1114:, directly to the south of the river. In return for an end to raids in Waalo territory, the emir took the heiress of Waalo as a bride. The prospect that Trarza might inherit control of both banks of the Senegal struck at the security of French traders, and the French responded by sending a large expeditionary force that crushed Muhammad's army. The war incited the French to expand to the north of the Senegal River for the first time, heralding French direct involvement in the interior of West Africa. Africa continued to export gum arabic in large quantitiesâfrom the Sahel areas of
110:
43:
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arabic for their livelihoods. After market reforms in 2019, official figures showed that Sudan's exports of gum arabic were at about 60,000 tonnes in 2022, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain because some production is in regions that are hard to access. Before the reforms, the production of gum arabic was heavily dominated by the
Sudanese government and in some periods there were attempts of using its importance to the global market as a leverage against other countries. Since the
102:
1066:. By 1678, the French had driven out the Dutch and established a permanent settlement at Saint Louis at the mouth of the Senegal River. Gum Arabic came to play an essential role in textile printing and therefore in pre-industrial economies of France, Great Britain and other European countries. Throughout the 18th century, their competition over the commodity was so fierce, that some have referred to it as the gum wars.
900:
3443:
913:
464:
3453:
1070:
738:
746:
1143:, the export of gum arabic has been interrupted, causing a crash in its price in Sudan because of a reduced ability to export the product, whereas international companies that rely on it are attempting to diversify the supply chain of gum arabic and find alternative ingredients that can be used as a replacement.
799:
The gum is normally made up into a solution in hot water (typically 10â25 g/L; ÂŒ to Âœ oz per pint), and then added to the glaze solution after any ball milling in concentrations from 0.02% to 3.0% of gum arabic to the dry weight of the glaze. On firing, the gum burns out at a low temperature, leaving
776:
If little water is used, after evaporation, the acacia gum functions as a true binder in a paint film, increasing luminosity and helping prevent the colors from lightening. Gum arabic allows more subtle control over washes, because it facilitates the dispersion of the pigment particles. In addition,
1138:
Since the 1950s, the global supply of gum arabic has been dominated by Sudan. In the early 2020s, about 70% of the global supply has been sourced from Sudan, with approximately 5 million
Sudanese people (more than 10 percent of a country's population) being directly or indirectly dependent on gum
864:. The etching process creates a gum adsorb layer within the matrix that attracts water, ensuring that the oil-based ink does not stick to those areas. Gum is also essential to what is sometimes called paper lithography, printing from an image created by a laser printer or photocopier.
1053:
for
Portugal. With the merger of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, the Spaniards became the dominant influence along the coast. In 1638, however, they were replaced by the Dutch, who were the first to begin exploiting the acacia gum trade. Produced by the acacia trees of
1089:
For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, gum arabic was the major export from French and
British trading colonies in modern Senegal and Mauritania. West Africa had become the sole supplier of world acacia gum by the 18th century, and its export at the French colony of
299:(EFSA) said that although the above definition holds true for most internationally traded samples, the term "gum arabic" does not indicate a particular botanical source; in a few cases, soâcalled "gum arabic" may not even have been collected from
1449:
1014:
cycle, acacia gum remains a main export of several
African nations, including Mauritania, Niger, Chad, and Sudan. Total world gum arabic exports were estimated in 2019 at 160,000 tonnes, having recovered from 1987 to 1989 and
933:
since antiquity, sub-Saharan acacia gum has a long history as a prized export. The gum exported came from the band of acacia trees that once covered much of the Sahel region, the southern littoral of the
1995:
Renard D, Lavenant-Gourgeon L, Ralet MC, Sanchez C (September 2006). "Acacia senegal gum: continuum of molecular species differing by their protein to sugar ratio, molecular weight, and charges".
792:. It acts as a binder, helping the glaze adhere to the clay before it is fired, thereby minimising damage by handling during the manufacture of the piece. As a secondary effect, it also acts as a
780:
The addition of a little gum arabic to watercolor pigment and water allows for easier lifting of pigment from paper, thus can be a useful tool when lifting out color when painting in watercolor.
2360:
1725:
1691:
856:, both from traditional stones and aluminum plates. In lithography, gum by itself may be used to etch very light tones, such as those made with a number-five crayon.
800:
no residues in the glaze. More recently, particularly in commercial manufacturing, gum arabic is often replaced by more refined and consistent alternatives, such as
1516:"Effects of Gum acacia aqueous extract on the histology of the intestine and enzymes of both the intestine and the pancreas of albino rats treated with Meloxicam"
1342:
1805:
1010:
is tapped for gum by stripping bits off the bark, from which gum then exudes. Traditionally harvested by seminomadic desert pastoralists in the course of their
196:) was used in the Middle East at least as early as the 9th century. Gum arabic first found its way to Europe via Arabic ports, and so retained its proper name.
2315:
2041:
1947:
2253:
1171:
and other
European poets of the 13th to 17th centuries, gum arabic represented the "noble Orient". In the Sahel, it is a symbol of the purity of youth.
504:
is not an issue, as the proportions of the various chemicals in gum arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable. It remains an important ingredient in
2231:
176:
However, the term "gum arabic" does not actually indicate a particular botanical source. The gum is harvested commercially from wild trees, mostly in
3484:
2353:
773:. When all moisture evaporates, the acacia gum typically does not bind the pigment to the paper surface, but is totally absorbed by deeper layers.
725:. A 1998 review concluded that "based on present scientific knowledge, only an arbitrary value can be used for regulatory purposes". In 2008, the
1301:
741:
Powdered gum arabic for artists, one part of which is dissolved in four parts distilled water to make a liquid suitable for adding to pigments
2333:
1900:
1772:
1394:
109:
3457:
887:
is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. It is a major component of many plant gums, including gum arabic.
796:, increasing the fluidity of the glaze mixture, but also making it more likely to sediment out into a hard cake if not used for a while.
3446:
2346:
1447:, Matsuda, Hideaki; Iwaki, Masahiro & Kawase, Atsushi, "Accelerating Agent of Calcium Absorption", issued 2007-08-23
448:
3519:
2068:
1931:
1674:
86:
64:
2134:
1733:
604:. Lithographic printers employ it to keep the non-image areas of the plate receptive to water. This treatment also helps to stop
2156:
765:
of any color is suspended within the acacia gum in varying amounts, resulting in watercolor paint. Water acts as a vehicle or a
729:
sent a letter of no objection in response to an application to reduce the rated caloric value of gum arabic to 1.7 kcal/g.
3529:
3524:
2870:
296:
3509:
3504:
1703:
1316:
3514:
1863:
726:
682:
1349:
1094:
doubled in the decade of 1830 alone. A threat to bypass Saint-Louis and taxes by sending gum to the
British traders at
3544:
1797:
921:
from Paul
Hermann Wilhelm Taubert's Leguminosae, in Engelmann (ed.): NatĂŒrliche Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III, 3., 1891
908:
from Paul
Hermann Wilhelm Taubert's Leguminosae, in Engelmann (ed.): NatĂŒrliche Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. III, 3., 1891
3257:
2200:
1103:
860:, nitric, or tannic acid is added in varying concentrations to the acacia gum to etch the darker tones up to dark
3539:
3489:
2369:
1410:
Ali BH, Ziada A, Blunden G (January 2009). "Biological effects of gum arabic: a review of some recent research".
1119:
442:
57:
51:
2324:
2977:
2525:
2273:"Effect of gum arabic on the absorption of a single oral dose of amoxicillin in healthy Sudanese volunteers"
2223:
801:
399:
384:
891:
has been identified as covalently linked to carbohydrate moieties of the arabinogalactan-protein fraction.
721:
initially set a value of 4 kcal/g for food labelling, but in Europe no value was assigned for soluble
3403:
2860:
1827:
Phillips GO (April 1998). "Acacia gum (Gum Arabic): a nutritional fibre; metabolism and calorific value".
888:
694:
374:
228:
68:
3499:
3348:
3014:
2912:
2495:
702:
358:
1445:
1107:
667:, is sometimes used in cocktails to prevent the sugar from crystallising and provide a smooth texture.
365:
and therefore its intake is associated with many useful health effects. These health benefits include:
127:
563:
3084:
2942:
2917:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2475:
1293:
1180:
1123:
1091:
1016:
825:
710:
341:, it also possesses a broad range of health benefits that have been evidently proved through several
31:
101:
3534:
2727:
2697:
2687:
1242:
Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di
Domenico A, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, et al. (April 2017).
1164:
1140:
1042:
821:
758:
547:
379:
1759:
The Pastry Chef's Companion: A Comprehensive Resource Guide for the Baking and Pastry Professional
3479:
3024:
2932:
2676:
2552:
2109:
2101:
1115:
2947:
2927:
2671:
2616:
2294:
2064:
2012:
1927:
1896:
1844:
1778:
1768:
1764:
1670:
1647:
1596:
1547:
1496:
1427:
1390:
1275:
1099:
628:
593:
528:
493:
438:
338:
165:
159:
113:
1923:
1917:
717:; an upper limit of 2 kcal/g was set for rats, but this is not valid for humans. The US
3418:
3408:
3393:
3019:
2840:
2656:
2626:
2606:
2562:
2440:
2284:
2093:
2004:
1836:
1756:
1637:
1627:
1586:
1578:
1537:
1527:
1486:
1476:
1419:
1382:
1265:
1255:
636:
601:
330:
264:
2179:"Conflict casts ominous shadow over global supplies of Sudan's flagship export: gum Arabic"
3358:
3279:
3044:
2956:
2796:
2638:
2557:
884:
857:
469:
388:
295:). A 2017 safety re-evaluation by the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources of the
171:
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3423:
3389:
3262:
3221:
2989:
2892:
2717:
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2621:
2611:
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2515:
2402:
2377:
1642:
1615:
1591:
1566:
1542:
1515:
1491:
1464:
1386:
1348:. Nairobi, Kenya: Network for Natural Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA). Archived from
1270:
1243:
1127:
1074:
939:
904:
789:
671:
616:
481:
208:
2084:
Webb, J. L. (2009). "The Trade in Gum Arabic: Prelude to French Conquest in Senegal".
2035:
899:
329:
and in addition to its widespread use in food and pharmaceutical industries as a safe
3473:
3398:
3179:
3154:
3099:
2855:
2824:
2651:
2646:
2547:
2490:
2113:
2030:
1973:
1757:
1078:
1020:
935:
722:
714:
678:
648:
425:
326:
224:
2178:
840:. In the final print, the acacia gum permanently binds the pigments onto the paper.
3428:
3413:
3252:
3174:
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3009:
3004:
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574:
539:
485:
432:
403:
350:
204:
2254:"Key Ingredient in Coca-Cola, Chocolate and Red Wine Is Caught Up in Sudan Crisis"
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to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as
463:
447:
In rats, a protective effect on the intestine against the adverse actions of the
3304:
3194:
3189:
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3147:
3137:
3128:
2994:
2845:
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853:
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581:
543:
520:
516:
409:
395:
292:
236:
150:
279:
from 19 to 23 March 1999, as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of
275:
Gum arabic was defined by the 31st Codex Committee for Food Additives, held at
17:
3274:
3269:
3226:
3209:
3199:
3159:
3109:
2999:
2887:
2776:
2596:
2542:
2505:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2419:
2395:
2097:
1972:
Azzaoui K, Hammouti B, Lamhamdi A, Mejdoubi E, Berrabah M (20 December 2014).
1840:
1423:
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951:
686:
675:
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559:
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362:
354:
220:
2338:
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2902:
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2579:
2569:
2500:
2485:
2450:
1532:
1102:
into direct conflict with the French. In the 1820s, the French launched the
930:
777:
acacia gum slows evaporation of water, giving slightly longer working time.
706:
656:
652:
609:
605:
597:
567:
555:
551:
452:
307:
276:
256:
252:
216:
212:
2298:
2016:
1651:
1600:
1551:
1500:
1431:
1377:
Ahmed AA (January 2018). "Health benefits of gum arabic and medical use.".
1279:
1049:
Island (off the coast of modern Mauritania), which acquired acacia gum and
267:, though less expensive materials compete with it for many of these roles.
1848:
1465:"The lowering effect of Gum Arabic on hyperlipidemia in Sudanese patients"
3094:
3059:
2967:
2952:
2850:
2806:
2791:
2781:
2766:
2756:
2510:
2435:
2289:
2272:
1582:
1062:, this acacia gum was considered superior to that previously obtained in
1003:
995:
979:
873:
833:
632:
612:
589:
501:
489:
334:
288:
240:
232:
615:
plates in the interval between processing of the plate and its use on a
361:
that enhances the growth and proliferation of the beneficial intestinal
3336:
3331:
3321:
3294:
3214:
3114:
3079:
3069:
3054:
2811:
2722:
2591:
2586:
2465:
2045:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 482.
1069:
991:
987:
971:
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762:
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585:
512:
477:
370:
313:
200:
189:
185:
2105:
2008:
1632:
3379:
3363:
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3326:
3289:
3247:
3242:
3142:
2897:
2801:
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2430:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
926:
524:
497:
415:
301:
235:
E414 (I414 in the US). Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional
745:
3309:
3184:
3104:
3089:
3036:
2786:
2745:
2537:
2415:
2390:
1798:"Gum arabic: the invisible ingredient in soft drink supply chains"
1692:"Effect of gum arabic on wine astringency and colloidal stability"
1111:
1068:
999:
983:
967:
911:
898:
861:
770:
744:
736:
535:
508:
462:
419:
244:
181:
177:
108:
100:
1151:
Gum arabic slows the rate of absorption of some drugs, including
3316:
3299:
3284:
2529:
1118:(modern Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger) and
975:
959:
571:
437:
Prebiotic improving the intestinal barrier function, preventing
248:
2342:
3124:
2829:
2385:
2328:
2157:"Sudan crisis spells uncertainty for key Coca-Cola ingredient"
1893:
Het kunstschilderboek â handboek voor materialen en technieken
718:
260:
154:
36:
2034:
2135:"What does Sudan's crisis mean for the gum arabic industry?"
836:
that becomes relatively insoluble in water upon exposure to
701:
in the colon under the influence of microorganisms; it is a
1565:
Carlson JL, Erickson JM, Lloyd BB, Slavin JL (March 2018).
2271:
Eltayeb IB, Awad AI, Elderbi MA, Shadad SA (August 2004).
1690:
Vivas N, Vivas de Gaulejac N, Nonier MF, Nedjma M (2001).
570:-increasing agent. Wine makers have used gum arabic as a
2325:
Story on gum arabic, its production, and use in industry
1244:"Re-evaluation of acacia gum (E 414) as a food additive"
349:
studies. Gum arabic is not degraded in the stomach, but
1567:"Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber"
305:(in the broad sense) species, instead coming from e.g.
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
1616:"Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits"
872:
Gum arabic is also used as a water-soluble binder in
394:
Lipid lowering potential (gum arabic decreases total
353:
in the large intestine into a number of short chain
180:(about 70% of the global supply) and throughout the
3372:
3235:
3123:
3035:
2820:
2736:
2637:
2524:
2411:
2376:
1317:"Tears of gold: how gum arabic conquered the world"
500:by humans. Other substances have replaced it where
1974:"The Gum Arabic in the southern region of Morocco"
1886:
1884:
685:for human consumption. An indication of harmless
255:, and various industrial applications, including
1073:West African tribes meet to trade gum arabic at
30:For the chewable resin known as Arabic gum, see
1667:Handbook of Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Excipients
946:. Today, the main populations of gum-producing
663:. A solution of sugar and gum arabic in water,
2061:Gum Arabic.The Golden Tears of the Acacia Tree
1763:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp.
788:Gum arabic has a long history as additives to
2354:
1463:Mohamed RE, Gadour MO, Adam I (18 May 2015).
627:Gum arabic is used in the food industry as a
8:
2334:Harvesting gum arabic in Sudan â in pictures
2054:
2052:
689:occurs in some people taking large doses of
223:in water, edible, and used primarily in the
2201:"Gum arabic threatened by the war in Sudan"
693:or more per day. It is not degraded in the
2361:
2347:
2339:
2224:"Impact of Bush's Sudan sanctions doubted"
1083:CĂŽte occidentale d'Afrique du Colonel Frey
1019:caused by the destruction of trees by the
2288:
2277:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
1641:
1631:
1590:
1541:
1531:
1490:
1480:
1269:
1259:
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
2222:Gerstenzang J, Sanders E (30 May 2007).
1922:(3rd ed.). Cahners Bookj. pp.
1514:Abd El-Mawla AM, Osman HE (April 2011).
1343:"Production and marketing of gum arabic"
50:This article includes a list of general
1227:
1192:
925:While gum arabic has been harvested in
848:Gum arabic is also used to protect and
1304:from the original on 28 February 2018.
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
761:because it dissolves easily in water.
153:originally consisting of the hardened
27:Natural gum obtained from Acacia trees
588:cones. It is also used as a lickable
584:, and can be used in making homemade
118:, pictured in the medicinal handbook
7:
3452:
1381:. Academic Press. pp. 183â210.
1372:
1370:
2063:. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
1163:In the works of English playwright
1126:, until these nations gained their
1110:, had signed an agreement with the
757:Gum arabic is used as a binder for
1864:"Gum arabic caloric value lowered"
1808:from the original on 15 March 2018
1387:10.1016/b978-0-12-812002-6.00016-6
832:to create a coloured photographic
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1891:Kraaijpoel D, Herenius C (2007).
1571:Current Developments in Nutrition
580:It is an important ingredient in
511:and "hard" gummy candies such as
3451:
3442:
3441:
2234:from the original on 1 June 2007
1895:. Tirion Creatief. p. 183.
542:, and it is used as a binder in
41:
3485:Agricultural products of Africa
1916:Parmalee CW, Harman CG (1973).
1829:Food Additives and Contaminants
1315:Braun, Bart (23 January 2020).
431:modulating the release of some
325:Gum arabic is a rich source of
2159:. Deutsche Welle. 20 July 2023
2086:The Journal of African History
1796:McEachran R (16 August 2013).
1300:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
441:, and alleviating symptoms of
297:European Food Safety Authority
1:
1978:Moroccan Journal of Chemistry
889:8-5' Noncyclic diferulic acid
488:gives it the properties of a
227:and soft-drink industry as a
105:Acacia gum, pieces and powder
1862:Hills S (17 November 2008).
1755:Rinsky LH, Rinsky G (2009).
1726:"Printing Process Explained"
1702:(8): 175â176. Archived from
1696:Progres Agricole et Viticole
1412:Food and Chemical Toxicology
753:, some containing gum arabic
683:generally recognized as safe
211:, predominantly polymers of
1081:, 1890 (illustration from "
820:uses gum arabic mixed with
713:has been reached about its
121:Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
3561:
2370:Non-timber forest products
2137:. Al Jazeera. 11 July 2023
1341:Muller D, Okoro C (2004).
1124:British-administered Sudan
1104:Franco-Trarzan War of 1825
818:gum bichromate photography
29:
3520:Agriculture in Mauritania
3437:
2203:. AfricaNews. 22 May 2023
2098:10.1017/S0021853700036914
1841:10.1080/02652039809374639
1424:10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.001
1122:(modern Chad) as well as
1098:, eventually brought the
1045:set up a trading post on
192:. The name "gum Arabic" (
149:and by other names) is a
2181:. Arab News. 29 May 2023
1669:. CRC Press. p. 7.
1482:10.3389/fphys.2015.00160
1261:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4741
1120:French Equatorial Africa
670:Gum arabic is a complex
643:, fillings, soft candy,
527:, it is the traditional
467:Gum arabic exuding from
443:irritable bowel diseases
391:and body fat percentage)
285:Vachellia (Acacia) seyal
199:Gum arabic is a complex
2258:The Wall Street Journal
2042:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1948:"Gum Bichromate Prints"
1614:Slavin J (April 2013).
1533:10.4103/0974-8490.81959
1469:Frontiers in Physiology
802:carboxymethyl cellulose
538:and in photography for
523:chocolate candies. For
387:(gum arabic lowers the
369:Improved absorption of
71:more precise citations.
3530:Agriculture in Nigeria
3525:Agriculture in Senegal
3384:(Iberian agroforestry)
2622:Pacific mountain onion
1520:Pharmacognosy Research
1086:
1085:", pl. en reg. p. 100)
922:
909:
854:lithographic processes
754:
742:
554:also use the gum as a
473:
433:inflammatory mediators
375:gastrointestinal tract
357:. It is regarded as a
157:of two species of the
131:
106:
3404:Indian forest produce
2875:Hydnocarpus wightiana
2316:Kew Species Profile:
1665:Smolinske SC (1992).
1072:
950:species are found in
915:
902:
748:
740:
466:
112:
104:
3510:Agriculture in Niger
3505:Agriculture in Sudan
2647:Bare-toothed russula
2059:van Dalen D (2020).
1181:Mastic (plant resin)
826:potassium dichromate
711:scientific consensus
709:). No regulatory or
705:(as distinct from a
548:Pharmaceutical drugs
32:Mastic (plant resin)
3515:Agriculture in Chad
3258:musical instruments
2516:Woodland strawberry
1165:William Shakespeare
1141:2023 Sudan conflict
1043:Henry the Navigator
938:that runs from the
759:watercolor painting
3545:E-number additives
2290:10.1093/jac/dkh372
1583:10.1093/cdn/nzy005
1116:French West Africa
1087:
923:
910:
755:
743:
651:, and to bind the
474:
265:textile industries
194:al-samgh al-'arabi
132:
128:Franz Eugen Köhler
107:
3467:
3466:
2228:Los Angeles Times
2009:10.1021/bm060145j
1997:Biomacromolecules
1924:131â133, 145, 589
1902:978-90-439-1107-8
1868:foodnavigator-usa
1774:978-0-470-00955-0
1736:on 15 August 2012
1633:10.3390/nu5041417
1396:978-0-12-812002-6
1108:Muhammad al Habib
1100:Emirate of Trarza
1032:Political aspects
838:ultraviolet light
633:emulsifying agent
592:, for example on
166:Senegalia senegal
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
3552:
3540:Food stabilizers
3490:Food ingredients
3455:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3419:Resin extraction
3409:Mushroom hunting
3385:
3131: / etc.
2985:
2878:
2713:Saffron milk cap
2703:Parasol mushroom
2543:Fiddlehead ferns
2363:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2092:(2â3): 149â168.
2081:
2075:
2074:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1762:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1732:. Archived from
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1355:on 11 March 2016
1354:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1239:
1215:
1197:
1155:, from the gut.
1106:. The new emir,
1041:In 1445, Prince
1017:2003â2005 crises
733:Painting and art
692:
637:thickening agent
602:cigarette papers
564:suspending agent
130:
124:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3433:
3383:
3368:
3359:Vegetable ivory
3231:
3119:
3031:
2979:
2872:
2834:
2816:
2750:
2732:
2698:Oyster mushroom
2688:Meadow mushroom
2633:
2617:Twincrest onion
2520:
2424:
2407:
2378:Animal products
2372:
2367:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2121:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1177:
1161:
1149:
1136:
1039:
1034:
1029:
918:Vachellia seyal
897:
885:Arabinogalactan
882:
870:
846:
812:The historical
810:
786:
749:A selection of
735:
690:
625:
482:polysaccharides
470:Acacia nilotica
461:
426:Immune function
389:body mass index
323:
321:Health benefits
273:
239:and is used in
209:polysaccharides
172:Vachellia seyal
125:
119:
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gum arabic tree
15:
12:
11:
5:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3449:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3424:Rubber tapping
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:Forest farming
3387:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3026:Vateria indica
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:Shorea robusta
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:Honey mushroom
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2553:Mahuwa flowers
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2322:
2318:Acacia senegal
2311:
2310:External links
2308:
2305:
2304:
2263:
2245:
2214:
2192:
2170:
2148:
2119:
2076:
2069:
2048:
2036:"Arguin"
2033:, ed. (1911).
2031:Chisholm, Hugh
2022:
2003:(9): 2637â49.
1987:
1964:
1939:
1932:
1919:Ceramic Glazes
1908:
1901:
1880:
1854:
1819:
1788:
1773:
1747:
1717:
1706:on 8 June 2012
1682:
1675:
1657:
1626:(4): 1417â35.
1606:
1557:
1506:
1455:
1437:
1402:
1395:
1366:
1333:
1307:
1296:Acacia senegal
1285:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1199:also known as
1191:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1160:
1159:Symbolic value
1157:
1148:
1145:
1135:
1132:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
940:Atlantic Ocean
905:Acacia senegal
896:
893:
881:
878:
869:
866:
845:
842:
809:
806:
790:ceramic glazes
785:
782:
734:
731:
672:polysaccharide
624:
621:
617:printing press
594:postage stamps
546:compositions.
460:
457:
456:
455:
445:
435:
423:
413:
407:
392:
382:
377:
327:dietary fibers
322:
319:
287:in the family
281:Acacia senegal
272:
269:
115:Acacia senegal
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3557:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Honey hunting
3397:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Coconut sugar
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2728:Yellow knight
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Slippery jack
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Heart of palm
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2526:Edible plants
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Juniper berry
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2260:. 3 May 2023.
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2070:9789087283360
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1933:0-8436-0609-6
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:(3): 251â64.
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1748:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1705:
1701:
1698:(in French).
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1676:0-8493-3585-X
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:(3): nzy005.
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1526:(2): 114â21.
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1298:(gum arabic)"
1297:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1254:(4): e04741.
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
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1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1167:, Dutch poet
1166:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Waalo Kingdom
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1079:Senegal River
1076:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1021:desert locust
1018:
1013:
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1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:Sahara Desert
932:
928:
920:
919:
914:
907:
906:
901:
894:
892:
890:
886:
879:
877:
876:composition.
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867:
865:
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855:
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843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
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807:
805:
803:
797:
795:
791:
783:
781:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
747:
739:
732:
730:
728:
724:
723:dietary fibre
720:
716:
715:caloric value
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
688:
684:
680:
679:dietary fibre
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:confectionery
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
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569:
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541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:glycoproteins
483:
479:
476:Gum arabic's
472:
471:
465:
458:
454:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
427:
424:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:
386:
383:
381:
380:Anti-diabetic
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
315:
310:
309:
304:
303:
298:
294:
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286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
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254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:food industry
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:glycoproteins
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
168:
167:
162:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
129:
122:
117:
116:
111:
103:
99:
91:
88:
80:
77:November 2022
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3500:Natural gums
3456:
3429:Wildcrafting
3414:Naval stores
3392: /
3380:
3349:Tendu leaves
3305:Natural dyes
3175:Gutta-percha
3169:
3127: /
3065:Frankincense
3025:
2981:
2938:Mango butter
2883:Cocoa butter
2874:
2871:Chaulmoogra
2841:Allanblackia
2772:Black pepper
2657:Birch bolete
2607:Canada onion
2592:Wild ginseng
2587:Saw palmetto
2528: /
2418: /
2320:(gum arabic)
2317:
2283:(2): 577â8.
2280:
2276:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2236:. Retrieved
2227:
2217:
2207:18 September
2205:. Retrieved
2195:
2185:18 September
2183:. Retrieved
2173:
2163:18 September
2161:. Retrieved
2151:
2141:18 September
2139:. Retrieved
2089:
2085:
2079:
2060:
2040:
2025:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1918:
1911:
1892:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1857:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1802:The Guardian
1801:
1791:
1758:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:the original
1729:
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1699:
1695:
1685:
1666:
1660:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1440:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1378:
1357:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1295:
1288:
1251:
1248:EFSA Journal
1247:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1162:
1150:
1147:Pharmacology
1137:
1130:in 1959â61.
1128:independence
1088:
1082:
1040:
1012:transhumance
1007:
964:Burkina Faso
947:
924:
916:
903:
883:
871:
868:Pyrotechnics
852:an image in
847:
811:
798:
794:deflocculant
787:
779:
775:
756:
669:
647:, and other
626:
579:
575:fining agent
540:gum printing
517:marshmallows
475:
468:
439:colon cancer
428:
404:triglyceride
385:Anti-obesity
346:
342:
324:
312:
306:
300:
284:
280:
274:
198:
193:
170:
164:
158:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:
120:
114:
98:
83:
74:
55:
3364:Willow bark
3195:Maple syrup
3190:Maple sugar
3165:Fruit syrup
3148:chewing gum
3138:Birch syrup
2995:Shea butter
2667:Chanterelle
2612:Crow garlic
2602:Bear garlic
2597:Wild onions
2575:filé powder
2496:Lingonberry
2481:Huckleberry
1957:3 September
1952:www.nga.gov
1730:dynodan.com
1326:3 September
1321:Mare Online
1153:amoxicillin
1092:Saint-Louis
1037:West Africa
880:Composition
844:Printmaking
816:process of
814:photography
808:Photography
691:30 g (1 oz)
665:gomme syrup
661:soft drinks
645:chewing gum
582:shoe polish
544:pyrotechnic
410:Antioxidant
396:cholesterol
355:fatty acids
293:Leguminosae
259:control in
237:lithography
151:natural gum
147:Senegal gum
69:introducing
3535:Excipients
3474:Categories
3275:Birch beer
3270:Birch bark
3227:Spruce gum
3210:akpeteshie
3200:Palm sugar
3170:Gum arabic
3160:Date sugar
3110:Turpentine
2990:Sandalwood
2893:Eucalyptus
2888:Eucalyptol
2777:Brazil nut
2652:Bay bolete
2506:Strawberry
2461:Cocoa bean
2456:Breadfruit
2446:Blackberry
2420:tree fruit
1418:(1): 1â8.
1379:Gum Arabic
1222:References
1213:Indian gum
1209:Arabic gum
1201:acacia gum
1169:Jacob Cats
1096:Portendick
952:Mauritania
895:Production
858:Phosphoric
687:flatulence
657:flavorings
653:sweeteners
629:stabiliser
560:emulsifier
533:watercolor
506:soft drink
412:activities
363:microbiota
339:stabilizer
335:emulsifier
271:Definition
229:stabilizer
143:gum sudani
139:gum acacia
135:Gum arabic
52:references
3480:Adhesives
3394:gardening
3354:Thatching
3205:Palm wine
3050:Birch tar
2978:Sal-seed
2903:Japan wax
2856:Candlenut
2797:Malva nut
2762:Areca nut
2683:Matsutake
2639:Mushrooms
2580:root beer
2570:Sassafras
2558:Sago palm
2501:Raspberry
2486:Jackfruit
2451:Blueberry
2403:Wild game
2114:162162993
1984:: 99â107.
1783:173182689
1740:29 August
1620:Nutrients
931:West Asia
874:fireworks
707:probiotic
703:prebiotic
699:fermented
695:intestine
610:aluminium
606:oxidation
598:envelopes
568:viscosity
552:cosmetics
521:M&M's
453:meloxicam
373:from the
359:prebiotic
351:fermented
331:thickener
308:Combretum
277:The Hague
257:viscosity
253:cosmetics
217:galactose
213:arabinose
3447:Category
3263:textiles
3095:Pine tar
3060:Creosote
3010:Tea-tree
3005:Tea-seed
2973:Pongamia
2963:Phulwara
2948:Nagkesar
2943:Murumuru
2918:Kpangnan
2866:Carnauba
2807:Pine nut
2792:Hazelnut
2782:Cinnamon
2767:Bay leaf
2757:Allspice
2679:(reishi)
2511:Tamarind
2476:Gambooge
2436:Bilberry
2299:15269196
2232:Archived
2017:16961328
1812:29 April
1806:Archived
1710:29 April
1652:23609775
1601:30019028
1552:21772755
1501:26042049
1432:18672018
1359:10 March
1302:Archived
1280:32625453
1175:See also
1004:Tanzania
996:Ethiopia
980:Cameroon
834:emulsion
822:ammonium
784:Ceramics
751:gouaches
681:that is
613:printing
590:adhesive
513:gumdrops
502:toxicity
496:that is
343:in vitro
289:Fabaceae
241:printing
233:E number
219:. It is
3458:Commons
3373:Related
3337:Tanbark
3332:Shellac
3322:Quinine
3295:Gambier
3215:ogogoro
3115:Varnish
3080:Lacquer
3070:Gamboge
3055:Camphor
3045:Benzoin
2955: (
2861:Capuacu
2846:Babassu
2812:Vanilla
2723:Truffle
2708:Red cap
2677:Lingzhi
2466:Coconut
2441:Binukaw
2416:Berries
1849:9666883
1767:, 134.
1643:3705355
1592:6041804
1543:3129020
1492:4434902
1475:: 160.
1271:7010027
1077:on the
1027:History
992:Somalia
988:Eritrea
972:Nigeria
956:Senegal
944:Red Sea
942:to the
830:pigment
767:diluent
763:Pigment
676:soluble
586:incense
525:artists
478:mixture
422:support
371:calcium
347:in vivo
314:Albizia
263:and in
231:, with
221:soluble
201:mixture
190:Somalia
186:Senegal
184:, from
65:improve
3381:Dehesa
3342:tannin
3327:Rattan
3290:Forage
3253:edible
3248:Bamboo
3243:Amadou
3222:Rubber
3143:Chicle
3085:Mastic
3037:Resins
3020:Ucuuba
3015:Tucuma
3000:Tamanu
2957:kernel
2928:Mafura
2898:Illipe
2851:Bacuri
2802:Nutmeg
2746:spices
2471:Durian
2431:Banana
2297:
2238:1 June
2112:
2106:181721
2104:
2067:
2015:
1930:
1899:
1873:6 June
1847:
1781:
1771:
1673:
1650:
1640:
1599:
1589:
1550:
1540:
1499:
1489:
1451:
1430:
1393:
1278:
1268:
1211:, and
1205:acacia
1064:Arabia
1060:Brakna
1056:Trarza
1051:slaves
1047:Arguin
1008:Acacia
1002:, and
948:Acacia
927:Arabia
862:blacks
697:, but
635:, and
600:, and
562:, and
556:binder
529:binder
519:, and
498:edible
494:binder
416:Kidney
402:, and
337:, and
302:Acacia
245:paints
163:tree,
160:Acacia
123:(1887)
54:, but
3495:Crops
3310:henna
3285:Ferns
3236:Other
3185:Latex
3105:Rosin
3100:Pitch
3090:Myrrh
3075:Kauri
2933:Mahua
2923:Kusum
2913:Kombo
2908:Kokum
2830:waxes
2787:Clove
2693:Morel
2627:Ramps
2563:queen
2538:Betel
2530:roots
2391:Honey
2327:from
2110:S2CID
2102:JSTOR
1353:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1187:Notes
1134:Sudan
1075:Bakel
1000:Kenya
984:Sudan
968:Niger
771:paper
641:icing
536:paint
509:syrup
451:drug
449:NSAID
420:liver
249:glues
182:Sahel
178:Sudan
3317:Peat
3300:Moss
3280:Cork
3180:Kino
2968:Pilu
2953:Palm
2741:Nuts
2396:pine
2386:Furs
2295:PMID
2240:2007
2209:2023
2187:2023
2165:2023
2143:2023
2065:ISBN
2013:PMID
1959:2023
1928:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1875:2018
1845:PMID
1814:2018
1779:OCLC
1769:ISBN
1742:2012
1712:2018
1671:ISBN
1648:PMID
1597:PMID
1548:PMID
1497:PMID
1428:PMID
1391:ISBN
1361:2016
1328:2023
1276:PMID
1058:and
976:Chad
960:Mali
929:and
850:etch
828:and
674:and
655:and
623:Food
572:wine
550:and
492:and
490:glue
484:and
459:Uses
418:and
345:and
261:inks
215:and
207:and
169:and
3129:gum
3125:Sap
2825:Oil
2662:Cep
2329:NPR
2285:doi
2094:doi
2005:doi
1837:doi
1700:118
1638:PMC
1628:doi
1587:PMC
1579:doi
1538:PMC
1528:doi
1487:PMC
1477:doi
1420:doi
1383:doi
1266:PMC
1256:doi
824:or
727:FDA
719:FDA
659:in
639:in
608:of
566:or
531:in
480:of
429:via
400:LDL
311:or
283:or
203:of
188:to
155:sap
126:by
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2275:.
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