783:"On this great day, I, Prime Minister of Australia, speak to you on behalf of all Australian people – all those who honour and love this land we live in. For them I want to say to you: I want this to acknowledge that we Australians have still much to do to redress the injustice and oppression that has for so long been the lot of Black Australians. Vincent Lingiari, I solemnly hand to you these deeds as proof, in Australian law, that these lands belong to the Gurindji people and I put into your hands part of the earth itself as a sign that this land will be the possession of you and your children forever."
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responsibilities for the land, and their ability to practise their law, language and culture. In August every year, a large celebration is held at
Kalkaringi to mark the anniversary of the strike and walk-off. Known as Freedom Day, people gather from many parts of Australia to celebrate and re-enact the walk-off. However, it wasn’t until May 1986 that the Gurindji
347:"We were treated just like dogs. We were lucky to get paid the 50 quid a month we were due, and we lived in tin humpies you had to crawl in and out on your knees. There was no running water. The food was bad – just flour, tea, sugar and bits of beef like the head or feet of a bullock. The Vesteys mob were hard men. They didn't care about black fellas."
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Unfortunately, Lingiari's vision of "a separate but equal settlement, land and cultural and political autonomy" did not happen. The
Murramulla Aboriginal-owned cattle business did not survive, for a range of reasons. The Wave Hill Welfare Settlement attracted more people because of government funding
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The
Vesteys mob came and said they would get two killers (slaughtered beasts) and raise our wages if we came back. But old Vincent said, 'No, we're stopping here'. Then in early 1967 we walked to our new promised land, we call it Daguragu (Wattie Creek), back to our sacred places and our country, our
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Several significant events marked a change in public opinion in
Australia. In 1967, an overwhelming majority of Australians – over 90 per cent of voters and a majority in all six states – voted "Yes" to giving the Federal Government power to make laws specifically for Indigenous Australians, in the
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groups gave practical and fundraising support to the
Gurindji struggle. The struggle would, however, continue for another eight years, during which Lingiari, Jampijinpa and others toured the country, giving talks, raising awareness, and building support for their cause. They arranged meetings with
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government offered a compromise pay rise of 125 per cent, but the strikers still demanded wages equal to those of white stockmen and return of their land. The
Government also made moves to cut off means of Gurindji obtaining food supplies and threatened evictions. The Gurindji persisted with their
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nearby at Wattie Creek/Daguragu. Initially, the action was interpreted by most of the white people as purely a strike against work and living conditions. However, it soon became clear that the strikers not only demanded wages equal to those of white stockmen, but also the return of their land. The
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said that the determination recognised
Indigenous involvement (Jamangku, Japuwuny, Parlakuna-Parkinykarni and Yilyilyimawu peoples) with the land "at least since European settlement and probably for millennia". The court sitting took place nearly 800 kilometres (500 mi) south of Darwin, and
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on 9 August 2007. The site covers around 20 km (12 mi), starting from Wave Hill
Station and ending at Daguragu. In 2023, several items were demolished or removed, including signs detailing its significance, an historic windmill and fence, a large solar panel system, and fences blocking
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this was an illegal occupation. Other petitions and requests move back and forth between the
Gurindji and the Northern Territory and Australian Governments, without resolution. While living at Daguragu, the Gurindji people drew up maps showing areas they wanted excised from pastoralist land and
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in
Australia. The Gurindji strike was not the first or the only demand by Aboriginal people for the return of their lands – but it was the first one to attract wide public support within Australia for land rights. For the first time recognition was given of Indigenous people, their rights and
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had these paid into pastoral company accounts over which they had no control. In contrast, non-Aboriginal workers enjoyed minimum wage security with no legal limit on the maximum they could be paid. They were housed in comfortable homes with gardens and had full control over their finances.
514:, asking for a lease of 1,300 km (500 sq mi) around Daguragu, to be run cooperatively by the Gurundji as a mining and cattle lease. The petition said "We feel that morally the land is ours and should be returned to us". However, in June Casey refused the lease.
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to remove sections discriminating against Aboriginal workers. The pastoralists resisted strongly; the Commission eventually agreed in March 1966, but in consideration of the pastoralists' concerns of what it would cost them, delayed implementation by three years.
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for Indigenous Australians, although only an initial step towards the final land handback; it was only a 30-year pastoral lease over a very small area. Whitlam poured a handful of soil through Lingiari’s fingers addressed him and the Gurindji people, saying:
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We want them Vestey mob all go away from here. Wave Hill Aboriginal people bin called Gurindji. We bin here long time before them Vestey mob. This is our country, all this bin Gurindji country. Wave Hill bin our country. We want this land; we strike for
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However, little was done over the decades leading up to the strike. While it was illegal up until 1968 to pay Aboriginal workers more than a specified amount in goods and money, a 1945 inquiry found Vesteys was not even paying Aboriginal workers the 5
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in 1972 ("the Woodward Royal Commission"). The Inquiry's task was to examine the legal establishment of land rights. The Commission recommended government financial support for the creation of reserves and incorporated land trusts, administered by
103:, which had covered approximately 3,250 square kilometres (1,250 sq mi) of the Northern Territory before European settlement. The walk-off persisted until 16 August 1975, when–after brokering an agreement with titular landowners the
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recognised the native title rights of the Gurindji people to 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) of the Wave Hill Station, allowing them to receive royalties as compensation from resource companies who explore the area. Justice
612:, the eye surgeon and Communist activist. Brian Manning garnered support at the Waterside Workers' conference in Sydney, recommending to members a A$ 1 per member national levy to support the Gurindji claim for their land. This raised a
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The Freedom Day March occurs each year to commemorate the Gurindji strike. In recent years, it has become part of a larger festival known as the Freedom Day Festival, which includes an extensive program of music; talks, including the
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In 1959, the Wards Employment Regulations set out a scale of wages, rations and conditions applicable to wards of the state, at rates up to 50 per cent lower than those of non-Aboriginal people working in similar occupations. Still
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and services, and Kalkarindji (as it is now known) is the service centre for the smaller Dagaragu (formerly Wattie Creek) settlement. Since a 2008 local government restructure, Kalkarindji/Daguragu ward is one of five
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report looked into the matter of underpayment of Indigenous workers in the past. A group of those involved in the Wave Hill walk-off have said that they would be prepared to make a reparation claim for underpaid and
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for tens of thousands of years. These lands cover approximately 3,250 square kilometres (1,250 sq mi) of what is now the Northern Territory. They first encountered Europeans around 1844-1845, when explorer
662:), but the Gurindji would not be enticed by this. In 1969 the government was given a proposal to give 8 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi) back to the Gurindji. Cabinet refused even to discuss the issue.
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By August 1966 the Gurindji had had enough of waiting for an improvement to their living and working conditions, and a campaign in solidarity with their cause had stirred support across the country. Writer
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will participate in the mining negotiations and exploration work, from which royalties may flow in the future, but just as important is the right to hunt, gather, teach and perform cultural activities and
816:(ALRA) – on 9 December 1976. This was the first legislation in Australia which allows for a claim of land title if the claimants can provide evidence of their traditional connection to the land (i.e. via
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in the Gurindji's battle for their land rights. The money spent on building fences as well as a massive campaign. Workers in Vesteys' meatworks in London took a day of strike action and sent donations.
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1070:, then Minister for the Interior, say in parliament that if the Gurindji wanted land, they should save up and buy it, like any other Australian. Nixon also gets a mention in the song:
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finally negotiated with the Vesteys company to give the Gurindji back a small portion of their land. Whitlam arrived in Daguragu on 16 August 1975. This was a symbolic moment in the
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731:'s agenda. It called a halt to development leases granted by the Northern Territory Land Board that might damage Indigenous rights and suspended mining exploration licences.
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The original Wave Hill contract ended in March 1973, and two new ones were drafted, one for Vestey and one for the Gurindji, through their Murramulla Gurindji Company.
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in exchange for their work. Pastoralists were able to make use of the now landless Aboriginal people, who wanted to stay on their traditional lands, as extremely cheap
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confronted the vast economic and political forces arrayed against him and his people. The walk-off and strike were landmark events in the struggle for Aboriginal
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Though initially interpreted merely as a strike against working and living conditions, the primary demand was for return of some of the traditional lands of the
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475:) and their families walked off Wave Hill and began their ten-year strike for better pay and conditions and land rights. Lingiari led the Gurindji, as well as
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As a result of the recommendations of the Woodward Inquiry, the Whitlam government drafted the Aboriginal Land Rights Bill. The legislation was not passed by
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as they competed with cattle for water and grazing land. Gurindji suffered lethal reprisals for any attempt to eat the cattle – anything from a skirmish to a
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was able to give the rights to a piece of land back to the Gurindji people in a highly symbolic handover ceremony. It was a key moment in the movement for
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Geoffrey Gray (2014). "'We Know the Aborigines are Dying Out': Aboriginal People and the Quest to Ensure their Survival, Wave Hill Station, 1944".
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Aboriginal freehold title deeds to the Gurindji. Also, the ALRA was limited to the NT, and explicitly excluded urban claims such those made by the
343:, without floors, lighting, sanitation, furniture or cooking facilities. Billy Bunter Jampijinpa, who lived on Wave Hill Station at the time said:
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363:) exposed the conditions faced by the workers. Aboriginal children under 12 were working illegally, housing and food was inadequate, there was
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of Aboriginal women, and prostitution in exchange for rations and clothing was occurring. Sanitation was poor and there was no safe source of
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1231:(the Wave Hill Walk-off Cup and Vincent Lingiari Cup) and women's basketball (the Blanch Jingaya Cup); fashion, fireworks, art and culture.
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Each year, more than 1000 people travel from around Australia to recreate the route taken by Lingiari, the stockmen and their families.
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2291:"Wave Hill Walk Off Route, Buchanan Hwy (sic), Kalkarindji, NT, Australia - listing on the National Heritage List (Place ID 105897)"
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The tide of public opinion was beginning to turn in Australia. Demonstrations and arrests occurred in southern Australia, and many
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Songs from the stations : Wajarra as sung by Ronnie Wavehill Wirrpnga, Topsy Dodd Ngarnjal and Dandy Danbayarri at Kalkaringi
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The strike started having an impact on nearby stations; some had increased their Aboriginal workers' pay, fearing strike action.
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mine by Nabalco. Coupled with the ongoing Gurindji strike, this case highlighted the very real need for Aboriginal land rights.
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Report of the Board of Inquiry Appointed to inquire into the land and land industries of the Northern Territory of Australia
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It was obvious that they had been ... quite ruthless in denying their Aboriginal labour proper access to basic human rights.
274:. If they couldn't continue their traditional way of life, then at least to be on their own land – the foundation for their
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1797:"Vincent Lingiari interviewed by Frank Hardy during the strike at Wave Hill Station in the Frank Hardy MS 4887 collection"
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790:'s photograph of Whitlam pouring sand into Lingiari's hand on that day, has become an iconic one in Australian history.
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Prime Minister Gough Whitlam pours soil into hand of traditional landowner Vincent Lingiari, Northern Territory 1975
289:. On stations across the north, Aboriginal people became the backbone of the cattle industry for the next 70 years.
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and Captain Major, telling the story of the Gurindji people based on personal narratives, and the Gurindji Strike.
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902:, as there were mining interests in area covered by Wave Hill Station's pastoral lease. On 8 September 2020, the
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679:, also known as the Gove land rights case, after unsuccessfully petitioning the Commonwealth government with the
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after hearing Lingiari speak. The donor – who said he had never before met an Aboriginal person – was a young Dr
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2327:"NT government to launch legal action over alleged damage to National Heritage Listed Wave Hill walk-off site"
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were granted native title over 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) of the Wave Hill Station land.
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304:. The Vesteys refused to pay their workers in wages, leading to tensions and arguments from the beginning.
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517:"This bin Gurindji country long time before them Vestey mob", Vincent Lingiari told Hardy at the time.
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in 1991, and Freedom Day is celebrated in August of each year at Kalkarindji to commemorate the strike.
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Fogarty, John; Dwyer, Jacinta (2012). "The First Aboriginal Land Rights Case". In Sykes, Helen (ed.).
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collected thousands of pounds for a strike fund. NTCAR provided support and publicity for the strike.
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move was symbolic, away from the cattle station and closer to the Gurindji sacred sites, and marked.
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Legislation passed in 1913 required employers to provide Aboriginal workers food, clothes, tea and
211:. It was stocked with 1000 cattle in 1884, and 10 years later, there were 15,000 cattle and 8,000
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crossed into their territory. From 1855 to 1856 Gregory led an expedition from the plains of the
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1844:"Petition to Lord Casey, Governor-General of Australia from four Gurindji spokesmen, April 1967"
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Attwood, Bain (2000). "The Articulation Of 'Land Rights' In Australia: The Case of Wave Hill".
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2377:"A Handful of Sand: The Gurindji Struggle, After the Walk-off, by Charlie Ward... Book Review"
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2464:"Wave Hill walk-off veterans recognised in 'particularly special' native title determination"
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and their families, starting on 23 August 1966 and lasting for seven years. It took place at
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278:– was crucial. The pastoralists wanted cheap labour, and workers were exploited and abused.
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descendants of Lingiari and others involved in the walk-off celebrated the determination.
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and contributions by Lingiari, Aboriginal Union organiser Daniel Dexter, Aboriginal actor
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in 1998, a list archived since its closure in 2007. The walk-off route was listed on the
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wrote the "Gurindji Blues" in the 1969 with Lingiari. The words to the first verse are:
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There had been complaints from Indigenous employees about conditions over many years. A
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In March 1967 the Gurindji decided to move from their first camp in the dry bed of the
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1932:. Australian Capital Territory: National Library of Australia. 27 July 1968. p. 3
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418:, known as Lord Vestey, refused to pay any wages to the company's Aboriginal workers.
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1823:"Pincher Manguari interviewed by Frank Hardy in the Frank Hardy MS 4887 collection"
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410:. He would also oversee many matters relevant to the lives of Aboriginal people.
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a day (0.50 AUD as of 2023) minimum wage set up for Aboriginal workers under the
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1951:
1182:, commemorates the Gurindji strike and the struggle for Aboriginal land rights.
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organised a speaking tour for Daniels, and through their networks and unions in
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2941:"An historic handful of dirt: Whitlam and the legacy of the Wave Hill Walk-Off"
2353:"An historic handful of dirt: Whitlam and the legacy of the Wave Hill Walk-Off"
1703:"An historic handful of dirt: Whitlam and the legacy of the Wave Hill Walk-Off"
335:. Non-Indigenous males were receiving £2/8/- a week in 1945. Gurindji lived in
17:
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2875:"Wave Hill Walk-Off stockman and Aboriginal land rights hero Mr Wavehill dies"
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1770:"Fifty years since the Gurindji strike: Unions and the fight for land rights"
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An area of about 3,000 km (1,200 sq mi), which included the
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Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice
1555:(1). Australian and New Zealand Society of the History of Medicine: 1–24.
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practices adhered to by the Gurindji for millennia could not be followed.
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1388:. An Artback NT Education Resource. Charles Darwin University. p. 13
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In 1971 the song was recorded by in Sydney, with Egan singing along with
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1955:
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The Gurindji stayed on at Daguragu from 1967 until 1974, although under
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hunters ("doggers") regularly shot the people's hunting dogs as well as
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683:. The judge's decision in Gove in April 1971 relied on the doctrine of
488:
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Billy Bunter Jampijinpa was 16 years old at the time of the walk-off:
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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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At the time of the move, the strikers drafted a petition to the then
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man actively involved in land rights for his own people through the
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On 23 August 1966, led by Lingiari, about 200 workers (stockmen and
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area, was granted to pastoralist Nathaniel Buchanan in 1883 for the
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access to the area. Charges were going to be laid in January 2024.
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1872:"Governor-General's response to the Gurindji petition, June 1967"
115:, which was one of the main events leading to the passing of the
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contact=Media Office, Information Department (30 October 2015).
1298:"Gurindji Land Rights Struggle: Case study & training guide"
1066:
Egan says he was moved to write "Gurindji Blues" after he heard
392:(NT). This empowered the Director of Native Affairs (previously
296:, then an international meat-packing company founded and run by
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1640:"Aboriginals Ordinance 1953 (Legislation – Northern Territory)"
1383:"Still in my mind: Gurindji location, experience and visuality"
2434:"Native Title rights recognised over famous Wave Hill Station"
2013:
ATNS (Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements project)
2571:"A tribute to Vincent Lingiari and the Gurindji: Song lyrics"
628:
In 1968, 60 Aboriginal workers at another Vestey's property,
254:. There was little choice to stay alive but to move onto the
2951:
A Handful of Sand: The Gurindji Struggle, After the Walk-off
2363:
A Handful of Sand: The Gurindji Struggle, After the Walk-off
2131:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth)"
1690:
Regulations under the Wards' Employment Ordinance 1953–1960.
1901:"Part 5 – Referendums and Plebiscites – Referendum results"
673:
were taking their grievances to the courts, in the case of
234:
fenced off or fouled by cattle, which also ate or trampled
212:
1665:
Northern Territory Administration. Welfare Branch (1959).
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people, had lived on their traditional land in the remote
2546:
The Struggle for Aboriginal Rights: A documentary history
924:, and allow the young people to connect with their land.
1350:
Lawford, Elliana; Zillman, Stephanie (18 August 2016).
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All these gentle black warriors they dreamed of a Bill,
658:
offered 20 houses at Wave Hill Welfare Settlement (now
632:, also joined the strike when they walked off the job.
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recalled one fundraising meeting at which a donor gave
429:(NTCAR) and driven by their own Aboriginal organiser,
546:, May 1968" (Vincent Lingiari); charcoal on paper, by
316:
government inquiry held in the 1930s said of Vesteys:
2075:"AATL: Historical land right legislations Flashcards"
1246:, popular songs performed for fun and entertainment.
1208:
And took off with and poured land into Vincent's hand
1196:
And enough was enough, so they walked off Wave Hill.
2243:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
1523:"Stockmen mark long walk to freedom and land rights"
1352:"Timeline: From Wave Hill protest to land handbacks"
1206:
For nine hungry years they kept up their bold stand,
435:
Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission
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1832:. pp. 1 audiocassette (approximately 49 min.).
1484:. Canberra: Government Printer. pp. 101 pages.
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3386:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
1731:"Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights"
1192:A great rumbling sound came from up in the sticks,
693:rights to their land and ensure the security of a
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2104:. National Film and Sound Archive. Archived from
1795:Lingiari, Vincent; Hardy, Frank (18 March 1967).
1190:In the year of Lord Jesus nineteen and sixty six,
1098:and Gove land rights case (who also sings on the
1212:For to make reparations for a giant of a crime.
1178:'s song "Wave Hill Walk Off", on his 2016 album
1153:Who know where they stand and stand in the law.
427:Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights
215:, which started to degrade the environment. The
2271:. Northern Territory Government. 23 August 2006
2009:"Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd (1971) 17 FLR 141"
1984:"Vincent Lingiari's vision left to rot and die"
1210:For indigenous land rights it was finally time,
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1187:
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898:A native title claim was lodged in 2016 by the
862:Seven associated sites were registered on the
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565:returned to them. In 1967, they petitioned the
3873:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
3376:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
1821:Manguari, Pincher; Hardy, Frank (March 1967).
1135:’Bout British Lord Vestey and Vincent Lingiari
1102:). Lingiari speaks the introduction, first in
188:journeyed through this land from the coast of
3361:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
2972:
2738:"Freedom Day video – Songs from the Stations"
2211:"Wave Hill group prepares stolen wages claim"
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1151:How power and privilege can not move a people
810:passed effectively similar legislation – the
8:
2622:"Damien Dempsey: Dublin's working class act"
1149:But this is the story of something much more
740:Royal Commission into Aboriginal Land Rights
136:The event was later celebrated in the song "
68:, was a walk-off and strike by 200 Gurindji
1977:
1975:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1133:An eight year-long story of power and pride
3468:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
3453:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
3425:
2979:
2965:
2957:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2032:
2030:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
931:
520:Hardy records Pincher Manguari as saying:
121:. This legislation was the basis on which
27:1966–1975 strike by Aboriginal Australians
2928:"First speech as the member for Lingiari"
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2404:"Our Communities: Kalkarindji / Daguragu"
2160:"The History of the Central Land Council"
1611:"Wave Hill Walk Off: 50 Year Anniversary"
1137:They were opposite men on opposite sides
1131:Gather round people I’ll tell you a story
719:(ALP) came to power under Prime Minister
292:In 1914, Wave Hill Station was bought by
92:, Australia, and was led by Gurindji man
2489:
2487:
2485:
1725:
1723:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
3190:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
3062:People from politics and public service
2949:Article by the author of the 2017 book
2432:Wellington, Shahni (9 September 2020).
2361:Article by the author of the 2017 book
2325:Fitzgerald, Roxanne (30 January 2024).
2040:More or less: democracy & new media
1898:Handbook of the 44th Parliament (2014)
1374:
1372:
1296:MacLeod, Jason; Nolan, Karrina (2018).
1288:
938:
406:of all "aboriginals", thus making them
266:life and, where possible, take work as
2988:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
1147:That was the story of Vincent Lingiari
2666:from the original on 12 December 2021
2653:"Damien Dempsey – Wave Hill Walk Off"
2470:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1126:". The words to the first verse are:
794:Significance and legacy of the strike
742:in the Northern Territory, headed by
7:
3985:Northern Territory Heritage Register
3170:Literature of Indigenous Australians
2237:"Search Results [Wave Hill]"
868:Northern Territory Heritage Register
550:, drawn while researching his book,
3965:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
3960:History of Australia (1945–present)
2883:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2265:"Gurindji Wave Hill Walk Off Route"
2215:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
711:Indigenous land rights in Australia
650:Also in 1968, the Liberal-National
597:prominent lawyers and politicians.
113:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
3351:Aborigines Progressive Association
2873:James, Felicity (26 August 2021).
2793:. Meakins, Felicity. Sydney, NSW.
1905:Parliamentary Library of Australia
1185:The words to the first verse are:
1124:From Little Things Big Things Grow
1110:From Little Things Big Things Grow
804:the Whitlam government's dismissal
437:to amend the Northern Territory’s
138:From Little Things Big Things Grow
25:
3990:Australian National Heritage List
3980:History of Indigenous Australians
2651:Dempsey, Damien (17 April 2016).
2494:Singley, Blake (10 August 2016).
2462:Bardon, Jane (9 September 2020).
1521:Murdoch, Lindsay (17 July 2006).
1225:Vincent Lingiari Memorial Lecture
1201:The words to the last verse are:
1142:The words to the last verse are:
1081:Buyim back from the Lord Vestey'
872:Australian National Heritage List
776:land rights movement in Australia
3975:Agriculture and forestry strikes
2939:Ward, Charlie (20 August 2016).
2351:Ward, Charlie (20 August 2016).
2137:. Museum of Australian Democracy
1879:The National Museum of Australia
1851:The National Museum of Australia
1701:Ward, Charlie (20 August 2016).
1450:"Gurindji strike for their land"
1256:
580:protest and stayed at Daguragu.
425:(NAWU), under pressure from the
4000:1970s in the Northern Territory
3955:1960s in the Northern Territory
3950:1966 labor disputes and strikes
3689:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
2620:Gregory, Helen (7 March 2014).
2528:. 26 March 2020. Archived from
2189:Central Land Council, Australia
2164:Central Land Council, Australia
1802:. pp. approximately 42 min
1160:National Film and Sound Archive
864:Register of the National Estate
813:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
423:North Australian Workers' Union
416:Samuel Vestey, 3rd Baron Vestey
129:to traditional lands (known as
118:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
88:(formerly known as Wave Hill),
3901:Uluru Statement from the Heart
3318:Torres Strait Island languages
1478:Payne, William Labatt (1937).
1408:"Northern Territory - History"
870:on 23 August 2006 and on the
584:Support for the Gurindji grows
374:Gurindji who received minimal
180:eastward across the NT to the
1:
3366:Australian Aborigines' League
3346:Aborigines Advancement League
3263:Australian Aboriginal English
2185:"Daguragu station land claim"
1982:Hope, Zach (20 August 2016).
1952:Hardy, Frank (Francis Joseph)
1302:Commons Social Change Library
894:2020 native title recognition
508:Governor-General of Australia
394:Chief Protector of Aborigines
159:Gurindji and the pastoralists
133:) in the Northern Territory.
3970:Labour disputes in Australia
3406:National Reconciliation Week
2894:(Interview). Interviewed by
2575:National Museum of Australia
2525:National Museum of Australia
2442:Special Broadcasting Service
2296:Australian Heritage Database
2100:Rowse, Tim; Graham, Trevor.
1735:National Museum of Australia
1561:10.5401/healthhist.16.1.0001
1061:All about land belong to we
1057:Me bin sit down this country
833:won a more significant claim
806:in 1975, but the subsequent
3458:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
3396:Registered Aboriginal Party
3381:National Indigenous Council
3268:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
2890:Kelly, Paul; Carmody, Kev.
1618:Maritime Union of Australia
1079:'Buy you own land, Gurindji
4026:
3836:Constitutional recognition
3705:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
3341:Aboriginal Medical Service
2596:"Sounds of Australia 2010"
1924:"Aborigines walk off jobs"
1158:The song was added to the
1059:Long before no Lord Vestey
904:Federal Court of Australia
704:
701:1972–75 Whitlam government
399:Aboriginals Ordinance 1939
389:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
384:Aboriginals Ordinance 1953
332:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
3230:Traditional custodianship
2015:. University of Melbourne
1527:The Sydney Morning Herald
1501:Reserve Bank of Australia
1277:Native title in Australia
1077:Peter Nixon talk long we:
835:under the ALRA, when the
727:was an issue high on the
654:federal government under
308:Conditions on the station
236:fragile desert plant life
131:native title in Australia
3695:Australian Frontier Wars
3401:Reconciliation Australia
2823:"Ceremony & Wajarra"
2375:Gerritsen, Rolf (2017).
1075:Poor bugger me, Gurindji
1055:Poor Bugger Me, Gurindji
839:at last handed over the
635:In 1968 Hardy published
209:Wave Hill cattle station
151:On 8 September 2020 the
3747:Australian history wars
3608:Contemporary visual art
3024:Torres Strait Islanders
2742:Sydney University Press
2496:"Song for the Gurindji"
2241:Australian Government.
2148:PDF of original version
2135:Documenting A Democracy
1957:The Unlucky Australians
1667:"Annual Report 1958/59"
1609:Petersen, Paul (2016).
1412:Encyclopedia Britannica
1264:Organized labour portal
1227:; sport in the form of
1096:Yirrkala bark petitions
715:On 2 December 1972 the
681:Yirrkala bark petitions
637:The Unlucky Australians
553:The Unlucky Australians
222:The Gurindji and other
194:Overland Telegraph Line
3443:Kimberley Land Council
3293:Pama–Nyungan languages
3283:Loanwords into English
3200:Religion and mythology
3153:Torres Strait Islander
3004:Aboriginal Australians
2543:Attwood, Bain (2020).
2406:. Victoria Daly Region
2102:"Justice A.E.Woodward"
1497:"Inflation Calculator"
1242:. It is an example of
1215:
1199:
1156:
1140:
1084:
1064:
943:by Galarrwuy Yunupingu
785:
725:Aboriginal land rights
717:Australian Labor Party
557:
536:
527:
349:
322:
123:Indigenous Australians
48:17.38698°S 131.11641°E
4010:Environmental justice
3995:Protests in Australia
3782:Native Title Act 1993
3717:Cummeragunja walk-off
3463:Northern Land Council
3313:Torres Strait English
3240:Torres Strait Islands
2892:"The Gurindji Strike"
2392:. ANU Press: 233–234.
2301:Australian Government
1911:on 29 September 2017.
1106:and then in English.
996:Gurindji Blues – 2:30
705:Further information:
639:, with a foreword by
541:
531:
522:
462:1966–75: Strike years
396:until changed by the
345:
318:
165:Aboriginal Australian
3438:Central Land Council
2908:"The Lingiari Story"
2902:on 20 November 2004.
1960:. Nelson (Australia)
1679:– via AIATSIS.
1174:Irish folk musician
900:Central Land Council
885:Victoria Daly Region
226:peoples found their
64:, also known as the
53:-17.38698; 131.11641
3195:Outstation movement
3034:Western Australians
2934:on 18 October 2009.
2912:Lingiari Foundation
2712:"Gurindji Festival"
2686:"Freedom Day March"
1620:. Queensland Branch
1458:Victoria Government
1272:1946 Pilbara strike
1164:Sounds of Australia
1088:Galarrwuy Yunupingu
676:Milirrpum v Nabalco
376:government benefits
169:Victoria River area
44: /
3888:Stolen Generations
3878:Self-determination
3798:Stolen Generations
3732:Historical figures
3712:Caledon Bay crisis
3535:Fire-stick farming
3448:Maralinga Tjarutja
3067:Performing artists
2764:"Gurindji History"
2520:"'Gurindji Blues'"
2385:Aboriginal History
2046:. Future Leaders.
1929:The Canberra Times
1776:. 9 September 2016
1737:. 26 November 2018
1644:Find & Connect
1587:– via jstor.
1549:Health and History
1170:Wave Hill Walk Off
1166:registry in 2010.
928:In popular culture
917:traditional owners
749:traditional owners
736:Whitlam government
729:Whitlam government
707:Whitlam government
577:Northern Territory
558:
408:wards of the state
404:legal guardianship
314:Northern Territory
153:traditional owners
90:Northern Territory
62:Wave Hill walk-off
3945:1966 in Australia
3932:
3931:
3815:Western Australia
3550:Possum-skin cloak
3481:
3480:
3473:Tiwi Land Council
3308:Taboo on the dead
3273:Australian Creole
3014:Aboriginal groups
2926:(20 March 2002).
2768:Gurindji Festival
2744:. 19 October 2015
2556:978-1-000-24817-3
2508:on 30 April 2020.
2269:Heritage Register
2217:. 8 December 2006
2191:. 1 November 1986
2081:. 11 October 2012
1774:Solidarity Online
1236:Gurindji language
1180:No Force on Earth
1040:
1039:
955:"The Tribal Land"
852:Australian Senate
808:Fraser government
575:In late 1966 the
473:domestic servants
433:, applied to the
351:A 1946 report by
276:spiritual beliefs
190:Western Australia
186:Alexander Forrest
163:The Gurindji, an
16:(Redirected from
4017:
3426:
3258:Avoidance speech
3220:Smoking ceremony
2981:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2948:
2945:The Conversation
2935:
2930:. Archived from
2919:
2914:. Archived from
2903:
2898:. Archived from
2886:
2869:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2789:Turpin, Myfany.
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2770:. 21 August 2022
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:. 21 August 2022
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2692:. 21 August 2022
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2657:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2626:Newcastle Herald
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:. Archived from
2491:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2357:The Conversation
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1907:. Archived from
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:(1 x Audio Tape)
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1707:The Conversation
1698:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1615:
1606:
1589:
1588:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1446:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1380:Croft, Brenda L.
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1033:
1019:
993:
992:
988:
982:Vincent Lingiari
980:Introduction by
970:
968:
952:
935:"Gurindji Blues"
932:
859:as a test case.
837:Hawke government
824:Vincent Lingiari
744:Justice Woodward
738:established the
615:
607:
567:Governor-General
498:to an important
357:Catherine Berndt
174:Augustus Gregory
125:could apply for
107:–Prime Minister
94:Vincent Lingiari
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3868:Media portrayal
3831:1967 Referendum
3819:
3727:Gurindji Strike
3722:Day of Mourning
3674:
3584:
3477:
3424:
3322:
3278:Language groups
3244:
3086:
3038:
2990:
2985:
2938:
2924:Snowdon, Warren
2922:
2906:
2889:
2872:
2851:
2848:
2846:Further reading
2843:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2532:on 29 May 2022.
2518:
2517:
2513:
2493:
2492:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2303:. 9 August 2007
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2113:
2108:on 13 May 2013.
2099:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1592:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1309:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1172:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1112:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1029:
1015:
990:
986:
985:
966:
964:
948:
930:
896:
845:Larrakia people
796:
764:
762:1975 – Handback
713:
703:
665:Meanwhile, the
645:Robert Tudawali
623:1967 Referendum
613:
605:
586:
469:
464:
353:anthropologists
341:corrugated iron
310:
294:Vestey Brothers
262:, adopt a more
256:cattle stations
217:land management
184:coast. In 1879
161:
101:Gurindji people
66:Gurindji strike
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gurindji strike
15:
12:
11:
5:
4023:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3893:Half-Caste Act
3885:
3883:Reconciliation
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:Protected Area
3858:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3788:Pilbara strike
3785:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Spinifex resin
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
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3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:Sign languages
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
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3237:
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3227:
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3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3077:Visual artists
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2936:
2920:
2918:on 3 May 2008.
2904:
2887:
2870:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2814:
2800:978-1743325858
2799:
2781:
2755:
2729:
2703:
2677:
2638:
2612:
2587:
2562:
2555:
2535:
2511:
2481:
2454:
2417:
2395:
2367:
2343:
2314:
2282:
2256:
2228:
2202:
2176:
2151:
2122:
2111:
2092:
2066:
2052:
2026:
2000:
1971:
1943:
1915:
1891:
1863:
1835:
1813:
1787:
1748:
1719:
1693:
1682:
1657:
1646:. 24 July 2014
1631:
1590:
1539:
1513:
1487:
1470:
1424:
1399:
1368:
1307:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1251:
1248:
1219:
1216:
1204:
1188:
1176:Damien Dempsey
1171:
1168:
1145:
1129:
1111:
1108:
1073:
1053:
1044:
1043:Gurindji Blues
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
994:
976:
972:
971:
961:
957:
956:
953:
945:
944:
937:
936:
929:
926:
895:
892:
795:
792:
770:government of
763:
760:
702:
699:
592:, student and
585:
582:
562:Australian law
496:Victoria River
468:
465:
463:
460:
439:pastoral award
431:Dexter Daniels
369:drinking water
309:
306:
178:Victoria River
160:
157:
140:", written by
127:freehold title
82:cattle station
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4022:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3925:
3924:Voting rights
3922:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
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3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:Native police
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
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3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
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3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
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3677:
3671:
3668:
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3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Bark painting
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
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3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Bush medicine
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
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3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3430:Land councils
3427:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
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3333:
3331:
3329:
3328:Organisations
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
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3294:
3291:
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3259:
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3218:
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3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
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3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Message stick
3178:
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3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
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3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Deadly Awards
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
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3070:
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3065:
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3035:
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3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
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2925:
2921:
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2909:
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2897:
2896:Negus, George
2893:
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2613:
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2597:
2591:
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2563:
2558:
2552:
2549:. Routledge.
2548:
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2115:
2112:
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2096:
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2067:
2055:
2053:9780980332070
2049:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1925:
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1916:
1910:
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1125:
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1069:
1062:
1051:
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1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:Songwriter(s)
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
995:
983:
979:
978:
977:
973:
962:
958:
954:
951:
946:
942:
933:
927:
925:
923:
918:
913:
910:
909:Richard White
905:
901:
893:
891:
888:
886:
882:
876:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
853:
848:
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838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
788:Mervyn Bishop
784:
780:
777:
773:
772:Gough Whitlam
769:
766:In 1975, the
761:
759:
756:
754:
753:land councils
750:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:Gough Whitlam
718:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:
686:terra nullius
682:
678:
677:
672:
669:of northeast
668:
667:Yolngu people
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
618:
611:
603:
598:
595:
591:
583:
581:
578:
573:
570:
568:
563:
555:
554:
549:
545:
540:
535:
534:new homeland.
530:
526:
521:
518:
515:
513:
509:
504:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
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457:
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443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:
395:
391:
390:
385:
382:In 1953, the
380:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:Ronald Berndt
358:
354:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
333:
328:
321:
317:
315:
307:
305:
303:
302:Edmund Vestey
299:
295:
290:
288:
287:manual labour
284:
279:
277:
273:
272:domestic help
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
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187:
183:
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175:
170:
166:
158:
156:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:Gough Whitlam
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
19:
3899:
3856:Native title
3810:Tent embassy
3793:Pintupi Nine
3780:
3726:
3700:Bathurst War
3687:
3670:Yininmadyemi
3655:Sandpainting
3650:Papunya Tula
3645:NATSIA Award
3633:Music groups
3555:Scarred tree
3525:Dugout canoe
3215:Sacred sites
3130:The Dreaming
3072:Sportspeople
2950:
2944:
2932:the original
2916:the original
2911:
2900:the original
2878:
2857:
2853:
2831:. Retrieved
2826:
2817:
2790:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2767:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2659:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2545:
2538:
2530:the original
2523:
2514:
2506:the original
2499:
2474:10 September
2472:. Retrieved
2467:
2457:
2447:10 September
2445:. Retrieved
2437:
2408:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2383:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2305:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:
2154:
2139:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2114:
2106:the original
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2039:
2017:. Retrieved
2012:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:
1962:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1909:the original
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1838:
1829:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1773:
1739:. Retrieved
1734:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1552:
1548:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1480:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1454:Deadly Story
1453:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1301:
1291:
1233:
1229:Aussie rules
1221:
1205:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1130:
1113:
1085:
1074:
1065:
1054:
1046:
914:
897:
889:
877:
861:
857:stolen wages
849:
822:
818:native title
811:
797:
786:
782:
765:
757:
733:
714:
689:to deny the
684:
674:
664:
649:
641:Donald Horne
636:
634:
627:
619:
610:Fred Hollows
599:
587:
574:
571:
559:
551:
532:
528:
523:
519:
516:
505:
493:
470:
467:The walk-off
444:
421:In 1965 the
420:
412:
397:
387:
386:amended the
383:
381:
373:
365:sexual abuse
350:
346:
330:
323:
319:
311:
291:
280:
221:
198:
162:
150:
135:
116:
105:Vestey Group
98:
65:
61:
29:
3851:Land rights
3754:King plates
3570:Sweet foods
3540:Food groups
3510:Bush tucker
3250:Language(s)
3185:NAIDOC Week
3135:Enumeration
3044:Individuals
3009:Communities
2860:(1): 3–39.
2833:3 September
2827:Freedom Day
2774:3 September
2722:3 September
2696:3 September
2690:Freedom Day
2307:6 September
2249:6 September
1741:30 November
1218:Freedom Day
1120:Kev Carmody
1068:Peter Nixon
1031:Producer(s)
850:In 2006 an
847:of Darwin.
841:inalienable
828:land rights
671:Arnhem Land
660:Kalkarindji
656:John Gorton
602:Frank Hardy
594:trade union
548:Frank Hardy
500:sacred site
448:Frank Hardy
240:bush tomato
146:Kev Carmody
86:Kalkarindji
51: /
39:131°06′59″E
3939:Categories
3742:Prehistory
3665:Visual art
3618:Didgeridoo
3530:Fibrecraft
3505:Bush bread
3371:Mass media
3298:Placenames
3175:Marn Grook
3165:Kurdaitcha
3148:Aboriginal
3110:Corroboree
3029:Victorians
3019:Tasmanians
2809:1089228854
2221:9 December
1830:nla.gov.au
1283:References
1240:Kalkaringi
1122:recorded "
1116:Paul Kelly
1009:RCA Victor
922:ceremonies
800:parliament
512:Lord Casey
258:, receive
238:, such as
228:waterholes
224:Aboriginal
201:Kalkaringi
182:Queensland
142:Paul Kelly
36:17°23′13″S
3764:Black War
3759:Massacres
3598:Artefacts
3495:Boomerang
3487:Bushcraft
3411:Sorry Day
3225:Songlines
3100:Astronomy
3057:Musicians
3052:Activists
2670:11 August
2631:11 August
2580:27 August
2410:11 August
2195:10 August
1993:10 August
1712:11 August
1675:10 August
1650:10 August
1569:1442-1771
1114:In 1991,
1036:Ron Wills
887:council.
802:prior to
652:Coalition
614:A$ 17,000
491:workers.
477:Ngarinman
456:Melbourne
327:shillings
264:sedentary
248:kangaroos
78:Wave Hill
4005:Gurindji
3771:Missions
3623:Dreaming
3520:Coolamon
3391:Politics
3235:Tjurunga
2879:ABC News
2866:23166785
2748:7 August
2664:Archived
2605:7 August
2468:ABC News
2336:14 March
2331:ABC News
2275:20 March
2169:8 August
2141:9 August
2085:9 August
2059:9 August
2019:9 August
1964:8 August
1954:(1968).
1780:9 August
1624:7 August
1585:20883333
1577:25095482
1532:7 August
1463:8 August
1417:9 August
1392:9 August
1361:9 August
1356:ABC News
1250:See also
1104:Gurindji
1048:Ted Egan
1023:Ted Egan
960:Released
630:Limbunya
485:Warlpiri
481:Bilinara
339:made of
268:stockmen
252:massacre
232:soakages
213:bullocks
205:Daguragu
74:servants
72:, house
70:stockmen
3803:Apology
3737:History
3680:History
3580:Woomera
3356:AIATSIS
3210:Seasons
3160:Kinship
3125:Deities
3115:Country
3092:Culture
3082:Writers
2996:Peoples
2716:Program
2660:YouTube
2656:(Video)
2079:Quizlet
1988:NT News
1826:(Audio)
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1234:In the
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883:of the
695:bauxite
600:Writer
544:Vincent
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3140:Elders
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1936:2 June
1884:1 June
1856:1 June
1806:1 June
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1506:16 May
1100:B-side
1092:Yolngu
975:Length
950:B-side
941:Single
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606:A$ 500
590:church
452:Sydney
3917:Voice
3912:Truth
3841:Crime
3628:Music
3613:Dance
3575:Waddy
3560:Soaks
3545:Humpy
3336:ATSIC
2862:JSTOR
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3105:Bora
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2805:OCLC
2795:ISBN
2776:2022
2750:2020
2724:2022
2698:2022
2672:2020
2633:2020
2607:2020
2600:NFSA
2582:2021
2551:ISBN
2476:2020
2449:2020
2438:NITV
2412:2020
2338:2024
2309:2020
2277:2020
2251:2020
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2197:2020
2171:2020
2143:2020
2087:2020
2061:2020
2048:ISBN
2021:2020
1995:2020
1966:2020
1938:2014
1886:2020
1858:2020
1808:2020
1782:2020
1743:2020
1714:2020
1677:2020
1652:2020
1626:2020
1573:PMID
1565:ISSN
1534:2020
1508:2024
1465:2020
1419:2020
1394:2020
1363:2020
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