488:
281:, and the ground over which it would be necessary to proceed was suggested to the projector by the sight of the thin ice covering the Polar Sea to the north-west of Behring's Straits, about 73° N., promising apparently a passage to the mariner bold enough to advance right through it, together with the appearance of the physical state of the sea in those high latitudes, the probable effect of insolation, and, finally, the information he was able to draw from the scattered traditions of Arctic navigators.
383:
232:
144:, Ain, around 1825. In 1835 Gustave's father became a manufacturer of sugar, and later of candles. These businesses were not successful, and in 1840 his father retired to Lyon. Gustave attended the Collège de Bourg, where he is recorded as a pupil of elementary mathematics in 1842 He was admitted to the
346:
On 20 December 1867 Lambert spoke at more length to the Société de géographie and described his plans for the proposed polar voyage and the research he wanted to undertake. He presented his plan in other parts of France, for example to an audience of 4,000 people in the hall of the Bourse de
Bordeaux
447:
voted a supplementary credit of 100,000 francs for the expedition to the North Pole. When the war with
Prussia broke out Lambert had raised almost 400,000 francs. He had started to outfit his ship for the Arctic, had hired a skillful sailor as his deputy, had hired several other people but did not
294:
of Paris. Lambert described the whole history of Arctic exploration, gave the scientific grounds for his plan, and described the importance of a French expedition through the Bering
Straits. He insisted that there was open sea to the northwest of the straits in the direction of the Pole, and said
295:
that insolation during the Arctic summer and favorable currents would make it possible to avoid the barriers of broken ice that had blocked the passage in the past. On 4 July 1867 Lambert wrote to M. de
Quatrefages, President of the Council of the Geographical Society, praising the "
502:. A bronze bust of the explorer was placed on his tomb. Some time before 1895 the body was exhumed and taken to a plot provided by the city of Paris, with the bust replaced by a broken column. A monument was erected to Lambert in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in January 1924.
203:
described
Lambert as both a man of action and a man of science. Soon after losing his job in 1865 Lambert went to sea as a passenger on a French whaling ship bound for the arctic seas. During the voyage the captain died and Lambert took command. He explored the north of the
476:. At the start of December 1870 he turned down the title of Colonel of the Veterans of the National Guard, and enlisted with the 119th Infantry Regiment. On 21 December 1870 he was made a sergeant. He was serving with the 119th infantry when he was mortally wounded in
219:) which was communicated in abbreviated form to the Academy of Sciences on 28 January 1867. He noted that while sea temperatures were relatively stable in the tropics, they fluctuated much more widely towards the poles. He also observed that
595:
there was a narrow strip of open water between the shore and the ice in summer, and the main body of ice was broken into fields and floes, with lanes of open water between them, which remained until the first frost of autumn.
516:
Gustave
Lambert (1866), "Project of a trip to the North Pole, note read to the Society of Geography, in its meeting ... of December 14, 1866", Bulletin of the Society of Geography, Paris: impr. from E. Martinet",
257:, open water found recently by the navigators Herold and Plower. One would have to get there for several days to follow the path of Wrangel and then reach the pole. One would have to spend the winter with the
472:, then was sent to the east. Lambert felt he would be more useful in Paris, which he reached before it was besieged. He was first named captain of the 85th battalion of the National Guard, then Colonel
112:) would be to melt the ice and allow passage to the Pole. The plans had been made, about half the funding had been subscribed, and a ship had been purchased when the project was disrupted by the
498:
At the time of
Lambert's death on 19 January 1871 it was already clear that France's capitulation was inevitable. His funeral was held on 30 January 1871, when his body was taken to the
435:
was waiting to leave from the Vauban basin at Le Havre, and could depart in a matter of weeks rather than months. All that was needed was a contribution of about 6,000 francs from each
253:
One would have to leave in the winter, and reach the
Pacific Ocean by way of Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope, cross the ocean from south to north, pass the Bering Straits, reach the
443:
had already given 23,000 francs. Donations had been received from Paris, 46,000 francs; Lyon, 17,000 francs; le Havre, 8,000 frances; Rouen, 7,000 francs. On 14 July 1870 the
249:
It was around this time that
Lambert began to think about an expedition to the North Pole. He outlined his plan later, for an expedition with about 15 sailors and scientists:
231:
526:
Gustave
Lambert (1867), "La Question du Pôle Nord, lettres adressées à M. Jules Duval, vice-président de la Société de géographie, directeur de l'"Économiste français"",
184:
calculus. On 1 October 1851 he was promoted to teacher 3rd class, and on 3 July 1852 to teacher 2nd class. On 13 September 1856 he moved from the chair of hydrography at
1271:
1276:
340:
31:
402:, former Minister of the Marine and President of the Geographical Council, joined with de Quatrefages in presenting the project to the Emperor.
1161:"Discours de M. le General Messimy, Senateur de l'Ain, a l'inauguration de Monument funeraire de Gustave LAMBERT as Cimetiere du Pare-Lachaise"
1066:
208:
in 1865. He was in charge of rough and undisciplined seamen in difficult and poorly charted waters, but found time to compose a paper on the
324:
140:, on 1 July 1824. He was the son of Jean-Francois Lambert, a notary from Paris, and Rosalie Blanc. The family moved from Grieges to
308:
379:, director of the Gotha Geographical Review, wrote from Germany to the Société de géographie expressing his approval of the plan.
1256:
291:
1266:
575:
399:
336:
300:
200:
487:
328:
316:
160:
at Belle-Isle on 21 November 1846. He first went to sea around 1847. On 8 November 1847 he transferred to teach at
1116:
499:
492:
477:
376:
278:
270:
121:
473:
420:. The vaudeville performers and caricaturists took to the project, but the general public remained indifferent.
104:. He taught for 20 years, then went on a voyage into Arctic seas and conceived the idea of an expedition to the
261:, in ice huts, and when summer returned move on and eventually return to France after several years of absence.
1082:
574:, then a Russian territory, for several years after 1848. Ostensibly they were searching for survivors of the
537:"L'Expédition au Pôle Nord, par Gustave Lambert, chef de l'expédition. Assemblée générale du 20 décembre 1867"
356:
237:
1160:
1261:
1179:
117:
145:
1214:
436:
177:
1251:
1246:
592:
412:
voted 150,000 francs. Lambert tried to engage the public imagination by floating a huge airship, the
332:
148:
in 1843. Due to problems with discipline, he was expelled from the Polytechnique on 23 April 1845.
457:
440:
408:
382:
371:
of fixed length. He would make other measurements such as air pressure, magnetism and the northern
165:
113:
481:
30:
1062:
1056:
1198:
1140:
1120:
1218:
1136:
312:
223:
were born on land and died in the ocean, while ice fields were formed and dissolved at sea.
215:
109:
1156:
304:
169:
1052:
465:
274:
1223:
Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822, & 1823
1240:
589:
Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea: In the Years 1820, 1821, 1822 & 1823
417:
406:
placed his name at the head of the list of subscribers, promising 50,000 francs. The
320:
205:
173:
423:
However, having raised about 300,000 francs Lambert bought a ship that he named the
403:
395:
364:
299:" created by the formation of a Committee of Patronage. Committee members included
1142:
Les abords de la région inconnue; histoire des voyages dʼexploration au Pole Nord
536:
157:
101:
1100:
1087:
Annales de la Société d'émulation, agriculture, lettres et arts de l'Ain Auteur
192:. He taught hydrography at Bayonne until 1 January 1865, when he was laid off.
360:
133:
105:
55:
748:
746:
185:
168:
of 1848, which he opposed. On 10 October 1848 he was named a teacher at the
484:, who was optimistic about his chances, but died at 3:00 in the afternoon.
161:
461:
428:
368:
181:
1165:
Annales de la Société d'émulation, agriculture, lettres et arts de l'Ain
1122:
Annales des voyages, de la geographie, de l'histoire et de l'archeologie
254:
220:
189:
591:. He noted that in the Arctic ocean between continental Asia and the
571:
372:
258:
269:
It was conceived, it is only just to say, in complete ignorance, as
578:, but the Russians suspected the British had geopolitical motives.
570:
had spent time in the Bering Strait and along the Arctic shore of
486:
469:
381:
230:
141:
108:. He thought that in summer the effect of the constant sunshine (
618:
616:
614:
612:
1083:"Gustave LAMBERT : Son project de voyage au pĂ´le: Sa mort"
137:
920:
918:
818:
816:
767:
765:
763:
761:
752:
290:
In December 1866 Lambert gave an outline of his plans to the
959:
957:
733:
731:
691:
689:
676:
674:
661:
659:
657:
655:
156:
Lambert joined the navy, and became a teacher 4th class of
845:
843:
718:
716:
431:. He published a circular in which he announced that the
297:
heureux point de départ acquis à la question du Pôle Nord
464:. Although he was 46 years old, he joined a company of
587:
Wrangel: Ferdinand Petrovich baron Wrangel, author of
355:. On 14 and 28 February 1870 Lambert described to the
265:
Samuel Richard Van Campen wrote in 1878 of the plan,
398:, and sought funding from all sources. The Marquis
347:on 19 February 1868. His letters were published in
87:
79:
63:
37:
21:
1105:(in French), BnF: Bibliotheque nationale de France
394:Lambert estimated that the cost would be 600,000
468:. His company left Bordeaux on 29 September for
367:and by timing the duration of oscillation of a
267:
251:
460:broke out on 19 July 1870 when Lambert was in
1184:L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux ...
100:(1 July 1824 – 27 January 1871) was a French
8:
1178:Read, Charles; Faucou, Lucien, eds. (1935),
562:Herold et Plower: The British naval vessels
1011:
924:
909:
885:
873:
861:
822:
771:
737:
707:
695:
680:
665:
622:
1023:
999:
975:
963:
948:
936:
849:
834:
807:
722:
634:
510:Publications by Gustave Lambert include:
363:of the earth at the pole by measuring the
29:
18:
341:Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau
1272:French people of the Franco-Prussian War
1145:(in French), A la librairie géographique
227:Concept of the journey to the North Pole
1035:
987:
897:
795:
646:
608:
555:
1089:(in French), Société d'émulation (Ain)
783:
386:Poster advertising the ascent of the
7:
541:Bulletin de la Société de géographie
519:Bulletin de la Société de géographie
325:Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville
98:Marie Joseph Gustave Adolphe Lambert
42:Marie Joseph Gustave Adolphe Lambert
1197:Van Campen, Samuel Richard (1878),
543:, Paris: Société de géographie: 134
286:Publicity, planning and fundraising
245:ship for the North Pole expedition
14:
1277:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
753:Gustave Lambert (1814–1871) – BnF
521:, Paris: impr. de E. Martinet: 15
116:in 1870. Lambert enlisted in the
480:. He was treated by the surgeon
1180:"L'Explorateur Gustave Lambert"
448:have enough money to continue.
359:how he proposed to measure the
1061:, University of Alaska Press,
309:Jean-Baptiste Élie de Beaumont
1:
1186:(in French), Paris: B. Duprat
1058:Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867
273:tells us, of the projects of
164:. He was in Paris during the
1215:Wrangel, Ferdinand Petrovich
1200:The Dutch in the Arctic Seas
400:Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat
337:Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury
201:Louis Vivien de Saint-Martin
132:Gustave Lambert was born in
1125:(in French), Challamel Aine
1102:Gustave Lambert (1814–1871)
329:Paul-Auguste-Ernest Laugier
1293:
576:Franklin's lost expedition
120:and died of wounds at the
91:Hydrographer and navigator
377:August Heinrich Petermann
301:Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie
122:Battle of Buzenval (1871)
28:
1137:Markham, Clements Robert
1081:Dublet, E. (1919–1921),
535:Gustave Lambert (1868),
530:, Paris: A. Bertrand: 48
1203:, TrĂĽbner & Company
317:Gabriel Auguste Daubrée
1024:Read & Faucou 1935
1000:Read & Faucou 1935
964:Read & Faucou 1935
635:Read & Faucou 1935
500:Père Lachaise Cemetery
495:
493:Père Lachaise Cemetery
391:
283:
263:
246:
196:Visit to Bering Strait
1225:, Harper and brothers
528:L'Économiste Français
490:
385:
349:l'Economiste Français
292:Société de géographie
234:
1267:French hydrographers
593:New Siberian Islands
333:Claude-Louis Mathieu
210:Lois de l'insolation
1257:People from Grièges
1159:(19 January 1924),
1026:, pp. 881–882.
912:, pp. 220–221.
491:Lambert's grave in
458:Franco-Prussian War
427:which he docked at
319:, Gaétan Delaunay,
166:February Revolution
146:École Polytechnique
114:Franco-Prussian War
16:French hydrographer
1117:Malte-Brun, M.V.A.
625:, p. 202-204.
496:
392:
357:Académie française
351:and reproduced in
247:
238:L'Univers illustré
176:. There he taught
1068:978-1-889963-04-4
810:, pp. 77–78.
95:
94:
1284:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1157:Messimy, Adolphe
1152:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1012:Dublet 1919–1921
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
925:Dublet 1919–1921
922:
913:
910:Dublet 1919–1921
907:
901:
895:
889:
886:Dublet 1919–1921
883:
877:
874:Dublet 1919–1921
871:
865:
862:Dublet 1919–1921
859:
853:
847:
838:
832:
826:
823:Dublet 1919–1921
820:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
772:Dublet 1919–1921
769:
756:
750:
741:
738:Dublet 1919–1921
735:
726:
720:
711:
708:Dublet 1919–1921
705:
699:
696:Dublet 1919–1921
693:
684:
681:Dublet 1919–1921
678:
669:
666:Dublet 1919–1921
663:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
623:Dublet 1919–1921
620:
597:
585:
579:
560:
544:
531:
522:
452:Death and legacy
445:Corps législatif
441:Seine-Inférieure
409:Corps législatif
313:Edmond Becquerel
216:solar irradiance
70:
51:
49:
33:
19:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
986:
982:
976:Van Campen 1878
974:
970:
962:
955:
949:Malte-Brun 1870
947:
943:
937:Malte-Brun 1870
935:
931:
923:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
850:Van Campen 1878
848:
841:
835:Van Campen 1878
833:
829:
821:
814:
808:Van Campen 1878
806:
802:
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
759:
751:
744:
736:
729:
723:Van Campen 1878
721:
714:
706:
702:
694:
687:
679:
672:
664:
653:
645:
641:
633:
629:
621:
610:
606:
601:
600:
586:
582:
561:
557:
552:
547:
534:
525:
515:
508:
482:Auguste NĂ©laton
454:
305:Jacques Babinet
288:
229:
198:
154:
130:
75:
72:
68:
67:27 January 1871
59:
53:
47:
45:
44:
43:
24:
23:Gustave Lambert
17:
12:
11:
5:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:French sailors
1259:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1211:
1194:
1175:
1153:
1133:
1119:, ed. (1870),
1113:
1097:
1078:
1067:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1014:, p. 200.
1004:
1002:, p. 879.
992:
980:
968:
966:, p. 878.
953:
941:
929:
927:, p. 221.
914:
902:
900:, p. xii.
890:
888:, p. 219.
878:
876:, p. 218.
866:
864:, p. 216.
854:
839:
827:
825:, p. 214.
812:
800:
788:
786:, p. 262.
776:
774:, p. 212.
757:
742:
740:, p. 211.
727:
712:
710:, p. 210.
700:
698:, p. 207.
685:
683:, p. 206.
670:
668:, p. 208.
651:
639:
637:, p. 880.
627:
607:
605:
602:
599:
598:
580:
554:
553:
551:
548:
546:
545:
532:
523:
512:
507:
504:
466:francs-tireurs
453:
450:
390:, 27 June 1869
287:
284:
228:
225:
197:
194:
153:
150:
129:
126:
118:National Guard
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
71:(aged 46)
65:
61:
60:
54:
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1289:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1038:, p. 62.
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
990:, p. 64.
989:
984:
981:
978:, p. 79.
977:
972:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
951:, p. 85.
950:
945:
942:
939:, p. 10.
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
875:
870:
867:
863:
858:
855:
852:, p. 76.
851:
846:
844:
840:
837:, p. 75.
836:
831:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
785:
780:
777:
773:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
725:, p. 77.
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
658:
656:
652:
649:, p. 63.
648:
643:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
619:
617:
615:
613:
609:
603:
594:
590:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
559:
556:
549:
542:
538:
533:
529:
524:
520:
514:
513:
511:
505:
503:
501:
494:
489:
485:
483:
479:
478:Buzenval Park
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
451:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
418:Champ de Mars
415:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
389:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
285:
282:
280:
276:
272:
271:M. Malte-Brun
266:
262:
260:
256:
250:
244:
240:
239:
233:
226:
224:
222:
218:
217:
211:
207:
206:Bering Strait
202:
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
88:Occupation(s)
86:
82:
78:
74:Paris, France
66:
62:
58:, Ain, France
57:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1227:, retrieved
1222:
1205:, retrieved
1199:
1188:, retrieved
1183:
1169:, retrieved
1164:
1147:, retrieved
1141:
1127:, retrieved
1121:
1107:, retrieved
1101:
1091:, retrieved
1086:
1072:, retrieved
1057:
1053:Black, Lydia
1036:Messimy 1924
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
988:Messimy 1924
983:
971:
944:
932:
905:
898:Markham 1876
893:
881:
869:
857:
830:
803:
798:, p. v.
796:Wrangel 1861
791:
779:
703:
647:Messimy 1924
642:
630:
588:
583:
567:
563:
558:
540:
527:
518:
509:
506:Publications
497:
474:d'Ă©tat-major
455:
444:
432:
424:
422:
413:
407:
404:Napoleon III
393:
387:
365:meridian arc
352:
348:
345:
296:
289:
268:
264:
252:
248:
242:
236:
213:
209:
199:
178:differential
170:École Navale
155:
131:
102:hydrographer
97:
96:
69:(1871-01-27)
1252:1871 deaths
1247:1824 births
1167:(in French)
416:, from the
188:to that of
158:hydrography
128:Early years
80:Nationality
52:1 July 1824
1241:Categories
1229:2017-12-17
1207:2017-12-17
1190:2017-12-17
1171:2017-12-17
1149:2017-12-17
1129:2017-12-17
1109:2017-12-16
1093:2017-12-17
1074:2017-12-17
784:Black 2004
437:department
361:flattening
353:La Gironde
321:Hervé Faye
110:insolation
106:North Pole
48:1824-07-01
1219:"Preface"
604:Citations
414:PĂ´le Nord
388:PĂ´le Nord
279:Petermann
186:Cherbourg
1217:(1861),
1139:(1876),
1055:(2004),
462:Bordeaux
429:Le Havre
369:pendulum
221:icebergs
214:Laws of
182:integral
1045:Sources
259:Eskimos
255:Polynya
190:Bayonne
152:Teacher
134:Grièges
56:Grièges
1065:
572:Alaska
568:Plover
564:Herald
439:. The
433:Boreal
425:Boréal
396:francs
373:aurora
275:Osborn
243:Boreal
241:: The
162:FĂ©camp
83:French
550:Notes
470:Tours
235:1869
174:Brest
142:Priay
1063:ISBN
566:and
456:The
339:and
277:and
180:and
64:Died
38:Born
172:in
138:Ain
1243::
1221:,
1182:,
1163:,
1085:,
956:^
917:^
842:^
815:^
760:^
745:^
730:^
715:^
688:^
673:^
654:^
611:^
539:,
375:.
343:.
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
303:,
136:,
124:.
755:.
212:(
50:)
46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
