35:
1788:
271:
head, where the central granule and axopods are located. In order to move, it collapses the stalk and head into an amoeboid form which is capable of migration. Reproduction is either by budding off the head or fragmentation of the headless form, producing small free-living cells similar to
297:. The two groups have been treated as separate orders (Axoplasthelida and Centroplasthelida) in a common class, but this has lost support. Instead the gymnosphaerids may be allied with the
253:
and other objects. The cells have a conical base, and are covered with long siliceous spicules. The ectoplasm is distinct and frothy, and typically contains bacterial and algal
1829:
289:, which also have microtubules in a triangular-hexagonal array, but are set apart from the others by the structure of the central granule and the
237:
is free-living, usually benthic in shallow water. The cells are round and naked, around 70-100 μm in diameter, and resemble the unrelated
597:
1760:
631:
626:
34:
710:
700:
683:
1822:
436:
340:
1858:
715:
412:
1815:
1687:
590:
207:
388:
364:
678:
1617:
1536:
1765:
1734:
1519:
1342:
1622:
1531:
1525:
1332:
1103:
978:
820:
1725:
1606:
1071:
872:
1565:
1475:
1428:
1337:
988:
983:
764:
425:
401:
329:
141:
127:
112:
1848:
695:
673:
661:
636:
517:
Febvre-Chevalier C (1981). "Preliminary study of the motility processes in the stalked heliozoan
198:
protists found in marine environments. They tend to be roughly spherical with radially directed
151:
29:
825:
353:
120:
867:
769:
1747:
1375:
1091:
1086:
1046:
942:
705:
668:
656:
646:
583:
538:
499:
468:"The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes"
1752:
1653:
1470:
1249:
1006:
620:
530:
489:
479:
1853:
1657:
1194:
1799:
1612:
1423:
1327:
1056:
932:
792:
748:
651:
243:. The outer cytoplasm, or ectoplasm, forms a distinct layer containing large vesicles.
72:
59:
494:
467:
1842:
1513:
1485:
1301:
1098:
998:
812:
797:
534:
298:
290:
264:
1636:
1554:
1493:
1465:
1446:
1435:
1417:
1408:
1398:
1234:
1199:
1186:
1176:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1033:
919:
909:
844:
787:
779:
377:
267:
base and a contractile stalk up to 150 μm in length, supporting a relatively small
254:
239:
134:
1719:
1508:
1503:
1370:
1365:
1352:
1244:
1204:
802:
286:
268:
203:
1645:
1571:
1455:
1360:
1319:
1309:
1291:
1239:
1214:
1209:
1041:
1011:
965:
947:
937:
1710:
1498:
1460:
1163:
973:
890:
484:
199:
46:
1787:
557:
503:
575:
542:
1795:
1704:
1665:
1661:
1559:
1171:
1146:
882:
737:
690:
606:
302:
195:
1649:
1275:
1669:
294:
1681:
558:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Species Gymnophrys cometa"
206:
in a triangular-hexagonal array arising from an amorphous central
1739:
250:
1685:
579:
276:, which then attach themselves and regrow the stalk and base.
466:
Nikolaev SI, Berney C, Fahrni JF, et al. (May 2004).
218:
There are only three genera, each with a single species:
1803:
1694:
1596:
1545:
1484:
1445:
1407:
1396:
1351:
1318:
1300:
1289:
1272:
1227:
1185:
1162:
1155:
1144:
1032:
997:
964:
918:
907:
881:
860:
853:
842:
811:
778:
757:
747:
734:
301:, and on account of this have been placed in the
1823:
591:
8:
1830:
1816:
1682:
1404:
1393:
1297:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1159:
1152:
1141:
1029:
994:
961:
925:
915:
904:
857:
850:
839:
754:
744:
731:
598:
584:
576:
285:Gymnosphaerids were originally considered
20:
493:
483:
458:
7:
1784:
1782:
263:is benthic. When feeding, it has a
417:Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre 2005
406:Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre 2005
305:, but this is somewhat tentative.
14:
556:Zicha; Hrb; Maňas; Novák (1999).
1786:
314:Poche 1913 emend. Mikrjukov 2000
249:is larger and lives attached to
33:
1:
1802:. You can help Knowledge by
535:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90040-X
472:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
382:Sassaki 1894 non BIume 1828
1875:
1781:
1631:
1392:
1285:
1268:
1140:
1028:
960:
928:
903:
838:
730:
614:
519:Actinocoryne contractilis
437:Actinocoryne contractilis
341:Actinolophus pedunculatus
261:Actinocoryne contractilis
228:Actinocoryne contractilis
157:
150:
107:
102:
30:Scientific classification
28:
23:
485:10.1073/pnas.0308602101
194:) are a small group of
1798:-related article is a
162:Febvre-Chevalier, 1984
441:Febvre-Chevalier 1980
430:Febvre-Chevalier 1980
413:Hedraiophrys hovassei
293:, which have tubular
247:Hedraiophrys hovassei
224:Hedraiophrys hovassei
1644:organization type:
389:Gymnosphaera albida
365:Wagnerella borealis
235:Gymnosphaera albida
220:Gymnosphaera albida
1278:
1274:
369:Mereschkowsky 1878
358:Mereschkowsky 1878
1811:
1810:
1776:
1775:
1748:Open Tree of Life
1688:Taxon identifiers
1679:
1678:
1662:heliozoan amoebae
1654:amoeboflagellates
1618:Labyrinthomyxidae
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1537:Globigerinitoidea
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1223:
1222:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1047:Phaeogymnocellida
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
956:
955:
943:Paracercomonadida
899:
898:
834:
833:
442:
431:
418:
407:
394:
383:
370:
359:
346:
335:
324:
315:
184:
183:
178:
163:
98:
16:Group of protists
1866:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1683:
1471:Silicoloculinida
1405:
1401:
1394:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1250:Plasmodiophorida
1160:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1030:
1007:Thaumatomonadida
995:
962:
926:
916:
912:
905:
858:
851:
847:
840:
755:
745:
741:
732:
643:
623:
600:
593:
586:
577:
570:
569:
567:
565:
553:
547:
546:
529:(3–4): 337–343.
514:
508:
507:
497:
487:
463:
440:
429:
416:
405:
392:
381:
368:
357:
344:
333:
322:
313:
176:
166:Axoplastheliales
161:
96:
38:
37:
21:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1658:testate amoebae
1627:
1576:
1541:
1520:Globotruncanida
1480:
1441:
1397:
1380:
1347:
1343:Symphyacanthida
1314:
1290:
1273:
1256:
1219:
1195:Claustrosporida
1181:
1145:
1108:
1016:
993:
952:
908:
895:
877:
843:
830:
807:
774:
735:
726:
725:
641:
619:
610:
604:
574:
573:
563:
561:
555:
554:
550:
516:
515:
511:
478:(21): 8066–71.
465:
464:
460:
455:
320:Gymnosphaeridae
283:
240:Actinosphaerium
216:
202:, supported by
172:Hedraiophryidae
160:Axoplasthelida
95:
32:
24:Gymnosphaerids
17:
12:
11:
5:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1859:Cercozoa stubs
1856:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1791:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1726:Gymnosphaerida
1716:
1700:
1698:
1696:Gymnosphaerida
1692:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1666:sporozoan-like
1642:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1623:Rhizoplasmidae
1620:
1615:
1613:Gymnosphaerida
1610:
1602:
1600:
1598:Incertae sedis
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1547:Incertae sedis
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1532:Guembelitriida
1528:
1526:Heterohelicida
1522:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1424:Xenophyophorea
1421:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1333:Chaunocanthida
1330:
1328:Arthracanthida
1324:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1280:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1104:Ventricleftida
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:Phaeosphaerida
1054:
1049:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
992:
991:
986:
981:
979:Spongomonadida
976:
970:
968:
958:
957:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
933:Glissomonadida
929:
923:
913:
901:
900:
897:
896:
894:
893:
887:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
864:
862:
855:
848:
836:
835:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
821:Chlorarachnida
817:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
800:
795:
793:Desmothoracida
790:
784:
782:
776:
775:
773:
772:
767:
761:
759:
752:
749:Reticulofilosa
742:
728:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:
716:Mesomycetozoea
713:
708:
698:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
665:
664:
652:Diaphoretickes
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
616:
615:
612:
611:
609:classification
605:
603:
602:
595:
588:
580:
572:
571:
548:
509:
457:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
443:
421:
420:
419:
397:
396:
395:
373:
372:
371:
349:
348:
347:
311:Gymnosphaerida
299:desmothoracids
282:
281:Classification
279:
278:
277:
258:
244:
215:
212:
192:Gymnosphaerida
188:gymnosphaerids
182:
181:
180:
179:
175:Wagnerellidae
173:
170:
167:
164:
155:
154:
148:
147:
146:
145:
138:
131:
124:
116:
105:
104:
100:
99:
93:Gymnosphaerida
90:
86:
85:
83:Gymnosphaerida
80:
76:
75:
70:
63:
62:
60:Diaphoretickes
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1871:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:Globigerinida
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1486:Globothalamea
1483:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1302:Sticholonchea
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Tectofilosida
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1072:Phaeoconchida
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
999:Silicofilosea
996:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
949:
948:Cercomonadida
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
911:
906:
902:
892:
889:
888:
886:
884:
880:
874:
873:Metromonadida
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
846:
841:
837:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
814:
813:Chlorarachnea
810:
804:
801:
799:
798:Leucodictyida
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
783:
781:
777:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
756:
753:
750:
746:
743:
739:
733:
729:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
685:
682:
680:
679:Stramenopiles
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
648:
645:
642:(major groups
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
613:
608:
601:
596:
594:
589:
587:
582:
581:
578:
559:
552:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
510:
505:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
459:
452:
439:
438:
433:
432:
428:
427:
422:
415:
414:
409:
408:
404:
403:
398:
391:
390:
385:
384:
380:
379:
374:
367:
366:
361:
360:
356:
355:
350:
343:
342:
337:
336:
334:Schultze 1874
332:
331:
326:
325:
321:
317:
316:
312:
308:
307:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
275:
270:
266:
265:multinucleate
262:
259:
256:
255:endosymbionts
252:
248:
245:
242:
241:
236:
233:
232:
231:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
174:
171:
168:
165:
159:
158:
156:
153:
149:
144:
143:
139:
137:
136:
132:
130:
129:
125:
123:
122:
117:
115:
114:
109:
108:
106:
101:
97:(Poche, 1913)
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
1804:expanding it
1793:
1778:
1695:
1637:paraphyletic
1607:Lapot gusevi
1605:
1597:
1566:Heterogromia
1564:
1555:Involutinida
1546:
1494:Textulariida
1476:Ammodiscidae
1466:Spirillinida
1447:Tubothalamea
1436:Reticulomyxa
1434:
1429:Astrorhizida
1418:Allogromiida
1409:Monothalamea
1399:Foraminifera
1353:Polycystinea
1338:Holocanthida
1235:Vampyrellida
1200:Haplosporida
1187:Ascetosporea
1177:Reticulosida
1082:Cryomonadida
1067:Phaeogromida
1062:Phaeocalpida
1052:Phaeocystida
1034:Thecofilosea
989:Variglissida
984:Marimonadida
920:Sarcomonadea
910:Ventrifilosa
861:Metromonadea
845:Monadofilosa
788:Cryptofilida
780:Granofilosea
765:Aquavolonida
701:Opisthokonta
562:. Retrieved
551:
526:
522:
518:
512:
475:
471:
461:
435:
426:Actinocoryne
424:
411:
402:Hedraiophrys
400:
393:Sassaki 1894
387:
378:Gymnosphaera
376:
363:
352:
351:Genus ?
345:Schulze 1874
339:
330:Actinolophus
328:
327:Genus ?
319:
310:
291:mitochondria
287:centrohelids
284:
274:Gymnosphaera
273:
260:
246:
238:
234:
227:
223:
219:
217:
204:microtubules
191:
187:
185:
142:Hedraiophrys
140:
135:Gymnosphaera
133:
128:Actinocoryne
126:
119:
113:Actinolophus
111:
92:
82:
66:
53:
18:
1720:Wikispecies
1670:fungus-like
1646:flagellates
1509:Carterinida
1504:Robertinida
1371:Spumellaria
1366:Nassellaria
1245:Phagomyxida
1228:Proteomyxia
1205:Mikrocytida
803:Limnofilida
758:Skiomonadea
269:uninucleate
1843:Categories
1572:Komokiacea
1456:Fusulinida
1361:Collodaria
1320:Acantharea
1310:Taxopodida
1292:Radiolaria
1240:Phytomyxea
1215:Paramyxida
1210:Paradinida
1042:Phaeodarea
1012:Euglyphida
966:Imbricatea
938:Katabiidae
826:Minorisida
564:9 November
523:Biosystems
453:References
354:Wagnerella
323:Poche 1913
177:Poche 1913
121:Wagnerella
1849:Amoeboids
1499:Rotaliida
1461:Miliolida
1164:Gromiidea
1156:Marimyxia
1078:Eothecia
974:Krakenida
891:Helkesida
868:Metopiida
770:Tremulida
696:Amoebozoa
674:Alveolata
662:Cryptista
637:Eukaryota
196:heliozoan
47:Eukaryota
1796:Cercozoa
1740:29748162
1705:Wikidata
1641:†extinct
1560:Lagenida
1376:Orodaria
1172:Gromiida
1147:Endomyxa
1092:Matazida
1087:Ebriacea
883:Helkesea
854:Eoglissa
738:Cercozoa
691:Amorphea
669:Rhizaria
657:Hacrobia
647:Excavata
632:Bacteria
607:Rhizaria
560:. BioLib
504:15148395
434:Species
410:Species
386:Species
362:Species
338:Species
303:Cercozoa
169:Gymnidae
152:Synonyms
103:Species
89:Family:
43:Domain:
1753:5579039
1711:Q575077
1650:amoebae
1276:Retaria
706:Animals
627:Archaea
543:7337812
318:Family
295:cristae
208:granule
200:axopods
79:Order:
1854:Filosa
1766:590813
740:
736:
684:Plants
621:Domain
541:
502:
495:419558
492:
423:Genus
399:Genus
375:Genus
309:Order
226:, and
214:Genera
1794:This
1761:WoRMS
711:Fungi
251:algae
67:Clade
54:Clade
1800:stub
566:2016
539:PMID
500:PMID
190:(or
186:The
1735:EoL
531:doi
521:".
490:PMC
480:doi
476:101
73:SAR
1845::
1763::
1750::
1737::
1722::
1707::
1668:;
1664:;
1660:;
1656:;
1652:;
1648:;
537:.
527:14
525:.
498:.
488:.
474:.
470:.
230:.
222:,
210:.
69::
56::
1831:e
1824:t
1817:v
1806:.
1672:.
1635:*
1530:†
1524:†
1518:†
1454:†
1431:*
1420:*
1411:*
922:*
751:*
718:)
599:e
592:t
585:v
568:.
545:.
533::
506:.
482::
257:.
118:?
110:?
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