575:(SRI). The opening of archived documents uncovered that Frunda had been the subject of a "network file" (a type of document which is generally associated with Securitate informants). Upon reviewing it, Frunda concluded that it was actually evidence of the Securitate having attempted and failed to enlist him, stressing that he never agreed to be drawn into collaboration. He added that he had signed two documents, confirming, respectively, his refusal to collaborate, and his pledge to maintain secrecy over having been contacted by the secret police. According to Frunda, only the latter document was present among those handed down by the SRI, which led him to question whether the file was complete.
517:
specifically the transversality of the nation across boundaries – a nation often, but not always, deeply rooted in history. Following the two world wars in the 20th century, national borders were redrawn and, as a result, parts of the kin-state now live in the territory of one of the neighbouring states, where they represent 'national minorities or communities'". According to the text, "The purpose of all these recommendations is to ensure that the concepts of 'nation' and 'national community (minority)' are interpreted flexibly and in good faith and to foster a peaceful and tolerant climate between the majority and national minorities in every
Council of Europe member state".
528:(he stated: "Cultural autonomy means the right of a national minority, at a cultural level, for instance in schools, theaters and radio broadcasting, to decide for itself in the matter concerning it. It has nothing to do with territorial autonomy"). He later defined the way in which he was quoted by the press as "an injustice", and declared: "I have represented and will always represent my country, with dignity and in accordance with my best knowledge. But I have said, and it is true, that I did not draft this report as a Romanian senator, I have drafted it through appointment and with a mandate from the Council of Europe's Judicial Committee ".
411:, he became President of the Senate Committee for Human Rights, Religions and Minorities, and, inside the Council of Europe, First Vice President of the Monitoring Committees, member of the Committee on Human Rights, member of the Subcommittee on Human Rights, and member of several other committees and subcommittees; additionally, Frunda was the council's Rapporteur for Nations, Minorities and Religion, and Rapporteur for the Judicial Committee on the "Concept of Nation".
902:, who had abstained, denounced a political deal between his own group and the UDMR, through which Frunda was selected to uphold a measure coveted by PDL representatives, but unpopular with the electorate. Himself hailing from Democratic Liberal politics, President Băsescu also went on record with a claim that, in proposing the vote, Frunda had acted "against Romania's interests", compromising its standing and credibility within the European Union.
254:, he became Secretary of the Judicial Committee, also serving on the Committee for Monitoring and the Committee for Territorial Improvement and Local Authorities, as well as on the Committee for Human Rights (in 1999–2000) and, as Secretary, on the Judicial Committee for Appointments, Discipline, Immunities and Validations. Additionally, Frunda was Second Vice President of the PACE Judicial Committee.
35:
611:, the deliberation was tense, with Dinescu and Dumitrescu reportedly protesting the verdict during the actual procedures. Several days later, Dinescu, who took the decision of exposing what he saw as the CNSAS' problems, clarified his position in the case involving Frunda: "It was a complicated file and I could not vote in clear conscience, not knowing certain details". The
304:, who advised party members not to vote for a change in policy; in reaction, Tőkés stressed that his adversary winning was going to "set in stone the wrong political line for a long time" (additionally, he accused the UDMR's leadership of displaying "moral decay"). Frunda was eventually voted by 59 members of the UDMR Council (Tőkés received 34 votes).
339:, he urged all political forces to isolate the latter, who is generally viewed as an extremist. Stating that he was "worried by the high score Mr. Vadim Tudor achieved", he declared that: "All political parties in Romania now have an obligation to isolate him and his party". Frunda was reelected a senator during the
804:, explaining that he was being instead considered for the presidency of the PACE Judicial Committee. He stated: "I have decided it was more important for me and for the Hungarian community in Romania and, not least, for Romania, if I were to take up office." Frunda was subsequently involved in discussions about
543:, and indicated that he shared his colleague's views on the nation-state issue ("The concept of nation-state no longer exists in Europe"). He dismissed opposition to Frunda's attitude as "lectures in loyalty", and stated that Frunda's activity at the Council of Europe "deserves praise and appreciation".
764:
representatives to the
Parliamentary Assembly asked the Romanian Parliament to recall Frunda from his leadership of the delegation, claiming that he had been absent from the Judicial Committee during deliberations over Marty's report (they also indicated that they were not going to attend meetings at
886:
contrasted Frunda's "new tone and elegance" of the 1990s with his support of Social
Democratic moves to keep dignitaries' fortunes under secrecy. Cristian Ghinea, who spoke of several attempts on Frunda's part to redefine the scope of ANI investigations as favoring the corrupt under the pretext of
838:
Frunda's new term in the Senate was touched by controversy. Shortly after he returned to his seat, his new statement of financial interests revealed that he is by far the richest parliamentarian in Mureș. In June 2009, a
Parliament administrative report showed that his office had cost the public
480:). While he clarified that the council was not going to sanction Russian representatives if the measure was not enforced, he argued that the country had to decide between siding with the majority of European states and the group of states represented by North Korea, China, and the United States.
516:
In the PACE Report, he concluded: "I do not think it is important to formulate a new concept of nation. The real issue behind the debate about a possible '21st century concept of nation' is not the definition itself, but the acceptance of a new way of thinking, of rethinking the nation, and
488:
In early
February 2006, concluding his report on the "Concept of Nation", Frunda caused controversy in his country after promoting the PACE Recommendation 1735, which, through its reference to a previous PACE document, Recommendation 43 (1998), was interpreted as a call for ethnic and
792:' decision to run as an independent, which caused the UDMR to express its disappointment. Upon announcing his own candidature in September, György Frunda indicated that having two contenders from the Hungarian minority could result in the community not being at all represented in
594:, an institution charged with investigating Securitate affiliations, and declared to the press that he rejected all notion of ever having been an informant or collaborator of the Securitate (while indicating that public figures who stated otherwise were legally liable).
850:(ANI), an organism previously charged with verifying the assets and revenue statements of politicians; his objections were passed into law, mainly with backing from the opposition Social Democrats and the National Liberals, and with additional votes from the governing
457:
was a priority for the leadership. Based on Frunda's memorandum to the
Council of Europe, the Committee on the Honoring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States recommended an end to post-monitoring, although Frunda himself proposed to prolong post-monitoring.
759:
accused Frunda of wanting to discredit
Romania by providing Marty with necessary information; in response, Frunda argued that this actually had been furnished by the Romanian institutions, which, he indicated, had a duty to report them. On July 3, 2007, the
1631:
509:, represented by independent Romanian parliamentarians, called for Frunda to be reprimanded by the Senate. Replying, Frunda indicated that the Recommendation was ineffectual in respect to Romania, and pointed out that all states who agreed to join the
2455:
645:. Defending his bill, Frunda stressed that "it would be hypocritical to condemn Securitate cadres, but not their bosses". In addition, he proposed changes to define as Securitate collaborators those who had acted "with intent".
419:
During
October 2005, he visited Latvia as Monitor, with the goal of establishing "whether Latvia is successfully fulfilling the commitments it undertook upon joining the Council of Europe" (part of the post-monitoring process).
1354:
1628:
365:, but pointed out that the Transnistrian authorities were holding Ilașcu in "inhumane conditions" (a situation which he defined as "inadmissible"). Beginning 2003, Frunda sparked controversy when he called for the
578:
The matter was made more problematic by the fact that Frunda had a second file kept on him, which proved that he was also the object of
Securitate surveillance. Speaking at the time, the last Securitate chief for
269:. In reference to the bilateral treaty signed by the two states, he stated: "from 1918 till now no leading figure in Romanian politics ever had the courage to say 'let us normalise relations with Hungary'".
246:
discourse which had been discarded by the majority of voters, Gallagher described Frunda as the UDMR's "most moderate and fluent parliamentarian, who improved the UDMR's image for many
Romanian voters".
676:). Speaking in February 2007, Frunda criticized members of his party for having failed to promote a challenger for Markó during elections for its presidency. Referring to the UDMR faction formed around
2430:
439:
1849:
1352:"Noi încercări de reabilitare a scriitorului Wass Albert, condamnat la moarte pentru crime de război" ("New Attempts at Rehabilitating Writer Wass Albert, Sentenced to Death for War Crimes")
721:
political commentator Cristian Ghinea, the reply was unsatisfactory. Ghinea sarcastically noted that there was an additional paradox to be noted, since the Greater Romania agenda was "anti-
1687:
280:
issued by President Constantinescu (December 1996). Speaking at the time, Frunda stressed that Romanian courts investigating the 1990 incidents had only sentenced ethnic Hungarians and
2341:
505:, and as stating "I do not represent Romania . I am the head of the Romanian Delegation, elected by 10 members who represented Romania at a parliamentary level". In reaction, the
1501:
626:
In early October, Frunda also proposed that the law regulating CNSAS activities be amended, in order to automatically include among Securitate collaborators those members of the
876:" for those who wanted "a free passage to deals, wrongdoings and theft". She also noted that the senator was himself a reputed target for ANI investigators. Writing in 2002 for
2292:
2047:
206:, serving as Secretary of the Committee for Drafting the Constitution and a member of the Chamber's Judicial Committee. He successfully ran on UDMR lists for the Senate in the
2339:"Băsescu despre legea ANI: György Frunda a avut o poziție împotriva intereselor României" ("Băsescu on the ANI Law: György Frunda Took a Position against Romania's Interests")
1351:
630:
who held political offices at a central, regional, or local level, and who took part in decision-making regarding political repression. The project drew opposition from the
513:
implicitly accepted to delegate powers of their respective national governments, stressing that his argument about the nation-state made reference to this latter process.
361:
court, to be retried in a Council of Europe member state. He noted that the matter was problematic, since Ilașcu was confirmed to have "shot and killed two people" by the
700:
1937:"Senatorii juriști au eliminat sintagma 'poliție politică' din Legea CNSAS" ("Senators-Jurists Have Stricken Out the Notion of 'Political Policing' from the CNSAS Law")
1847:"György Frunda, interpelat de procurorii anticorupție pe teme 'parlamentare'" ("György Frunda, Interpellated by Anticorruption Prosecutors over 'Parliamentary' Issues")
854:
and UDMR. The anti-ANI legislation, unsuccessfully rejected by President Băsescu, was received with strong criticism by various journalists, political commentators and
590:
over, as indicated by Frunda's statement, "several parliamentary debates, regarding a number of parliamentarians". During the same period, he asked to be heard by the
1570:"APCE: la Russie doit abolir la peine de mort avant de prendre la présidence du CE" ("PACE: Russia Must Abolish the Death Penalty before Assuming the EC Presidency")
2400:
66:
465:, Frunda visited the country on behalf of the Monitoring Committee, and attempted to convince the Russian leadership to ratify the 6th additional protocol of the
1091:
1846:
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2435:
988:
959:
785:
50:
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relations, was being brought under public scrutiny. He received 696,989 votes (6.22%) in the national suffrage. During the second round of voting, when the
1662:
145:
1685:"Markó Béla: În loc de acuze nejustificate, György Frunda merită laude" ("Markó Béla: Instead of Unjustified Accusations, György Frunda Deserves Praises")
654:
276:, an ethnic Hungarian accused of taking part in the Târgu Mureș clashes. Previously sentenced to 10 years in prison, Cseresznyés was the recipient of a
258:
2445:
2395:
392:, and gave his backing to Markó, who was the UDMR's nominee; at a time when political parties were considering announcing candidatures for the post of
2440:
1474:
2366:
2203:"Cheltuieli ale senatorilor: Frunda, peste 100.000 lei, Geoană aproape 50.000" ("Senators' Expenses: Frunda, over 100,000 Lei, Geoană almost 50,000")
2131:"Markó, Frunda și Borbély, candidații UDMR Mureș la parlamentare" ("Markó, Frunda and Borbély, the UDMR Mureș Candidates in Parliamentary Elections")
820:
583:, Gheorghe Mărieș, claimed that he had first-hand information regarding Frunda's status as an informant, an allegation which the senator dismissed.
168:
2202:
2450:
2425:
2045:"PD cere înlocuirea lui Frunda de la șefia Delegației la APCE" ("PD Asks for Frunda to Be Recalled from the Leadership of the PACE Delegation")
1446:
888:
835:
was elected Senate Chairman, Béla Markó had announced that he favored Frunda for that office, were UDMR in a position to nominate a candidate.
234:, Frunda was supported by the UDMR and received 761,411 votes (6.02% of the ballot). Commenting on the electoral debates of that year, analyst
1684:
1822:
1264:, "Hierarchies of Difference: National Identity, Gay and Lesbian Rights, and the Church in Postcommunist Romania", in Aleksandar Štulhofer,
2338:
1542:
1386:
773:, a member of the National Liberal Party, criticized the decision, indicating that such resolutions could only be initiated by Parliament.
1960:"György Frunda critică lipsa competiției pentru șefia UDMR" ("György Frunda Criticized the Lack of Competition for the UDMR's Leadership")
1936:
1517:"The Prime Minister and the Chairman of the Monitoring Committee of the Council of Europe Discuss Closing of the Post-Monitoring Dialogue"
597:
The CNSAS ultimately cleared Frunda of the allegations (September 14, 2006), with six out of eight votes—the two abstaining members were
1519:
1323:
587:
466:
389:
293:
266:
223:
909:. He finished in second place with 37.3% of the vote, while incumbent Dorin Florea was re-elected with just over half of ballots cast.
851:
816:
761:
408:
340:
251:
207:
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2044:
265:'s Democratic Convention cabinet, Frunda argued that this process had made unlikely the resurfacing of violent incidents such as the
1629:"Partidul lui Gușă cere Parlamentului să-l sancționeze pe György Frunda" ("Gușă's Party Asks Parliament to Reprimand György Frunda")
1281:
1158:
1127:
797:
631:
328:
2130:
1908:
666:
2263:
2089:
1422:
1245:
1209:
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808:, speaking in favor of judicial methods to tackle the widespread inmate overcrowding, and supporting a more generalized use of
2155:
2070:
1414:
1237:
1182:
711:. On the occasion, Liiceanu asked Frunda to explain how the UDMR could tolerate being on the same pro-impeachment camp as the
1962:
983:
954:
766:
620:
242:, who had become noted for his polemic views regarding the UDMR, with that of Frunda; contending that Iliescu was adopting a
227:
203:
2071:"Frunda: Tőkés László ar trebui să se retragă din cursa pentru PE" ("Frunda: Tőkés László Should Withdraw from the EP Race")
1795:
572:
556:
431:
117:
2016:
1879:
1719:
906:
476:
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for Lithuania in 1995, and became Vice President of the EEP's Parliamentary Group in 1996 (reelected in 2000 and 2004).
157:
2231:
1754:
2109:
1145:, "Conflicts between East European States and Minorities in an Age of Democracy", in Farimah Daftary, Stefan Troebst,
1086:
748:
2317:
827:
level. In Mureș County, the three main UDMR contenders for the electoral college seats were himself, Béla Markó, and
685:
446:
as the sole language of administration), and to abandon the loyalty principle from its law on acquiring citizenship.
430:, and gave a positive assessment of the way in which Latvia had carried out its obligations, while pointing out that
602:
536:
450:
176:
133:
74:
612:
506:
393:
97:
93:
2181:
2090:"Frunda renunță la mandatul pentru Parlamentul European" ("Frunda Relinquishes His European Parliament Mandate")
1669:, Romanian Senate Session transcript, February 13, 2006, at the Chamber of Deputies site; retrieved July 6, 2007
1659:
688:, he argued its alleged policy of "not providing viable written-down alternatives denotes political weakness".
847:
627:
424:
366:
281:
125:
677:
210:, serving as Vice President of its Judicial Committee and envoy to the PACE after 1993. He was appointed PACE
2156:"Markó Béla îl propune pe Frunda la președinția Senatului" ("Markó Béla Proposes Frunda as Senate President")
789:
297:
1142:
1111:
740:
representative to the Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly, publicized his report on the existence of
502:
362:
235:
82:
2390:
1991:
1640:
1471:
828:
2420:
846:
In July 2010, Frunda introduced law amendments which drastically limited powers for the government-backed
568:
462:
2272:
1498:"György Frunda, the Chairman of the COE Parliamentary Assembly's Monitoring Committee Is Visiting Latvia"
878:
346:
In January 2001, Frunda was among the 38 parliamentarians from 18 countries who signed an appeal to have
1482:
712:
332:
312:
308:
160:. He was arrested in January 1958, and sentenced to 12 years in prison, but was set free by the general
78:
2367:"Dorin Florea a câștigat un nou mandat la Târgu Mureș " ("Dorin Florea Wins a New Term in Târgu Mureș")
1261:
1088:
Political Transformation and the Electoral Process in Post-Communist Europe: Romania – Election Results
180:
1526:, October 19, 2005, at the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia site; retrieved July 6, 2007
2415:
1766:
726:
639:
336:
273:
62:
2256:
1823:"Șandru cere CNSAS redeschiderea cazului Frunda" ("Șandru Asks the CNSAS to Reopen the Frunda Case")
1443:
883:
635:
1391:
1382:
1265:
1099:
873:
782:
662:
616:
231:
199:
153:
2224:
899:
865:
796:, and argued that Tőkés would have done best to withdraw from the race. Frunda eventually won the
755:
countries (Romania included). As Romanian authorities denied the charge, National Liberal senator
1497:
454:
401:
1539:
681:
623:, publicly appealed for the CNSAS to reconsider its decision and recall Frunda for questioning.
564:
427:
1599:
2371:
2025:
1888:
1755:"Membrii CNSAS au intrat în silenzio stampa" ("CNSAS Members Have Engaged in a News Blackout")
1728:
1472:"Latvia. Visit by Monitoring Committee Chair of the Councils of Europe Parliamentary Assembly"
1331:
1277:
1154:
1123:
1119:
891:), ridiculed the association of interests between Frunda and the new National Liberal leader,
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800:
seat but, on December 1, 2007, announced that he was giving it up in favor of party colleague
696:
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607:
490:
149:
137:
129:
121:
70:
54:
1516:
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179:), where he completed Law studies in 1974. In 1991–1992, he took postgraduate classes at the
2164:
2139:
1068:
Nicolae Balint, "Ungaria, 1956. Ecouri mureșene" ("Hungary, 1956. Mureș County Echoes"), in
832:
708:
525:
520:
Elaborating on the issue, he expressed his support for enlarging the concept of nation, for
443:
591:
532:
301:
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and other young people in organizing clandestine committees that took inspiration from the
2345:
2296:
2267:
2235:
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2020:
1966:
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1070:
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521:
73:(PACE), serving as president of the delegation since September 2004, and sitting with the
2290:"Raportul ne-a tulburat marea trăncăneală" ("The Report Has Disturbed Our Great Blather")
580:
461:
In November, as Russia prepared for taking over the presidency of the European Council's
58:
453:
indicated that the official status of Latvian was not subject for negotiation, and that
1407:
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262:
100:
2014:"Iliescu și Băsescu, 'complicii' CIA" ("Iliescu and Băsescu, the CIA's 'Accomplices'")
1297:
765:
the Council of Europe until Marty would come and verify his conclusions on the spot).
2409:
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2093:
2055:
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1569:
1273:
855:
805:
801:
745:
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560:
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28:
20:
1909:"'Desuurile' Colegiului, scoase la vedere!" ("The CNSAS' 'Laundry', Out in Public!")
2322:
2301:
2114:
1996:
1411:
1234:
1179:
840:
717:
498:
494:
396:, Frunda was the one designated by the UDMR. During the televised debate hosted by
378:
358:
1959:
385:(who had been tried in a similar context), was the victim of procedural mistakes.
34:
2186:
2182:"Cel mai bogat parlamentar mureșean" ("The Richest Mureș-based Parliamentarian")
1827:
1573:
737:
692:
642:
370:
320:
243:
239:
172:
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Europe and Central Asia. Summary of Concerns in the Region July – December 2005
438:
and voting rights. He called on the country to discard its reservations to the
2350:
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2013:
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1716:
1695:
1053:
860:
741:
733:
552:
324:
211:
1387:"Febra răsăriteană a reabilitărilor" ("The Eastern Fever of Rehabilitations")
2228:
1600:"Frunda: 'Eu nu reprezint România'" ("Frunda: 'I Do Not Represent Romania'")
1576:, November 16, 2005 (republished by Peinedemort.org); retrieved July 6, 2007
374:
351:
316:
296:, after winning the nomination in an inner-party race with the more radical
192:
1363:
732:
In June–July 2007, Frunda was at the center of a controversy provoked when
2229:"ANI sugrumată cu mâna lui Frunda" ("ANI Strangled by the Hand of Frunda")
1453:, December 13, 2005, at the Council of Europe site; retrieved July 6, 2007
2206:
2159:
2134:
2074:
1971:
1940:
1913:
1857:
1301:
793:
540:
638:, who argued that the text was purposely designed to incriminate former
400:, in an unprecedented gesture, he summarized parts of the discussion in
2261:"Stridența cu ifose democratice" ("Harshness with Democratic Pretense")
354:
161:
89:
46:
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Grand Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)
1943:, October 11, 2006 (hosted by Infopolitic.ro); retrieved July 6, 2007
809:
725:", whereas Frunda "now seems to me the most cleaned-up front for the
563:) on Frunda and 28 other politicians, including the UDMR's Markó and
343:, serving as President of the Committee for Human Rights after 2002.
277:
188:
300:, the Union's Honorary Chairman. Frunda was endorsed by UDMR leader
373:, a Hungarian writer convicted in Romania for participation in the
868:
summarized Frunda's attempts to fight the ANI law, dating back to
704:
703:
reconfirmed Băsescu, Frunda commented on the UDMR's choice before
497:. In addition, Frunda was quoted as saying he did not endorse the
397:
257:
Welcoming reconciliation with Hungary and measures leading to the
33:
1860:, September 13, 2006 (hosted by Kappa.ro); retrieved July 6, 2007
551:
A controversy was sparked in summer 2006, when files kept by the
195:
in his native city, operating a private law practice after 1996.
61:
since 1992, and was twice the UDMR's candidate for the office of
1604:
1235:"Hungarian Politician to Run in Romanian Presidential Elections"
898:
Shortly after the Senate vote, Democratic Liberal Party senator
377:. His statement to the press argued that Wass, unlike Romania's
103:. He is married to a physician, and has fathered two daughters.
65:(in 1996 and 2000). Since 1992, Frunda has been a member of the
1917:, September 22, 2006 (hosted by 9am.ro); retrieved July 6, 2007
1540:"Латвии дали домашнее задание" ("Latvia's Incomplete Homework")
1412:"Romanian Prime-Ministerial Hopefuls Clash in Televised Debate"
1270:
Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia
440:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
1877:"Frunda, albit de CNSAS" ("Frunda, Whitewashed by the CNSAS")
2190:
evening edition, January 5, 2009; retrieved January 11, 2011
1197:, No. 246, Part I, December 30, 1996; retrieved July 6, 2007
1839:
1837:
1717:"Frunda, și el în rețea" ("Frunda, Himself in the Network")
1226:
1224:
1222:
272:
During the early 1990s, György Frunda represented in court
171:
in the city in 1970, before enrolling at the University of
1793:"Frunda, comisarul UDMR" ("Frunda, the UDMR Commissioner")
202:, he joined the newly created UDMR and represented it in
2354:
online edition, July 8, 2010; retrieved January 11, 2011
1205:
1203:
357:
citizen who had been tried and sentenced to death by a
81:
in 1990–1992, he served on the commission drafting the
1512:
1510:
707:
cameras, confronted with the pro-Băsescu intellectual
691:
During spring, Frunda supported his party's option to
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Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania politicians
1502:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
1395:, Nr. 184, September 2003; retrieved January 11, 2011
1312:
1310:
916:
661:, he was nominated by the UDMR for a position in the
586:
In September, György Frunda was interpellated by the
1292:
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815:
Frunda again won a Senate seat after running in the
672:
was selected for the post, before being replaced by
88:
On December 18, 2004, György Frunda was awarded the
2401:
Recommendation 1735 (2006) at the Council of Europe
1929:
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1812:
699:for allegedly unconstitutional conduct. Before the
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1616:
1614:
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1435:
1082:
1080:
843:in state-funded expenses (the costliest mandate).
307:During the electoral campaign, Frunda invited the
2244:, Nr. 1061, July 2010; retrieved January 11, 2011
2118:, Nr. 212, March 2008; retrieved January 11, 2011
1403:
1401:
2326:, Nr. 334, July 2010; retrieved January 11, 2011
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887:human rights concerns (and against the scope of
49:jurist, politician, and lawyer. A member of the
2305:, Nr. 169, May 2007; retrieved January 11, 2011
2168:), October 22, 2008; retrieved January 30, 2009
2096:, November 30, 2007; retrieved December 1, 2007
2077:, September 8, 2007; retrieved December 1, 2007
2037:
2035:
2000:, Nr. 169, May 2007; retrieved January 11, 2011
1983:
1981:
1868:
1866:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1652:
1650:
1553:, November 24, 2005; retrieved January 15, 2008
1367:, February 24, 2006; retrieved January 11, 2011
1321:"Romanian Moves Motion on Ilașcu in Strasbourg"
1171:
1169:
1167:
1147:Radical Ethnic Movements in Contemporary Europe
535:, who reacted to additional criticism from the
238:contrasted the rhetoric of incumbent President
2143:), August 19, 2008; retrieved January 30, 2009
1677:
1675:
1561:
1559:
1064:
1062:
872:'s 2005 proposals, and described Frunda as a "
831:. In October, before Social Democratic leader
1180:"Romanian President Pardons Ethnic Hungarian"
1007:
978:
284:, and that Romanians had escaped punishment.
8:
1892:, September 15, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1831:, September 21, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1252:, September 11, 2000; retrieved July 6, 2007
1046:
1044:
1042:
653:Later in the same month, in preparation for
531:Frunda received support from UDMR president
292:He was nominated the UDMR candidate for the
191:. Between 1975 and 1995, Frunda worked as a
51:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania
2217:
2215:
2209:, June 26, 2009; retrieved January 11, 2011
1951:
1949:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1304:, November 28, 2000; retrieved July 6, 2007
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
905:Frunda ran for mayor of Târgu Mureș at the
1975:, February 5, 2007; retrieved July 6, 2007
1698:, February 7, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1644:, February 3, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1608:, February 4, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1444:"The concept of "nation"", PACE Doc. 10762
1429:, October 22, 2004; retrieved July 6, 2007
1375:
1373:
1338:, January 26, 2001; retrieved July 6, 2007
1116:Theft of a Nation: Romania since Communism
777:2007–2008 candidatures and new Senate term
588:National Anticorruption Prosecution Office
167:Frunda completed secondary studies at the
1806:, October 3, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1770:, August 16, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1732:, August 10, 2006; retrieved July 6, 2007
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
2375:, June 11, 2012; retrieved June 14, 2012
2276:, Nr. 9/2002; retrieved January 11, 2011
1900:
1898:
1216:, September 2000; retrieved July 6, 2007
821:mixed member proportional representation
315:to take part in a meeting with youth in
267:March 1990 ethnic clashes in Târgu Mureș
1018:
819:, the first such suffrage to result in
473:to times of war or national emergency (
252:legislative election of the same period
2110:"Închisori fără aer" ("Airless Jails")
2058:, July 3, 2007; retrieved July 6, 2007
2029:, June 9, 2007; retrieved July 6, 2007
1660:György Frunda on the Concept of Nation
341:legislative election of the same month
321:Article 200 of the Romanian Penal Code
294:presidential election of November 2000
469:, restricting the application of the
7:
781:Frunda ran on the UDMR list for the
53:(UDMR), he has been a member of the
2436:Candidates for President of Romania
2012:Cristina Hermeziu, Adrian Cochino,
1054:Profile at the Romanian Senate site
467:European Convention on Human Rights
226:, which were eventually won by the
38:György Frunda, Foto: László Horváth
2318:"Cu ochii-n 3,14" ("Eyes on 3.14")
1276:, New York, London, Oxford, 2004,
14:
484:Report on the "Concept of Nation"
94:Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
2441:Members of the Senate of Romania
2396:Profile at the Council of Europe
1992:"Cine cu cine" ("Who with Whom")
1753:Aniela Nine, Lavinia Dimancea,
1298:"Romania's Far-right Contender"
619:, an independent member of the
415:Monitoring in Latvia and Russia
407:Reelected a senator during the
261:at a time when the UDMR joined
16:Romanian politician (born 1951)
2446:Babeș-Bolyai University alumni
493:in respect to regions such as
259:Romania's European integration
228:Romanian Democratic Convention
136:. His father Károly (known in
1:
2426:20th-century Romanian lawyers
788:. The election was marked by
573:Romanian Intelligence Service
442:(in respect to the status of
434:still faced some problems in
390:presidential election of 2004
1504:site; retrieved July 6, 2007
981:
952:
744:allegedly maintained by the
477:Capital punishment in Russia
31:when mentioning individuals.
2388:(in Romanian and Hungarian)
1500:, October 17, 2005, at the
749:Central Intelligence Agency
250:Confirmed a senator by the
2472:
1153:, Oxford, New York, 2003,
603:Constantin Ticu Dumitrescu
388:Frunda did not run in the
224:1996 presidential election
130:Romanian People's Republic
45:(born July 22, 1951) is a
18:
928:
925:
922:
919:
848:National Integrity Agency
786:election of November 2007
613:National Initiative Party
507:National Initiative Party
409:2004 legislative election
367:posthumous rehabilitation
169:Papiu Ilarian High School
1102:; retrieved July 6, 2007
1056:; retrieved July 6, 2007
907:June 2012 local election
852:Democratic Liberal Party
628:Romanian Communist Party
27:. This article uses
19:The native form of this
2451:People from Târgu Mureș
1214:Central European Review
823:at a newly established
329:Social Democratic Party
177:Babeș-Bolyai University
132:and is a member of the
77:(EPP). A member of the
75:European People's Party
1210:"Frunda for President"
913:Presidential elections
817:November 2008 election
463:Committee of Ministers
363:Moldovan Supreme Court
144:) was a member of the
67:Parliamentary Assembly
39:
1641:Realitatea Românească
1483:Amnesty International
1074:, November 2007, p.30
713:Greater Romania Party
686:Péter Eckstein-Kovács
503:Romanian Constitution
333:Greater Romania Party
331:'s Iliescu faced the
323:, which criminalized
152:: in 1956, he joined
148:in opposition to the
112:Early life and career
83:Romanian Constitution
37:
1568:Kristina Rodrigues,
451:Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga
423:He notably met with
337:Corneliu Vadim Tudor
158:Hungarian Revolution
79:Constituent Assembly
1392:Observator Cultural
1100:University of Essex
889:European monitoring
783:European Parliament
663:European Commission
655:Romania's accession
232:Emil Constantinescu
146:resistance movement
2344:2011-01-05 at the
2295:2010-12-23 at the
2266:2012-08-04 at the
2234:2011-01-05 at the
2108:Andrei Manolescu,
2050:2007-07-05 at the
2019:2007-07-13 at the
1965:2007-09-30 at the
1882:2007-10-13 at the
1821:George Rădulescu,
1798:2007-09-28 at the
1760:2016-03-03 at the
1722:2007-10-13 at the
1690:2007-04-10 at the
1665:2007-09-30 at the
1634:2007-09-28 at the
1627:Nicoleta Nicolae,
1545:2011-07-08 at the
1522:2011-07-16 at the
1477:2007-02-18 at the
1449:2007-03-31 at the
1417:2007-09-30 at the
1357:2011-08-17 at the
1326:2007-09-30 at the
1240:2007-09-30 at the
1185:2007-05-23 at the
1120:C. Hurst & Co.
1094:2007-06-09 at the
678:Sándor Kónya-Hamar
501:as defined by the
455:social integration
90:Hungarian Republic
63:Romanian President
40:
29:Western name order
2372:Evenimentul Zilei
2288:Cristian Ghinea,
2026:Evenimentul Zilei
1990:Cristian Ghinea,
1889:Evenimentul Zilei
1767:Jurnalul Național
1729:Evenimentul Zilei
1538:K. Zagorovskaya,
1423:Radio Free Europe
1332:Radio Free Europe
1262:Voichița Năchescu
1246:Radio Free Europe
1195:OMRI Daily Digest
1191:Radio Free Europe
1011:
1010:
882:review, academic
858:opinion leaders.
825:electoral college
670:Varujan Vosganian
632:Social Democratic
608:Evenimentul Zilei
557:Communist Romania
522:cultural autonomy
491:regional autonomy
319:, at a time when
181:Salzburg Seminary
175:(the present-day
124:, at the time in
71:Council of Europe
2463:
2389:
2376:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2337:
2333:
2327:
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2312:
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2287:
2283:
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2273:România Literară
2255:
2251:
2245:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:Ziarul Financiar
2162:(republished by
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:Ziarul Financiar
2137:(republished by
2129:
2125:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1958:Adrian Giurgea,
1957:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1893:
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1198:
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1162:
1140:
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1122:, London, 2005,
1109:
1103:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1005:
976:
917:
879:România Literară
874:devil's advocate
762:Democratic Party
753:Eastern European
709:Gabriel Liiceanu
667:National Liberal
537:Democratic Party
526:multiculturalism
444:Latvian language
432:Russian Latvians
394:Romanian Premier
185:Future of Europe
150:Communist regime
118:ethnic Hungarian
2471:
2470:
2466:
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2021:Wayback Machine
2009:
2008:
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1987:
1986:
1979:
1967:Wayback Machine
1955:
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1419:Wayback Machine
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1336:RFE/RL Newsline
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1187:Wayback Machine
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1071:Magazin Istoric
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1004: 5th
1003:
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999:
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974:
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779:
715:; according to
651:
605:. According to
565:Attila Verestóy
549:
547:Securitate file
486:
428:Aigars Kalvītis
417:
352:ethnic Romanian
290:
274:Pál Cseresznyés
222:Running in the
220:
200:1989 Revolution
134:Reformed Church
116:He was born to
114:
109:
55:Romanian Senate
32:
17:
12:
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5:
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2382:External links
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2257:Mircea Mihăieș
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1852:2013-04-16 at
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1231:Michael Shafir
1218:
1199:
1176:Michael Shafir
1163:
1151:Berghahn Books
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870:Monica Macovei
829:László Borbély
778:
775:
771:Bogdan Olteanu
757:Norica Nicolai
727:corrupt system
701:May referendum
697:Traian Băsescu
659:European Union
650:
647:
636:Șerban Nicolae
599:Mircea Dinescu
548:
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511:European Union
485:
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436:naturalization
416:
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2391:Official site
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1854:archive.today
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867:
863:
862:
857:
856:civil society
853:
849:
844:
842:
836:
834:
833:Mircea Geoană
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
806:prison reform
803:
802:Iuliu Winkler
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
776:
774:
772:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:Leonard Orban
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
617:Raluca Șandru
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:secret police
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
483:
481:
479:
478:
472:
471:death penalty
468:
464:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
421:
414:
412:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
383:Ion Antonescu
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Transnistrian
356:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:organization
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
248:
245:
241:
237:
236:Tom Gallagher
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
213:
209:
208:1992 election
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:Ioan Faliboga
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
106:
104:
102:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:György Frunda
36:
30:
26:
25:Frunda György
22:
21:personal name
2370:
2359:
2349:
2331:
2323:Dilema Veche
2321:
2310:
2302:Dilema Veche
2300:
2281:
2271:
2249:
2239:
2225:Andreea Pora
2195:
2185:
2173:
2163:
2148:
2138:
2123:
2115:Dilema Veche
2113:
2101:
2082:
2063:
2024:
2005:
1997:Dilema Veche
1995:
1970:
1912:
1887:
1875:Oana Dobre,
1826:
1803:
1791:Ligia Voro,
1765:
1727:
1715:Oana Dobre,
1639:
1603:
1550:
1536:(in Russian)
1531:
1493:
1486:
1426:
1390:
1362:
1343:
1335:
1269:
1257:
1249:
1213:
1194:
1146:
1115:
1107:
1087:
1069:
926:First round
923:Affiliation
904:
900:Iulian Urban
897:
877:
866:Andreea Pora
859:
845:
839:103,197 new
837:
814:
790:László Tőkés
780:
731:
718:Dilema Veche
716:
690:
652:
649:2007 debates
625:
606:
596:
585:
581:Mureș County
577:
569:declassified
550:
530:
519:
515:
499:nation-state
495:Transylvania
487:
474:
460:
422:
418:
406:
387:
379:World War II
345:
306:
298:László Tőkés
291:
271:
256:
249:
221:
197:
184:
166:
141:
126:Mureș Region
115:
87:
59:Mureș County
42:
41:
24:
2416:1951 births
1574:RIA Novosti
1566:(in French)
946:Percentage
937:Percentage
751:in several
742:black sites
643:Ion Iliescu
371:Albert Wass
348:Ilie Ilașcu
244:nationalist
240:Ion Iliescu
187:classes in
122:Târgu Mureș
120:parents in
101:Ferenc Mádl
2410:Categories
2351:Revista 22
2241:Revista 22
2094:Realitatea
2056:Realitatea
1696:HotNews.ro
1161:, p.46, 47
1014:References
861:Revista 22
734:Dick Marty
695:President
682:Tibor Toró
553:Securitate
533:Béla Markó
524:, and for
325:homosexual
309:gay rights
302:Béla Markó
212:Rapporteur
1098:, at the
949:Position
940:Position
920:Election
864:panelist
640:President
448:President
402:Hungarian
381:dictator
375:Holocaust
317:Bucharest
288:2000–2005
218:1996–2000
193:barrister
164:of 1964.
107:Biography
98:President
2342:Archived
2293:Archived
2264:Archived
2232:Archived
2207:Mediafax
2187:Adevărul
2160:Mediafax
2135:Mediafax
2075:Mediafax
2048:Archived
2017:Archived
1972:Curentul
1963:Archived
1941:Mediafax
1914:Curentul
1880:Archived
1858:Mediafax
1850:Archived
1828:Adevărul
1804:Zi de Zi
1796:Archived
1758:Archived
1720:Archived
1688:Archived
1663:Archived
1632:Archived
1543:Archived
1520:Archived
1475:Archived
1447:Archived
1415:Archived
1355:Archived
1324:Archived
1302:BBC News
1238:Archived
1183:Archived
1092:Archived
794:Brussels
746:American
634:senator
541:Emil Boc
355:Moldovan
183:and the
138:Romanian
47:Romanian
1130:, p.141
993:696,989
964:761,411
769:leader
767:Chamber
693:impeach
657:to the
621:Chamber
571:by the
567:, were
425:Premier
204:Chamber
162:amnesty
69:of the
1364:Gândul
1284:, p.66
1280:
1157:
1126:
943:Votes
934:Votes
810:parole
684:, and
313:Accept
278:pardon
189:London
2369:, in
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2320:, in
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1969:, in
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1244:, at
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1189:, at
738:Swiss
723:mafia
705:TVR 1
665:(the
592:CNSAS
398:TVR 1
350:, an
142:Carol
1605:Ziua
1551:Chas
1278:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1124:ISBN
998:6.2%
989:UDMR
984:2000
969:6.0%
960:UDMR
955:1996
736:, a
601:and
475:see
282:Roma
173:Cluj
57:for
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798:MEP
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