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454:. The PZL P.11 was a further improvement of the PZL P.7 that was in production throughout the early 1930s. It possessed various cutting-edge features for the era in addition to the high-mounted gull wing, such as its all-metal structure and its metal exterior; according to aviation author Jerzy Cynk, the P.11 was commonly considered to have been the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world upon its introduction. The P.11 served as Poland's primary fighter aircraft during the mid to late 1930s, participating in the
406:
208:, an uncommon feature for gliders of the era, which spanned roughly 40 percent of the inner wing span. Lippisch had chosen to adopt this configuration for its increased wingtip clearance, as well as the ill-founded belief that it would improve its stability during turns; however, studies have shown that normal gull wing configurations result in significantly less severe and more easily recoverable stalls. Inverted gull wings exhibit the opposite stall behaviour, but both normal and inverted gull wings impede
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592:. The inverted gull wing has been described by aviation author Manfred Griehl as being the most distinctive feature of the Ju 87. These wings, which comprised conventional Junkers double-wing construction, reportedly gave the Ju 87 a considerable advantage over its contemporaries during take-off; relatively large lift forces were created through the
193:
changes in wing-tip incidence; however, it gave no direct control over the wing-tips. The flying career of the
Weltensegler was very brief, it being destroyed during the 1921 Rhön gliding competition after the wing failed during a sharp spiralling dive at excessive speed, resulting in the death of Willy Leusch, the Weltensegler's company test pilot.
129:, which possessed various cutting-edge features for the era in addition to its high-mounted gull wing, has been described as being the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world upon its introduction. The PZL P.11 served as Poland's primary fighter aircraft during the mid to late 1930s, while its further development, the
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who started using this design in his planes. Numerous aircraft have incorporated such wings for a diverse range of purposes. The gull wing was commonly used to improve visibility in a high wing arrangement, because such wing could be thinnest by the fuselage, and in theory should limit pilot's view
192:
and springs connected to a single control stick for the pilot, which warped the wing-tips as directed by the pilot. This unorthodox method relied upon the incidence changing with the increase and release of tension, and was also expected to confer increased stability in pitch and roll by automatic
223:
in late August 1930 that established a new world record, quickly encouraged numerous aircraft designers to perform their own investigations into the gull wing. Accordingly, numerous other gliders, as well as other platforms, would soon feature broadly similar wing configurations as well. Having
573:, designed from the onset as a carrier-based fighter, not only had the largest propeller of any U.S. fighter, but was also expected to face rough landings aboard a pitching carrier deck. By adopting the inverted gull wing, the landing gear could be shorter and allowed to retract straight back
324:
that could effectively convert power to thrust. The gull wing allowed designers to ensure adequate propeller tip clearance over the water by placing the engines on the highest point of the wing. The alternative was placing the engine on a pylon. The first
568:
came into use, such powers required larger diameter propellers but clearance between the propeller tip and ground had to be maintained. Long landing gear legs are heavy, bulky, and weaker than their shorter counterparts. The
360:. The emergence of long range, land-based jets in the 1950s and the subsequent demise of the seaplane prevented widespread use of the gull wing, although it was still used in some post-war designs, like
432:
for this wing arrangement during the following year. The arrangement devised by Puławski has been referred to as the "Puławski Wing" or the "Polish Wing". The PZL P.1 led to a production model, the
596:
even when flown at a shallow angle, reducing take-off and landing runs. They also provided a high level of ground visibility to the pilot, as well as enabling the use of a shorter undercarriage.
156:, has been used on numerous fighters to facilitate the use of shorter landing gear and to provide sufficient ground clearance for their propellers. The most distinctive feature of the
113:
at the end of that decade did the configuration gain popularity. Beyond becoming popular for the next three decades amongst high-performance gliders, various ground-based aircraft and
439:
The gull wing was used to improve visibility in a high wing arrangement, because such wing could be thinnest by the fuselage, and in theory should limit pilot's view no more than
535:
152:, also adopted the gull wing configuration, primarily as it enabled the engines to be positioned higher above the water. A variant of the standard configuration, the
749:
710:
Hoff, Wilhelm. “Technical memorandum No. 100, Rhön
Soaring Flight Competition, 1921”. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Washington D.C.. June 1922.
428:; a major innovation of the PZL P.1 was its relatively high-mounted gull wing. Seeking to protect his new wing arrangement, Puławski filed for an associated
224:
become a trend of the glider industry during the 1930s, the gull wing remained a staple feature amongst high-performance sailplanes through to the 1950s.
204:
represented a high-profile comeback for the gull wing, which contributed to its resurgence shortly thereafter. Fafnir featured a laterally stabilising
196:
Following the
Weltensegler's tragic loss, the gull wing was avoided by the majority of aircraft designers for almost a whole decade. During 1930,
188:
with negative incidence relative to the remainder of the main-plane. The
Weltensegler also used a unique control system, consisting of a various
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462:. As a consequence of the rapid aeronautical advances made during the late 1930s, the P.11 was outclassed by newer fighters such as the
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also adopted various forms of gull wings. It rose to particular prominence in Poland, where the Polish aviation designer
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platform, of which six aircraft were built, made its first flight during 1938. The configuration was also used on the
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564:, was developed. It was chiefly used on single engine military aircraft with increasingly powerful engines. Before
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Another reason for having an inverted gull wing is to permit clearance for a large external bomb load, as on the
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During the late 1920s, the gull wing design found its way into landplanes. In 1928, the Polish aircraft designer
694:
Simons, Martin. Sailplanes 1920-1945 2nd revised edition. EQIP Werbung und Verlag G.m.b.H.. Königswinter. 2006.
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of the wing's center-section also permitted the wing and fuselage to meet at the optimum angle for minimizing
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Flugzeug-Typenbuch : Handbuch der
Deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1939/40
750:"Flight Testing and Response Characteristics of a Variable Gull-Wing Morphing Aircraft"
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of a windscreen in a car body. It was used on multiple fighter aircraft, including the
727:(2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. pp. 65–70.
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809:(in German) (Facsimile reprint 1988 ed.). leipzig: Gondrom. p. 36.
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1019:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1973, pp. 188–194.
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by the early 1930s. As engine power increased, so did the need for large
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in 1921. Its wings, which were externally braced, featured swept-back
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During the 1930s, a derivative of the standard design, known as the
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were the first aircraft to feature the gull wing, starting with the
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1001:. Black Cross. Vol. V. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag.
667:(1st ed.). London: Putnam & Company Ltd. pp.
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during the late 1920s and early 1930s; in particular, the
1017:
War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters
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to utilize the gull wing configuration may have been the
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which it resembles and from the Polish aircraft designer
577:, the latter factor improving internal wing space. The
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Green, William. "Vought F4U-1, F4U-4 (FG-1 Corsair)".
585:, without using wing root fairings or other measures.
58:
showing the wing shape emulated in gull wing aircraft.
755:. University of Florida. pp. 5–8. Archived from
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Bridgeman, Leonard. “The Martin Model 162 Mariner.”
436:, of which 149 were produced between 1932 and 1933.
164:, is probably its inverted gull wing configuration.
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160:, a German ground attack aircraft used during the
785:. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. p. 203.
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458:of 1939 to resist an invasion by neighbouring
109:in 1921; it was not until the record-breaking
412:, showing an idea of original Puławski's wing
27:Aircraft wing configuration with bend at root
8:
966:Barnes, Christopher H. and Derek N. James.
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983:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.
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172:The gull wing was first implemented on a
1063:Vought F4U Corsair design considerations
316:The gull wing design found its way into
1035:. London/Stuttgart: Airlife/Motorbuch.
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1058:Scale Soaring UK Documentation Section
805:Schneider, Helmut (Dipl.Ing.) (1939).
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531:German ground-attack aircraft of WWII
367:(the name means 'gull' in Russian).
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912:Samoloty wojskowe w Polsce 1924–1939
783:Segelflug im Wettbewerb der Völker
25:
748:Abdulrahim, Mujahid; Lind, Rick.
839:Taylor, John W. R. (1975–1976).
333:, which first flew in 1933. The
841:Jane's All The World's Aircraft
312:seaplane with gull wing profile
99:of a windscreen in a car body.
86:. Its name is derived from the
795:Barnes and James 1989, p. 281.
466:at the onset of the conflict.
1:
78:with a prominent bend in the
228:Notable gull wing sailplanes
872:. London: Putnam. pp.
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968:Shorts Aircraft since 1900
868:Polish aircraft, 1893-1939
566:contra-rotating propellers
82:inner section towards the
47:showing gull wing profile.
29:
910:Morgała, Andrzej (2003):
663:Polish Aircraft 1893-1939
1031:Griehl, Manfred (2001).
997:Erfurth, Helmut (2004).
970:. London: Putnam, 1989.
952:Erfurth 2004, pp. 48-49.
358:maritime patrol aircraft
943:Griehl 2001, pp. 38–39.
922:, pp. 48–54 (in Polish)
864:Cynk, Jerzy B. (1971).
829:Bridgeman 1946, p. 245.
723:Simons, Martin (2006).
659:Cynk, Jerzy B. (1971).
609:Blohm & Voss Ha 137
236:Bowlus Senior Albatross
212:and climb performance.
985:London: Studio, 1946.
781:Zuerl, Hubert (1941).
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914:. Warszawa: Bellona.
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121:developed a range of
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1083:Aircraft wing design
843:. pp. 488–489.
725:Sailplanes 1920-1945
464:Messerschmitt Bf 109
280:Schweyer Rhönsperber
30:For other uses, see
1078:Wing configurations
934:Green 1973, p. 188.
614:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
590:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
529:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
395:Short Knuckleduster
331:Short Knuckleduster
200:'s record-breaking
176:, specifically the
158:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
142:Short Knuckleduster
1033:Junker Ju 87 Stuka
900:. 4 December 1929.
619:Vought F4U Corsair
571:Vought F4U Corsair
562:inverted gull wing
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424:, an experimental
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210:lift-to-drag ratio
198:Alexander Lippisch
154:inverted gull wing
76:wing configuration
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762:on 5 October 2013
556:carrying torpedo.
385:Martin P5M Marlin
275:Ross RS-1 Zanonia
74:, is an aircraft
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241:DFS Habicht
217:Wasserkuppe
150:PBM Mariner
68:Polish wing
42:DFS Habicht
1072:Categories
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636:References
599:Examples:
469:Examples:
401:Landplanes
370:Examples:
355:P5M Marlin
322:propellers
251:DFS Reiher
168:Sailplanes
64:gull wing,
18:Gull wings
641:Citations
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554:Aichi B7A
441:A-pillars
410:PZL P.11c
343:transport
318:seaplanes
301:Seaplanes
221:Magdeburg
97:A-pillars
84:wing root
32:Gull-wing
766:28 April
594:aerofoil
579:anhedral
509:Loire 46
499:PZL P.24
494:PZL P.11
445:PZL P.11
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206:dihedral
186:wingtips
136:Various
131:PZL P.24
127:PZL P.11
88:seabirds
874:123-128
669:158–172
489:PZL P.8
484:PZL P.7
479:PZL P.6
474:PZL P.1
434:PZL P.7
422:PZL P.1
347:US Navy
259:Minimoa
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430:patent
365:Chaika
202:Fafnir
174:glider
148:, and
111:Fafnir
45:glider
760:(PDF)
753:(PDF)
1037:ISBN
1021:ISBN
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768:2012
729:ISBN
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673:ISBN
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