhua
197:Liu Xianshi
173:Warlord Era
141:Qian clique
125:Wang Jialie
105:Yuan Zuming
95:Wang Wenhua
85:Liu Xianshi
2056:Categories
1959:Zhili Army
943:Tang Jiyao
835:References
714:Xiong Kewu
660:Wang Boqun
569:He Yingqin
561:Wang Boqun
557:Kuomintang
529:He Yingqin
466:He Yingqin
382:Tang Jiyao
280:Tang Jiyao
260:Revolution
223:Liu family
201:Tang Jiyao
191:warlords.
168:Chʻien-hsi
163:Wade–Giles
76:Commanders
2006:Guangdong
1971:Guominjun
1883:1931–1935
1869:1930–1932
1824:1928–1929
1792:1927–1930
1730:1926–1928
1706:1925–1926
1642:1923–1927
1622:1921–1922
1602:1920–1926
1592:1920–1921
1572:1919–1921
1542:1918–1920
1532:1917–1929
1522:1917–1922
1488:1915–1916
1458:1911–1914
1443:1925–1934
1440:1915–1924
1376:. p. 187.
825:Liu Xiang
764:Aftermath
751:Execution
668:Chongqing
505:He Linshu
61:1916–1935
1981:Xinjiang
1949:Fengtian
1447:Factions
829:Yang Sen
521:Qilaohui
464:A young
187:and the
2011:Guizhou
1991:Sichuan
1934:Beiyang
1844:(incl.
374:Dai Kan
276:Dai Kan
245:Guizhou
218:Origins
181:Guizhou
175:of the
145:Chinese
66:Country
50:Guiyang
1986:Yunnan
1966:Shanxi
1372:
1351:
868:
819:, and
672:Luzhou
575:under
493:clique
491:Tongzi
476:, the
393:Anshun
241:Xingyi
165::
158:Qiánxì
155::
153:pinyin
147::
58:Active
29:Qiánxì
2026:(CCP)
2018:(KMT)
1944:Zhili
1939:Anhui
1263:. In
732:Zunyi
692:Setup
455:Dujun
378:Cai E
189:Hunan
1917:1934
1907:1932
1897:1932
1857:1930
1834:1929
1802:1928
1782:1927
1772:1927
1762:1927
1752:1927
1720:1926
1692:1925
1664:1924
1654:1923
1632:1922
1612:1921
1582:1920
1552:1919
1512:1917
1502:1916
1478:1915
1468:1913
1370:ISBN
1349:ISBN
866:ISBN
723:and
321:and
135:The
670:to
611:'s
457:).
253:Hui
27:黔系
2058::
1976:Ma
1955:)
1889:/
1875:/
1336:^
1314:^
1298:^
1272:^
1248:^
1208:^
1186:^
1168:^
1148:^
1124:^
1106:^
1000:^
980:^
927:^
892:^
843:^
815:,
579:.
507:,
503:,
243:,
161:;
151:;
149:黔系
1951:(
1848:)
1406:e
1399:t
1392:v
1355:.
975:.
960:.
946:.
922:.
887:.
872:.
453:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
