251:
3881:
1040:. Doris Paton, Coordinator of the Program and Lynnette Solomon-Dent, Language worker and consultant are involved in the program. They have been responsible for developing a number of resource materials to support and educate further knowledge of the Gunnai language and Culture. Lynnette Solomon-Dent co-wrote with Christina Eira the VACL Linguist, the
1052:
Revival and
Reclamation Study. These teaching documents and resources are collectively used to educate school aged children P-10, VCE, higher learning institutions and the Aboriginal community members, to further their knowledge and allow community members to continue to educate future generations.
1441:
1373:
216:
3922:
250:
1938:
1884:
1217:
meaning "little fish". However, these words are not reflected in modern linguists' knowledge of the
Gunaikurnai language, where, for example, the word for river is
3946:
1394:
1387:
1033:
396:
3956:
1041:
3915:
1931:
3908:
1036:(VACL) organisation, established the Yirruk-Tinnor Gunnai/Kŭrnai language program which focused on reviving and reclaiming the Gunnai language of
1311:
1751:
The
Australian Race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
1562:
1924:
850:
1771:
830:
2767:
1049:
2639:
1587:
1861:
1822:
1644:
346:
304:
3613:
3027:
1633:"Dissonance surrounding the Aboriginal origin of a selection of placenames in Victoria, Australia: Lessons in lexical ambiguity"
1632:
3888:
987:
949:
1723:
3941:
2144:
995:
958:
861:
237:
1398:
3625:
2339:
1128:
1011:
926:
707:
3519:
3318:
3174:
3162:
2977:
2675:
2342:
1947:
1893:
124:
1701:
2311:
1351:
1003:
974:
868:
694:
668:
2790:
2618:
2229:
1745:
1061:
720:
2547:
2420:
3585:
2296:
2134:
1993:
1978:
1019:
935:
713:
681:
3376:
3348:
2496:
2172:
2129:
2062:
733:
700:
674:
3549:
3539:
2870:
2855:
2809:
2737:
2695:
1149:
meaning "swamp", in reference to the large swamp present before being drained by early
European settlers.
774:
726:
3759:
3452:
3439:
3251:
3068:
2827:
2244:
2124:
844:
806:
767:
753:
687:
392:
means 'man'. The language had no traditional name, but each of its dialects was referred to separately.
355:
89:
3647:
2072:
3880:
1812:
3951:
3780:
3688:
3634:
3488:
3424:
3287:
3136:
3108:
3103:
2918:
2847:
2832:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2700:
2519:
2504:
2453:
2448:
2438:
2265:
2234:
2082:
2077:
1566:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
880:
781:
739:
570:; there appear to be two distinct languages here, but it's not clear which variety belongs to which.
370:
59:
1319:
1177:
meaning "woolly possum". However, other sources debate this, as the
Gunaikurnai word for possum was
3754:
3744:
3734:
3678:
3564:
3429:
3282:
3259:
3236:
3093:
2785:
2687:
2600:
2560:
2527:
2463:
2443:
2354:
2182:
2108:
1988:
1983:
1345:
882:
760:
645:
607:
579:
129:
3850:
3822:
3812:
3739:
3652:
3468:
3264:
3205:
3197:
3182:
3159:
3126:
3050:
3040:
3017:
2946:
2941:
2860:
2822:
2752:
2672:
2608:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2537:
2532:
2428:
2372:
2316:
2275:
2203:
2157:
2152:
2087:
2013:
1796:
1749:
788:
640:
93:
85:
73:
3531:
1154:
255:
Sketch map of
Gippsland - showing approximately the positions of the clans of the Kurnai tribe.
3837:
3804:
3785:
3775:
3724:
3714:
3483:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3315:
3274:
3187:
3131:
3118:
3098:
3078:
3035:
2997:
2974:
2928:
2905:
2885:
2875:
2817:
2716:
2710:
2555:
2410:
2405:
2367:
2291:
2270:
2239:
2177:
2103:
2057:
1998:
1867:
1857:
1818:
1788:
1640:
1591:
1486:
820:
650:
441:
3892:
1837:
Ganai : a study of the
Aboriginal languages of Gippsland based on 19th century materials
3827:
3790:
3729:
3657:
3642:
3559:
3409:
3404:
3394:
3386:
3343:
3241:
3215:
3083:
3063:
3058:
3012:
3002:
2951:
2936:
2913:
2895:
2575:
2486:
2481:
2395:
2377:
2362:
2306:
2224:
2219:
2198:
2067:
2008:
2003:
1840:
1780:
1112:
796:
635:
630:
323:
269:
606:). This is quite unusual for an Australian language, and the same pattern was found in the
3855:
3845:
3817:
3749:
3719:
3709:
3590:
3569:
3554:
3544:
3473:
3419:
3399:
3338:
3292:
3223:
3088:
3073:
3007:
2989:
2890:
2865:
2777:
2724:
2649:
2634:
2590:
2565:
2509:
2476:
2387:
2301:
2162:
2039:
2023:
2018:
1960:
1687:
1437:
1369:
1192:
1057:
747:
655:
559:
555:
507:
358:
228:
222:
116:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3495:
3330:
2644:
2471:
2433:
2260:
1808:
1341:
1056:
Gunaikurnai was featured in a stage performance for the first known time in 2021, when
471:
1769:
Butcher, Andrew (August 2008). "Linguistic aspects of
Australian Aboriginal English".
208:
3935:
2880:
2837:
2400:
2049:
1879:
1138:
908:
1882:(October–December 1907). "Language of the Birdhawal tribe, in Gippsland, Victoria".
1800:
362:
81:
1060:'s play "Nullung" ("paternal grandmother") was presented as a play reading by the
879:
Hercus (1969), states that plosives are conditionally voiced. Fesl also excludes
903:
611:
531:
242:
77:
1563:"Ancient Gunaikurnai language makes stage debut as nullung's story is revealed"
17:
1784:
1102:
920:
913:
1731:
1605:
1871:
1856:. Notes on grammar and pronunciation by R. H. Mathews. Ensay: Ngarak Press.
1709:
1252:
1200:
1037:
966:
943:
366:
201:
175:
63:
55:
1844:
1792:
1901:
1490:
191:
184:
1916:
1832:
1260:
1092:
1246:
1164:
887:
in her thesis but notes that its absence may be due to a lack of data.
662:
567:
375:
160:
97:
1442:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1374:
Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1372:
Gunnai (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1286:
1270:
1425:
Koorie Studies: Koorie and Non-Korrie teaching and learning together
1205:
Origin uncertain. It is popularly believed to be derived from words
1046:
Aboriginal Languages, cultures and reclamation in Victorian schools:
1072:
A number of placenames in Gunaikurnai country feature the ending
3611:
3516:
3313:
3157:
2972:
2670:
2337:
1958:
1920:
1427:. Victoria: The Centre for Language & Learning. p. 17.
379:
was either a divergent dialect or a closely related language.
1540:
1241:
have been recorded meaning "little" and "fish" respectively.
1662:
Names of East Gippsland; their origins, meanings and history
1635:. In Clark, Ian D.; Hercus, Luise; Kostanski, Laura (eds.).
332:
290:
1440:
Muk-Thang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
338:
296:
284:
1068:
Placenames possibly derived from the Gunaikurnai language
278:
275:
1485:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
1169:
Allegedly the anglicised form of the Gunaikurnai words
3896:
566:
Gunaikurnai dialects have been confused with Muk-thang/
1048:
standards P-10 and protocols and were involved in the
1754:. Vol. III. Melbourne: John Ferres. p. 320.
1483:
Languages of Victoria: A Late. Survey, Parts I and II
347:
335:
329:
305:
293:
287:
281:
1312:"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)"
3836:
3803:
3768:
3702:
3666:
3633:
3624:
3578:
3530:
3461:
3385:
3357:
3329:
3273:
3250:
3214:
3196:
3173:
3117:
3049:
3026:
2988:
2927:
2904:
2846:
2808:
2776:
2723:
2709:
2686:
2627:
2599:
2546:
2518:
2495:
2462:
2419:
2386:
2353:
2284:
2253:
2212:
2191:
2143:
2117:
2096:
2048:
2032:
1971:
326:
272:
236:
215:
199:
173:
168:
145:
113:
103:
69:
51:
34:
1814:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
1347:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
554:= belonging to) located in the coast area between
1885:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1688:"Profile areas Wy Yung, Lucknow, East Bairnsdale"
1561:Davis, Rio; Irving-Guthrie, Amber (23 May 2021).
586:in its words. However, it also allowed initial
1898:Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
1854:The language of the Kurnai tribes of Gippsland
1637:Indigenous and Minority Placenames of Victoria
1395:Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
1376: (see the info box for additional links)
1034:Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
482:(men belonging to this place which have fire;
397:Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
3916:
1932:
1042:Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority
399:, Clark refers to five Gunaikurnai dialects:
8:
1276:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1178:
1171:
1144:
1118:
1073:
549:
543:
537:
525:
519:
513:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
465:
459:
453:
447:
435:
429:
423:
387:
3923:
3909:
3630:
3621:
3608:
3527:
3513:
3326:
3310:
3170:
3154:
2985:
2969:
2720:
2683:
2667:
2350:
2334:
1968:
1955:
1939:
1925:
1917:
1133:From the name of the Krauatungulung clan.
249:
31:
1817:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1365:
1363:
1361:
1291:Thought to be from the word for "woman".
530:= belonging to) located eastwards to the
1080:
894:
621:
1452:
1303:
1265:Possibly from a term for "brown fire".
1107:From the name of the Braiakulung clan.
3947:Extinct languages of Victoria (state)
1388:Aboriginal Language Areas In Victoria
144:
7:
3957:Indigenous Australian language stubs
3877:
3875:
1772:Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics
1674:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1476:
1464:
3895:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
25:
973:
957:
948:
934:
925:
867:
860:
849:
829:
805:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
738:
732:
725:
719:
712:
706:
699:
693:
686:
680:
673:
667:
3879:
1839:(MA thesis). Monash University.
322:
268:
3889:Australian Aboriginal languages
470:= belonging to) located around
1386:Clark, Ian D. (14 July 1996).
1123:, meaning "place of the bag".
582:, Gunaikurnai allowed initial
27:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
1612:. 9 December 1940. p. 8
1000:are said to occur less than
506:= belonging to) located in
1746:Curr, Edward Mickelethwaite
1281:meaning "plenty of water".
1129:Croajingolong National Park
1032:Since the early 1990s, the
590:, and well as the clusters
440:= belonging to) located in
320:, Ganai, Gaanay, or Kurnay
226: Gunnai (cover term),
3973:
3874:
1352:Cambridge University Press
1097:Thought to mean "plenty".
3620:
3607:
3526:
3512:
3325:
3309:
3169:
3153:
2984:
2968:
2682:
2666:
2349:
2333:
1967:
1954:
1785:10.1080/02699200802223535
1481:Hercus, Luise A. (1969).
1479:, pp. 82–83, citing
1255:, others a type of duck.
1062:Melbourne Theatre Company
474:through to the mountains.
248:
44:
39:
395:In a 1996 report to the
1852:Gardner, P. D. (1996).
1660:Gardner, P. D. (1992).
1588:"Boolarra town history"
1423:Dent, Lynnette (1993).
1277:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1179:
1172:
1145:
1119:
1074:
550:
544:
538:
526:
520:
514:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
466:
460:
454:
448:
436:
430:
424:
388:
312:) language, also spelt
3891:-related article is a
3478:old Wangkumara/Garlali
3447:new Wangkumara/Garlali
1948:Pama–Nyungan languages
1845:10.26180/5ed82f583074f
1664:. Ensay: Ngaruk Press.
2768:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
1606:"The Name of Morwell"
1318:. ABS. Archived from
1275:Possibly from a term
356:Australian Aboriginal
3828:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
1316:stat.data.abs.gov.au
1211:meaning "river" and
195: – Bidawal
109:4 (2016 census)
3942:Gippsland languages
3614:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
1677:, pp. 159–312.
1322:on 26 December 2018
1078:, meaning "place".
897:
624:
608:Tasmanian languages
580:Victorian languages
188: – Kurnai
3079:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
1734:on 29 August 2023.
1251:Some sources give
895:
622:
604:⟨pr⟩
600:⟨br⟩
596:⟨kr⟩
592:⟨gr⟩
588:⟨rr⟩
363:Gunaikurnai people
3904:
3903:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3799:
3798:
3667:Mangarrayi-Marran
3626:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3028:Kanyara–Mantharta
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2804:
2803:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2312:Mbariman-Gudhinma
1712:on 20 March 2023.
1541:"Welcome to VACL"
1518:, pp. 88–92.
1467:, pp. 80–88.
1295:
1294:
983:
982:
877:
876:
584:⟨l⟩
442:central Gippsland
266:or Gunai/Kurnai (
260:
259:
16:(Redirected from
3964:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3883:
3876:
3631:
3622:
3609:
3528:
3514:
3327:
3311:
3171:
3155:
2986:
2970:
2795:Kuurn Kopan Noot
2791:Dhauwurd Wurrung
2721:
2684:
2668:
2619:Pallanganmiddang
2351:
2335:
2230:Aghu Tharrnggala
1969:
1956:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1889:
1875:
1848:
1828:
1804:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1730:. Archived from
1728:Victorian Places
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:. Archived from
1706:Victorian Places
1698:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1594:on 2 March 2019.
1590:. Archived from
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1455:, pp. 9–10.
1450:
1444:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1397:. Archived from
1392:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1308:
1280:
1240:
1234:
1229:. Variations of
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1183:, as opposed to
1182:
1175:
1148:
1122:
1081:
1077:
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
977:
961:
952:
938:
929:
898:
886:
871:
864:
853:
833:
809:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
742:
736:
729:
723:
716:
710:
703:
697:
690:
684:
677:
671:
625:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
553:
547:
541:
529:
523:
517:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
469:
463:
457:
451:
439:
433:
427:
391:
350:
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
308:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
253:
231:
225:
211:
194:
187:
178:
119:
32:
21:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3873:
3860:
3832:
3795:
3764:
3698:
3662:
3616:
3595:
3574:
3522:
3500:
3457:
3434:Wangka-Yutjurru
3381:
3353:
3321:
3297:
3269:
3246:
3210:
3192:
3165:
3141:
3113:
3045:
3022:
2980:
2956:
2923:
2900:
2842:
2800:
2772:
2738:Dja Dja Wurrung
2719:
2705:
2678:
2654:
2623:
2595:
2542:
2514:
2491:
2458:
2415:
2382:
2345:
2321:
2297:Flinders Island
2280:
2249:
2208:
2187:
2139:
2135:Guugu Yimidhirr
2113:
2092:
2044:
2028:
1994:Arritinngithigh
1979:Adithinngithigh
1963:
1961:Paman languages
1950:
1945:
1907:
1905:
1892:
1878:
1864:
1851:
1831:
1825:
1809:Dixon, R. M. W.
1807:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1610:Gippsland Times
1604:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1404:on 21 July 2013
1401:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1359:
1354:. p. xxxv.
1342:Dixon, R. M. W.
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1278:Yarraam Yarraam
1193:Kulin languages
1070:
1058:Veronica Gorrie
1030:
893:
620:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
576:
560:Lake Wellington
508:South Gippsland
385:
359:dialect cluster
348:
325:
321:
306:
271:
267:
256:
227:
221:
207:
190:
189:
183:
182:
174:
141:
120:
117:Language family
115:
106:
105:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
18:Gurnai language
15:
12:
11:
5:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3884:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3586:Lower Burdekin
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3377:Lower Arrernte
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3349:Western Desert
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2645:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Kuuk Thaayorre
2170:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:on 6 July 2011
1890:
1880:Mathews, R. H.
1876:
1862:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1805:
1779:(8): 625–642.
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1715:
1693:
1679:
1667:
1652:
1645:
1631:Clark, Ian D.
1623:
1597:
1579:
1553:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1430:
1415:
1378:
1357:
1333:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1195:further west.
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1143:From the term
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1069:
1066:
1029:
1026:
981:
980:
978:
971:
969:
963:
962:
955:
953:
946:
940:
939:
932:
930:
923:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
892:
889:
875:
874:
872:
865:
858:
856:
854:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
834:
827:
825:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
810:
803:
801:
799:
793:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
744:
743:
730:
717:
704:
691:
678:
665:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
619:
616:
575:
572:
564:
563:
535:
515:Krauatungalung
511:
475:
445:
413:Krauatungalung
384:
381:
369:in south-east
258:
257:
254:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
219:
213:
212:
205:
197:
196:
179:
171:
170:
169:Language codes
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
155:
152:
147:
143:
142:
140:
139:
138:
137:
123:
121:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
90:Krauatungalung
71:
67:
66:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3969:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Adnyamathanha
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Yabula-Yabula
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2497:Gumbaynggiric
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Gureng Gureng
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Gugu Yalandyi
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:9781875254194
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:0-521-47378-0
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1646:9781925021639
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1530:, p. 92.
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:, p. 82.
1505:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:
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1120:Bukkan-munjie
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352:
343:
319:
315:
311:
310:
301:
265:
252:
247:
244:
241:
239:
235:
232: Bidawal
230:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
204:
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198:
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186:
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177:
172:
167:
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68:
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61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3897:expanding it
3886:
3760:Anindilyakwa
3520:Pama–Nyungan
3474:Bulloo River
3453:Yandruwandha
3440:Wilson River
3319:Pama–Nyungan
3231:Yindjilandji
3175:Ngumpin–Yapa
3163:Pama–Nyungan
3104:Yindjibarndi
3069:Martuthunira
2978:Pama–Nyungan
2810:Lower Murray
2676:Pama–Nyungan
2613:
2343:Pama–Nyungan
2125:Barrow Point
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1897:
1883:
1853:
1836:
1813:
1776:
1770:
1750:
1740:
1732:the original
1727:
1718:
1710:the original
1705:
1696:
1682:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1636:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1609:
1600:
1592:the original
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1482:
1472:
1460:
1453:Gardner 1996
1448:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1381:
1346:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
1315:
1306:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1071:
1055:
1045:
1031:
984:
878:
577:
565:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
386:
374:
317:
313:
309:-eye-kur-nye
263:
261:
200:
134:
125:Pama–Nyungan
82:Braiakaulung
45:
29:
3952:Gunaikurnai
3781:Kungarakany
3703:Gunwinyguan
3689:Warndarrang
3489:Barranbinja
3425:Pitta Pitta
3288:Mayi-Kutuna
3252:Kalkatungic
3137:Nyangumarta
3109:Yinhawangka
2919:Ngadjunmaya
2833:Yitha-Yitha
2763:Wemba Wemba
2748:Madhi-Madhi
2743:Ledji-Ledji
2614:Gunaikurnai
2505:Kumbainggar
2266:Mbara-Yanga
2235:Ikarranggal
2083:Wik-Ngathan
2078:Wik-Mungkan
2063:Kugu-Muminh
1572:23 February
1408:24 November
1173:more willie
845:Approximant
623:Consonants
612:Bass Strait
578:Like other
539:Tatungalung
532:Snowy River
479:Brataualung
449:Braiakalung
417:Tatungalung
409:Brataualung
405:Braiakalung
264:Gunaikurnai
135:Gunaikurnai
94:Tatungalung
86:Bratauolung
78:Brabiralung
74:Gunaikurnai
35:Gunaikurnai
3936:Categories
3755:Nunggubuyu
3745:Rembarrnga
3735:Kunbarlang
3679:Mangarrayi
3635:Maningrida
3444:Bundhamara
3430:Wanggamala
3414:Yarluyandi
3283:Mayi-Kulan
3260:Kalkatungu
3237:Warluwarra
3216:Warluwaric
3094:Nyiyaparli
2848:Thura-Yura
2786:Bungandidj
2758:Wathaurong
2640:Bandjalang
2561:Darkinjung
2548:Yuin–Kuric
2528:Gamilaraay
2520:Wiradhuric
2421:Waka–Kabic
2317:Umbindhamu
2183:Yir-Yoront
2167:Ogh-Undjan
2109:Morrobolam
1989:Anguthimri
1984:Andjingith
1894:"Projects"
1888:: 346–359.
1763:References
1724:"Yallourn"
1616:14 October
1393:(Report).
1326:30 October
1159:"Thunder"
1103:Briagolong
618:Consonants
425:Brabralung
401:Brabralung
3851:Gunindiri
3813:Kayardild
3740:Ngalakgan
3725:Kunwinjku
3653:Gurr-goni
3648:Ndjébbana
3565:Ritharrŋu
3469:Baagandji
3265:Yalarnnga
3206:Warumungu
3198:Warumungu
3127:Karajarri
3041:Mantharta
3018:Yinggarda
2947:Natingero
2942:Kalaamaya
2861:Barngarla
2823:Ngayawung
2753:Wadi-Wadi
2717:Kolakngat
2688:Yotayotic
2609:Dhudhuroa
2601:Gippsland
2581:Ngunnawal
2571:Dhanggati
2538:Wiradjuri
2533:Ngiyambaa
2464:Durubalic
2439:Gabi-Gabi
2429:Barunggam
2373:Warrgamay
2355:Dyirbalic
2276:Walangama
2158:Kok Thawa
2153:Koko-Bera
2145:Southwest
2097:Lamalamic
2088:Wik-Ompom
2073:Wik-Me'nh
2033:Northeast
2014:Ndrangith
1833:Fesl, Eve
1702:"Wy Yung"
1675:Fesl 1985
1528:Fesl 1985
1516:Fesl 1985
1504:Fesl 1985
1477:Fesl 1985
1465:Fesl 1985
1253:spoonbill
1226:wurn wurn
1201:Traralgon
1155:Moondarra
1084:Placename
1038:Gippsland
646:Retroflex
574:Phonology
556:Lake King
383:Varieties
367:Gippsland
202:Glottolog
176:ISO 639-3
157:Thangquai
151:Muk-thang
130:Gippsland
70:Ethnicity
64:Australia
56:Gippsland
3786:Wardaman
3776:Gaagudju
3715:Uwinymil
3484:Muruwari
3372:Kaytetye
3367:Arrernte
3160:Northern
3099:Panyjima
3051:Ngayarta
2998:Badimaya
2886:Ngadjuri
2876:Narungga
2733:Bunurong
2701:Yotayota
2673:Southern
2586:Tharawal
2556:Awabakal
2454:Wuliwuli
2449:Wakawaka
2411:Warrongo
2368:Nyawaygi
2307:Kok Narr
2292:Djabugay
2271:Mbabaram
2254:Southern
2178:Kuuk Yak
2118:Yalanjic
2104:Lamalama
2058:Ayabadhu
1999:Awngthim
1872:36657847
1835:(1985).
1811:(2002).
1801:32763088
1793:18770096
1748:(1886).
1567:ABC News
1344:(2002).
1261:Yallourn
1093:Boolarra
641:Alveolar
524:= east,
500:= fire,
464:= west,
371:Victoria
354:) is an
209:gana1279
146:Dialects
60:Victoria
3838:Garrwan
3805:Tangkic
3791:Wagiman
3730:Dalabon
3658:Nakkara
3643:Burarra
3410:Ngamini
3405:Mithaka
3395:Arabana
3359:Arandic
3316:Central
3242:Yanyuwa
3228:Bularnu
3188:Ngumbin
3183:Ngarrga
3132:Mangala
3119:Marrngu
3084:Nhuwala
3064:Kurrama
3059:Jurruru
3036:Kanyara
3013:Wajarri
3003:Malgana
2975:Western
2952:Nyungar
2937:Galaagu
2929:Nyungic
2914:Mirning
2906:Mirniny
2896:Wirangu
2828:Yaralde
2818:Keramin
2711:Kulinic
2576:Ngarigo
2487:Turrbal
2482:Nunukul
2406:Kingkel
2396:Bidjara
2378:Wulguru
2363:Dyirbal
2340:Eastern
2261:Agwamin
2245:Thaypan
2240:Takalak
2225:Angkula
2220:Alungul
2213:Thaypan
2204:Kuthant
2199:Kurtjar
2068:Pakanha
2009:Mbiywom
2004:Luthigh
1247:Wy Yung
1220:wun wun
1189:wollert
1180:wadthan
1165:Morwell
1087:Origin
1075:-munjie
1044:(VCAA)
1028:Revival
909:Central
896:Vowels
821:Lateral
663:Plosive
651:Palatal
610:across
568:Bidawal
548:= sea,
488:= men,
458:= Man,
434:= man,
376:Bidawal
361:of the
217:AIATSIS
181:Either:
161:Bidawal
98:Bidawal
3856:Waanyi
3846:Garrwa
3823:Minkin
3818:Lardil
3750:Ngandi
3710:Jawoyn
3591:Bindal
3560:Djinaŋ
3555:Djinba
3545:Dhuwal
3518:Other
3496:Yardli
3400:Diyari
3387:Karnic
3344:Wanman
3339:Ngardi
3293:Ngawun
3224:Wagaya
3089:Nyamal
3074:Ngarla
3008:Nhanda
2891:Nukunu
2871:Kuyani
2866:Kaurna
2650:Yidiny
2635:Anewan
2566:Dharug
2510:Yaygir
2477:Janday
2434:Dappil
2302:Gugadj
2192:Norman
2163:Kunjen
2040:Umpila
2024:Uradhi
2019:Ngkoth
1908:15 May
1870:
1860:
1821:
1799:
1791:
1643:
1546:15 May
1491:206967
1489:
1287:Yinnar
1271:Yarram
1113:Buchan
1016:, and
891:Vowels
797:Rhotic
636:Dental
631:Labial
598:) and
497:towera
318:Kurnai
314:Gunnai
243:Kurnai
52:Region
46:Kannai
40:Gaanay
3887:This
3769:Other
3720:Waray
3694:Yugul
3684:Marra
3674:Alawa
3579:Other
3570:Nhaŋu
3550:Djaŋu
3540:Dhaŋu
3532:Yolŋu
3462:Other
3420:Ngura
2990:Kartu
2778:Drual
2725:Kulin
2628:Other
2591:Wormi
2472:Guwar
2388:Maric
2285:Other
1972:North
1797:S2CID
1402:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
1298:Notes
1232:tarla
1214:algon
1208:tarra
1185:wille
1146:Mouay
1117:From
904:Front
748:Nasal
656:Velar
521:Kraut
389:Gunai
154:Nulit
3893:stub
3331:Wati
3275:Mayi
2881:Nauo
2838:Yuyu
2401:Biri
1910:2011
1868:OCLC
1858:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1789:PMID
1641:ISBN
1618:2013
1574:2022
1548:2011
1487:OCLC
1410:2008
1328:2017
1238:gany
1235:and
992:and
921:High
914:Back
558:and
551:lung
527:lung
503:lung
491:Taua
472:Sale
467:lung
437:lung
415:and
351:-nye
262:The
2050:Wik
1841:doi
1781:doi
1438:S68
1370:S68
1223:or
1191:in
1187:or
1139:Moe
1050:VCE
967:Low
944:Mid
545:tat
494:or
485:Bra
455:Bra
431:Bra
373:.
365:in
349:KUR
333:ɜːr
307:GUN
291:ɜːr
238:ELP
229:S49
223:S68
192:ihw
185:unn
96:),
3938::
1896:.
1866:.
1795:.
1787:.
1777:22
1775:.
1726:.
1704:.
1639:.
1608:.
1565:.
1360:^
1350:.
1314:.
1064:.
1024:.
1008:,
883:n̪
761:n̪
688:d̪
682:t̪
614:.
461:ak
419:.
411:,
407:,
403:,
339:aɪ
316:,
297:aɪ
285:aɪ
92:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
62:,
58:,
3924:e
3917:t
3910:v
3899:.
1940:e
1933:t
1926:v
1912:.
1874:.
1847:.
1843::
1827:.
1803:.
1783::
1690:.
1649:.
1620:.
1576:.
1550:.
1493:.
1412:.
1330:.
1022:/
1020:u
1018:/
1014:/
1012:i
1010:/
1006:/
1004:a
1002:/
998:/
996:o
994:/
990:/
988:e
986:/
975:a
959:o
950:e
936:u
927:i
885:/
881:/
869:j
862:ɻ
851:w
831:l
807:r
789:ŋ
782:ɲ
775:ɳ
768:n
754:m
740:ɡ
737:/
734:k
727:ɟ
724:/
721:c
714:ɖ
711:/
708:ʈ
701:d
698:/
695:t
685:/
675:b
672:/
669:p
602:(
594:(
562:.
542:(
534:.
518:(
510:.
452:(
444:.
428:(
342:/
336:n
330:k
327:ˈ
324:/
300:/
294:n
288:k
282:n
279:ʌ
276:ɡ
273:ˈ
270:/
76:(
20:)
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