46:
1799:
282:
head, where the central granule and axopods are located. In order to move, it collapses the stalk and head into an amoeboid form which is capable of migration. Reproduction is either by budding off the head or fragmentation of the headless form, producing small free-living cells similar to
308:. The two groups have been treated as separate orders (Axoplasthelida and Centroplasthelida) in a common class, but this has lost support. Instead the gymnosphaerids may be allied with the
264:
and other objects. The cells have a conical base, and are covered with long siliceous spicules. The ectoplasm is distinct and frothy, and typically contains bacterial and algal
1840:
300:, which also have microtubules in a triangular-hexagonal array, but are set apart from the others by the structure of the central granule and the
248:
is free-living, usually benthic in shallow water. The cells are round and naked, around 70-100 μm in diameter, and resemble the unrelated
608:
1771:
642:
637:
45:
721:
711:
694:
1833:
447:
351:
1869:
726:
423:
1826:
1698:
601:
218:
399:
375:
689:
1628:
1547:
1776:
1745:
1530:
1353:
1633:
1542:
1536:
1343:
1114:
989:
831:
1736:
1617:
1082:
883:
1576:
1486:
1439:
1348:
999:
994:
775:
436:
412:
340:
152:
138:
123:
1859:
706:
684:
672:
647:
528:
Febvre-Chevalier C (1981). "Preliminary study of the motility processes in the stalked heliozoan
209:
protists found in marine environments. They tend to be roughly spherical with radially directed
162:
40:
836:
364:
131:
878:
780:
1758:
1386:
1102:
1097:
1057:
953:
716:
679:
667:
657:
594:
549:
510:
479:"The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes"
1763:
1664:
1481:
1260:
1017:
631:
541:
500:
490:
1864:
1668:
1205:
1810:
1623:
1434:
1338:
1067:
943:
803:
759:
662:
254:. The outer cytoplasm, or ectoplasm, forms a distinct layer containing large vesicles.
83:
70:
505:
478:
1853:
1524:
1496:
1312:
1109:
1009:
823:
808:
545:
309:
301:
275:
1647:
1565:
1504:
1476:
1457:
1446:
1428:
1419:
1409:
1245:
1210:
1197:
1187:
1092:
1077:
1072:
1062:
1044:
930:
920:
855:
798:
790:
388:
278:
base and a contractile stalk up to 150 μm in length, supporting a relatively small
265:
250:
145:
1730:
1519:
1514:
1381:
1376:
1363:
1255:
1215:
813:
297:
279:
214:
1656:
1582:
1466:
1371:
1330:
1320:
1302:
1250:
1225:
1220:
1052:
1022:
976:
958:
948:
17:
1721:
1509:
1471:
1174:
984:
901:
495:
210:
57:
1798:
568:
514:
586:
553:
1806:
1715:
1676:
1672:
1570:
1182:
1157:
893:
748:
701:
617:
313:
206:
1660:
1286:
1680:
305:
1692:
569:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Species Gymnophrys cometa"
217:
in a triangular-hexagonal array arising from an amorphous central
1750:
261:
1696:
590:
287:, which then attach themselves and regrow the stalk and base.
477:
Nikolaev SI, Berney C, Fahrni JF, et al. (May 2004).
229:
There are only three genera, each with a single species:
1814:
1705:
1607:
1556:
1495:
1456:
1418:
1407:
1362:
1329:
1311:
1300:
1283:
1238:
1196:
1173:
1166:
1155:
1043:
1008:
975:
929:
918:
892:
871:
864:
853:
822:
789:
768:
758:
745:
312:, and on account of this have been placed in the
1834:
602:
8:
1841:
1827:
1693:
1415:
1404:
1308:
1297:
1293:
1280:
1170:
1163:
1152:
1040:
1005:
972:
936:
926:
915:
868:
861:
850:
765:
755:
742:
609:
595:
587:
296:Gymnosphaerids were originally considered
31:
504:
494:
469:
7:
1795:
1793:
274:is benthic. When feeding, it has a
428:Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre 2005
417:Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre 2005
316:, but this is somewhat tentative.
25:
567:Zicha; Hrb; Maňas; Novák (1999).
1797:
325:Poche 1913 emend. Mikrjukov 2000
260:is larger and lives attached to
44:
1:
1813:. You can help Knowledge by
546:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90040-X
483:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
393:Sassaki 1894 non BIume 1828
1886:
1792:
1642:
1403:
1296:
1279:
1151:
1039:
971:
939:
914:
849:
741:
625:
530:Actinocoryne contractilis
448:Actinocoryne contractilis
352:Actinolophus pedunculatus
272:Actinocoryne contractilis
239:Actinocoryne contractilis
168:
161:
118:
113:
41:Scientific classification
39:
34:
496:10.1073/pnas.0308602101
205:) are a small group of
1809:-related article is a
173:Febvre-Chevalier, 1984
452:Febvre-Chevalier 1980
441:Febvre-Chevalier 1980
424:Hedraiophrys hovassei
304:, which have tubular
258:Hedraiophrys hovassei
235:Hedraiophrys hovassei
1655:organization type:
400:Gymnosphaera albida
376:Wagnerella borealis
246:Gymnosphaera albida
231:Gymnosphaera albida
1289:
1285:
380:Mereschkowsky 1878
369:Mereschkowsky 1878
1822:
1821:
1787:
1786:
1759:Open Tree of Life
1699:Taxon identifiers
1690:
1689:
1673:heliozoan amoebae
1665:amoeboflagellates
1629:Labyrinthomyxidae
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1548:Globigerinitoidea
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1234:
1233:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1058:Phaeogymnocellida
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
967:
966:
954:Paracercomonadida
910:
909:
845:
844:
453:
442:
429:
418:
405:
394:
381:
370:
357:
346:
335:
326:
195:
194:
189:
174:
109:
27:Group of protists
16:(Redirected from
1877:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1694:
1482:Silicoloculinida
1416:
1412:
1405:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1261:Plasmodiophorida
1171:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1041:
1018:Thaumatomonadida
1006:
973:
937:
927:
923:
916:
869:
862:
858:
851:
766:
756:
752:
743:
654:
634:
611:
604:
597:
588:
581:
580:
578:
576:
564:
558:
557:
540:(3–4): 337–343.
525:
519:
518:
508:
498:
474:
451:
440:
427:
416:
403:
392:
379:
368:
355:
344:
333:
324:
187:
177:Axoplastheliales
172:
107:
49:
48:
32:
21:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1669:testate amoebae
1638:
1587:
1552:
1531:Globotruncanida
1491:
1452:
1408:
1391:
1358:
1354:Symphyacanthida
1325:
1301:
1284:
1267:
1230:
1206:Claustrosporida
1192:
1156:
1119:
1027:
1004:
963:
919:
906:
888:
854:
841:
818:
785:
746:
737:
736:
652:
630:
621:
615:
585:
584:
574:
572:
566:
565:
561:
527:
526:
522:
489:(21): 8066–71.
476:
475:
471:
466:
331:Gymnosphaeridae
294:
251:Actinosphaerium
227:
213:, supported by
183:Hedraiophryidae
171:Axoplasthelida
106:
43:
35:Gymnosphaerids
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1870:Cercozoa stubs
1867:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1802:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1737:Gymnosphaerida
1727:
1711:
1709:
1707:Gymnosphaerida
1703:
1702:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1677:sporozoan-like
1653:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1634:Rhizoplasmidae
1631:
1626:
1624:Gymnosphaerida
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:Incertae sedis
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1558:Incertae sedis
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1543:Guembelitriida
1539:
1537:Heterohelicida
1533:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1435:Xenophyophorea
1432:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Chaunocanthida
1341:
1339:Arthracanthida
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1291:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1115:Ventricleftida
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:Phaeosphaerida
1065:
1060:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Spongomonadida
987:
981:
979:
969:
968:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
944:Glissomonadida
940:
934:
924:
912:
911:
908:
907:
905:
904:
898:
896:
890:
889:
887:
886:
881:
875:
873:
866:
859:
847:
846:
843:
842:
840:
839:
834:
832:Chlorarachnida
828:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
811:
806:
804:Desmothoracida
801:
795:
793:
787:
786:
784:
783:
778:
772:
770:
763:
760:Reticulofilosa
753:
739:
738:
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
730:
727:Mesomycetozoea
724:
719:
709:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
663:Diaphoretickes
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
627:
626:
623:
622:
620:classification
616:
614:
613:
606:
599:
591:
583:
582:
559:
520:
468:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
455:
454:
432:
431:
430:
408:
407:
406:
384:
383:
382:
360:
359:
358:
322:Gymnosphaerida
310:desmothoracids
293:
292:Classification
290:
289:
288:
269:
255:
226:
223:
203:Gymnosphaerida
199:gymnosphaerids
193:
192:
191:
190:
186:Wagnerellidae
184:
181:
178:
175:
166:
165:
159:
158:
157:
156:
149:
142:
135:
127:
116:
115:
111:
110:
104:Gymnosphaerida
101:
97:
96:
94:Gymnosphaerida
91:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
71:Diaphoretickes
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Gymnosphaerida
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1882:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:Globigerinida
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1497:Globothalamea
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1313:Sticholonchea
1310:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Tectofilosida
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:Phaeoconchida
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1010:Silicofilosea
1007:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
960:
959:Cercomonadida
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
925:
922:
917:
913:
903:
900:
899:
897:
895:
891:
885:
884:Metromonadida
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
870:
867:
863:
860:
857:
852:
848:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
825:
824:Chlorarachnea
821:
815:
812:
810:
809:Leucodictyida
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
792:
788:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
771:
767:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
744:
740:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
696:
693:
691:
690:Stramenopiles
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
670:
669:
666:
665:
664:
661:
659:
656:
653:(major groups
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
624:
619:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
592:
589:
570:
563:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
521:
516:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
470:
463:
450:
449:
444:
443:
439:
438:
433:
426:
425:
420:
419:
415:
414:
409:
402:
401:
396:
395:
391:
390:
385:
378:
377:
372:
371:
367:
366:
361:
354:
353:
348:
347:
345:Schultze 1874
343:
342:
337:
336:
332:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
286:
281:
277:
276:multinucleate
273:
270:
267:
266:endosymbionts
263:
259:
256:
253:
252:
247:
244:
243:
242:
240:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
185:
182:
179:
176:
170:
169:
167:
164:
160:
155:
154:
150:
148:
147:
143:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:
128:
126:
125:
120:
119:
117:
112:
108:(Poche, 1913)
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1815:expanding it
1804:
1789:
1706:
1648:paraphyletic
1618:Lapot gusevi
1616:
1608:
1577:Heterogromia
1575:
1566:Involutinida
1557:
1505:Textulariida
1487:Ammodiscidae
1477:Spirillinida
1458:Tubothalamea
1447:Reticulomyxa
1445:
1440:Astrorhizida
1429:Allogromiida
1420:Monothalamea
1410:Foraminifera
1364:Polycystinea
1349:Holocanthida
1246:Vampyrellida
1211:Haplosporida
1198:Ascetosporea
1188:Reticulosida
1093:Cryomonadida
1078:Phaeogromida
1073:Phaeocalpida
1063:Phaeocystida
1045:Thecofilosea
1000:Variglissida
995:Marimonadida
931:Sarcomonadea
921:Ventrifilosa
872:Metromonadea
856:Monadofilosa
799:Cryptofilida
791:Granofilosea
776:Aquavolonida
712:Opisthokonta
573:. Retrieved
562:
537:
533:
529:
523:
486:
482:
472:
446:
437:Actinocoryne
435:
422:
413:Hedraiophrys
411:
404:Sassaki 1894
398:
389:Gymnosphaera
387:
374:
363:
362:Genus ?
356:Schulze 1874
350:
341:Actinolophus
339:
338:Genus ?
330:
321:
302:mitochondria
298:centrohelids
295:
285:Gymnosphaera
284:
271:
257:
249:
245:
238:
234:
230:
228:
215:microtubules
202:
198:
196:
153:Hedraiophrys
151:
146:Gymnosphaera
144:
139:Actinocoryne
137:
130:
124:Actinolophus
122:
103:
93:
77:
64:
29:
1731:Wikispecies
1681:fungus-like
1657:flagellates
1520:Carterinida
1515:Robertinida
1382:Spumellaria
1377:Nassellaria
1256:Phagomyxida
1239:Proteomyxia
1216:Mikrocytida
814:Limnofilida
769:Skiomonadea
280:uninucleate
1854:Categories
1583:Komokiacea
1467:Fusulinida
1372:Collodaria
1331:Acantharea
1321:Taxopodida
1303:Radiolaria
1251:Phytomyxea
1226:Paramyxida
1221:Paradinida
1053:Phaeodarea
1023:Euglyphida
977:Imbricatea
949:Katabiidae
837:Minorisida
575:9 November
534:Biosystems
464:References
365:Wagnerella
334:Poche 1913
188:Poche 1913
132:Wagnerella
1860:Amoeboids
1510:Rotaliida
1472:Miliolida
1175:Gromiidea
1167:Marimyxia
1089:Eothecia
985:Krakenida
902:Helkesida
879:Metopiida
781:Tremulida
707:Amoebozoa
685:Alveolata
673:Cryptista
648:Eukaryota
207:heliozoan
58:Eukaryota
1807:Cercozoa
1751:29748162
1716:Wikidata
1652:†extinct
1571:Lagenida
1387:Orodaria
1183:Gromiida
1158:Endomyxa
1103:Matazida
1098:Ebriacea
894:Helkesea
865:Eoglissa
749:Cercozoa
702:Amorphea
680:Rhizaria
668:Hacrobia
658:Excavata
643:Bacteria
618:Rhizaria
571:. BioLib
515:15148395
445:Species
421:Species
397:Species
373:Species
349:Species
314:Cercozoa
180:Gymnidae
163:Synonyms
114:Species
100:Family:
54:Domain:
1764:5579039
1722:Q575077
1661:amoebae
1287:Retaria
717:Animals
638:Archaea
554:7337812
329:Family
306:cristae
219:granule
211:axopods
90:Order:
1865:Filosa
1777:590813
751:
747:
695:Plants
632:Domain
552:
513:
506:419558
503:
434:Genus
410:Genus
386:Genus
320:Order
237:, and
225:Genera
1805:This
1772:WoRMS
722:Fungi
262:algae
78:Clade
65:Clade
1811:stub
577:2016
550:PMID
511:PMID
201:(or
197:The
1746:EoL
542:doi
532:".
501:PMC
491:doi
487:101
84:SAR
1856::
1774::
1761::
1748::
1733::
1718::
1679:;
1675:;
1671:;
1667:;
1663:;
1659:;
548:.
538:14
536:.
509:.
499:.
485:.
481:.
241:.
233:,
221:.
80::
67::
1842:e
1835:t
1828:v
1817:.
1683:.
1646:*
1541:†
1535:†
1529:†
1465:†
1442:*
1431:*
1422:*
933:*
762:*
729:)
610:e
603:t
596:v
579:.
556:.
544::
517:.
493::
268:.
129:?
121:?
20:)
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