462:. The switching of languages was noticed by Patrick McConvell between the 1960s and 1980s, and is thought to have emerged from the establishment of the cattle stations by the non-Indigenous colonists. Gurindji Kriol is spoken by Gurindji people below the age of 35, as they understand Gurindji but do not speak it in its traditional form.
415:
was set up about eight kilometers away on the
Victoria River as a town to service the nearby stations. Many Gurindji moved to Kalkaringi and now both Kalkaringi and Dagaragu are home to the Gurindji. Kalkaringi contains most of the facilities such as the Community Office, school, abattoir, garage,
872:
Lastly, kinship systems, or the varying words to describe familial relationships are much different than in
English. There are many more words than simply 'father', 'brother' and 'sister' as Gurindji people have many fathers, brothers and sisters. This is due to the fact that anyone who is in a
868:
Another difference in
Gurindji and English vocabularies is the words used to indicate left and right. As Felicity Meakins discovered, "Gurindji doesn't have terms for left and right, but has 24 different words each for north, south, east and west."
392:"Gurindji is part of the Eastern Ngumpin branch of the Nyungan-Yapa sub-group. The Eastern Ngumpin languages are among the most northernly Pama-Nyungan languages, in contact with the Non-Pama-Nyungan languages to the north, west, and east."
843:
Felicity
Meakins also determined word order is largely determined by information structure rather than phrasal structure. The left periphery of the clause is generally associated with prominent information. The second position pronominal
338:
Patrick McConvell also states: "Gurindji has been taught intermittently for short periods as a subject in the local school over the last twenty-five years but mostly has had no role in the curriculum or in official community functions."
732:
According to the
University of Melbourne School of Languages and Linguistics, "Gurindji is a dependent marking language. Word order is relatively free, though constrained by discourse functions. The verb phrase is made up of a free
470:
According to the
University of Melbourne School of Languages and Linguistics, "Phonologically, Gurindji is a fairly typical Pama-Nyungan language. It contains stops and nasals which have five corresponding places of articulation
737:
and an inflecting verb which contains information about tense, mood, modality. Bound pronouns also attach to the inflecting verb to cross reference subjects and objects for person and number. These pronouns inflect for
487:), three laterals (apico-alveolar, retroflex, palatal), two rhotics (trill/flap and retroflex continuant), two semivowels (bilabial and palatal) and three vowels (a, i, u). Combinations of semivowels and vowels produce
1069:
257:
324:. The language of the Gurindji is highly endangered, with about 592 speakers remaining and only 175 of those speakers fully understanding the language. There are in addition about 60 speakers of Ngarinyman dialect.
1518:
865:) "encompasses not just what we might call civil and criminal 'law' but the ways of behavior and social control with regard to kin and the land that was bestowed by the ancestors and Dreamings."
335:
Patrick McConvell writes: "Traditional
Gurindji today is only generally spoken in private contexts between older people, although it is occasionally used in speeches and newly composed songs."
403:
Gurindji is spoken by approximately 592 people, according to the
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006 Census, in Northern Territory, Australia. More specifically, in the
717:/ɐ/ can be heard as fronted sounds when before or after a palatal consonant. When before or after a velar consonant, /ɐ/ is often backed and rounded and realized as .
1415:
654:
With the exception of /k/ in word-initial position, stop sounds are typically voiced, and are mainly heard as voiceless when in word-final position.
881:
The following
Gurindji words, their definitions, and the sample sentences in Gurindji and English come from the Gurindji Multimedia Database:
1170:
1017:
1395:
856:
There are many words and expressions in the
Gurindji language that have a complex meaning and usage that cannot be replicated in English.
404:
1271:
1106:
992:
754:
1042:
1443:
720:/i/ can sometimes be heard as , and can be heard as rounded and backed when within the environment of a labial consonant.
813:
278:
982:
1493:
Meakins, Felicity, Patrick McConvell, Erika Charola, Norm McNair, Helen McNair and Lauren Campbell (Compilers). 2013.
1287:
McConvell, Patrick; Meakins, Felicity (April 2005). "Gurindji Kriol: A Mixing Language Emerges from Code-Switching".
375:
305:
146:
141:
1513:
379:
1238:
1161:
Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri, eds. (2009). "31: Loanwords in Gurindji, a Pama-Nyungan language of Australia".
816:. Word order is relatively free, as the ordering of constituents is flexible. For example, the Gurindji word
395:
The last division of the Eastern Ngumpin branch in which Gurindji is a part of is the Victoria River branch.
325:
1326:
753:
The noun phrase may contain nouns, adjectives, demonstratives and free pronouns. Case marking for nouns is
1497:. Australian Society for Indigenous Languages (AUSIL, Darwin). www.ausil.org/Lexicons/Gurindji/index.html.
386:
634:
508:
495:
or a voicing contrast between stops. Stress is word initial, and syllables pattern CV, CVC or CVCC."
343:
1099:
Re-Awakening Languages Theory and practice in the revitalisation of Australia's Indigenous languages
723:/ʊ/ can be heard as centralized , or fronted as when within the environment of a palatal consonant.
416:
and shops. The CDEP office, a bakery, and Batchelor Institute facilities can be found at Dagaragu."
1419:
545:
347:
1304:
1097:
Hobson, John Robert; Lowe, Kevin Connolly; Poetsch, Susan Patricia; Walsh, Michael James (2010).
540:
444:
408:
351:
317:
190:
76:
859:
An example found in National Indigenous Languages Survey Report is the Gurindji word for 'law' (
822:'rock' can appear pre-verbally in clause-initial position (1) and in clause-final position (2):
1523:
1391:
1267:
1166:
1102:
1013:
1009:
988:
596:
535:
513:
382:
languages family, as Indigenous Australia was largely divided into these two classifications.
363:
359:
151:
1296:
1003:
765:
616:
525:
518:
37:
491:-like sounds. Like most Pama-Nyungan languages, Gurindji is notable because it contains no
1065:
743:
739:
530:
476:
309:
269:
263:
133:
98:
757:
patterned, and generally other elements in the noun phrase must agree with noun's case."
552:
472:
459:
329:
1470:
248:
241:
1507:
1469:
Dousset, Laurent; Hendery, Rachel; Bowern, Claire; Koch, Harold; McConvell, Patrick.
1266:. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxxix.
1213:
801:
796:
791:
673:
480:
425:
355:
1308:
1005:
A Grammar of Bilinarra: An Australian Aboriginal Language of the Northern Territory
981:
Jones, Caroline; Schultze-Berndt, Eva; Denniss, Jessica; Meakins, Felicity (2019).
342:
The Gurindji language has borrowed many words from surrounding languages such as
1081:
786:
779:
She also found the list of suffixes and case suffixes in the Gurindji language:
747:
668:
484:
412:
293:
283:
1300:
685:
678:
574:
492:
313:
102:
773:
700:
488:
321:
234:
208:
114:
80:
224:
217:
1390:. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 287–289.
110:
1126:
1068:
Gurindji (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
106:
1070:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
845:
769:
734:
1186:
848:
provides a transition between more and less prominent information.
1325:
School of Languages and Linguistics, School Manager (2016-05-10).
1237:
School of Languages and Linguistics, School Manager (2016-05-10).
812:
Felicity Meakins found Gurindji exhibits all of the properties of
768:
states, "Gurindji is an agglutinating language which employs only
893:
Ngayiny-ku jipiniya-wu ngurna-rla jalak yuwarru jarrakap milimili
873:
person's life for a long time is included in the kinship system.
1386:
Pensalfini, Rob; Turpin, Myfany; Guillemin, Diana, eds. (2014).
1453:– via The University of Queensland Australia: UG News.
714:
Vowels in unstressed position are heard as a central sound.
61:
1163:
Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook
58:
43:
1519:
Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory
52:
40:
1327:"School of Languages and Linguistics | ACLA1: Languages"
1165:. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 790–793.
907:
Kalu-ngkurra-warla ngurna-rla jalngak waninya yawarta-la
746:
case, unlike free pronouns whose form only changes for
1444:"Bilingual dictionary preserves the Gurindji language"
1239:"School of Languages and Linguistics | ACLA1: Regions"
411:
was chosen as the destination of the walk-off. Later,
458:
The child language of Gurindji is the mixed language
55:
946:: cv. 'convalesce, recover from sickness'. Variant:
49:
1101:. Australia: Sydney University Press. p. 229.
289:
277:
256:
232:
206:
201:
169:
130:
120:
94:
86:
72:
46:
31:
21:
1416:"National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005"
1264:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
385:Gurindji is further classified as a member of the
1082:Endangered Languages Project data for Ngarinyman
1350:Meakins, Felicity; McConvell, Patrick (2021).
1072: (see the info box for additional links)
1002:Meakins, Felicity; Nordlinger, Rachel (2014).
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
933:
927:
919:
913:
905:
899:
891:
885:
860:
835:
826:
817:
374:The Gurindji language is classified under the
1212:Gutman, Alejandro; Avanzati, Beatriz (2013).
8:
910:. 'I got on the horse while it was walking'.
924:. 'He sprinkled the red ochre with water.'
502:
18:
1061:
1059:
967:Yarrapuru-nginyi ngurna wankaj-pa-rningan
332:that derives from the Gurindji language.
1041:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
662:
90:Victoria River and Wave Hill, Kalkaringi
27:Gurinji, Korindji, Garundji, Kuurrinjtji
1388:Language Description Informed by Theory
1033:
840:: 'He throws the rock into the water.'
831:: 'He throws the rock into the water.'
1381:
921:Malymalyk mani ngawa-ngku nyila kalnga
1464:
1462:
1460:
1409:
1407:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1320:
1318:
970:. 'Having recovered, I'm sick again.'
168:
7:
1331:languages-linguistics.unimelb.edu.au
1243:languages-linguistics.unimelb.edu.au
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1120:
1118:
1092:
1090:
896:. 'I sent a letter to my boyfriend'.
1125:Milin, Rozenn; Zhan, Yihui (2009).
837:Ngawa-ngkurra waj yuwa-na-na wumara
828:Wumara waj yuwa-na-na ngawa-ngkurra
14:
1289:Australian Journal of Linguistics
984:Ngarinyman to English Dictionary
407:District where "Wattie Creek or
36:
16:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
938:? 'Do any of you want water?'
918:: cv. 'sprinkle with water'.
273: Ngarinyman (cover term)
267: Gurindji (cover term),
1495:Gurindji Multimedia Database
1414:Larkin, Steve (2005-11-20).
1354:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1043:"Cultural diversity: Census"
987:. Aboriginal Studies Press.
698:
683:
389:sub-group of Pama-Nyungan.
378:family – as opposed to the
1540:
1127:"Gurindji « Sorosoro"
428:going west, and includes:
1301:10.1080/07268600500110456
704:
638:
517:
507:
505:
26:
935:Walima-nta ngapaku-wu-ma
1218:www.languagesgulper.com
1191:World Loanword Database
1187:"Language: Gajirrabeng"
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
934:
928:
920:
914:
906:
900:
892:
886:
861:
836:
827:
818:
399:Geographic distribution
228: – Ngarinyman
1471:"Family/Kinship words"
1262:Dixon, Robert (2004).
932:: quest. 'how about'.
814:non-configurationality
424:Gurindji is part of a
376:Pama-Nyungan languages
126:620 (2021 census)
1352:A Grammar of Gurindji
1214:"The Language Gulper"
306:Pama–Nyungan language
1432:– via AIATSIS.
1295:(1 ed.): 9–30.
1193:. Max Planck Society
221: – Gurinji
1475:the Austkin project
475:, apico-alveolar,
318:Northern Territory
77:Northern Territory
1514:Ngumbin languages
1172:978-3-11-021843-5
1019:978-1-614-51274-5
1010:Walter de Gruyter
915:malykmalyk manana
711:
710:
651:
650:
454:Derived languages
299:
298:
1531:
1498:
1491:
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1481:
1466:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1418:. Archived from
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:978-90-272-70917
1383:
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1131:www.sorosoro.org
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864:
839:
830:
821:
766:Felicity Meakins
663:
503:
380:Non-Pama-Nyungan
272:
266:
252: Ngarinman
251:
244:
227:
220:
211:
175:Eastern Gurindji
136:
68:
67:
64:
63:
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57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
19:
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661:
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372:
268:
262:
247:
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245: Gurindji
240:
223:
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216:
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165:
137:
134:Language family
132:
123:
122:Native speakers
39:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1537:
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1026:
1025:
1024:
1018:
999:
993:
976:
973:
972:
971:
939:
925:
911:
904:: cv. 'walk'.
897:
890:: cv. 'send'.
887:jalak yuwanana
878:
875:
853:
850:
809:
806:
805:
804:
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794:
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543:
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467:
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460:Gurindji Kriol
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
442:
439:
436:
433:
421:
418:
405:Victoria River
400:
397:
371:
370:Classification
368:
330:mixed language
326:Gurindji Kriol
316:people in the
308:spoken by the
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
281:
275:
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260:
254:
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202:Language codes
199:
198:
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196:
195:?Kartangarurru
193:
188:
185:
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96:
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73:Native to
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33:
29:
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24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1425:on 2009-07-09
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1273:0-521-47378-0
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1108:9781920899554
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994:9781925302813
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426:dialect chain
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1197:10 February
635:Approximant
344:Gajirrabeng
1508:Categories
1480:2016-05-09
1450:2016-05-01
1429:2016-05-02
1336:2016-05-04
1248:2016-05-03
1223:2016-05-03
1136:2016-05-03
1048:13 October
1028:References
761:Morphology
755:ergatively
744:accusative
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509:Peripheral
499:Consonants
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432:Wanjdjirra
413:Kalkaringi
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314:Ngarinyman
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774:enclitics
546:Retroflex
489:diphthong
477:retroflex
466:Phonology
445:Bilinarra
441:Ngarinman
420:Varieties
352:Jaminjung
322:Australia
235:Glottolog
209:ISO 639-3
191:Bilinarra
115:Bilingara
95:Ethnicity
81:Australia
1524:Gurindji
1309:62281541
943:yarrpuru
877:Examples
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797:Allative
792:Locative
783:Ergative
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541:Alveolar
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360:Miriwung
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852:Lexicon
728:Grammar
674:Central
597:Lateral
536:Palatal
514:Laminal
481:palatal
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617:Rhotic
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