Gwangju Uprising - Knowledge (XXG)

1000: 1295:. The soldiers disguised themselves with flak vests, leaf camouflage helmets with white bands, and ordinary army infantryman combat uniforms that were missing insignias and patches. Three Airborne Brigades were the vanguard of the operation, while the 20th Mechanised Infantry Division and the 31st Infantry Division joined the operation as backup reinforcements. Troops from three subordinate units of the CATC, the Army Infantry School, the Army Artillery School, and the Army Armor School, maintained their positions in the blockade during the operation. The soldiers moved into the downtown and defeated the civil militias within 90 minutes. 1412:. Chun was officially convicted of leading an insurrection, conspiracy to commit insurrection, taking part in an insurrection, illegal troop movement orders, dereliction of duty during martial law, murder of superior officers, attempted murder of superior officers, murder of subordinate troops, leading a rebellion, conspiracy to commit rebellion, taking part in a rebellion, and murder for the purpose of rebellion, as well as assorted crimes relating to bribery. However, on 22 December 1997, all of the people convicted in the trials were pardoned in the name of national reconciliation by President 262: 387: 460: 495: 484: 473: 437: 426: 274: 528: 517: 506: 378: 369: 360: 349: 57: 1460: 1398: 1391: 1353: 338: 327: 230: 1530: 2933: 2498: 2486: 1328: 832:

re-entered the city and suppressed the uprising. While the South Korean government claimed 165 people were killed in the massacre, scholarship on the massacre today estimates 600 to 2,300 victims. Under the military dictatorship of Chun, the South Korean government labelled the uprising as a ''riot'' and claimed that it was being instigated by "communist sympathizers and rioters" acting under the behest of the

2947: 1131:, resulting in the deaths of 13 soldiers. Troops from the 11th Airborne Brigade indiscriminately murdered unarmed civilians and residents near the village in Songam-dong and plundered nearby stores. Martial Law Command misinterpreted friendly fire at Songam-dong as the work of insurgents within the army, as the Airborne Brigade Troopers were using a different communications channel. 1408:, and 15 others were arrested on charges of conspiracy and insurrection. On 26 August 1996, the Seoul District Court issued a death sentence to both Chun, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and a fine of ₩220 billion. Former President Roh Tae-Woo, was sentenced to 22.5 years, which was reduced to 17 years on appeal. On 17 April 1997, the judgment was accepted by the 448: 250: 1451:

intended to intervene should the protests developed into a nationwide popular revolt and South Korea was to be engulfed in revolution, but would remain neutral otherwise. US officials came to the conclusion that Gwangju protests was an indigenous uprising orchestrated without any foreign involvement, but needed to be put down for domestic and international stability.

3126: 3122: 1372:. A total of 1,394 people were arrested for their involvement in the Gwangju Uprising, and 427 were indicted. Seven people received death sentences and twelve received life sentences. Estimates following the massacre suggested that more than 200,000 people participated in the uprising, facing roughly 3,000 paratroopers and 18,000 police officers. 1438:. Following its inclusion, the Gwangju Metropolitan City government established May 18 Archives and passed the Management Act on the Archives of May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement. Between 2014 and 2015, the Gwangju Metropolitan City government also re-modeled the former Gwangju Catholic center building to conserve its former state. 2656:

expressed Washington's concerns over growing anti-American sentiment in the Gwangju area, amid broadcasts asserting that the US was involved in the military crackdown. Prior to the declassification, the notion of American foreknowledge and involvement in the Gwangju Massacre had been officially denied by the United States.

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of the U.S. Army testified that Chun Doo-hwan personally ordered troops to shoot protesters based on the intelligence he saw at the time. According to Kim, Chun secretly came to Gwangju on 21 May 1980, by helicopter to meet four military leaders including commander of special operations Chung Ho-Yong

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There is no universally accepted death toll for the Gwangju Massacre. Records of death for the city in May 1980 were an estimated 2,300 above the historical averages and the death toll has been estimated to be anywhere between 1,000 and 2,000 people. Estimates for the number of civilians wounded also

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On the night of 20 May, hundreds of taxis led a parade of buses, trucks, and cars to the Provincial Office in protest. These "drivers of democracy" showed up to support the demonstrators because of the brutality of the South Korean government. In response, soldiers fired tear gas on them, pulled them

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Gwangju convinced a new generation of young that the democratic movement had developed not with the support of Washington, as an older generation of more conservative Koreans thought, but in the face of daily American support for any dictator who could quell the democratic aspirations of the Korean

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During this phase, South Korean soldiers indiscriminately clubbed demonstrators and bystanders. Soldiers used bayonets to attack, torture, and kill residents indiscriminately. Soldiers raided buildings unrelated to the demonstration, including hotels, cafés, and barbershops. The first known fatality

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In 1997, 18 May was established as a national day of commemoration for the massacre and a national cemetery for the victims was established. Later investigations confirmed the various atrocities that had been committed by the army. In 2011, the documents of Gwangju Uprising were listed on the UNESCO

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students demonstrating against martial law were fired upon, killed, raped, beaten and tortured by the South Korean military. Some Gwangju citizens took up arms and formed militias, raiding local police stations and armories, and were able to take control of large sections of the city before soldiers

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Documents available since 1996 describe how, after a White House Meeting on May 22, the US commander in Korea released Korean troops from the US-South Korean joint command to retake the city of Gwangju. The Pentagon also asked for a delay on the final assault in order to dispatch additional support

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In 1995, in response to public pressure, the National Assembly passed the Special Law on May 18 Democratization Movement, which enabled the prosecution of those responsible for the Coup d'état of December Twelfth and the suppression of the Gwangju Uprising even though the statute of limitations had

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According to the May 18 Family Association, at least 165 people died between 18 and 27 May, while another 76 are still missing and presumed dead. Twenty-two soldiers and four policemen were killed during the massacre, including 13 soldiers who were killed by friendly fire at Songam-dong. The number

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Shortly after the massacre, the government's Martial Law Command released an official death toll at 144 civilians, 22 soldiers, and four police killed and 127 civilians, 109 troops and 144 police wounded. Individuals who attempted to dispute these figures were liable for arrest for "spreading false

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By 26 May, the army was ready to reenter Gwangju. Members of the Citizens' Settlement Committee unsuccessfully tried to block the army's advance by lying down in the streets. Following news of the imminent attack, civil militias gathered in the Provincial Office and made preparations to make a last

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The violence climaxed on 21 May. Some time around 1 p.m., the army fired on a crowd that had gathered in front of the South Jeolla Provincial Office building, causing numerous casualties. In response, some protesters raided the Reserve Force armories and police stations in nearby towns, arming

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in protest of its closing. By 9:30 a.m., approximately 200 students had gathered in front of the school, opposed by 30 paratroopers. Sometime around 10 a.m., the soldiers charged against the students, moving the protest to downtown Gwangju, in front of the South Jeolla Province Provincial

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that the United States authorized the Republic of Korea Army's 20th Division to retake Gwangju and restore martial law, the United States government has denied these claims. The United States has consistently denied any foreknowledge of the unit's deployment, and has stated that the US government

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The army blocked all routes and communications from the city and fighting between militias and the army temporarily died down. On 23 May, soldiers fired at a bus that attempted to break out of the city in Jiwon-dong, killing 15 of the 18 passengers, and summarily executing two wounded passengers.

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By 22 May, all troops retreated to the rural outskirts outside of the city to wait for reinforcements. These reinforcements consisted of troops from the 3rd Airborne Brigade, the 11th Airborne Brigade, the 20th Mechanized Infantry Division, the 31st Infantry Division, and the Combat Arms Training

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in Gwangju, survivors of the demonstrations and bereaved families have held an annual memorial service, called the May Movement, on the anniversary of the massacre. Many pro-democracy demonstrations in the 1980s demanded official recognition of the massacre and punishment for those responsible.

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people. The result was an anti-American movement in the 1980s that threatened to bring down the whole structure of American support for the ROK. American cultural centers were burned to the ground (more than once in Gwangju); students immolated themselves in protest of Reagan's support for Chun.

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officers and was therefore a communist-backed uprising that deserved to be put down with force. However, subsequent declassified US diplomatic and military intelligence cables repudiated any notion of North Korean involvement. Communications intercepts uncovered that the North Korean leadership

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Order in the city was well maintained, but negotiations came to a deadlock as the army urged the militias to immediately and unconditionally disarm themselves. This created division within the Settlement Committees between those who wanted immediate surrender and those who called for continued

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Meanwhile, in the liberated city of Gwangju, the Citizens' Settlement Committee and the Students' Settlement Committee were formed. The former was composed of about 20 preachers, lawyers, and professors and negotiated with the army, demanding the release of arrested citizens, compensation for

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documents in July 2021, requested by the South Korean government, revealed that the U.S. ambassador William H. Gleysteen was informed by the Chief Presidential Secretary Choi Kwang-soo of the plans for an army crackdown a day before it took place. The released documents showed that Gleysteen

1311:, before being fully taken over and ordered to evacuate to allow the army. The police suffered some of the first casualties of the massacre when four policemen were killed during a car-ramming attack. However, the martial law forces were also not friendly to the local police of Gwangju city. 1382:

The Gwangju Uprising has had a profound impact on South Korean politics. Chun Doo-hwan, who was already unpopular because of his military coup, faced threats to his legitimacy following the dispatch of Special Forces paratroopers against demonstrators in Gwangju. The movement preceded other

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and over the years, build his political base there. Jeolla had historically been the target of exploitation because of its abundant natural resources and the region was associated with political dissent and liberal activism. Historically, the region was the site of the anti colonial

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attended the 33rd anniversary of the Gwangju Uprising and stated, "I feel the sorrow of family members and the city of Gwangju every time I visit the National May 18 Cemetery", and that "I believe achieving a more mature democracy is a way to repay the sacrifice paid by those ."

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out of their vehicles, and beat them. This only led more drivers to join the protest. Many taxi drivers were assaulted while trying to transport the injured to the hospital. Some taxi drivers were shot after the drivers attempted to use the taxicabs as weapons or as barricades.

1054:). Later that afternoon, gunfights between civilian militias and the army broke out in the Provincial Office Square. By 5:30 p.m., the militias had acquired two light machine guns and used them against the army, forcing them to retreat from the downtown area. 2624:

was launched to investigate the crackdown and the use of military force. Under legislation passed in 2018, it operated for two more years, with a one-year extension allowed if necessary. In an interview marking the massacre's 40th anniversary and following

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With its new three-fifths majority in the National Assembly, the Democratic Party implemented a series of reforms in December 2020, including revisions to the May 18 Special Act to penalize those involved in making false claims about the Gwangju Uprising.

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as military dictator and the implementation of martial law. Following his ascent to power, Chun arrested opposition leaders, closed all universities, banned political activities, and suppressed the press. The uprising was violently suppressed by the

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victims, and the prohibition of retaliation in exchange for the disarmament of militias. The latter committee was formed by university students and took charge of funerals, public campaigns, traffic control, withdrawal of weapons, and medical aid.

3394: 1254:, all in South Jeolla. While protests ended peacefully in most regions, protests in Haenam ended in gunfights between armed protesters and troops. Most of these protests died down by 24 May, although protests in Mokpo continued until 28 May. 1020:

was a 29-year-old deaf man named Kim Gyeong-cheol, who was clubbed to death despite being a bystander. The violent suppression of the protests by the ROK-SWC led the number of protesters to rapidly increase, exceeding 10,000 by 20 May.

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The Commissioner General of the Jeonnam Provincial Police, Ahn Byung-ha, refused to order the police to open fire on civilians as instructed by Chun Doo-hwan. As a result, he was replaced as police chief and was tortured by the

950:. The same day, the DSC raided a national conference of student union leaders who had gathered to discuss their plans following the 15 May demonstration. Twenty-six politicians, including opposition leader and future president 883:

In March 1980, the beginning of a new school year, professors and students who had been expelled for pro-democracy activity returned to university and formed student unions. These unions led nationwide demonstrations against

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television station, which had spread misinformation on the situation that had unfolded in Gwangju. Four policemen were killed at a police barricade near the Provincial Government Building after a car drove into them.

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democratic movements during the late 1980s that pressured the regime into democratic reforms and paved the way for the election of President Kim Dae-jung in 1997, the first opposition candidate to win the office.

1287: Operation Martialism and Loyalty) to quell the protests. The operation mobilized members of the 3rd Airborne Brigade, the 7th Airborne Brigade, and the 11th Airborne Brigade Troopers, armed with 3391: 1016:(ROK-SWC) took over. The arrival of 686 soldiers from the 33rd and 35th battalions of the 7th Airborne Brigade marked the beginning of a brutal and infamous phase of suppression of the uprising. 3234: 2561:

In 1997, 18 May was declared an official memorial day. In 2002, a law privileging bereaved families took effect, and the Mangwol-dong cemetery was elevated to the status of a national cemetery.

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that had previously been suppressed under Park's tenure. The abrupt end of Park's 18-year authoritarian rule left a power vacuum that created political and social instability. Park's successor,

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and in the process closed universities, banned political activities, and further curtailed the press. To enforce martial law, troops were dispatched to the country's main cities, including

1319:, which caused his death eight years later. In addition, some paratroopers assaulted the police and some residents testified witnessing police officers being chased down by the military. 1435: 1012:

Office. Over the course of the day, the conflict broadened to around 2000 participants. Although local police had initially handled the protests, by 4 pm, paratroopers from the

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issued another apology for the South Korean military's role in suppressing the uprising and acknowledged that soldiers had engaged in acts of sexual violence during the crackdown.

931:). The training of soldiers were harsh and unconscionable, and was criticized as a factor behind the paratroopers' indiscriminate use of violence against the subsequent uprising. 3291: 2604: 2528: 2612:

aiming to discredit the movement. These soldiers were "in their 20s and 30s with short hair, some wearing wigs" and "their faces were burnt and some wore worn-out clothes".

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which involved 100,000 protesters. When the prime minister appealed for time to consider their demands, students returned to their campuses. On 16 May, opposition leaders

1048:. The militias also started to exercise caution against perceived North Korean provocateurs and raised placards reading "Don't misjudge, Northerners" (Korean: 1308: 499: 488: 477: 441: 430: 4834: 3069: 4604: 3446: 5246: 3392:

http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/05/17/asia-pacific/politics-diplomacy-asia-pacific/dying-democracy-1980-gwangju-uprising-transformed-south-korea/#.U-SllvldWZg

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Yea, Sallie (2016). "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery".

3420: 5735: 3849: 5730: 5695: 3175: 5715: 2005: 4772: 2633:, President Moon announced his support for inscribing the historic value and significance of the Gwangju Uprising in a new constitution of South Korea. 1080:). Reinforcements from the CATC primarily consisted of three subordinate units based in the unit's headquarters in Sangmudae: the Army Infantry School ( 4742: 3320: 3226: 5750: 3558:

Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery",

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Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery,"

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Sallie Yea, "Rewriting Rebellion and Mapping Memory in South Korea: The (Re)presentation of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising through Mangwol-dong Cemetery,"

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and colonel of the Gwangju 505 security unit Lee Jae-woo. Kim also testified that there were undercover soldiers among the Gwangju citizens acting as

2411: 2372: 4902: 3201: 5755: 5745: 5740: 4502: 3148: 999: 3892: 3480: 3047: 3021: 986:, while Jeolla Province was neglected. Among the protests against Chun's imposition of martial law, the protests in Gwangju were the most intense. 880:. At the time, both the military and Chun denied any political motivations behind the coup and Chun had no clear influence over domestic politics. 2521: 1446:

The military dictatorship then and conservative presidential administrations since have long asserted that the uprising was secretly organized by

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were also arrested on charges of instigating protests. Chun sought to minimize the scale of protests by cutting off all communication to and from

1471:, widely traced to the United States' support for Chun's government and its involvement in the suppression of the Gwangju Uprising. According to 3364:. Ed. Shin Bok-jin, Hwang Chong-gun, Kim Jun-tae, Na Kyung-taek, Kim Nyung-man, Ko Myung-jin. Gwangju: May 18 Memorial Foundation, 2004. p. 275. 3719: 3693: 3667: 3470:. Ed. Shin Bok-jin, Hwang Chong-gun, Kim Jun-tae, Na Kyung-taek, Kim Nyung-man, Ko Myung-jin. Gwangju: May 18 Memorial Foundation, 2004. p. 22. 2630: 911:

Beginning from February 1980, the army issued orders to a number of units to undergo severe riot control training, called "Loyalty Training" (

5517: 5482: 5449: 5364: 5331: 5153: 5120: 5087: 4995: 4686: 4404: 3592: 3123:"Human Rights Documentary Heritage 1980 Archives for the May 18th Democratic Uprising against Military Regime, in Gwangju, Republic of Korea" 1376: 975: 31: 877: 125: 5665: 3494:

Kwon, Hyuk-eun (2021). "The Origins of Riot Control in the May 18 - Riot Control training, Special Warfare Forces, and Counterinsurgency".

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and his followers. Kim was convicted and sentenced to death, although his sentence was reduced following the intervention of US Presidents

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of police casualties is likely to be higher, due to reports of police officers being killed by soldiers for releasing captured protesters.

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Pro-democracy protests escalate into an armed uprising after the South Korean government deploys the army to violently end demonstrations

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The first official re-evaluation of the massacre began after the reinstatement of direct presidential elections in 1987. In 1988, the

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et al., "East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (Second Edition)" United States: Wadsworth Cengage Learning (2009): 500

982:(1948). Under the military dictatorship of Park Chung Hee from 1961 to 1979, the government favored the development of Park's native 5705: 4896: 2652: 2585: 2553:

held a public hearing on the uprising, officially renaming the events to the "Gwangju Uprising" or the "Gwangju People's Uprising".

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Fundamental to these beliefs are the perception of US complicity in Chun's rise to power and in the Gwangju Massacre. Although

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resistance until their demands were met. After heated debates, those calling for continued resistance eventually took control.

1028: 857: 720:, which feared the uprising might spread to other cities and tempt North Korea to interfere. The uprising is also known as the 130: 3745: 2156: 2101: 1428: 709: 678: 5488: 5455: 5422: 5370: 5337: 5159: 5126: 5093: 5001: 4198: 4164: 4838: 4809: 3438: 3337: 3073: 5710: 4660: 4600: 4528: 4444: 3532:. Produced by May 18 Memorial Foundation. See also, Ahn Jean. "The socio-economic background of the Gwangju Uprising," in 3096: 2842: 2671: 2581:

announced his plans to re-open investigations into the South Korean government's role in the suppression of the uprising.

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Plunk, Daryl M. "South Korea's Kwangju Incident Revisited". Asian Studies Backgrounder No. 35 (16 September) 1985: p. 5.

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As the news of the bloody crackdown spread, protests against the government broke out in nearby regions, including in

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on the outskirts of Gwangju. The state established the New Mangweol-dong Cemetery to commemorate Gwangju's history.

5670: 4428: 4306: 4246: 3413: 2997: 2542: 2393: 2377: 1741: 1424: 971: 717: 62: 5631: – A 27 February 1996 review of the Cherokee Files (contemporaneous with ex-presidents Chun and Roh's trials) 4861:"U.S. informed in advance of the plan to use martial law troops to quell Gwangju uprising: declassified documents" 5655: 3845: 2906: 2626: 2281: 2203: 2193: 2111: 2060: 1949: 1899: 1519: 833: 5593: 2980: 2960: 5720: 4276: 2987: 2859: 2752: 1719: 1316: 873: 452: 254: 235: 107: 1023:

As the conflict escalated, the army opened fire on the citizens, killing an unknown number of protesters near

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On 27 May, at 4:00 a.m., the Martial Law Command executed Operation Sangmu-Chungjeong (Korean:

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Silcheon Literature Publishing(silcheon munhaksa), Ed. Yoon Jae-geol. "작전명령 화려한 휴가" (1987): p. 21, p. 35~37

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quoted in The Gwangju Uprising. Ed. Henry Scott-Stokes and Lee Jai-Eui, East Gate Publishing, 2000. p. 231

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Cheol, Kim Yong (2003). "The Shadow of the Gwangju Uprising in the Democratization of Korean Politics".

4243:"UNESCO Memory of the world registration process of the documents of May 18 Gwangju Democratic Uprising" 3888: 3043: 3017: 2883: 2744: 2208: 2151: 2116: 966: 947: 400: 5026:

Chang, Edward (1988). "Korean Community Politics in Los Angeles: The Impact of the Kwangju Uprising".

4472:"Course: Topics in Asian American Themes: Re-imagining Global Korea: Art of Protest and Social Change" 2975: 4329:"38 North | the Gwangju Uprising and North Korea: What We Can Learn from Declassified Documents" 1990: 1869: 1729: 1661: 1649: 1619: 1614: 1544: 1485: 1199: 1124: 3967:

Gwangju Medical Association(Kwangju Kwangyŏksi Ŭisahoe), "5.18 의료 활동: 자료 기록 및 증언. I," (1996): p. 162

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Kahn-Chae, Na (2001). "A New Perspective on the Gwangju People's Resistance Struggle: 1980–1997".

4682: 5544: 5403: 5308: 5279: 5192: 5064: 4864: 4768: 4765:"May 18 pro-democracy Gwangju uprising should be reflected in constitutional revision, Moon says" 4738: 4422: 4031: 3511: 3287: 2938: 2589: 2502: 2437: 2341: 2187: 1639: 1494: 1128: 181: 391:

Ahn Byung-ha (Switched sides due to witnessing brutalities done by the rebels and paratroopers)

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The Gwangju Uprising: The Pivotal Democratic Movement that Changed the History of Modern Korea

4991: 4956: 4892: 4522: 4410: 4400: 4351: 4172: 3588: 3044:"38 years later, nobody convicted for the murder of civilians during Gwangju Massacre of 1980" 2819: 2609: 2490: 2226: 2182: 1666: 1629: 1559: 5610:"United States Government Statement on the Events in Kwangju, Republic of Korea, in May 1980" 4442:"United States Government Statement on the Events in Gwangju, Republic of Korea, in May 1980" 5536: 5395: 5300: 5271: 5184: 5056: 5035: 4547: 3938: 3819: 3503: 2890: 2866: 2597: 2288: 1714: 1609: 1599: 1459: 1397: 1390: 1352: 848:, denial of the Gwangju Massacre is commonly espoused by conservative and far-right groups. 135: 5205: 1499:

would regardless have no right to interfere in the actions of the South Korean government.

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On 24 May, two teenage boys, Jeon Jae-su and Bang Gwang-beom, attempted to swim across the

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initially dealt with the protests, but were soon supplemented by paratroopers from the

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and used disinformation to depict the protests as the result of communist instigators.

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Shin, Hak-lim (27 August 1996). "Chun Gets Death, Roh 22 1/2 Years". The Korea Times.

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Presidential Truth Commission on Suspicious Deaths of the Republic of Korea (2004).

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Katsiaficas, George (2003). "Comparing the Paris Commune and the Gwangju Uprising".

4220: 896:. These protests culminated in the 15 May 1980 demonstration against martial law at 4601:"Defense chief apologizes for military's bloody crackdown on 1980 Gwangju uprising" 4328: 3439:"South Korea Leader Voices Worry On Student Unrest; 'Students Are Waking Up Again'" 2851: 2760: 2331: 2214: 1954: 1934: 1924: 1904: 1889: 1879: 1859: 1844: 1829: 1814: 1799: 1764: 1577: 1417: 1365: 1361: 1292: 962: 951: 901: 865: 861: 4399:. Henry Scott-Stokes, Jai-eui Lee, Dae Jung Kim. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 2000. 4372:

Bruce Cumings in Lee Jai-Eui, Gwangju Diary. University of California, 1999. p. 27

4027:"Soldiers killed during Gwangju uprising recognized as dead on duty, not war dead" 3741: 2485: 961:

Gwangju was at the center of anti-government and pro-democracy demonstrations, as

5472: 5439: 5416: 5354: 5321: 5143: 5110: 5077: 4985: 4860: 4026: 5444:. Asia/Pacific/Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated. 4441: 3536:. Ed. Georgy Katsiaficas and Na Kahn-chae. London and New York: Routledge, 2006. 3100: 2578: 2325: 1929: 1894: 1874: 1854: 1839: 1834: 1824: 1819: 1779: 1681: 1594: 1405: 1331:

The victims of the Gwangju Massacre were buried at the May 18 National Cemetery.

1251: 885: 696: 342: 337: 326: 229: 17: 4652: 3507: 3176:"South Korea confronts legacy of 1980 massacre at this year's Gwangju Biennale" 2792:(1996), adapted from the short story "There a Petal Silently Falls" by Choe Yun 5540: 5399: 5304: 2970: 2946: 2928: 2706: 1969: 1959: 1884: 1774: 1045: 4575:"Panel confirms Army helicopters fired at protestors during Gwangju uprising" 4414: 4176: 5604: 5112:

Memories of May 1980: A Documentary History of the Kwangju Uprising in Korea

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In February 2018, it was revealed for the first time that the army had used

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Jean, Ahn (2003). "The Socio-Economic Background of the Gwangju Uprising".

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Laying Claim to the Memory of May: A Look Back at the 1980 Kwangju Uprising

5605:"May 18 Documents - U.S. Embassy & Consulate in the Republic of Korea" 5572: – article with comments on the self-administration people developed. 4924: 4735:"Committee launches fact-finding mission over 1980 pro-democracy movement" 4396:

The Kwangju uprising : eyewitness press accounts of Korea's Tiananmen

4394: 4058: 691: Five One Eight), were student-led demonstrations that took place in 5639: 4709:"'Former President Chun Doo-hwan was present in Gwangju on May 21, 1980'" 3999: 3318:

http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2971886

2828: 2711: 2685: 2346: 1644: 1434:

On 25 May 2011, the documents of the Gwangju Uprising were listed on the

1375:

Handcarts and garbage trucks carried 137 bodies from the massacre to the

4653:"South Korea apologises for rapes during 1980 Gwangju protest crackdown" 4298: 4242: 3587:, Volume 1. The May 18 Memorial Foundation. Gwangju, 2008. pp. 236–239. 3202:"As South Koreans Reexamine a 1980 Massacre, Some Ask US to Do the Same" 2788: 2406: 1784: 1554: 955: 943: 692: 288: 242: 205:

Long-term increase in support for the Minjung Movement, leading to the

103: 48: 5625: – official website for the 2007 movie about the Gwangju Uprising 5508:

Korea on the brink: A memoir of political intrigue and military crisis

5235:"The Kwangju People's Uprising: Formation of the "Absolute Community"" 5109:

Chŏng, Sang-yong; Rhyu Simin; Saŏphoe, Minjuhwa Undong Kinyŏm (2003).

3386:"Dying for democracy: 1980 Gwangju uprising transformed South Korea," 3149:"Scars still raw 40 years after dictator crushed South Korea uprising" 5628: 4459: 3227:"Gwangju apology: South Korea sorry for 'rape and torture' by troops" 2833: 2219: 1336:

vary heavily, including figures anywhere from 1,800 to 3,500 people.

142: 5441:

Contentious Kwangju: The May 18 Uprising in Korea's Past and Present

5145:

Massive Entanglement, Marginal Influence: Carter and Korea in Crisis

4268: 5474:

The Kwangju Uprising: Eyewitness press accounts of Korea's Tianaman

3414:"Yet Another Assessment of ROK Stability and Political Development" 1360:

The government denounced the uprising as a rebellion instigated by

2808:(2006), adapted from the novel "The Old Garden" by Hwang Sok-yong 1458: 1396: 1389: 1351: 1326: 1239: 998: 922: 668: 3939:"[리포트+] "시민들에게 총부리를 겨눌 수는 없다"…발포 거부로 고문당했던 5·18 영웅 故 안병하" 2603:

In May 2019, Kim Yong-Jang, a former intelligence officer at the

1431:

to notable defenders of human rights, in memory of the massacre.

5291:

Katsiaficas, George (2007). "Remembering the Kwangju uprising".

2730: 1231: 908:

held a joint press conference, echoing the students’ demands.

3716:"[서울신문 5·18 특집]소년이 소년에게 - 5·18 광주 민주화운동 청소년 희생자 - 방광범" 3690:"[서울신문 5·18 특집]소년이 소년에게 - 5·18 광주 민주화운동 청소년 희생자 - 전재수" 4543:"S. Korean president vows to reopen probe into 1980 massacre" 3846:"The US Didn't Bring Freedom to South Korea — Its People Did" 3481:"Kim Dae-jung's Role in the Democratization of South Korea" 3338:"Gwangju massacre deniers still seek comfort in North plot" 2596:

delivered an apology. On 7 November 2018, Defense Minister

1007:

On the morning of 18 May, students gathered at the gate of

2620:

In May 2020, 40 years after the uprising, the independent

1027:

on 20 May. The same day, protesters burned down the local

606:(several more killed by the army after the uprising ended) 1404:

On 3 December 1995, Chun, his ally and former President

876:(DSC), was able to seize control of the military in the 4990:. Hawaii studies on Korea. University of Hawaii Press. 5563: 5356:

South Korean Democracy: Legacy of the Gwangju Uprising

5323:

South Korean Democracy: Legacy of the Gwangju Uprising

3534:

South Korean Democracy: Legacy of the Gwangju Uprising

815: 789: 763: 737: 4055:"The Kwangju Popular Uprising and the May Publisher" 819: 793: 767: 741: 682: 2592:helicopters to fire on civilians. Defense Minister 888:and in support of democratization, free elections, 699:, in May 1980. The uprising was in response to the 585: 548: 410: 315: 215: 195: 166: 151: 114: 98: 70: 41: 5505: 5353:Katsiaficas, George; Kahn-chae, Na, eds. (2013) . 2577:In May 2017, newly elected South Korean President 5582:Kwangju: People's perseverance in seeking justice 1213:Gu Seong-ju (구성주) - Director of Provisions Supply 5471:Stokes, Henry Scott; Lee Jai Eui, eds. (2016) . 4683:"'Chun Doo-hwan ordered 1980 massacre shooting'" 3545:Armstrong, Charles. "Contesting the Peninsula". 2723:"Exemplum in memoriam Kwangju" for orchestra by 2622:May 18 Democratization Movement Truth Commission 712:with the approval and logistical support of the 5148:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. 4835:"2 Days in May That Shattered Korean Democracy" 3070:"2 Days in May That Shattered Korean Democracy" 1210:Kim Jun-bong (김준봉) - Director of Investigations 1205:Lee Jae-ho (이재호) - Militia QRF Deputy Commander 3097:"South Korea Current Issues > Backgrounder" 2966:Busan American Cultural Service building arson 868:, had no real control over the government and 5576:Kwangju: Citizen's response to state violence 4199:"Ex-President is Sentenced to Death in Seoul" 4165:"Ex-President Is Sentenced to Death in Seoul" 2522: 8: 5418:A Hard Journey to Justice: First Term Report 4509:. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 4219:. 18 May Memorial Foundation. Archived from 1278: 1272: 1193: 1184: 1175: 1163: 1154: 1145: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1049: 926: 916: 809: 803: 783: 777: 757: 751: 731: 725: 672: 662: 65:in Gwangju where victims' bodies were buried 27:1980 anti-government uprising in South Korea 5635:Bibliography of Kwangju Uprising in English 4503:"Park attends memorial of Gwangju massacre" 3889:"[광주민중항쟁 총일지]해방 기간 - 항쟁지도부의 탄생과 활동" 3624: 3622: 2682:There a Petal Silently Falls: Three Stories 1284: 688: 2529: 2515: 1506: 55: 38: 4340: 4338: 4075:Katsiaficas, George (19 September 2006). 4070: 4068: 3616:. Produced by May 18 Memorial Foundation. 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3496:Critical Studies on Modern Korean History 2412:Solidarity for LGBT Human Rights of Korea 1014:Republic of Korea Special Warfare Command 1003:The former South Jeolla Provincial Office 862:triggered a number of democracy movements 858:assassination of President Park Chung Hee 5623:Hwaryeohan Hyuga (A Magnificent Holiday) 4957:"Neoliberalism and the Gwangju Uprising" 4794:TBR Weekly Update: Week 2, December 2020 4891:. Columbia University Press. May 2008. 3742:"[5·18 학살보고서]② 초등생·주부·부상자 총살까지" 3585:History of the 5.18 Democratic Uprising 3095:Embassy of the United States in Seoul. 3009: 2651:planes to the peninsula. Declassified 1518: 1463:Barbed wire at the back of the memorial 940:extend martial law to the whole country 722:May 18 Gwangju Democratization Movement 141:Social and political discontent in the 5249:from the original on 18 September 2017 5220:from the original on 18 September 2017 4520: 4420: 4083:from the original on 18 September 2017 3670:from the original on 22 September 2021 3426:from the original on 10 November 2015. 2631:2020 South Korean legislative election 1356:May 18 Minjung Struggle Memorial Tower 623:165 killed (confirmed casualties only) 160:End of dictatorial rule in South Korea 5599:"Lingering legacy of Korean massacre" 5115:. Seoul: Korea Democracy Foundation. 4607:from the original on 10 February 2018 4389: 4387: 4299:"5·18 민주화운동 기록관 > 기록관소개 > 관련규정" 4006:from the original on 7 September 2011 3949:from the original on 26 November 2017 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3800:from the original on 21 November 2022 3696:from the original on 27 November 2021 3650: 3437:Scott-Stokes, Henry (10 April 1980). 3408: 3406: 2905:"That's My Fault" and "It's Over" by 976:Gwangju Student Independence Movement 209:of South Korea's dictatorship in 1987 32:Gwangju Student Independence Movement 7: 4663:from the original on 8 November 2018 4633:from the original on 8 November 2018 3895:from the original on 7 November 2022 3852:from the original on 7 November 2022 3748:from the original on 7 November 2022 3722:from the original on 5 November 2021 3312:"TV shows tarnish Gwangju history," 3294:from the original on 2 December 2013 3237:from the original on 7 November 2018 5736:Political repression in South Korea 5040:10.17953/amer.14.1.gh65433165261483 4345:Clark, Donald N. (29 August 1996). 4309:from the original on 4 January 2018 4279:from the original on 4 January 2018 4249:from the original on 4 January 2018 3449:from the original on 10 August 2016 3259:, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1556–1557 3155:. Agence France-Presse. 17 May 2020 2605:501st Military Intelligence Brigade 2194:New Politics Alliance for Democracy 2112:New Politics Alliance for Democracy 1436:UNESCO Memory of the World Register 1189:) - Director of Militia Operations 5731:Human rights abuses in South Korea 5696:Massacres committed by South Korea 5359:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 4931:from the original on 28 April 2018 4810:"US knew of South Korea Crackdown" 4581:from the original on 24 April 2018 3927:from the original on 10 July 2022. 3336:Martin, Bradley K. (18 May 2021). 2092:National Congress for New Politics 2072:Grand Unified Democratic New Party 25: 5716:Far-right politics in South Korea 5629:"Ex-Leaders Go On Trial In Seoul" 5491:from the original on 30 June 2020 5458:from the original on 22 June 2020 5425:from the original on 17 June 2020 5373:from the original on 22 June 2020 5340:from the original on 30 June 2020 5162:from the original on 17 June 2020 5129:from the original on 17 June 2020 5096:from the original on 30 June 2020 5004:from the original on 18 June 2020 4775:from the original on 15 June 2020 4745:from the original on 15 June 2020 4715:from the original on 15 June 2020 4689:from the original on 15 June 2020 4555:from the original on 15 June 2020 4460:"Ex-Leaders Go on Trial in Seoul" 4347:"U.S. Role in Kwangju and Beyond" 4197:Wudunn, Sheryl (26 August 1996). 4163:Wudunn, Sheryl (26 August 1996). 3996:"Flashback: The Kwangju massacre" 3826:from the original on 10 July 2022 3774:from the original on 10 July 2022 2653:United States Department of State 2586:McDonnell Douglas MD 500 Defender 2417:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea 2389:Federation of Korean Trade Unions 1416:on the advice of President-elect 1168:) - Secretary of External Affairs 522:20th Mechanised Infantry Division 5751:South Korean democracy movements 5438:Shin, G.W.; Hwang, K.M. (2003). 4971:from the original on 13 May 2009 4905:from the original on 11 May 2019 4217:"Gwangju Prize for Human Rights" 3129:from the original on 26 May 2024 3050:from the original on 3 July 2022 3024:from the original on 17 May 2019 2945: 2931: 2496: 2484: 2245:National Independence Federation 1528: 1469:Anti-American sentiment in Korea 748:Gwangju Democratization Struggle 526: 515: 504: 493: 482: 471: 458: 446: 435: 424: 385: 376: 367: 358: 347: 336: 325: 272: 260: 248: 228: 5756:Student protests in South Korea 5746:Social movements in South Korea 5741:Massacres of protesters in Asia 5142:Gleysteen, William H. (2012) . 4269:"The May 18 Democratic Archive" 4103:"The National Security Archive" 2702:(2015), a novel by William Amos 878:coup d'état of December Twelfth 640: 131:Assassination of Park Chung Hee 126:Coup d'état of December Twelfth 5584:(AHRC HRCS Educational Module) 5578:(AHRC HRCS Educational Module) 5564:The May 18 Memorial Foundation 3976:History of Korea Roger Tennant 3562:, Vol. 39, No. 9, (2002): 1557 3377:, Vol. 39, no. 9, (2002): 1556 3200:Gallo, William (27 May 2020). 3174:Seymour, Tom (29 March 2021). 2775:Symphonic Poem for the Beloved 2557:Developments from 1997 to 2013 2402:(Imperial Japanese occupation) 2157:Reunification Democratic Party 1429:Gwangju Prize for Human Rights 1317:Army Counterintelligence Corps 1305:National Security Headquarters 1279: 1273: 1194: 1185: 1176: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1112: 1106: 1104:), and the Army Armor School ( 1100: 1094: 1092:), the Army Artillery School ( 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1050: 927: 917: 810: 804: 784: 778: 758: 752: 732: 726: 701:coup d'état of May Seventeenth 673: 663: 304:Students' Settlement Committee 301:Citizens' Settlement Committee 121:Coup d'état of May Seventeenth 1: 5588:Kwangju: A flame of Democracy 5512:. Washington, DC: Brassey's. 4057:. Kimsoft.com. Archived from 3468:May, The Triumph of Democracy 3362:May, The Triumph of Democracy 2733:and Naksyeon of D-Town (2010) 2308:Democratic Research Institute 2277:Korean Provisional Government 2127:Party for Democracy and Peace 1159:) - Secretary of Home Affairs 576:(estimated combined strength) 5320:Katsiaficas, George (2013). 4955:Katsiaficas, George (2006). 4888:There a Petal Silently Falls 4837:. The Nation. Archived from 4501:Kang Jin-kyu (20 May 2013). 4128:"The Gwangju uprising, 1980" 4077:"The Gwangju uprising, 1980" 3072:. The Nation. Archived from 2629:'s landslide victory in the 2465:Progressivism in South Korea 2282:Imperial Japanese occupation 2006:Democratic Nationalist Party 1996:Democratic Alliance of Korea 1747:Korean independence movement 1490:US Ambassador to South Korea 1467:The 1980s marked a surge in 1180:) - Spokesperson for Militia 946:, the provincial capital of 934:On 17 May 1980, Chun forced 842:Memory of the World Register 743:5·18 Gwangju minjuhwa undong 639:Up to 600–2,300 killed; see 541:(various civilian militias) 533:Combat Arms Training Command 5666:1980 murders in South Korea 3794:"드르륵 드르륵…"꿈에서도 잊혀지지 않는 공포"" 2920:"May" by Wings of the ISANG 2107:New Korean Democratic Party 1009:Chonnam National University 829:Chonnam National University 820: 794: 768: 742: 683: 455:505th Defense Security Unit 5782: 5570:1980: The Kwangju uprising 5082:. Homa & Sekey Books. 4025:오, 석민 (22 December 2020). 3820:"5·18 공수부대와 일반부대 무전체계 달랐다" 3508:10.36432/CSMKH.45.202104.1 2998:May 18 Memorial Foundation 2832:(2012), based on the 2006 2564:On 18 May 2013, President 2394:Korea Democracy Foundation 2378:Center for Free Enterprise 2204:New Political Vision Party 1742:Donghak Peasant Revolution 1425:May 18 Memorial Foundation 1377:Old Mangweol-dong Cemetery 972:Donghak Peasant Revolution 774:May 18 Democratic Uprising 769:Gwangju minjuhwa hangjaeng 625:76 missing (presumed dead) 63:May 18th National Cemetery 29: 5541:10.1080/00420980220151655 5504:Wickham, John A. (2000). 5400:10.1080/07393140120099598 5305:10.1080/08854300008428256 4815:. The Journal of Commerce 4527:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3768:"다시 쓰는 5·18 ⑨ 계엄군간 오인 사격" 3549:51. London: 2008. p. 118. 2627:Democratic Party of Korea 2061:Democratic Party of Korea 1521:Liberalism in South Korea 1222:Protests in other regions 638: 590: 553: 415: 320: 220: 54: 46: 5706:Fourth Republic of Korea 5601:, BBC News, 18 May 2005. 5326:. Taylor & Francis. 5204:Jong-cheol, Ahn (2002). 3283:5월단체, "5.18 관련 사망자 606명" 3282: 3231:South China Morning Post 3153:South China Morning Post 2988:June Democratic Struggle 2860:1987: When the Day Comes 2399:New People's Association 1510:This article is part of 1492:, stated in a letter to 980:Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion 874:Defense Security Command 827:The uprising began when 397:Decentralized leadership 30:Not to be confused with 5766:Fifth Republic of Korea 5691:Protests in South Korea 5686:20th-century rebellions 5681:May 1980 events in Asia 5615:25 October 2017 at the 5566:(in Korean and English) 5293:Socialism and Democracy 5233:Jungwoon, Choi (1999). 4797:(subscription required) 4476:moodle2.sscnet.ucla.edu 3634:The Heritage Foundation 2460:Politics of South Korea 2453:Anti-Japanese sentiment 2067:Future Democratic Party 834:North Korean government 236:South Korean Government 5640:Facebook memorial page 5590:(by Sanjeewa Liyanage) 5421:. Seoul: Samin Books. 5276:10.1080/07393140307195 5189:10.1080/07393140307187 5061:10.1080/07393140307193 4799:, blueroofpolitics.com 4427:: CS1 maint: others ( 3664:"5.18 광주에 북한군이 개입했을까?" 3397:11 August 2014 at the 2672:Dance Dance Revolution 2503:South Korea portal 2132:Peace Democratic Party 2082:Korea Innovation Party 2077:Korea Democratic Party 2001:Democratic Korea Party 1605:Economic progressivism 1482: 1464: 1427:has offered an annual 1423:Starting in 2000, the 1410:Supreme Court of Korea 1401: 1394: 1357: 1332: 1277:; Hanja: 1004: 808:; Hanja: 782:; Hanja: 756:; Hanja: 730:; Hanja: 511:31st Infantry Division 85:; 44 years ago 5388:New Political Science 5264:New Political Science 5177:New Political Science 5049:New Political Science 4447:31 March 2013 at the 4303:www.518archives.go.kr 4273:www.518archives.go.kr 3323:9 August 2014 at the 2884:The Man Standing Next 2616:2020 Truth Commission 2543:Mangwol-dong cemetery 2491:Liberalism portal 2209:Dawn of Liberty Party 2152:Real Democratic Party 2117:Open Democratic Party 1635:Independence movement 1615:foreign voting rights 1477: 1462: 1448:North Korean military 1400: 1393: 1355: 1330: 1135:Settlement Committees 1002: 967:South Jeolla Province 948:South Jeolla Province 846:South Korean politics 718:Carter administration 710:South Korean military 653:, known in Korean as 610:144 policemen wounded 586:Casualties and losses 574:200,000 demonstrators 500:11th Airborne Brigade 442:11th Airborne Brigade 401:South Jeolla Province 75:18 May 1980 61:Memorial Hall in the 5711:Right-wing terrorism 4984:Lewis, L.S. (2002). 4927:. Portobello Books. 4627:"Yonhap News Agency" 3945:. 26 November 2017. 3640:on 22 February 2008. 2961:Busan–Masan Uprising 2097:New Democratic Party 1991:Creative Korea Party 1870:Jasmine Bacurnay Lee 1662:Legal egalitarianism 1620:Freedom of the press 1486:William H. Gleysteen 1309:7th Airborne Brigade 1200:Quick Reaction Force 894:freedom of the press 892:, labor rights, and 795:5·18 minjuhwa undong 608:109 soldiers wounded 489:7th Airborne Brigade 478:3rd Airborne Brigade 431:7th Airborne Brigade 199:Uprising suppressed 5676:Mass murder in 1980 5661:1980 in South Korea 4659:. 7 November 2018. 4577:. 7 February 2018. 4245:. 18 May Archives. 4061:on 7 February 2009. 2710:(2016), a novel by 2693:(2009), a novel by 2610:agents provocateurs 2470:Social conservatism 2443:National liberalism 2367:Other organizations 2355:(Korean Empire era) 2137:People Party (2016) 2122:Participation Party 1705:Democracy movements 1625:Freedom of religion 1442:Role of North Korea 1150:) - Chief Executive 1063:Blockade of Gwangju 984:Gyeongsang Province 860:on 26 October 1979 5726:History of Gwangju 5076:Chʻoe, C. (2006). 4948:General references 4865:Yonhap News Agency 4769:Yonhap News Agency 4739:Yonhap News Agency 4203:The New York Times 4169:The New York Times 4107:nsarchive2.gwu.edu 4032:Yonhap News Agency 3443:The New York Times 3288:Yonhap News Agency 2939:South Korea portal 2675:(2007), a poem by 2660:In popular culture 2637:May 18 Special Act 2590:Bell UH-1 Iroquois 2573:2017 investigation 2438:Centrist reformism 2342:Kyunghyang Shinmun 2188:Basic Income Party 1710:2016–2017 protests 1640:Korean nationalism 1495:The New York Times 1465: 1402: 1395: 1358: 1333: 1299:Role of the police 1005: 844:. In contemporary 824:) in South Korea. 802:(Korean: 776:(Korean: 750:(Korean: 724:(Korean: 604:4 policemen killed 596:22 soldiers killed 563:3,000 paratroopers 182:Civil disobedience 83:– 27 May 1980 5671:Conflicts in 1980 5519:978-1-57488-290-2 5484:978-1-315-29175-8 5451:978-0-7425-1962-6 5366:978-1-136-75922-2 5333:978-1-136-75923-9 5155:978-0-8157-9109-6 5122:978-89-7778-203-7 5089:978-1-931907-36-1 4997:978-0-8248-2479-2 4406:978-0-7656-3764-2 4352:Los Angeles Times 4331:. 3 October 2017. 3593:978-89-954173-1-7 3180:The Art Newspaper 2844:National Security 2551:National Assembly 2539: 2538: 2421: 2227:Independence Club 2183:Bareunmirae Party 2010:Democratic Party 1667:Liberal democracy 1630:Freedom of speech 1198:) - Militia QRF ( 1162:Jeong Sang-yong ( 974:(1894–1895), the 821:Gwangju hangjaeng 647: 646: 634: 633: 598:(including 13 by 581: 580: 566:Gwangju Blockade: 467:Gwangju Blockade: 311: 310: 16:(Redirected from 5773: 5656:Gwangju Uprising 5552: 5523: 5511: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5411: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5316: 5287: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5200: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5072: 5043: 5028:Amerasia Journal 5013: 5011: 5009: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4841:on 31 March 2024 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4548:Associated Press 4539: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4478:. 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Archived from 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3076:on 31 March 2024 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3014: 2993:Jürgen Hinzpeter 2984: 2976:Incheon Uprising 2955: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2797:Peppermint Candy 2783: 2646:U.S. involvement 2598:Jeong Kyeong-doo 2531: 2524: 2517: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2489: 2488: 2419: 2403: 2356: 2289:Transition Korea 2285: 2235: 2223: 2177: 2102:New Future Party 1985: 1610:Environmentalism 1600:Economic freedom 1532: 1522: 1507: 1455:Anti-Americanism 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1187: 1179: 1178: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1157: 1149: 1148: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1053: 1052: 1040:themselves with 978:(1929), and the 930: 929: 920: 919: 823: 817: 813: 812: 807: 806: 800:Gwangju Uprising 797: 791: 787: 786: 781: 780: 771: 765: 761: 760: 755: 754: 745: 739: 735: 734: 729: 728: 690: 686: 676: 675: 666: 665: 651:Gwangju Uprising 592: 591: 555: 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4035: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4002:. 17 May 2000. 3994: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3614:Documentary 518 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3583: 3566: 3557: 3553: 3547:New Left Review 3544: 3540: 3527: 3523: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3399:Wayback Machine 3390:, 17 May 2014: 3388:The Japan Times 3385: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3325:Wayback Machine 3316:, 21 May 2013: 3314:Joong Ang Daily 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3290:. 13 May 2005. 3284: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3225: 3224: 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703:that installed 630: 628: 626: 624: 619: 617: 615: 611: 609: 607: 605: 603: 597: 577: 575: 570: 568: 564: 562: 544: 543: 540: 536: 527: 525: 524: 516: 514: 513: 505: 503: 502: 494: 492: 491: 483: 481: 480: 472: 470: 469: 465: 459: 457: 456: 447: 445: 444: 436: 434: 433: 425: 423: 422: 406: 405: 393: 386: 384: 383: 382:Yoon Heung-jung 377: 375: 374: 368: 366: 365: 359: 357: 356: 348: 346: 345: 335: 334: 324: 307: 283: 279:National Police 273: 271: 261: 259: 249: 247: 227: 191: 156:Democratization 110: 89: 87: 84: 78: 76: 74: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5779: 5777: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5619:, 19 June 1989 5607: 5602: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5559: 5558:External links 5556: 5554: 5553: 5524: 5518: 5501: 5483: 5468: 5450: 5435: 5412: 5383: 5365: 5350: 5332: 5317: 5288: 5259: 5245:(2): 238–282. 5230: 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Routledge. 5476: 5475: 5469: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5239:Korea Journal 5236: 5231: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5210:Korea Journal 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4982: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4904: 4900: 4898:9780231512428 4894: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4879: 4867:. 6 July 2021 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4787: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4662: 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