249:
gigantic cliff which overhung a "tangled mass of brush and vines. Silently and surely they laid their plans and long ere the dawn of day the sleeping camp was encircled from cliff edge to cliff edge. Day broke and the sleeping blacks arose. Then maddened with fear under the gunfire they broke hither and thither in vain attempts to escape. Then panic stricken they turned to the cliff edge and sprang into space and, so perished. At a small plain a mile west of the present Cobakh
Station the Port Stephens men came into conflict with the remaining body of natives, but the fugitives broke and fled northwards to a little flat-on the Bowman River. Here the final tragedy occurred; a stand was made by the blacks, but in vain. Years afterwards their unburied skeletons could be seen. The law claimed yet another victim. A native was captured and executed at Dungog, near where the present Court House stands."
90:
could be said to have been defending the native camp from armed intruders. Wong-ko-bi-kan's case elicited some sympathy from the presiding judge and several observers, because of the way the settlers had provocatively approached the native camp. Wong-ko-bi-kan died in his
Tasmanian prison soon after, in October of that year.
89:
for manslaughter after spearing John Flynn on 3 April 1834. Flynn died soon after. Flynn had been a member of an armed troop of nine settlers who went to the aborigines' camp at the
Williams River at dawn to arrest some of them for culling sheep on their land. From another perspective, Wong-ko-bi-kan
110:
after a decision had been taken to that end by the elders. After his sentence he was brought back to Dungog and hung publicly as a warning to other
Gringai. Local historian Michael Williams comments that, "Charley, ... was both an enforcer of one law and the victim of the enforcement of another set
248:
a strong body of settlers from the
Williams and Allen Rivers struck out to the north west, ascending the Williams and Chichester Rivers. They ascended the lofty Mackenzie Tableland and located the first body of fugitive natives camped on the northern face of the mountain on a narrow shelf above a
753:
93:
Another
Gringai, known only as Charley, was arrested in May 1835, soon after the incident with Wong-ko-bi-kan. In August of that year, he was deemed responsible for the death of five convict shepherds working for
834:
1656:
134:, were described by Walter John Enright and R.H. Mathews in the late 19th century who managed to obtain permission to view and record them from the last remnants of the tribe.
827:
762:
1691:
708:
112:
1684:
41:, north of Sydney. They were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter–fisher–gatherers in family groups as a clan of the
1714:
1649:
820:
98:, later premier of Queensland, at Rawden Vale, 26 miles west of Gloucester. Though generally understood by Europeans as an act of warfare, the trial interpreter,
721:
Wafer, Jim (2014). "Placenames as a guide to language distribution in the Upper Hunter, and the landnám problem in
Australian toponomastics". In Clark, Ian D.;
1663:
1628:
115:, suggests that a raiding party set out to enforce the verdict by hunting other Gringai, managing to round some up and push them all over a cliff at
1677:
85:(Jackey) and Charley were both arrested within a year or so of each other in the 1830s. He was judged guilty and sentenced to be transported to
1670:
692:
642:
594:
529:
684:
122:
Syphilis contracted from convicts, and other introduced diseases, took their toll. In 1847 alone, 30 Gringai children died of measles.
95:
1505:
560:
734:
54:
568:
150:
142:
604:
490:
235:
with arsenic and giving it as a gift to the natives. Many warriors died. The area became anathema to the tribe, calling it
862:
106:, and that the victims cohabited with a native woman, to whom the sacred object was shown. For this reason he implemented
228:
116:
62:
548:
107:
985:
904:
681:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
556:
1719:
843:
30:
1587:
1549:
1532:
612:
586:
81:
Two people of the
Gringai are known by that name as a result of their arrest and subsequent trials.
1539:
1515:
486:
1594:
1570:
1563:
1399:
740:
99:
703:
1608:
1577:
1498:
992:
978:
730:
688:
676:
638:
634:
590:
525:
138:
628:
517:
540:
17:
102:, stated that Charley had acted after an Englishman had stolen a tribal talisman, called a
1601:
1556:
1522:
1403:
1391:
847:
38:
812:
506:
1407:
929:
672:
66:
652:
1708:
1473:
1411:
1083:
232:
34:
1335:
1307:
1188:
1062:
894:
722:
69:
Aboriginals The centre of their territory is on the land where the modern town of
1438:
1328:
1279:
1181:
1118:
950:
130:
Key rites in the ceremonial life of the
Gringai and related tribes, such as the
1314:
1300:
1153:
1111:
1076:
1034:
1027:
1013:
789:
744:
231:, five convicts tending cattle had taken revenge on the local tribe by lacing
1452:
1356:
1349:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1195:
1132:
887:
727:
Indigenous and Minority Placenames Australian and International Perspectives
518:"From Pawns to Players: Rewriting the Lives of Three Indigenous Go-Betweens"
922:
1459:
1370:
1363:
1286:
1265:
1258:
1174:
1146:
1139:
1097:
1090:
1048:
1041:
1006:
964:
957:
936:
203:
86:
1466:
1445:
1384:
1342:
1321:
1293:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1167:
1160:
1104:
1069:
971:
943:
154:
522:
Subverting Empire: Deviance and Disorder in the British Colonial World
1480:
1377:
70:
58:
42:
630:
The Hanged Man and the Body Thief: Finding Lives in a Museum Mystery
1272:
1202:
1125:
999:
880:
805:
713:
491:"Initiation Ceremonies of the Aborigines of Port Stephens, N.S.W."
1420:
1020:
816:
498:
Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales
609:
Decisions of the Superior Courts of New South Wales.1788-1899
149:
was reported as having been performed on the occasion of the
381:
379:
141:
rings used in the initiation is reported to have been at
704:"Peeps into the past: Berrico Public School. Aborigines"
291:
289:
755:
A History in Three Rivers: Dungog Shire Heritage Study
73:(perhaps "clear hills" in the Gringai dialect) lies.
111:
of laws." One later story, recounted in 1922 in the
1490:
1430:
914:
872:
854:
729:. Australilan National University. pp. 57–82.
794:Dungog Chronicle: Durham and Gloucester Advertiser
354:
352:
33:who were recorded as inhabiting an area of the
828:
520:. In Jackson, Will; Manktelow, Emily (eds.).
511:. Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer.
8:
835:
821:
813:
1629:List of Australian Aboriginal group names
331:
469:
433:
397:
385:
370:
343:
319:
307:
295:
280:
569:Royal Anthropological Institute Journal
457:
421:
409:
261:
216:
445:
268:
1715:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales
561:"The Keeparra ceremony of initiation"
7:
685:Australian National University Press
541:"Cory, Edward Gostwyck (1797–1873)"
239:(apparently, "place to be shunned")
545:Australian Dictionary of Biography
358:
14:
898:(mainly Queensland bordering NSW)
508:The Aborigines of New South Wales
151:appearance of a comet in the sky
761:. carste STUDIO. Archived from
1:
605:"R. v. Jackey [1834]"
29:, is the name for one of the
790:"Graves and funeral customs"
653:"Summary of Tocal's history"
627:Roginski, Alexandra (2015).
539:Guilford, Elizabeth (1966).
524:. Springer. pp. 22–42.
53:The Gringai lived round the
31:Australian Aboriginal people
725:; Kostanski, Laura (eds.).
1736:
855:Aboriginal language groups
752:Williams, Michael (2012).
702:W., J.E. (25 April 1922).
549:Melbourne University Press
15:
1638:
1618:
905:Western Bundjalung people
659:. CB Alexander Foundation
65:area and traded with the
796:. 2 July 1943. p. 4
712:. p. 2 – via
227:, 12 miles northeast of
169:(place of little sticks)
673:Tindale, Norman Barnett
516:Fullagar, Kate (2015).
1119:Kawambarai/Gawambaraay
581:Miller, James (1985).
1644:By state or territory
863:Yugambeh-Bandjalangic
587:Angus & Robertson
505:Fraser, John (1892).
1491:Aboriginal languages
613:Macquarie University
487:Enright, Walter John
583:Korri a Will to Win
424:, pp. 115–124.
412:, pp. 320–340.
271:, pp. xv, 110.
137:One of the Gringai
57:, Barrington tops,
25:otherwise known as
1657:Northern Territory
986:Western Bundjalung
915:Aboriginal peoples
873:Aboriginal nations
100:Lancelot Threlkeld
1702:
1701:
1692:Western Australia
1049:Gidhabal/Githabul
709:Wingham Chronicle
694:978-0-708-10741-6
644:978-1-922-23566-4
635:Monash University
596:978-0-207-15065-4
531:978-1-137-46587-0
373:, pp. 18–19.
346:, pp. 17–18.
186:Alternative names
113:Wingham Chronicle
61:, Barrington and
1727:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1631:
1624:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1542:(or Yuwaaliyaay)
1535:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1431:Aboriginal clans
1423:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1056:Gringai/Guringay
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
907:
900:
899:
890:
883:
865:
837:
830:
823:
814:
809:
803:
801:
777:
775:
773:
768:on 29 March 2017
767:
760:
748:
717:
698:
668:
666:
664:
648:
623:
621:
619:
600:
577:
565:
552:
535:
512:
501:
495:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
374:
368:
362:
356:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
311:
305:
299:
293:
284:
278:
272:
266:
250:
246:
240:
221:
96:Robert Mackenzie
18:Gringai language
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1671:South Australia
1669:
1662:
1655:
1650:New South Wales
1648:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1508:(or Bundjalung)
1507:
1504:
1497:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1426:
1419:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
910:
903:
897:
893:
886:
879:
868:
861:
850:
848:New South Wales
841:
799:
797:
788:
785:
783:Further reading
780:
771:
769:
765:
758:
751:
737:
720:
701:
695:
671:
662:
660:
657:Tocal Homestead
651:
645:
626:
617:
615:
603:
597:
580:
563:
555:
547:. Vol. 1.
538:
532:
515:
504:
493:
489:(5 July 1899).
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408:
404:
396:
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318:
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279:
275:
267:
263:
259:
254:
253:
247:
243:
222:
218:
213:
200:
188:
163:
128:
126:Ceremonial life
79:
51:
39:New South Wales
20:
12:
11:
5:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1700:
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1660:
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1646:
1640:
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1633:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1536:
1529:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1488:
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1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
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1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
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1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
918:
916:
912:
911:
909:
908:
901:
891:
884:
876:
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870:
869:
867:
866:
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851:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
811:
810:
784:
781:
779:
778:
749:
745:j.ctt13www5z.7
735:
718:
699:
693:
677:"Worimi (NSW)"
669:
649:
643:
624:
601:
595:
578:
557:Mathews, R. H.
553:
536:
530:
513:
502:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:
462:
460:, p. 321.
450:
438:
426:
414:
402:
390:
375:
363:
348:
336:
324:
312:
300:
285:
273:
260:
258:
255:
252:
251:
241:
215:
214:
212:
209:
208:
207:
199:
198:Notable people
196:
195:
194:
187:
184:
183:
182:
176:
170:
162:
159:
127:
124:
83:Wong-ko-bi-kan
78:
75:
67:Paterson River
55:Williams River
50:
47:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1732:
1721:
1720:Hunter Region
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:(or Dharawal)
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:Wallumettagal
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Wanggeriburra
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
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1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
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1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
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1260:
1256:
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1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
919:
917:
913:
906:
902:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
877:
875:
871:
864:
860:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
815:
807:
795:
791:
787:
786:
782:
764:
757:
756:
750:
746:
742:
738:
736:9781925021622
732:
728:
724:
723:Hercus, Luise
719:
715:
711:
710:
705:
700:
696:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
658:
654:
650:
646:
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632:
631:
625:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
592:
588:
584:
579:
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571:
570:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
533:
527:
523:
519:
514:
510:
509:
503:
499:
492:
488:
484:
483:
478:
472:, p. 35.
471:
470:Fullagar 2015
466:
463:
459:
454:
451:
448:, p. 23.
447:
442:
439:
436:, p. 29.
435:
434:Williams 2012
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:
411:
406:
403:
400:, p. 22.
399:
398:Williams 2012
394:
391:
388:, p. 19.
387:
386:Williams 2012
382:
380:
376:
372:
371:Williams 2012
367:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
344:Williams 2012
340:
337:
333:
332:R. v. Jackey
328:
325:
322:, p. 23.
321:
320:Williams 2012
316:
313:
310:, p. 15.
309:
308:Roginski 2015
304:
301:
298:, p. 16.
297:
296:Williams 2012
292:
290:
286:
283:, p. 15.
282:
281:Williams 2012
277:
274:
270:
265:
262:
256:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
220:
217:
210:
205:
202:
201:
197:
193:
190:
189:
185:
180:
177:
175:( black duck)
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
125:
123:
120:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
91:
88:
84:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
46:
44:
40:
36:
35:Hunter Valley
32:
28:
24:
19:
1336:Wirraayaraay
1308:Wangaaypuwan
1189:Nhaawuparlku
1063:Gumbaynggirr
1055:
804:– via
798:. Retrieved
793:
770:. Retrieved
763:the original
754:
726:
707:
680:
661:. Retrieved
656:
629:
616:. Retrieved
608:
582:
573:
567:
544:
521:
507:
497:
465:
458:Mathews 1896
453:
441:
429:
422:Enright 1899
417:
410:Mathews 1896
405:
393:
366:
361:, p. 2.
339:
327:
315:
303:
276:
264:
244:
236:
224:
219:
191:
178:
172:
166:
146:
136:
131:
129:
121:
103:
92:
82:
80:
52:
26:
22:
21:
1588:Wemba Wemba
1550:Madhi Madhi
1540:Gamilaraay
1533:Dyirringany
1506:Bandjalang
1439:Cammeraygal
1329:Wemba-Wemba
1280:Yuwaalaraay
1182:Muthi Muthi
951:Barranbinya
846:peoples in
800:20 December
446:Fraser 1892
269:Miller 1985
181:(fertility)
167:wilhurgulla
37:in eastern
1709:Categories
1664:Queensland
1557:Nganywyana
1516:Darkinjung
1404:Kombumerri
1315:Wanjiwalku
1301:Wandandian
1154:Malyangapa
1126:Kula/Kurnu
1112:Karenggapa
1077:Himberrong
1035:Gandangara
1028:Gamilaraay
1014:Djiringanj
993:Darkinyung
979:Bundjalung
844:Aboriginal
576:: 320–340.
500:: 115–124.
229:Gloucester
192:Goreenggai
161:Some words
117:Barrington
108:tribal law
63:Gloucester
16:See also:
1595:Wiradjuri
1578:Tharawal
1571:Ngunnawal
1564:Ngiyambaa
1525:(or Eora)
1453:Gorualgal
1408:Mununjali
1357:Wiradjuri
1350:Wilyakali
1252:Paaruntyi
1245:Paakantyi
1238:Ngunnawal
1231:Ngiyampaa
1196:Nari-Nari
1133:Kuringgai
888:Kuringgai
257:Citations
237:Baal bora
223:In Upper
155:1845/1846
1685:Victoria
1678:Tasmania
1623:See also
1609:Yugambeh
1499:Awabakal
1460:Jerrinja
1412:Tulgigin
1392:Yugambeh
1371:Wonnarua
1364:Wodiwodi
1287:Walbunja
1266:Tharawal
1259:Barindji
1175:Muruwari
1147:Kwiambal
1140:Kureinji
1098:Jukambal
1091:Jitajita
1042:Geawegal
1007:Djangadi
965:Bigambul
958:Bidjigal
937:Awabakal
772:28 March
675:(1974).
663:15 April
618:29 March
559:(1896).
204:Arabanoo
147:karabari
143:Gresford
132:keeparra
87:Tasmania
45:people.
27:Guringay
1523:Dharug
1467:Ngambri
1446:Gadigal
1398:Clans:
1385:Yaygirr
1343:Wiyabal
1322:Weilwan
1294:Walgalu
1224:Ngarigo
1217:Ngarbal
1210:Ngambaa
1168:Milpulo
1161:Maraura
1105:Galibal
1070:Gweagal
972:Birrbay
930:Arakwal
479:Sources
359:W. 1922
225:Ghangat
173:erringi
104:muramai
77:History
49:Country
23:Gringai
1602:Worimi
1481:Wangal
1378:Worimi
1084:Jeithi
944:Banbai
923:Anēwan
743:
733:
691:
641:
593:
528:
233:damper
179:monduk
71:Dungog
59:Dungog
43:Worimi
1273:Thaua
1203:Ngaku
1000:Darug
895:Murri
881:Koori
806:Trove
766:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
741:JSTOR
714:Trove
564:(PDF)
494:(PDF)
211:Notes
1421:Yuin
1021:Eora
802:2015
774:2017
731:ISBN
689:ISBN
665:2009
639:ISBN
620:2017
591:ISBN
526:ISBN
139:Bora
153:in
1711::
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
792:.
739:.
706:.
687:.
683:.
679:.
655:.
637:.
633:.
611:.
607:.
589:.
585:.
574:26
572:.
566:.
543:.
496:.
378:^
351:^
288:^
157:.
145:A
119:.
836:e
829:t
822:v
808:.
776:.
747:.
716:.
697:.
667:.
647:.
622:.
599:.
551:.
534:.
334:.
206:.
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