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669:", "hot spark", "metal match", or "fire steel"). This human-made material, when scraped with any hard, sharp edge, produces sparks that are much hotter than obtained with natural flint and steel, allowing use of a wider range of tinders. Because it can produce sparks when wet and can start fires when used correctly, ferrocerium is commonly included in
829:
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649:") at an angle, creating a shower of sparks and exposing a charge of priming powder. The sparks ignite the priming powder and that flame, in turn, ignites the main charge, propelling the ball, bullet, or shot through the barrel. While the military use of the flintlock declined after the adoption of the
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bodies produced in the UK. In clay bodies calcined flint attenuates the shrinkage whilst drying, and modifies the fired thermal expansion. Can also be used in glazes as a network former. In preparation for use flint pebbles, frequently sourced from the coasts of South-East
England or Western France,
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Flint's utility as a fire starter is hampered by its property of uneven expansion under heating, causing it to fracture, sometimes violently, during heating. This tendency is enhanced by the impurities found in most samples of flint that may expand to a greater or lesser degree than the surrounding
746:
554:. Like past studies, this work involved experimenting with actual knapping techniques by creation of stone tools through the use of techniques like direct freehand percussion, freehand pressure and pressure using a rest. Other scholars who have conducted similar experiments and studies include
702:
in
Norfolk) up to the present day as a material for building stone walls, using lime mortar, and often combined with other available stone or brick rubble. It was most common in those parts of southern England where no good building stone was available locally, and where brick-making was not
821:
Flint pebbles are used as the media in ball mills to grind glazes and other raw materials for the ceramics industry. The pebbles are hand-selected based on colour; those having a tint of red, indicating high iron content, are discarded. The remaining blue-grey stones have a low content of
785:
164:. Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey or black, green, white, or brown in colour, and has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin, oxidised layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture. The nodules can often be found along
573:
To reduce susceptibility to fragmentation, flint/chert may be heat-treated, being slowly brought up to a temperature of 150 to 260 °C (300 to 500 °F) for 24 hours, then slowly cooled to room temperature. This makes the material more homogeneous and thus more
762:
734:), especially in the 15th and early 16th centuries. Because knapping flints to a relatively flush surface and size is a highly skilled process with a high level of wastage, flint finishes typically indicate high status buildings.
613:) would be used along with the flint, in a similar (but more time-consuming) way. These methods remain popular in woodcraft, bushcraft, and amongst people practising traditional fire-starting skills.
862:. Because of the historical use of flint, the word "flint" is used by some potters (especially in the U.S.) to refer generically to siliceous raw materials used in ceramics that are not flint.
179:
dates back more than three million years; flint's extreme durability has made it possible to accurately date its use over this time. Flint is one of the primary materials used to define the
1344:
1567:
Manackerman, M.; Davies, E. (1952). Calcination of Flint (Report). Research Paper. Vol. 191 Part 2: Continuous process in a vertical-shaft kiln. British
Ceramic Research Association.
315:
The exact mode of formation of flint is not yet clear, but it is thought that it occurs as a result of chemical changes in compressed sedimentary rock formations during the process of
854:
to around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F). This heating process both removed organic impurities and induced certain physical reactions, including converting some of the quartz to
1051:
801:
413:. The flint from Flint Ridge is found in many hues like red, green, pink, blue, white, and grey, with the colour variations caused by minute impurities of iron compounds.
175:
Flint breaks and chips into sharp-edged pieces, making it useful in constructing a variety of cutting tools, such as knife blades and scrapers. The use of flint to make
261:
extracted the flint from hundreds of quarries along the ridge. This "Ohio Flint" was traded across the eastern United States, and has been found as far west as the
202:
347:, contain trapped fossilised marine flora. Pieces of coral and vegetation have been found preserved inside the flint similar to insects and plant parts within
335:. This hypothesis would certainly explain the complex shapes of flint nodules that are found. The source of dissolved silica in the porous media could be the
641:
firearms, but also used on dedicated fire-starting tools. A piece of flint held in the jaws of a spring-loaded hammer, when released by a trigger, strikes a
307:
1289:
Flenniken, J. Jeffrey. "The Past, Present, and Future of
Flintknapping: An Anthropological Perspective." Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984): 187-203.
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When struck against steel, a flint edge produces sparks. The hard flint edge shaves off a particle of the steel that exposes iron, which reacts with
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1336:
991:
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858:. After calcination the flint pebbles were crushed and milled to a fine particle size. However, the use of flint has now been superseded by
245:
During the Stone Age, access to flint was so important for survival that people would travel or trade long distances to obtain the stone.
1202:
737:
During World War I, in the chalky-soil country of France, the
British filled sandbags with flint and used these sandbags as breastworks.
311:
Silicified remains of algae and silica pseudomorph after halite in flint. Pebble of Loire near
Marcigny, France. Image width: about 5 mm.
2427:
1396:
730:. Many different decorative effects have been achieved by using different types of knapping or arrangement and combinations with stone (
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as it splits into thin, sharp splinters called flakes or blades (depending on the shape) when struck by another hard object (such as a
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The "Ohio flint" is the official gemstone of Ohio state. It is formed from limey debris that was deposited at the bottom of inland
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917: – Small mass of a mineral with a contrasting composition to the enclosing sediment or rock not to be confused with
1704:
Introduction to the historical use of flint in construction and the repair and conservation of historic flint buildings
756:, Somerset, England. The height of the very neatly knapped flints varies between 3 and 5 inches (7.6 and 12.7 cm).
726:
Flint was used in the construction of many churches, houses, and other buildings, for example, the large stronghold of
683:
343:). Certain types of flint, such as that from the south coast of England and its counterpart on the French side of the
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2043:
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987:
250:
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Proceedings of the
American Ceramic Society Annual Meeting 1978; Materials, Equipment, & Whitewares Division
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1512:'Ceramics Glaze Technology.’ Taylor J.R. & Bull A.C. The Institute Of Ceramics & Pergamon Press. 1986.
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and produces tools with a cleaner, sharper cutting edge. Heat treating was known to Stone Age artisans.
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753:
555:
476:
281:
1425:
Masefield, John, "The Old
Frontline," The Macmillan Company, New York, Copyright 1917, pages 34-35.
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Flint can be coloured: sandy brown, medium to dark grey, black, reddish brown or an off-white grey.
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from the 1840s onward, flintlock rifles and shotguns remain in use amongst recreational shooters.
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Flint, knapped or unknapped, has been used from antiquity (for example at the Late Roman fort of
1701:
550:, under the leadership of H. Holmes Ellis began to study the knapping methods and techniques of
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and flint circles are found around Europe but especially in
Norfolk, England, on the beaches at
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2668:
2192:
1909:
1802:
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1192:
1186:
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479:). In Europe, some of the best toolmaking flint has come from Belgium (Obourg, flint mines of
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When struck against steel, flint will produce enough sparks to ignite a fire with the correct
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oxides and so are less deleterious to the colour of the ceramic composition after firing.
795:– knapped and unknapped ("cobble") flints are mixed with pieces of brick and other stones.
484:
344:
262:
2369:
887: – Rock consisting of cryptocrystalline silica alternating with microgranular quartz
673:. Ferrocerium is used in many cigarette lighters, where it is referred to as "a flint".
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1310:"Fire from Steel – Custom forged fire steels from Roman through Fur Trade time periods"
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990: – Archaeological site in Ohio, United States, a Native American flint quarry in
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is that a gelatinous material fills cavities in the sediment, such as holes bored by
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Flint bracelets were known in
Ancient Egypt, and several examples have been found.
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375:
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1624:
Zamek, J. (2005). "Stoneware clay body formulas. Part 2: The perfect body".
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899: – Hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of cryptocrystalline silica
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Sugden, A. (2001). "Changes & developments of non-plastic raw materials".
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Flint and steel used to strike sparks were superseded in the 20th century by
101:
A piece of flint 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long, weighing 171 grams
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291:. Although it has been superseded in these uses by different processes (the
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55:
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962: – New World prehistoric projectile, archaeological artefacts of the
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widespread until the later Middle Ages. It is especially associated with
520:
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480:
461:
379:
367:
328:
1337:"Traditional Firestarting Part I: How to Make Fire with Flint and Steel"
1137:
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when exposed to heat, and can become a drawback when flint is used as a
17:
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3202:
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1947:
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beds, for example, in Europe. Puzzling giant flint formations known as
354:
120:
1290:
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1439:. American Ceramic Society Bulletin. Vol. Bulletin 86, No. 6.
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Priory show flints and mortar through the whole depth of the wall
299:), "flint" has lent its name as generic term for a fire starter.
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2907:
2839:
1939:
1929:
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254:
135:
30:
This article is about the sedimentary rock. For other uses, see
2409:
2032:
2028:
1711:
1674:
185:
665:(sometimes referred to as "flint", although not true flint, "
358:
Pebble beach made up of flint nodules eroded from the nearby
1188:
State Geosymbols: Geological Symbols of the 50 United States
515:(Balkan flint), the Cenomanian chalky marl formation of the
1138:"Uses of Flint - Tools, weapons, fire starters, gemstones"
460:
made of another material). This process is referred to as
405:
seas hundreds of millions of years ago that hardened into
1224:
http://prospectingnb.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html
249:
was an important source of flint traded across Europe.
978:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
845:
flint was also an important raw material in clay-based
752:
A flint church – the Parish Church of Saint Thomas, in
210:
944: – Quarrying term for any hard dark-coloured rock
452:
Flint was used in the manufacture of tools during the
351:. Thin slices of the stone often reveal this effect.
1524:
Whitewares: Production, testing, and quality control
1500:
Whitewares: Production, testing, and quality control
1002:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
776:, Norfolk, showing alternating courses of flint and
507:
in England, the Upper Cretaceous chalk formation of
3233:
3071:
2858:
2441:
2352:
2286:
2243:
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2135:
2089:
1961:
1938:
1890:
1883:
1862:
1834:
1801:
1748:
1692:
Paramoudras and flint circles photograph collection
1596:
The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques
1478:
1476:
1119:
Flint vs Chert Authentic Artefacts Collectors Assn.
707:, but also used in chalky areas stretching through
80:
1675:Flintsource.net European Artefacts – detailed site
791:A typical medieval wall (with modern memorial) at
605:Prior to the wide availability of steel, rocks of
633:A later, major use of flint and steel was in the
1050:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1032:. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021
1000: – quarrying of flint, usually in antiquity
911: – Chalcedony variety colored by iron oxide
1552:Heckroodt, Oelef (March–April 2012). "Silica".
499:(flint mine at Hov), the Sennonian deposits of
598:from the atmosphere and can ignite the proper
141:. Historically, flint was widely used to make
2421:
2044:
1723:
1702:Flint and the Conservation of Flint Buildings
590:A ferrocerium "flint" spark lighter in action
199:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
1452:Ceramics: Physical and chemical fundamentals
893: – Microcrystalline varieties of silica
448:spearpoint about 76 mm (3 in) long
39:
27:Cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz
1680:Flint circles and paramoudra – Beeston Bump
1590:(3rd ed.). The Institute of Materials.
257:was another important source of flint, and
2428:
2414:
2406:
2051:
2037:
2029:
1887:
1730:
1716:
1708:
926: – Naturally occurring volcanic glass
217:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
54:
2375:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
1261:"Neolithic Flint Mines of Petit-Spiennes
938: – Hydrated amorphous form of silica
682:stone, and is similar to the tendency of
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
156:and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as
1609:Marsh, C.M. (1978). "Flint and silica".
1582:(3rd ed.). The Maple Press Company.
1094:
1092:
1467:Notes on the Manufacture of Earthenware
1012:
742:
1043:
38:
1377:from the original on 12 February 2021
1341:Manly Skills, Self-Reliance, Survival
1148:from the original on 27 November 2020
7:
1643:. Swansea University. Archived from
1316:from the original on 25 January 2021
833:Bottle kilns traditionally used for
60:A sample of Miorcani flint from the
1291:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2155667
629:typical of Roman to Medieval period
471:, but became more common since the
467:Flint mining is attested since the
1367:"Do you have 5 Ways to Make Fire?"
1347:from the original on 9 August 2020
1205:from the original on 1 August 2020
768:Close-up of the wall of the Roman
25:
1669:Flint Architecture of East Anglia
1450:Salmang, H.; Francis, M. (1961).
1060:depicting 3D molecular structure)
932: – Banded variety of mineral
2008:
1598:. London, UK: A. & C. Black.
955:Ancient Egyptian flint jewellery
800:
784:
761:
745:
374:Flint sometimes occurs in large
190:
126:, categorized as the variety of
73: 7.5 cm (3.0 in)
2365:Control of fire by early humans
1335:Bush, Darren (6 January 2011).
1073:. quartzpage.de. Archived from
1522:Ryan, W.; Radford, C. (1987).
1498:Ryan, W.; Radford, C. (1987).
1100:The Flints from Portsdown Hill
980:, a prehistoric flint mine in
409:and later became infused with
1:
1628:. Vol. 155, no. 10.
1594:Hamer, F.; Hamer, J. (2004).
531:in Poland, as well as of the
483:), the coastal chalks of the
337:spicules of silicious sponges
69:
1537:"Use of flint in ceramics".
905: – Knapped flint nodule
1556:. No. 254. p. 64.
657:Comparison with ferrocerium
582:To ignite fire or gunpowder
436:flint axe, about 31 cm long
213:, discuss the issue on the
3473:
1697:Winchester Cathedral Close
1469:. The Technical Press Ltd.
1022:General Quartz Information
994:, Licking County, Ohio, US
988:Flint Ridge State Memorial
546:In 1938, a project of the
29:
2066:
2004:
1437:Thoroughly Modern Milling
1397:"Building a cooking fire"
1296:10 September 2020 at the
519:(Miorcani flint) and the
85:
64:chalky marl layer of the
53:
44:
2145:Autoignition temperature
1685:28 December 2017 at the
1185:McPherson, Alan (2011).
1106:13 November 2007 at the
152:Flint occurs chiefly as
2493:Basaltic trachyandesite
2461:Alkali feldspar granite
2160:Minimum ignition energy
1639:Graves-Brown, Carolyn.
1578:Parmelee, C.W. (1973).
1465:Sandeman, E.A. (1921).
1172:12 October 2007 at the
548:Ohio Historical Society
1588:Dictionary of Ceramics
1485:International Ceramics
1403:. 2001. Archived from
1235:Butler, Chris (2005).
1167:Museums.norfolk.gov.uk
1124:17 August 2004 at the
838:
694:As a building material
630:
625:Assorted reproduction
591:
475:(Michelsberg culture,
449:
437:
425:Tools or cutting edges
371:
331:and that this becomes
312:
102:
32:Flint (disambiguation)
2878:Banded iron formation
1641:"AB29 Flint bracelet"
1541:. No. 885. 1993.
1435:Sawyer, J.D. (2007).
1239:. The History Press.
1237:Prehistoric Flintwork
1030:"Quartz Mineral Data"
832:
624:
589:
564:Francis H. S. Knowles
443:
432:
357:
310:
265:and south around the
100:
1671:Book by Stephen Hart
1343:. Art of Manliness.
793:Canterbury Cathedral
754:Cricket Saint Thomas
637:, used primarily in
556:William Henry Holmes
477:Funnelbeaker culture
211:improve this section
201:may not represent a
2186:Solar Spark Lighter
2015:Minerals portal
1539:Industrial Ceramics
1271:on 31 December 2007
635:flintlock mechanism
370:, northeast Germany
41:
3234:Specific varieties
1647:on 29 October 2012
1077:on 12 January 2018
976: – Flint mine
839:
728:Framlingham Castle
631:
592:
450:
444:A 12,000 year old
438:
372:
313:
103:
3437:Sedimentary rocks
3419:
3418:
2669:Nepheline syenite
2403:
2402:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1910:Chrome chalcedony
1884:Notable varieties
1803:Cryptocrystalline
1626:Ceramics Industry
1586:Dodd, A. (1994).
1526:. Pergamon Press.
1502:. Pergamon Press.
1312:. Angelfire.com.
1263:Official web site
1071:"Flint and Chert"
992:Hopewell Township
688:building material
645:piece of steel ("
517:Moldavian Plateau
295:), or materials (
243:
242:
235:
117:cryptocrystalline
95:
94:
87:Cryptocrystalline
66:Moldavian Plateau
16:(Redirected from
3464:
3361:Rapakivi granite
3073:Metamorphic rock
2860:Sedimentary rock
2729:Quartz monzonite
2430:
2423:
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2407:
2353:Related articles
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1981:Herkimer diamond
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1386:
1384:
1382:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1267:. Archived from
1257:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1182:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1134:
1128:
1116:
1110:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1025:, WebMineral.com
1017:
1003:
979:
915:Nodule (geology)
804:
788:
765:
749:
684:glass to shatter
552:Native Americans
543:of Switzerland.
523:deposits of the
446:Folsom tradition
289:firing mechanism
259:Native Americans
238:
231:
227:
224:
218:
194:
193:
186:
74:
71:
58:
47:Sedimentary rock
42:
21:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3229:
3173:Pseudotachylite
3067:
2854:
2786:Tephriphonolite
2437:
2434:
2404:
2399:
2395:Survival skills
2380:Outdoor cooking
2348:
2287:Other equipment
2282:
2244:Modern starters
2239:
2169:
2131:
2085:
2062:
2057:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2000:
1957:
1934:
1879:
1858:
1830:
1797:
1744:
1736:
1687:Wayback Machine
1665:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:. Butterworths.
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1298:Wayback Machine
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1191:. AuthorHouse.
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:Wayback Machine
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:Wayback Machine
1117:
1113:
1108:Wayback Machine
1097:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1056:(page contains
1042:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1001:
977:
876:
868:
841:Until recently
819:
812:
805:
796:
789:
780:
766:
757:
750:
740:
696:
679:
659:
619:
612:
584:
485:English Channel
427:
422:
305:
263:Rocky Mountains
239:
228:
222:
219:
208:
195:
191:
130:that occurs in
108:, occasionally
76:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3457:Building stone
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Rhomb porphyry
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3208:Talc carbonate
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2801:Trachyandesite
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Quartz diorite
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:Picrite basalt
2483:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:Types of rocks
2435:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2177:
2175:
2174:Early starters
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:Shocked quartz
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1849:Lechatelierite
1846:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1663:External links
1661:
1659:
1658:
1631:
1616:
1601:
1580:Ceramic Glazes
1570:
1559:
1554:Ceramic Review
1544:
1529:
1514:
1505:
1490:
1472:
1457:
1442:
1427:
1418:
1407:on 25 May 2009
1401:Scout Notebook
1388:
1371:Survival Cache
1358:
1327:
1301:
1282:
1252:
1245:
1227:
1216:
1197:
1177:
1159:
1129:
1111:
1088:
1062:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
995:
985:
971:
964:Clovis culture
957:
946:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
875:
872:
867:
864:
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
799:
797:
790:
783:
781:
767:
760:
758:
751:
744:
695:
692:
678:
675:
658:
655:
651:percussion cap
618:
615:
610:
583:
580:
560:Alonzo W. Pond
541:Jura Mountains
511:and the lower
426:
423:
421:
418:
304:
301:
293:percussion cap
267:Gulf of Mexico
247:Grime's Graves
241:
240:
205:of the subject
203:worldwide view
198:
196:
189:
93:
92:
83:
82:
78:
77:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3469:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Litchfieldite
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Hyaloclastite
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Litchfieldite
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Phonotephrite
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Hyaloclastite
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Alkali basalt
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Feather stick
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:Burning glass
2179:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Friction fire
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Fire triangle
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2017:
2016:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:Miscellaneous
1861:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1487:. No. 2.
1486:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1246:9780752433400
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1204:
1200:
1198:9781463442644
1194:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
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965:
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960:Clovis points
958:
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677:Fragmentation
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671:survival kits
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67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3432:Flint (rock)
3336:Luxullianite
3316:Lapis lazuli
3275:
3261:Blue Granite
3188:Serpentinite
3163:Metapsammite
2942:
2913:Conglomerate
2835:Trondhjemite
2813:Trachybasalt
2754:Pantellerite
2659:Monzogranite
2604:Hornblendite
2589:Granodiorite
2443:Igneous rock
2370:Firem'n Chit
2234:
2230:Fire striker
2060:Firelighting
2006:
1986:Smoky quartz
1820:
1763:Cristobalite
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1634:
1625:
1619:
1610:
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1595:
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1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1400:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1370:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1340:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1304:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1262:
1255:
1236:
1230:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1187:
1180:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1141:
1132:
1114:
1099:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1065:
1058:java applets
1034:. Retrieved
1021:
1015:
948:
947:
878:
877:
869:
856:cristobalite
840:
824:chromophoric
820:
774:Burgh Castle
739:
736:
725:
700:Burgh Castle
697:
680:
660:
632:
604:
593:
572:
568:Don Crabtree
545:
466:
451:
415:
400:
392:Beeston Bump
376:flint fields
373:
314:
271:
244:
229:
223:October 2023
220:
200:
174:
151:
119:form of the
109:
105:
104:
45:
36:
3452:Fire making
3225:Whiteschist
3116:Greenschist
3096:Cataclasite
3086:Amphibolite
3013:Phosphorite
2963:Itacolumite
2888:Calcarenite
2734:Quartzolite
2674:Nephelinite
2644:Lamprophyre
2599:Harzburgite
2557:Napoleonite
2530:Charnockite
2525:Carbonatite
2515:Blairmorite
2466:Anorthosite
2256:Ferrocerium
2220:Fire plough
2215:Fire piston
2165:Smouldering
1915:Chrysoprase
1870:Tiger's eye
1750:Crystalline
1275:16 December
1142:geology.com
949:Archaeology
705:East Anglia
663:ferrocerium
489:Paris Basin
469:Paleolithic
458:hammerstone
396:West Runton
364:Cape Arkona
341:demosponges
325:crustaceans
297:ferrocerium
251:Flint Ridge
177:stone tools
147:start fires
143:stone tools
114:sedimentary
81:Composition
3426:Categories
3391:Teschenite
3376:Shonkinite
3351:Pietersite
3346:Novaculite
3256:Borolanite
3241:Adamellite
3158:Metapelite
3126:Calcflinta
3091:Blueschist
3081:Anthracite
3063:Wackestone
3043:Travertine
2988:Lumachelle
2968:Jaspillite
2923:Diamictite
2845:Websterite
2830:Troctolite
2806:Benmoreite
2766:Shonkinite
2739:Rhyodacite
2719:Pyroxenite
2694:Peridotite
2654:Lherzolite
2629:Kimberlite
2619:Ignimbrite
2614:Icelandite
2594:Granophyre
2503:Shoshonite
2294:Char cloth
2208:Pump drill
2203:Hand drill
2193:Fire drill
2150:Combustion
2090:Components
1996:Prasiolite
1925:Moss agate
1920:Heliotrope
1892:Chalcedony
1811:Chalcedony
1788:Stishovite
1783:Seifertite
1651:13 January
1411:30 January
1008:References
998:Flint mine
968:New Mexico
919:concretion
891:Chalcedony
879:Mineralogy
770:shore fort
711:, Sussex,
667:mischmetal
627:firesteels
617:Flintlocks
529:Krzemionki
388:paramoudra
384:Cretaceous
333:silicified
321:hypothesis
317:diagenesis
282:in weapons
162:limestones
110:flintstone
62:Cenomanian
3406:Variolite
3396:Theralite
3386:Tachylite
3371:Rodingite
3341:Mangerite
3321:Larvikite
3306:Jasperoid
3301:Jadeitite
3266:Epidosite
3220:Tectonite
3213:Soapstone
3178:Quartzite
3148:Migmatite
3133:Itabirite
3111:Granulite
3053:Turbidite
3033:Sylvinite
3028:Siltstone
3018:Sandstone
3003:Oil shale
2983:Limestone
2958:Gritstone
2953:Greywacke
2948:Geyserite
2938:Evaporite
2928:Diatomite
2903:Claystone
2868:Argillite
2781:Tachylyte
2749:Comendite
2699:Phonolite
2689:Pegmatite
2664:Monzonite
2639:Lamproite
2634:Komatiite
2574:Foidolite
2535:Enderbite
2498:Mugearite
2390:Pyromania
2385:Pyrolysis
2339:Tinderbox
2324:Matchbook
2319:Fire ring
2299:Chuckmuck
2251:Blowtorch
2198:Bow drill
2127:Wood fuel
1953:Geyserite
1905:Carnelian
1844:Fulgurite
1836:Amorphous
1793:Tridymite
984:, England
942:Whinstone
835:calcining
807:Ruins of
732:flushwork
709:Hampshire
639:flintlock
576:knappable
539:) in the
527:area and
473:Neolithic
454:Stone Age
434:Neolithic
407:limestone
403:Paleozoic
286:flintlock
278:gunpowder
215:talk page
181:Stone Age
139:limestone
3381:Taconite
3356:Pyrolite
3281:Ganister
3251:Aphanite
3246:Appinite
3168:Phyllite
3153:Mylonite
3121:Hornfels
3101:Eclogite
2998:Mudstone
2973:Laterite
2933:Dolomite
2850:Wehrlite
2825:Trachyte
2818:Hawaiite
2796:Tonalite
2791:Tephrite
2744:Rhyolite
2709:Porphyry
2684:Obsidian
2569:Essexite
2520:Boninite
2510:Basanite
2456:Andesite
2329:Matchbox
2314:Fire pit
2309:Fire pan
2276:Electric
2225:Fire-saw
2122:Wood ash
2107:Firewood
2081:Glossary
2071:Campfire
1976:Ametrine
1971:Amethyst
1773:Moganite
1742:minerals
1683:Archived
1375:Archived
1345:Archived
1314:Archived
1294:Archived
1209:28 March
1203:Archived
1170:Archived
1152:26 March
1146:Archived
1122:Archived
1104:Archived
1081:30 March
1046:cite web
924:Obsidian
874:See also
852:calcined
843:calcined
817:Ceramics
809:Thetford
721:Somerset
521:Jurassic
481:Spiennes
462:knapping
380:Jurassic
362:cliffs,
329:molluscs
209:You may
18:Gunflint
3447:Lithics
3401:Unakite
3331:Llanite
3296:Ijolite
3271:Felsite
3203:Suevite
3038:Tillite
2978:Lignite
2918:Coquina
2883:Breccia
2776:Syenite
2624:Ijolite
2584:Granite
2552:Diorite
2547:Diabase
2451:Adakite
2261:Lighter
2076:Bonfire
1948:Fiorite
1768:Keatite
1758:Coesite
1381:27 July
1351:27 July
1320:21 July
1036:4 March
982:Norfolk
866:Jewelry
847:ceramic
647:frizzen
509:Dobruja
497:Jutland
345:Channel
170:beaches
166:streams
154:nodules
121:mineral
112:, is a
3311:Kenyte
3286:Gossan
3183:Schist
3143:Marble
3106:Gneiss
3008:Oolite
2873:Arkose
2771:Sovite
2761:Scoria
2714:Pumice
2679:Norite
2649:Latite
2579:Gabbro
2564:Dunite
2542:Dacite
2476:Basalt
2471:Aplite
2137:Topics
2117:Tinder
1963:Quartz
1826:Jasper
1778:Quartz
1739:Silica
1243:
1195:
909:Jasper
903:Eolith
860:quartz
713:Surrey
643:hinged
607:pyrite
600:tinder
596:oxygen
533:Lägern
525:Kraków
513:Danube
487:, the
411:silica
319:. One
303:Origin
274:tinder
158:chalks
124:quartz
90:quartz
3442:Chert
3276:Flint
3198:Slate
3193:Skarn
3058:Varve
3023:Shale
2943:Flint
2898:Chert
2893:Chalk
2360:Arson
2344:Torch
2271:Black
2266:Match
2235:Flint
2112:Spark
2097:Ember
1900:Agate
1875:Aqeeq
1821:Flint
1816:Chert
897:Chert
885:Agate
850:were
837:flint
778:brick
537:silex
501:Rügen
368:Rügen
360:chalk
349:amber
280:used
276:, or
136:marly
132:chalk
128:chert
106:Flint
75:wide)
40:Flint
3048:Tufa
2993:Marl
2908:Coal
2840:Tuff
2334:Punk
1940:Opal
1930:Onyx
1854:Opal
1653:2011
1413:2018
1383:2015
1353:2015
1322:2013
1277:2007
1241:ISBN
1211:2019
1193:ISBN
1154:2019
1083:2008
1052:link
1038:2022
970:, US
936:Opal
930:Onyx
717:Kent
715:and
609:(FeS
566:and
420:Uses
394:and
255:Ohio
168:and
160:and
145:and
3411:Wad
966:in
772:at
719:to
495:in
493:Thy
382:or
378:in
327:or
253:in
134:or
3428::
1475:^
1399:.
1373:.
1369:.
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1091:^
1048:}}
1044:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
