36:
937:
54:
1077:
388:
617:
413:. But if the γ2 is expressed with α1 and β2 the sensitivity is low and channel conductance is high. γ2 subunit has to be present for high affinity binding of benzodiazepine. Little is known about where different complexes are located in the brain, complicating drug discovery. For example, the binding site of neurosteroids in the GABA
870:
887:
1113:
receptors. Structure- activity studies (SAR) showed that the 3alpha-OH group is essential for the anesthetic actions of these steroids, they also have an optimally-placed hydrogen bond accepting group on the β face of the steroid at the C-17 position. The four steroid rings form a rigid framework for
321:
modulation by benzodiazepine site agonists is self-limiting. The channel conductance is not higher in the presence of benzodiazepine and GABA than the conductance with the presence of only high GABA concentrations. Additionally, in the absence of GABA the presence of benzodiazepines alone does not
59:
Fig 2. Schematic diagram of a GABAA receptor protein ((α1)2(β2)2(γ2)) which illustrates the five combined subunits that form the protein, the chloride (Cl-) ion channel pore, the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces, and the benzodiazepine (BZD) allosteric binding site at the α1
1027:
in that position yields less lipid solubility and duration. Exchanging S for O atom in position 2 produces thiobarbiturates, which are more lipid-soluble than the oxybarbiturates. In general, the more lipid-soluble the barbiturate, the more rapid its onset, the shorter its duration and the greater
2515:
Covey DF, Han M, Kumar AS, de La Cruz MA, Meadows ES, Hu Y, Tonnies A, Nathan D, Coleman M, Benz A, Evers AS, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S (Aug 2000). "Neurosteroid analogues. 8. Structure-activity studies of N-acylated 17a-aza-D-homosteroid analogues of the anesthetic steroids (3alpha, 5alpha)- and
779:
concentration, which is a symptom in major depression in humans. The y2 subunit is associated with α1-α6 subunits, which are all known α subunits, so these studies do not show which of the α subunits are related to the depressive-like symptoms. Other studies with α2 knockout mice have displayed
408:
receptors is the α1β2γ2 combination. The expression of the subunits can be very different depending on brain region. The combination of the subunits influences how the receptor acts. For example, if the α1 and β2 subunits are expressed together they have high sensitivity to GABA, but low
1018:
have special uses and are organized into 4 classes: ultrashort-, short-, intermediate- and long-acting. Empirically SARs of barbiturants are based on thousands of (animal) tested compounds. They have shown that R and R´ may not be H in position 5 (see figure 8). Also, position 5 confer
2633:
Faizi M, Dabirian S, Tajali H, Ahmadi F, Zavareh ER, Shahhosseini S, Tabatabai SA (Feb 2015). "Novel agonists of benzodiazepine receptors: design, synthesis, binding assay and pharmacological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazolopyrimidinone and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives".
2874:
956:. He thought the compound had a heptoxdiazine structure (Figure 7) but it was later determined to be a quinazoline-3-oxide. Possible drug candidates were then synthesized from that compound and screened for activity. One of these compounds was active,
2819:
2775:
637:
receptors located at synapses are activated when they are exposed to high concentration of GABA. Benzodiazepines enhance the receptor affinity for GABA by increasing the decay of spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSC).
1019:
sedative-hypnotic properties. Generally alkyl branching in position 5 means less lipid solubility and less activity. Unsaturation show less activity in position 5 and alicyclic and aromatic rings show less potency. Polar substituents (-NH
399:
receptors are made up of subunits which form a receptor complex. Humans have 19 receptor subunits and are classified into α (1–6), β (1–3), γ (1–3), δ, ε, π, θ, and ρ (1−3). The function of the receptor is different according to how the
2864:
917:(Figure 5). A synthesis process was later developed and perfected by French chemist Edouard Grimaux in 1879, making possible the subsequent widespread development of barbiturate derivatives. Malonic acid was later replaced by
682:. This was shown when the anti-hyperalgesic action was reduced when administered in α2 and α3 mice in inflammatory pain and in neuropathic pain. Additionally, studies in α5 mice showed that the spinal α5-containing GABA
1060:
and the electronic charge is increased the receptor affinity increases. In the same study position 2´ was found to be the second-most important in affecting the affinity, but the group in that position needs to be
2919:
2914:
2844:
2929:
2981:
2849:
2934:
2879:
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784:
and depression-like symptoms in conflict-based feeding tests. The fact that anxiety and depression are often linked seems to indicate that the α2 subunit might be a valid target for a GABA
2943:
2894:
2799:
2809:
2755:
5602:
2924:
772:
have antidepressant activities in patients with major depressive disorder. Unfortunately, it is not known which receptor subtype is responsible for the antidepressant activities.
2859:
2834:
1028:
the degree of hypnotic activity. Barbiturates showed some hydrolytic problems in regard to formulation of liquid dosage forms. The difficulty is -OH catalyzed degration of the
1751:
Lorenzo LE, Godin AG, Ferrini F, Bachand K, Plasencia-Fernandez I, Labrecque S, Girard AA, Boudreau D, Kianicka I, Gagnon M, Doyon N, Ribeiro-da-Silva A, De
Koninck Y (2020).
2884:
2431:
Maddalena DJ, Johnston GA (Feb 1995). "Prediction of receptor properties and binding affinity of ligands to benzodiazepine/GABAA receptors using artificial neural networks".
1032:
rings but that can be fixed if the pH is 6 in the formulation. S(-) form of barbiturate have shown more depressant activity while the R(+) isomers have an excitatory effect.
2085:
Rupprecht R, Reul JM, Trapp T, van
Steensel B, Wetzel C, Damm K, Zieglgänsberger W, Holsboer F (Sep 1993). "Progesterone receptor-mediated effects of neuroactive steroids".
2551:
Covey DF, Evers AS, Mennerick S, Zorumski CF, Purdy RH (Nov 2001). "Recent developments in structure-activity relationships for steroid modulators of GABA(A) receptors".
1065:
to have an effect. Positions 3, 6’ and 8 are of less importance. Changes to 6, 8, 9 or 4´ decrease activity. If the group in position 1 is changed to N-alkyl, haloalkyl,
5582:
2839:
2814:
2594:
Covey DF, Hu Y, Bouley MG, Holland KD, Rodgers-Neame NT, Isenberg KE, Zorumski CF (Mar 1993). "Modulation of GABAA receptor function by benzindenes and phenanthrenes".
2128:
Jung-Testas I, Do Thi A, Koenig H, Désarnaud F, Shazand K, Schumacher M, Baulieu EE (1999). "Progesterone as a neurosteroid: synthesis and actions in rat glial cells".
3136:
2974:
2804:
991:
3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-20-one (3α,5α-THPROG). After the local synthesis or from metabolism of adrenal of gonadal steroids many neurosteroids accumulate in the brain.
2909:
2904:
796:
Preclinical studies have shown that benzodiazepines can be effective in reducing the effect of strokes for up to three days after the drug has been administered.
2948:
1105:
receptors. The steroids 3α,5α-THP and 3α,5α-THDOC were able to enhance the GABA-elicited Cl current. In addition, these steroids might enhance the binding of
710:
but also rescue its analgesic potential at high doses, revealing a novel strategy for analgesia in pathological pain, by combined targeting of the appropriate
2015:
Maurice T, Junien JL, Privat A (Feb 1997). "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate attenuates dizocilpine-induced learning impairment in mice via sigma 1-receptors".
357:, but 40 years later the molecular mechanism emerged to explain their depressant effect. In a rat brain slice preparation, the synthetic steroidal anesthetic
2869:
2854:
775:
Studies in y2 knockout mice have shown that they display increased anxiety and depressive-like symptoms in despair-based tests. The mice also had increased
2967:
2789:
2780:
2760:
2770:
979:(PNS) from cholesterol and steroidal precursors that are imported from the peripheral sources. These sources include 3β-hydroxy-Δ5 derivatives, such as
1938:
Puia G, Santi MR, Vicini S, Pritchett DB, Purdy RH, Paul SM, Seeburg PH, Costa E (May 1990). "Neurosteroids act on recombinant human GABAA receptors".
1887:
Hosie AM, Wilkins ME, da Silva HM, Smart TG (Nov 2006). "Endogenous neurosteroids regulate GABAA receptors through two discrete transmembrane sites".
905:
is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs although barbituric acid itself is not pharmacologically active. Barbiturates were synthesized in 1864 by
5330:
145:
PAMs increase the effect of GABA by making the channel open more frequently or for longer periods. However, they have no effect if GABA or another
2829:
2824:
1041:
2899:
2685:
1005:
1118:
receptor function because the flexible side chains in these analogues do not have the conformations required for high biological activity.
2889:
1488:"Benzodiazepine-insensitive mice generated by targeted disruption of the gamma 2 subunit gene of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors"
827:
expressed in peripheral and central glial cells. Additionally it has been surmised that the 3α-hydroxy ring A-reduced pregnane steroids
613:. Phenobarbital is used in cases of drug withdrawal syndromes. It is used as normal and emergency treatment in some cases of epilepsy.
5578:
5009:
2412:
2285:
1158:"GABAkines - Advances in the discovery, development, and commercialization of positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors"
35:
698:
pain. Further studies in animal neuropathic pain models have shown that stabilizing the potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (
247:
receptors have historically been a target of drug treatment research. The earliest compounds were ionic compounds, such as
4529:
1098:
929:
and its unreactive carboxylate (see figure 6). Barbituric acid can form a large variety of barbiturate drugs by using the
832:
92:
2249:
Deb ML, Bhuyan, Pulak J. (September 2005). "Uncatalysed
Knoevenagel condensation in aqueous medium at room temperature".
5574:
4262:
1023:, -OH, -COOH) will decrease lipid solubility but it will also eliminate activity. R´´ in position 1 is usually, H but CH
663:
5230:
4180:
1114:
positioning these hydrogen groups in three-dimensional space. Analogues 5 and 6 (Figure 10) are weak modulators of GABA
5298:
4409:
2733:
1852:
Herd MB, Belelli D, Lambert JJ (Oct 2007). "Neurosteroid modulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors".
134:
417:
receptor is not known and barbiturates bind at a beta subunit that is distinct from the benzodiazepine binding site.
1486:
Günther U, Benson J, Benke D, Fritschy JM, Reyes G, Knoflach F, Crestani F, Aguzzi A, Arigoni M, Lang Y (Aug 1995).
4419:
936:
555:. It induced a state of deep and prolonged sleep. But this was not used for long because of adverse side effects.
4434:
4429:
4424:
2678:
1049:
976:
597:
imaging when sedation is needed. It is efficient, safe and the recovery time is short. In 2013 the barbiturates
303:
4292:
686:
receptor has a minor role in inflammatory pain. An α2, α3 and/or α5 selective positive allosteric agonist, like
4991:
4987:
4160:
1311:
Lambert JJ, Belelli D, Peden DR, Vardy AW, Peters JA (Sep 2003). "Neurosteroid modulation of GABAA receptors".
930:
1389:
Harrison NL, Simmonds MA (December 1984). "Modulation of the GABA receptor complex by a steroid anaesthetic".
650:
agents and they are therefore generally not considered to be appropriate. This limitation can be bypassed by
17:
4307:
4297:
2723:
761:
464:
208:
42:
869:
3176:
2058:
Baulieu EE (1997). "Neurosteroids: of the nervous system, by the nervous system, for the nervous system".
1080:
Fig 10. Different R-group analogs for neurosteroids. Groups 1–4 and 10 have significant therapeutic value.
984:
972:
886:
844:
430:
169:
107:
4282:
4267:
1704:"Effect of zolpidem on miniature IPSCs and occupancy of postsynaptic GABAA receptors in central synapses"
5521:
5199:
4252:
4247:
4242:
824:
177:
153:
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5303:
4393:
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1090:
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5429:
5312:
4439:
4365:
3454:
3296:
3004:
659:
335:
272:
2171:
Belelli D, Lambert JJ (Jul 2005). "Neurosteroids: endogenous regulators of the GABA(A) receptor".
1982:
1753:"Enhancing neuronal chloride extrusion rescues α2/α3 GABAA-mediated analgesia in neuropathic pain"
756:
hypothesis for depression has been proposed which places the GABA system in a central role in the
53:
5406:
5069:
4967:
4624:
4257:
3629:
3231:
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2497:
2385:
2196:
2153:
2110:
2040:
1963:
1920:
1684:
1611:
1414:
1371:
1336:
566:
was the first truly effective drug against epilepsy. It was discovered by accident when given to
535:
domains of the β subunit appear to be critical; binding may involve a pocket formed by β-subunit
184:
176:
molecule: they affect the receptor by binding at a different site on the protein. This is called
5533:
4355:
3012:
1437:"Pathophysiological power of improper tonic GABA(A) conductances in mature and immature models"
1076:
1073:
can cause rapid conjugation and decrease duration and potency, which can be clinically useful.
387:
338:
are potent and selective positive allosteric modulators of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA
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1997:
1955:
1912:
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1834:
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1733:
1676:
1603:
1562:
1545:
Hosie AM, Wilkins ME, Smart TG (Oct 2007). "Neurosteroid binding sites on GABA(A) receptors".
1527:
1468:
1406:
1328:
1293:
1235:
1187:
1156:
Cerne R, Lippa A, Poe MM, Smith JL, Jin X, Ping X, Golani LK, Cook JM, Witkin JM (June 2022).
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are still used as sedatives in certain cases as well as to antagonize the effects of drugs as
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2479:
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2332:
2322:
2303:"Characterization of brain neurons that express enzymes mediating neurosteroid biosynthesis"
2258:
2231:
2180:
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2024:
1983:"Pregnenolone sulfate: a positive allosteric modulator at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor"
1947:
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GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Upon binding, it
361:(5α-pregnan-3α-ol-11,20 dione) enhanced both stimulus-evoked inhibition and the effects of
5517:
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5366:
5354:
5308:
5259:
5074:
5049:
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4858:
4591:
4444:
3246:
3241:
3103:
3036:
1264:"Beyond classical benzodiazepines: novel therapeutic potential of GABAA receptor subtypes"
1132:
1101:(3α,5α-THDOC) were shown to modulate neuronal excitability via their interaction with GABA
926:
902:
893:
876:
804:
Neurosteroids can act as allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter receptors, such as the
757:
441:
426:
313:
Benzodiazepines function by binding to the benzodiazepine site on most, but not all, GABA
260:
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that are found in the spinal cord are anti-hyperalgesic. Spinal α2 and α3 containing GABA
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Mellon SH, Griffin LD (2002). "Neurosteroids: biochemistry and clinical significance".
2337:
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Agís-Balboa RC, Pinna G, Zhubi A, Maloku E, Veldic M, Costa E, Guidotti A (Sep 2006).
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were discovered in 1955 and largely replaced the barbiturates because of their larger
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987:(DHEA), their sulfates, and reduced metabolites such as the tetrahydro derivative of
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complex is put together. The most common complex that includes around 40% of the GABA
382:
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2389:
2200:
2157:
2114:
1967:
1688:
1418:
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1004:
275:. Although barbiturates fell out of favor, they continue to serve as a short-acting
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Barbiturates' precise action sites have not yet been defined. The second and third
510:
492:
436:
331:
299:
68:
1815:"Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor"
1659:
Möhler H, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U (Jan 2002). "A new benzodiazepine pharmacology".
2262:
391:
Fig 3. Binding sites of different therapeutic chemical groups on a GABAA receptor
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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847:(DHEA) sulfate on the other hand display antagonistic properties at the GABA
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The structure that the first benzodiazepine is based on was discovered by
616:
298:. At first benzodiazepines were considered to be safe and efficient minor
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1672:
1582:"How theories evolved concerning the mechanism of action of barbiturates"
1214:"The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction"
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1908:
263:
was synthesized and marketed for headaches. Within 30 years, many other
5506:
5496:
5255:
5194:
5169:
5164:
5039:
5019:
4999:
4820:
4810:
4795:
4780:
4765:
4750:
4745:
4730:
4715:
4596:
4335:
4195:
3649:
3356:
3057:
1066:
781:
594:
350:
248:
146:
114:
2529:
2235:
1813:
Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM (May 1986).
1598:
1581:
5439:
5402:
5024:
4977:
4848:
4830:
4790:
4474:
4272:
726:
719:
224:
130:
2184:
1814:
1279:
1069:
and small cycle or aminoalkyl the activity is increased. Position 3
960:. It was marketed in 1960 and became the first benzodiazepine drug.
740:
Benzodiazepines are used as a supporting treatment in patients with
1354:
Selye H (1 January 1941). "Anesthetic Effect of
Steroid Hormones".
4800:
1075:
1039:
1003:
935:
922:
615:
386:
4233:
910:
836:
699:
2963:
2667:
1627:
1625:
306:
effects. Several efficient benzodiazepines offer choices about
2663:
646:
Sedative actions of benzodiazepines limit their usefulness as
570:
patients to help them sleep. The positive side effects were
1048:
According to research performed by
Maddalena et al., using
2875:
Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
690:
for example, might be useful as an analgesic drug against
2407:. United States of America: Wiley-VCH. pp. 572–574.
2280:. United States of America: WILEY-VCH. pp. 578–579.
2130:
The
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
1661:
The
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
620:
Fig 4. GABAergic synapse. The synaptic anchoring protein
702:) at neuronal membranes could not only potentiate the
574:
properties that reduced seizure number and intensity.
310:, length of action, metabolic interaction and safety.
2820:
Dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
2214:
Carter, MK (1951). "The history of barbituric acid".
1632:
Moro-Sutherland DM (September 2000). "Barbiturates".
5218:
4986:
4923:
4890:
4857:
4829:
4543:
4364:
4321:
4232:
4204:
4116:
3998:
3440:
3127:
3003:
2746:
2701:
1056:. When the active group in position 7 is made more
1044:Fig 9. Common R group positions of Benzodiazepines
95:(PAM) molecules that increase the activity of the
5542:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:
1212:López-Muñoz F, Ucha-Udabe R, Alamo C (Dec 2005).
925:avoids the need to deal with the acidity of the
2865:Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
2426:
2424:
1808:
1806:
1430:
1428:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
259:In 1903, the first psychoactive derivative of
5603:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
2975:
2679:
18:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
8:
624:is indirectly linked to the GABAA receptors.
2991:
2982:
2968:
2960:
2686:
2672:
2664:
2516:(3alpha,5beta)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one".
2483:
2405:Medicinal Chemistry How drugs act and why
2336:
2326:
2278:Medicinal Chemistry How drugs act and why
1786:
1776:
1727:
1597:
1521:
1511:
1462:
1452:
1287:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1229:
1181:
539:286 as well as α-subunit methionine 236.
633:Synaptic action of benzodiazepines: GABA
2825:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
1148:
674:receptors are responsible for the anti-
77:receptor positive allosteric modulators
2553:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
2362:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism
1218:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1981:Wu FS, Gibbs TT, Farb DH (Sep 1991).
1634:Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
7:
5583:GABA metabolism/transport modulators
2636:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
1052:, position 7 has the most effect on
593:is not required. It´s often used in
5200:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
2060:Recent Progress in Hormone Research
1580:Löscher W, Rogawski MA (Dec 2012).
839:-mediated chloride currents while
764:. Clinical studies have shown that
302:but then were criticized for their
4263:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
2915:Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitors
1720:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-02-00578.1999
1262:Rudolph U, Knoflach F (Sep 2011).
940:Fig 7. Synthesis and discovery of
346:demonstrated in 1940 that certain
27:GABAA receptor positive modulators
25:
5010:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
2930:Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists
2805:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
1356:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2920:Cannabinoid receptor antagonists
1866:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.007
1702:Perrais D, Ropert N (Jan 1999).
1559:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.011
1174:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108035
1093:3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone or
885:
868:
732:) and restoring Cl homeostasis.
547:Barbiturates were introduced as
353:could cause both anesthesia and
267:were developed and found use as
52:
34:
5430:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
2749:and development of drug classes
1854:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1547:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1325:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.09.001
995:Structure-activity relationship
4379:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
2596:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
2518:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
2466:Paul SM, Purdy RH (Mar 1992).
2433:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1268:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1:
5575:Receptor/signaling modulators
4131:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
2766:Angiotensin receptor blockers
2565:10.1016/S0165-0173(01)00126-6
2374:10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00503-3
2142:10.1016/S0960-0760(98)00149-6
2029:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)86061-5
1646:10.1016/S1522-8401(00)90040-5
1099:tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
964:Biosynthesis of neurosteroids
875:Fig 5. Original synthesis of
833:tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
164:PAMs do not bind at the same
93:positive allosteric modulator
41:Fig 1. Chemical structure of
5325:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)
4410:anabolic-androgenic steroids
3192:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
2997:receptor positive modulators
2263:10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.07.111
2173:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2099:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90156-L
1952:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90202-Q
1441:Frontiers in Neural Circuits
1403:10.1016/0006-8993(84)90299-3
892:Fig 6. Current synthesis of
3965:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
2944:Melatonin receptor agonists
2895:Thalidomide and its analogs
2850:Memantine and related drugs
2800:Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors
1708:The Journal of Neuroscience
1109:and benzodiazepines to GABA
1008:Fig 8. R-group position of
322:open the chloride channel.
5619:
4293:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
2810:Direct thrombin inhibitors
2747:Case studies of discovery
2485:10.1096/fasebj.6.6.1347506
2017:Behavioural Brain Research
1778:10.1038/s41467-019-14154-6
1435:Egawa K, Fukuda A (2013).
1050:artificial neural networks
380:
5568:
4485:Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
3028:Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
2925:CCR5 receptor antagonists
2648:10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.016
1368:10.3181/00379727-46-11907
977:peripheral nervous system
203:effects. Examples of GABA
5579:GABA receptor modulators
5489:sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
2860:Neuraminidase inhibitors
1454:10.3389/fncir.2013.00170
1313:Progress in Neurobiology
931:Knoevenagel condensation
465:Inhalational anesthetics
2835:HIV-protease inhibitors
2756:5α-Reductase inhibitors
2328:10.1073/pnas.0606544103
1831:10.1126/science.2422758
1513:10.1073/pnas.92.17.7749
971:are synthesized in the
662:are pro-nociceptive at
330:Certain metabolites of
43:gamma-aminobutyric acid
5465:Retigabine (ezogabine)
4741:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
4308:7,8-Dihydromethysticin
4298:5,6-Dehydromethysticin
3177:Benzylbutylbarbiturate
2885:Proton pump inhibitors
2468:"Neuroactive steroids"
1990:Molecular Pharmacology
1097:(3α,5α-THP) and 3α,5α-
1089:In the mid 1980s, the
1081:
1045:
1012:
985:dehydroepiandrosterone
973:central nervous system
944:
845:dehydroepiandrosterone
825:progesterone receptors
823:(PROG) that activates
678:action of intrathecal
625:
392:
191:receptor PAMs used as
108:central nervous system
1757:Nature Communications
1079:
1043:
1007:
939:
619:
390:
178:allosteric modulation
121:receptor to open its
89:receptor potentiators
5520:constituents (e.g.,
5304:Deuterated etifoxine
4366:Neuroactive steroids
4336:Apronal (apronalide)
4188:constituents (e.g.,
3805:N-Desalkylflurazepam
2840:Integrase inhibitors
2815:Direct Xa inhibitors
1673:10.1124/jpet.300.1.2
1091:neuroactive steroids
654:administration. GABA
304:dependence producing
5313:dihydroergocryptine
4625:Pyrazolopyrimidines
4283:5,6-Dihydroyangonin
4268:7,8-Dihydroyangonin
3455:3-Hydroxyphenazepam
3297:Methylphenobarbital
2608:10.1021/jm00057a012
2445:10.1021/jm00004a017
2403:Gringauz A (1997).
2319:2006PNAS..10314602A
2276:Gringauz A (1997).
2251:Tetrahedron Letters
2228:1951JChEd..28..524C
1909:10.1038/nature05324
1901:2006Natur.444..486H
1769:2020NatCo..11..869L
1504:1995PNAS...92.7749G
819:. The neurosteroid
660:periaqueductal gray
411:channel conductance
373:selective agonist.
336:deoxycorticosterone
273:general anesthetics
170:γ-aminobutyric acid
137:and less likely to
5407:4-O-methylhonokiol
5070:Dichloralphenazone
4968:Methylmethaqualone
4545:Nonbenzodiazepines
4258:Desmethoxyyangonin
4253:11-Hydroxyyangonin
4248:11-Methoxyyangonin
4243:10-Methoxyyangonin
3630:Ethyl carfluzepate
3232:Cyclopentobarbital
2910:Tubulin inhibitors
1592:(Suppl 8): 12–25.
1082:
1046:
1013:
945:
626:
551:for patients with
447:Nonbenzodiazepines
393:
221:alprazolam (Xanax)
185:psychopharmacology
133:, making the cell
5590:
5589:
5550:MRK-409 (MK-0343)
5321:dihydroergotamine
5264:potassium bromide
5258:compounds (e.g.,
5205:Trichloroethylene
4973:Nitromethaqualone
4892:Pyrazolopyridines
4394:3α-Androstanediol
4288:7,8-Dihydrokavain
3640:Ethyl loflazepate
3417:Thiotetrabarbital
3033:Ethanol (alcohol)
2957:
2956:
2905:TRPV1 antagonists
2845:Lipase inhibitors
2530:10.1021/jm0002477
2257:(38): 6453–6456.
2236:10.1021/ed028p524
1599:10.1111/epi.12025
1054:receptor affinity
658:receptors in the
369:, which is a GABA
296:therapeutic index
271:, sleep aids and
229:zolpidem (Ambien)
217:diazepam (Valium)
158:receptor agonists
60:and γ2 interface.
16:(Redirected from
5610:
5309:Dihydroergolines
5226:3-Hydroxybutanal
4859:Piperidinediones
4592:Imidazopyridines
4126:6-Methylapigenin
4058:Hydroxyphenamate
3930:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
3635:Ethyl dirazepate
3515:Chlordiazepoxide
3407:Thiobutabarbital
3119:Trifluoroethanol
3109:Trichloroethanol
3099:-Pentanol (2M2B)
2993:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2961:
2949:Renin inhibitors
2795:c-Met inhibitors
2719:Drug development
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2659:
2620:
2619:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2330:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1825:(4753): 1004–7.
1810:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1601:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1259:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1153:
1095:allopregnanolone
958:chlordiazepoxide
954:Leo H. Sternbach
942:chlordiazepoxide
919:diethyl malonate
907:Adolf von Baeyer
889:
872:
829:allopregnanolone
788:antidepressant.
666:sites while GABA
431:trichloroethanol
421:Available agents
174:neurotransmitter
149:is not present.
123:chloride channel
79:, also known as
56:
38:
21:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5564:
5522:isovaleric acid
5485:Sulfonylalkanes
5383:Hopantenic acid
5367:tolfenamic acid
5355:flufenamic acid
5317:dihydroergosine
5260:lithium bromide
5219:Others/unsorted
5214:
5075:Dichloromethane
5050:Chloral hydrate
5045:Chloral betaine
4982:
4919:
4886:
4853:
4825:
4554:Cyclopyrrolones
4539:
4445:Etiocholanolone
4360:
4317:
4278:5-Hydroxykavain
4228:
4200:
4112:
3994:
3442:Benzodiazepines
3436:
3247:Ethallobarbital
3242:Enallylpropymal
3123:
3104:Tribromoethanol
3091:-Butanol (2M2P)
3037:alcoholic drink
2999:
2996:
2988:
2958:
2953:
2938:
2880:PDE5 inhibitors
2870:NS5A inhibitors
2855:mTOR inhibitors
2784:
2748:
2742:
2702:Steps in design
2697:
2692:
2662:
2632:
2628:
2626:Further reading
2623:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2313:(39): 14602–7.
2300:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2185:10.1038/nrn1703
2170:
2169:
2165:
2136:(1–6): 97–107.
2127:
2126:
2122:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2023:(1–2): 159–64.
2014:
2013:
2009:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1895:(7118): 486–9.
1886:
1885:
1881:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1498:(17): 7749–53.
1485:
1484:
1480:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1280:10.1038/nrd3502
1261:
1260:
1247:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1133:GABA antagonist
1124:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1087:
1038:
1036:Benzodiazepines
1026:
1022:
1002:
997:
966:
950:
948:Benzodiazepines
927:carboxylic acid
921:, as using the
903:Barbituric acid
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
894:barbituric acid
890:
881:
880:
879:
877:Barbituric acid
873:
862:
860:Barbituric acid
857:
850:
817:sigma receptors
809:
802:
794:
787:
758:pathophysiology
750:
738:
730:
723:
718:subtypes (i.e.
715:
685:
673:
669:
657:
644:
636:
631:
580:
561:
545:
529:
524:
442:Benzodiazepines
427:Chloral hydrate
423:
416:
407:
398:
385:
379:
372:
341:
328:
320:
317:receptors. GABA
316:
292:Benzodiazepines
289:
287:Benzodiazepines
261:barbituric acid
257:
246:
241:
213:benzodiazepines
206:
190:
163:
157:
144:
120:
103:protein in the
100:
88:
76:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
57:
48:
47:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5616:
5614:
5606:
5605:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5538:
5537:
5530:valerenic acid
5515:
5510:
5500:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5359:mefenamic acid
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5268:sodium bromide
5253:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Methoxypropane
5132:
5130:Methoxyflurane
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:Ethyl chloride
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4925:Quinazolinones
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Propylbarbital
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3222:Crotylbarbital
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Brophebarbital
3184:
3182:Brallobarbital
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Methylpentynol
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2790:Cephalosporins
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:ACE inhibitors
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2709:Drug discovery
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2586:
2543:
2524:(17): 3201–4.
2507:
2478:(6): 2311–22.
2458:
2420:
2413:
2395:
2352:
2293:
2286:
2268:
2241:
2206:
2163:
2120:
2077:
2050:
2007:
1973:
1930:
1879:
1844:
1802:
1743:
1694:
1651:
1640:(4): 276–280.
1621:
1572:
1537:
1478:
1424:
1391:Brain Research
1381:
1362:(1): 116–121.
1346:
1303:
1245:
1197:
1162:Pharmacol Ther
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1086:
1083:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1020:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
975:(CNS) and the
965:
962:
949:
946:
891:
884:
883:
882:
874:
867:
866:
865:
864:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
848:
807:
801:
798:
793:
790:
785:
777:corticosterone
749:
746:
737:
734:
728:
721:
713:
683:
671:
667:
655:
643:
640:
634:
630:
629:Benzodiazepine
627:
579:
576:
572:anticonvulsant
560:
559:Anticonvulsant
557:
544:
541:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
490:
485:
480:
462:
444:
439:
434:
422:
419:
414:
405:
396:
378:
375:
370:
339:
327:
324:
318:
314:
288:
285:
281:anti-epileptic
256:
253:
244:
240:
237:
204:
188:
161:
155:
142:
135:hyperpolarized
118:
98:
86:
74:
58:
51:
50:
49:
40:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5615:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5526:isovaleramide
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:niflumic acid
5360:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:Clomethiazole
5287:
5285:
5284:Chlormezanone
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Carbamazepine
5272:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5150:Nitrous oxide
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Diethyl ether
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4882:Pyrithyldione
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Phenprobamate
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Hexapropymate
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Difebarbamate
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Nortetrazepam
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Flutoprazepam
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Flunitrazolam
3678:
3676:
3675:Flunitrazepam
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Flubromazolam
3663:
3661:
3660:Flubromazepam
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Cloniprazepam
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:2-Oxoquazepam
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Thialbarbital
3390:
3388:
3387:Tetrabarbital
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Spirobarbital
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Proxibarbital
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Propallylonal
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Phenobarbital
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Pentobarbital
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:Narcobarbital
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Heptobarbital
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Difebarbamate
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Cyclobarbital
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Benzobarbital
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Ethchlorvynol
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2776:Beta-blockers
2774:
2772:
2771:Antiandrogens
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:(5): 627–30.
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:(1–3): 91–7.
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:FASEB Journal
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:(4): 715–24.
2438:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:0-471-18545-0
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2287:0-471-18545-0
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:(10): 525–8.
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:(7): 565–75.
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2093:(3): 523–30.
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:(5): 759–65.
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:(1): 869–92.
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:(2): 578–88.
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:(2): 287–92.
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:(9): 685–97.
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1224:(4): 329–43.
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:GABA receptor
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:Neurosteroids
1084:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1071:hydroxylation
1068:
1064:
1063:electrophilic
1059:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:Neurosteroids
963:
961:
959:
955:
947:
943:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:by combining
908:
904:
895:
888:
878:
871:
859:
854:
852:
846:
842:
838:
835:increase the
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
800:Neurosteroids
799:
797:
791:
789:
783:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
745:
743:
742:schizophrenia
736:Schizophrenia
735:
733:
731:
724:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
681:
677:
665:
661:
653:
649:
641:
639:
628:
623:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:phenobarbital
596:
592:
588:
585:is used as a
584:
583:Pentobarbital
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:Phenobarbital
558:
556:
554:
553:schizophrenia
550:
542:
540:
538:
534:
533:transmembrane
526:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:(veterinary))
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:Neurosteroids
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
478:
474:
470:
469:diethyl ether
466:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
429:(and related
428:
425:
424:
420:
418:
412:
403:
389:
384:
383:GABA receptor
376:
374:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
337:
333:
326:Neurosteroids
325:
323:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:tranquilizers
297:
293:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:PAMs include
202:
198:
194:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
150:
148:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:chloride ions
124:
116:
111:
109:
106:
102:
94:
90:
82:
78:
70:
55:
44:
37:
19:
5571:
5570:
5541:
5398:Lavender oil
5140:Nitric oxide
5060:Cryofluorane
5005:Acetophenone
4963:Methaqualone
4958:Mecloqualone
4953:Mebroqualone
4943:Diproqualone
4938:Cloroqualone
4867:Glutethimide
4671:
4623:
4590:
4552:
4525:Testosterone
4490:Progesterone
4455:Hydroxydione
4404:Androsterone
4331:Acecarbromal
4236:constituents
4023:Cyclarbamate
4013:Carisoprodol
3785:Metaclazepam
3780:Menitrazepam
3770:Meclonazepam
3765:Lormetazepam
3695:Flutemazepam
3520:Ciclotizolam
3510:Carburazepam
3402:Thiobarbital
3362:Secobarbital
3327:Phetharbital
3307:Nealbarbital
3292:Methohexital
3277:Hexobarbital
3212:Butallylonal
3207:Butobarbital
3162:Barbexaclone
3157:Aprobarbital
3142:Allobarbital
3129:Barbiturates
3096:
3088:
3078:Petrichloral
2990:
2642:(3): 480–7.
2639:
2635:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2436:
2432:
2404:
2398:
2368:(1): 35–43.
2365:
2361:
2355:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2277:
2271:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1996:(3): 333–6.
1993:
1989:
1976:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1860:(1): 20–34.
1857:
1853:
1847:
1822:
1818:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1637:
1633:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1444:
1440:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1319:(1): 67–80.
1316:
1312:
1306:
1271:
1267:
1221:
1217:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1128:GABA agonist
1088:
1047:
1016:Barbiturates
1014:
1010:Barbiturates
1000:Barbiturates
989:progesterone
981:pregnenolone
967:
951:
915:malonic acid
901:
843:sulfate and
841:pregnenolone
821:progesterone
803:
795:
774:
751:
739:
692:inflammatory
676:hyperalgesic
645:
632:
611:theophylline
603:butabarbital
581:
562:
546:
530:
527:Barbiturates
522:Applications
511:Kavalactones
437:Barbiturates
394:
342:) receptor.
332:progesterone
329:
312:
290:
265:barbiturates
258:
255:Barbiturates
242:
195:have mainly
182:
151:
112:
84:
80:
72:
69:pharmacology
66:
5480:Stiripentol
5475:Seproxetine
5445:Niacinamide
5425:Loreclezole
5246:Avermectins
5210:Vinyl ether
5180:Sevoflurane
5160:Paraldehyde
5110:Halopropane
4933:Afloqualone
4915:Tracazolate
4910:ICI-190,622
4900:Cartazolate
4877:Piperidione
4872:Methyprylon
4839:Fospropofol
4761:Pipequaline
4569:Pazinaclone
4559:Eszopiclone
4415:Cholesterol
4399:Androstenol
4323:Monoureides
4303:Methysticin
4103:Tetrabamate
4083:Pentabamate
4073:Meprobamate
4043:Febarbamate
4008:Carisbamate
3960:Triflubazam
3950:Tolufazepam
3910:Rilmazafone
3905:Remimazolam
3880:Proflazepam
3865:Pivoxazepam
3825:Nitrazepate
3815:Nimetazepam
3750:Lopirazepam
3720:Haloxazolam
3670:Fludiazepam
3615:Doxefazepam
3590:Delorazepam
3570:Clotiazepam
3565:Clorazepate
3530:Cinolazepam
3427:Vinbarbital
3382:Tetrabamate
3337:Probarbital
3317:Phenallymal
3282:Metharbital
3257:Febarbamate
3152:Amobarbital
3053:Isopropanol
3023:Chloralodol
2939:antagonists
2724:Preclinical
2714:Hit to lead
2695:Drug design
2216:J Chem Educ
1553:(1): 7–19.
983:(PREG) and
851:receptors.
696:neuropathic
664:supraspinal
652:intrathecal
505:alphaxalone
497:brexanolone
363:exogenously
359:alphaxalone
308:dosage form
233:barbiturate
166:active site
5513:Topiramate
5503:Terpenoids
5460:Propanidid
5450:Org 25,435
5378:Flupirtine
5373:Fluoxetine
5279:Chloralose
5250:ivermectin
5155:Norflurane
5120:Isoflurane
5065:Desflurane
5055:Chloroform
5015:Aliflurane
4948:Etaqualone
4776:SB-205,384
4706:CP-615,003
4701:CL-218,872
4655:Panadiplon
4645:Lorediplon
4574:Suproclone
4535:Zuranolone
4495:Renanolone
4480:Posovolone
4460:Minaxolone
4450:Ganaxolone
4389:Alfaxalone
4384:Alfadolone
4374:Acebrochol
4341:Bromisoval
4219:Metomidate
4206:Imidazoles
4166:Hispidulin
4118:Flavonoids
4078:Nisobamate
4068:Mebutamate
4038:Ethinamate
4033:Emylcamate
4000:Carbamates
3970:Tuclazepam
3945:Tetrazepam
3900:Reclazepam
3875:Premazepam
3855:Phenazepam
3835:Nordazepam
3830:Nitrazolam
3820:Nitrazepam
3800:Motrazepam
3755:Loprazolam
3745:Lofendazam
3730:Imidazenil
3690:Flutazolam
3685:Flurazepam
3655:Fletazepam
3610:Dimdazenil
3605:Diclazepam
3585:Cyprazepam
3575:Cloxazolam
3555:Clonazolam
3550:Clonazepam
3540:Climazolam
3500:Brotizolam
3495:Bromazolam
3490:Bromazepam
3485:Bretazenil
3480:Bentazepam
3470:Arfendazam
3465:Alprazolam
3460:Adinazolam
3432:Vinylbital
3412:Thiopental
3287:Methitural
3202:Buthalital
3197:Butalbital
3048:Isobutanol
2830:Gliflozins
1986:(abstract)
1667:(1): 2–8.
1168:: 108035.
1144:References
1058:lipophilic
933:reaction.
780:increased
770:adinazolam
766:alprazolam
762:depression
748:Depression
537:methionine
501:zuranolone
477:isoflurane
402:pentameric
381:See also:
344:Hans Selye
277:anesthetic
201:anxiolytic
105:vertebrate
5572:See also:
5534:valerenol
5455:Phenytoin
5435:Monastrol
5393:Lanthanum
5388:KRM-II-81
5351:Fenamates
5346:Etifoxine
5341:Etazepine
5336:Efavirenz
5294:Darigabat
5190:Teflurane
5175:Roflurane
5170:Propylene
5115:Halothane
5100:Fluroxene
5085:Enflurane
4988:Volatiles
4905:Etazolate
4816:Viqualine
4771:RWJ-51204
4736:L-838,417
4726:Imepitoin
4696:CGS-20625
4691:CGS-13767
4676:Adipiplon
4650:Ocinaplon
4612:Saripidem
4607:Necopidem
4584:Zopiclone
4579:Suriclone
4564:Pagoclone
4470:ORG-21465
4465:ORG-20599
4356:Ectylurea
4346:Carbromal
4224:Propoxate
4214:Etomidate
4141:Baicalein
4098:Styramate
4093:Procymate
4063:Lorbamate
4048:Felbamate
4018:Clocental
3990:Zomebazam
3985:Zolazepam
3980:Zapizolam
3975:Uldazepam
3955:Triazolam
3940:Temazepam
3935:Sulazepam
3925:Ro48-8684
3920:Ro48-6791
3915:Ripazepam
3885:Pyrazolam
3860:Pinazepam
3810:Nifoxipam
3795:Midazolam
3790:Mexazolam
3775:Medazepam
3760:Lorazepam
3740:Ketazolam
3735:Irazepine
3725:Iclazepam
3715:Halazepam
3710:Gidazepam
3705:Fosazepam
3625:Estazolam
3620:Elfazepam
3595:Demoxepam
3525:Cinazepam
3505:Camazepam
3475:Avizafone
3397:Thiamylal
3332:Primidone
3262:Heptabarb
3252:Eterobarb
3217:Carbubarb
3114:Triclofos
3013:Brometone
2502:221753076
1586:Epilepsia
855:Synthesis
754:GABAergic
708:analgesia
706:-induced
704:L-838,417
688:L-838,417
648:analgesic
642:Analgesia
607:ephedrine
591:analgesia
568:epileptic
549:hypnotics
483:Etomidate
473:halothane
459:zopiclone
433:prodrugs)
269:sedatives
129:into the
125:to allow
81:GABAkines
5597:Category
5560:TCS-1205
5555:TCS-1105
5545:α-Pinene
5518:Valerian
5493:tetronal
5470:Safranal
5419:obovatol
5415:magnolol
5411:honokiol
5241:Alogabat
5236:AA-29504
5185:Synthane
5145:Nitrogen
5125:Kerosine
5105:Gasoline
5095:Ethylene
5035:Centalun
5030:Butylene
4844:Propofol
4806:U-89843A
4786:TGSC01AA
4756:NS-11394
4721:GBLD-345
4686:CGS-9896
4681:CGS-8216
4665:Zaleplon
4660:Taniplon
4640:Indiplon
4635:Fasiplon
4630:Divaplon
4617:Zolpidem
4520:SAGE-872
4515:SAGE-689
4510:SAGE-516
4505:SAGE-324
4500:SAGE-105
4408:Certain
4351:Capuride
4313:Yangonin
4190:baicalin
4186:Skullcap
4176:Luteolin
4151:Catechin
4146:Baicalin
4136:Apigenin
4108:Tybamate
3895:Quazepam
3890:QH-II-66
3870:Prazepam
3850:Oxazolam
3845:Oxazepam
3645:Etizolam
3600:Diazepam
3580:CP-1414S
3545:Clobazam
3535:Clazolam
3422:Valofane
3377:Talbutal
3367:Sigmodal
3272:Hexethal
3167:Barbital
3147:Alphenal
3137:(-)-DMBB
3083:Propanol
3073:Pentanol
3063:Methanol
3005:Alcohols
2900:Triptans
2785:agonists
2729:Clinical
2656:25564376
2581:35297361
2573:11744077
2538:10966737
2390:11605131
2382:11750861
2347:16984997
2201:12596378
2193:15959466
2158:10662223
2150:10418983
2115:11205767
2066:: 1–32.
1968:12626366
1917:17108970
1874:17531325
1797:32054836
1689:24519126
1681:11752090
1608:23205959
1567:17560657
1473:24167475
1419:43910919
1376:87160217
1341:11878482
1333:14611869
1298:21799515
1240:18568113
1192:34793859
1122:See also
1107:muscimol
716:receptor
680:diazepam
622:Gephyrin
587:hypnotic
578:Sedation
543:Insomnia
488:Propofol
455:zolpidem
451:zaleplon
395:The GABA
377:Receptor
367:muscimol
365:applied
355:sedation
351:steroids
348:pregnane
243:The GABA
231:and the
227:such as
215:such as
197:sedative
117:the GABA
115:triggers
101:receptor
5507:borneol
5505:(e.g.,
5497:trional
5487:(e.g.,
5405:(e.g.,
5403:Lignans
5353:(e.g.,
5311:(e.g.,
5256:Bromide
5248:(e.g.,
5231:α-EMTBL
5195:Toluene
5165:Propane
5040:Chloral
5020:Benzene
5000:Acetone
4831:Phenols
4821:Y-23684
4811:U-90042
4796:TPA-023
4781:SX-3228
4766:ROD-188
4751:NS-2710
4746:NS-2664
4731:JM-1232
4716:ELB-139
4711:CTP-354
4597:Alpidem
4196:Wogonin
4171:Linarin
3650:FG-8205
3357:Reposal
3058:Menthol
3018:Butanol
2890:Statins
2616:8388475
2494:1347506
2453:7861419
2338:1600006
2315:Bibcode
2224:Bibcode
2107:8398145
2072:9238846
2045:3979800
2037:9062676
2002:1654510
1960:2160838
1925:4382394
1897:Bibcode
1839:2422758
1819:Science
1788:7018745
1765:Bibcode
1738:9880578
1729:6782193
1616:4675696
1532:7644489
1500:Bibcode
1464:3807051
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1411:6098342
1289:3375401
1231:2424120
1183:9787737
1067:alkynyl
782:anxiety
516:Ethanol
495:(e.g.,
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283:drugs.
249:bromide
239:History
235:drugs.
225:Z-drugs
209:ethanol
172:(GABA)
168:as the
152:Unlike
147:agonist
45:or GABA
5440:Niacin
5025:Butane
4978:SL-164
4849:Thymol
4791:TP-003
4672:Others
4475:P1-185
4435:5β-DHP
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4425:3α-DHP
4273:Kavain
4181:Rc-OMe
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2386:S2CID
2197:S2CID
2154:S2CID
2111:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1964:S2CID
1921:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1523:41223
1415:S2CID
1372:S2CID
1337:S2CID
923:ester
589:when
193:drugs
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4234:Kava
4161:EGCG
3097:tert
3089:tert
2992:GABA
2935:5-HT
2781:Beta
2652:PMID
2612:PMID
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2103:PMID
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1998:PMID
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1604:PMID
1563:PMID
1528:PMID
1469:PMID
1407:PMID
1329:PMID
1294:PMID
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1188:PMID
913:and
911:urea
837:GABA
831:and
813:NMDA
806:GABA
768:and
712:GABA
700:KCC2
609:and
601:and
334:and
279:and
219:and
199:and
154:GABA
139:fire
97:GABA
85:GABA
73:GABA
5331:DS2
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4156:EGC
2644:doi
2604:doi
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1948:doi
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