5453:
5394:
5560:
5620:
5243:
5165:
5501:
5341:
5279:
5201:
1601:
5260:
214:
239:
5182:
1574:
5052:
1564:
5428:
5364:
5322:
5218:
5037:
5524:
5296:
5595:
5484:
245:
5067:
2119:. The process appears to be regulated by phosphorylation and oxygenation. Bringing several glycolytic enzymes close to each other is expected to greatly increase the overall speed of glucose breakdown. Recent studies have also revealed that GAPDH is expressed in an iron dependent fashion on the exterior of the cell membrane a where it plays a role in maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis.
6721:
51:
5140:
1271:
1105:
5643:
5452:
5393:
1793:
species that would result if G3P were oxidized in the absence of GAPDH (the carboxylic acid species is so low in energy that the energy barrier for the second step of the reaction (phosphorylation) would be too high, and the reaction, therefore, too slow and unfavorable for a living organism).
2171:
GAPDH has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, largely through interactions with other proteins specific to that disease or disorder. These interactions may affect not only energy metabolism but also other GAPDH functions. For example, GAPDH interactions with
2000:. Oxidant-treatments cause an inactivation of GAPDH. This inactivation re-routes temporally the metabolic flux from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway, allowing the cell to generate more NADPH. Under stress conditions, NADPH is needed by some antioxidant-systems including
77:
3741:
Kinoshita H, Uchida H, Kawai Y, Kawasaki T, Wakahara N, Matsuo H, Watanabe M, Kitazawa H, Ohnuma S, Miura K, Horii A, Saito T (June 2008). "Cell surface
Lactobacillus plantarum LA 318 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) adheres to human colonic mucin".
3910:
Hara MR, Agrawal N, Kim SF, Cascio MB, Fujimuro M, Ozeki Y, Takahashi M, Cheah JH, Tankou SK, Hester LD, Ferris CD, Hayward SD, Snyder SH, Sawa A (July 2005). "S-nitrosylated GAPDH initiates apoptotic cell death by nuclear translocation following Siah1 binding".
5559:
4013:
Agarwal AR, Zhao L, Sancheti H, Sundar IK, Rahman I, Cadenas E (November 2012). "Short-term cigarette smoke exposure induces reversible changes in energy metabolism and cellular redox status independent of inflammatory responses in mouse lungs".
2204:, function by preventing the nuclear translocation of GAPDH. It is proposed that hypometabolism may be one contributor to PD, but the exact mechanisms underlying GAPDH involvement in neurodegenerative disease remains to be clarified. The
1802:
NADH leaves the active site and is replaced by another molecule of NAD, the positive charge of which stabilizes the negatively charged carbonyl oxygen in the transition state of the next and ultimate step. Finally, a molecule of
5619:
5242:
5164:
4519:
Ramos D, PellĂn-CarcelĂ©n A, AgustĂ J, Murgui A, JordĂĄ E, PellĂn A, Monteagudo C (January 2015). "Deregulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression during tumor progression of human cutaneous melanoma".
1884:
are known to bind with the human extracellular matrix component and act in adhesion. GAPDH is found to be surface bound contributing in adhesion and also in competitive exclusion of harmful pathogens. GAPDH from
4280:
Piszczatowski RT, Rafferty BJ, Rozado A, Tobak S, Lents NH (August 2014). "The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GAPDH) is regulated by myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and is induced by calcitriol".
3598:"Surface-bound proteins of Lactobacillus plantarum 423 that contribute to adhesion of Caco-2 cells and their role in competitive exclusion and displacement of Clostridium sporogenes and Enterococcus faecalis"
3195:
Tarze A, Deniaud A, Le Bras M, Maillier E, Molle D, Larochette N, Zamzami N, Jan G, Kroemer G, Brenner C (April 2007). "GAPDH, a novel regulator of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial membrane permeabilization".
3069:
2607:
2067:, recent evidence implicates GAPDH in other cellular processes. GAPDH has been described to exhibit higher order multifunctionality in the context of maintaining cellular iron homeostasis, specifically as a
4695:
Allen M, Cox C, Belbin O, Ma L, Bisceglio GD, Wilcox SL, Howell CC, Hunter TA, Culley O, Walker LP, Carrasquillo MM, Dickson DW, Petersen RC, Graff-Radford NR, Younkin SG, Ertekin-Taner N (January 2012).
2996:
2534:
3512:
Brassard J, Gottschalk M, Quessy S (August 2004). "Cloning and purification of the
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and its involvement as an adhesin".
4660:
Mazzola JL, Sirover MA (October 2002). "Alteration of intracellular structure and function of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: a common phenotype of neurodegenerative disorders?".
3549:"Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a cell surface protein involved in fungal adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and interaction with cells"
2071:
for labile heme within cells. This came as a surprise to researchers but it makes evolutionary sense to re-use and adapt existing proteins instead of evolving a novel protein from scratch.
33:
5051:
3071:
2609:
1763:
residue in the enzyme's active site (general base catalysis). Deprotonation encourages the reformation of the carbonyl group in the subsequent thioester intermediate and ejection of a
2136:, and its expression is positively correlated with tumor progression. Its glycolytic and antiapoptotic functions contribute to proliferation and protection of tumor cells, promoting
6026:
6158:
5036:
4549:"The expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase associated cell cycle (GACC) genes correlates with cancer stage and poor survival in patients with solid tumors"
1526:
GAPDH is encoded by a single gene that produces a single mRNA transcript with 8 splice variants, though an isoform does exist as a separate gene that is expressed only in
1453:
for energy and carbon molecules. In addition to this long established metabolic function, GAPDH has recently been implicated in several non-metabolic processes, including
6235:
252:
5500:
5340:
5278:
5200:
3826:
Patel DK, Shah KR, Pappachan A, Gupta S, Singh DD (October 2016). "Cloning, expression and characterization of a mucin-binding GAPDH from
Lactobacillus acidophilus".
1395:
1229:
1109:
determinants of enzyme thermostability observed in the molecular structure of thermus aquaticus d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase at 2.5 angstroms resolution
4484:
Kumar S, Sheokand N, Mhadeshwar MA, Raje CI, Raje M (January 2012). "Characterization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a novel transferrin receptor".
2099:
has been shown to regulate the GAPDH gene. Hypoxia also strongly upregulates GAPDH. Therefore, the use of GAPDH as loading control has to be considered carefully.
6082:
5677:
1740:
GAPDH uses covalent catalysis and general base catalysis to decrease the very large activation energy of the second step (phosphorylation) of this reaction.
796:
6400:
6057:
6390:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6334:
6019:
4974:
4235:
Barber RD, Harmer DW, Coleman RA, Clark BJ (May 2005). "GAPDH as a housekeeping gene: analysis of GAPDH mRNA expression in a panel of 72 human tissues".
175:
4968:
777:
3019:
3016:
2557:
2554:
2379:
GAPDH's competitor of Siah protein enhances life (GOSPEL) to block GAPDH interaction with Siah1 and, thus, cell death in response to oxidative stress;
5372:
3028:
2566:
3057:
2595:
1852:. This is the 6th step in the glycolytic breakdown of glucose, an important pathway of energy and carbon molecule supply which takes place in the
1732:
coupled to oxidation, and the overall reaction is somewhat endergonic (ÎG°'=+6.3 kJ/mol (+1.5)). Energy coupling here is made possible by GAPDH.
3177:
3787:"Cell surface glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of Lactobacillus plantarum LA 318 recognizes human A and B blood group antigens"
1546:
4184:
Sweeny EA, Singh AB, Chakravarti R, Martinez-Guzman O, Saini A, Haque MM, Garee G, Dans PD, Hannibal L, Reddi AR, Stuehr DJ (September 2018).
3473:"Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in mediating interactions with the human extracellular matrix"
6741:
6228:
6012:
5016:
4959:
4940:
1343:
1177:
3159:
5107:
4049:
Ralser M, Wamelink MM, Kowald A, Gerisch B, Heeren G, Struys EA, Klipp E, Jakobs C, Breitenbach M, Lehrach H, Krobitsch S (December 2007).
1856:
of eukaryotic cells. The conversion occurs in two coupled steps. The first is favourable and allows the second unfavourable step to occur.
4899:
Gerlach M, Reichmann H, Riederer P (2012). "A critical review of evidence for preclinical differences between rasagiline and selegiline".
4788:"Secreted multifunctional Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase sequesters lactoferrin and iron into cells via a non-canonical pathway"
4149:
Boradia VM, Raje M, Raje CI (December 2014). "Protein moonlighting in iron metabolism: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)".
3036:
2574:
3639:"The cell wall-associated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Candida albicans is also a fibronectin and laminin binding protein"
3000:
2538:
3785:
Kinoshita H, Wakahara N, Watanabe M, Kawasaki T, Matsuo H, Kawai Y, Kitazawa H, Ohnuma S, Miura K, Horii A, Saito T (1 November 2008).
3047:
2585:
6148:
6104:
3038:
3024:
3008:
2576:
2562:
2546:
6440:
6339:
6075:
6053:
5876:
3044:
3003:
2582:
2541:
2095:. However, researchers have reported different regulation of GAPDH under specific conditions. For example, the transcription factor
1771:
1038:
3068:
3031:
2606:
2569:
2237:
6221:
5670:
3059:
3058:
3042:
3035:
3032:
2597:
2596:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2079:
Because the GAPDH gene is often stably and constitutively expressed at high levels in most tissues and cells, it is considered a
3066:
3065:
3063:
3021:
2999:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2559:
2537:
5066:
3146:
3020:
3002:
2558:
2540:
1520:
3547:
Barbosa MS, BĂĄo SN, Andreotti PF, de Faria FP, Felipe MS, dos Santos
Feitosa L, Mendes-Giannini MJ, Soares CM (January 2006).
3012:
3011:
2550:
2549:
6178:
5780:
5268:
4991:
provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
3070:
3018:
2608:
2556:
2352:
2205:
1807:
attacks the thioester and forms a tetrahedral intermediate, which then collapses to release 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, and the
238:
213:
6596:
4843:
White MR, Khan MM, Deredge D, Ross CR, Quintyn R, Zucconi BE, Wysocki VH, Wintrode PL, Wilson GM, Garcin ED (January 2015).
1415:
1249:
74:
5745:
5655:
5190:
3025:
3007:
2563:
2545:
1880:
1600:
6711:
4786:
Chauhan AS, Rawat P, Malhotra H, Sheokand N, Kumar M, Patidar A, Chaudhary S, Jakhar P, Raje CI, Raje M (December 2015).
3142:
3039:
3004:
2577:
2542:
155:
3863:"S phase activation of the histone H2B promoter by OCA-S, a coactivator complex that contains GAPDH as a key component"
3067:
3034:
3030:
3023:
2605:
2572:
2568:
2561:
6751:
5766:
5663:
3045:
3037:
3001:
2583:
2575:
2539:
3050:
2588:
1980:, strongly reduces the apoptotic action of GAPDH by preventing its S-nitrosylation and might thus be used as a drug.
251:
3040:
3029:
3013:
2578:
2567:
2551:
6070:
5993:
5353:
5314:
5288:
3006:
2544:
2084:
2037:
1849:
1841:
1693:
1555:
1541:
6581:
244:
6697:
6684:
6671:
6658:
6645:
6632:
6619:
6190:
6136:
6114:
6092:
6049:
5798:
5532:
5330:
5252:
5009:
3072:
3027:
2610:
2565:
1997:
1909:
6591:
3056:
3017:
2594:
2555:
2427:
GAPDH binds to single-stranded RNA and DNA and a number of nucleic acid binding partners have been identified:
1996:. In the cytosol, NADPH is reduced from NADP+ by several enzymes, three of them catalyze the first steps of the
6545:
6488:
6248:
6040:
5100:
3064:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3010:
3005:
2602:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2548:
2543:
2159:
impair GAPDH function, leading to cellular aging and death. Moreover, depletion of GAPDH has managed to induce
1922:
1454:
1435:
163:
6194:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2547:
1403:
1237:
4845:"A dimer interface mutation in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates its binding to AU-rich RNA"
3052:
3051:
3049:
2590:
2589:
2587:
6493:
5821:
5816:
5690:
5492:
5436:
5417:
1721:
822:
6244:
6153:
6065:
5949:
5513:
5473:
4244:
3239:
Zala D, Hinckelmann MV, Yu H, Lyra da Cunha MM, Liot G, CordeliĂšres FP, Marco S, Saudou F (January 2013).
2220:
2197:
1977:
1907:
and ECM, resulting in enhanced colonization of probiotics in the human gut. Patel D. et al., showed that
6514:
6433:
5969:
5900:
5750:
5739:
5226:
2332:
2316:
2264:
2025:
1930:
1824:
227:
6586:
3954:
Hara MR, Thomas B, Cascio MB, Bae BI, Hester LD, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Sawa A, Snyder SH (March 2006).
1399:
1233:
4747:"The macrophage cell surface glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a novel transferrin receptor"
5924:
5871:
5210:
5002:
4799:
4560:
4386:
3967:
2383:
1865:
1466:
1356:
1190:
5259:
5181:
4249:
1840:
As its name indicates, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyses the conversion of
1696:(G3P) at the position-1 (in the diagram it is shown as the 4th carbon from glycolysis), in which an
142:
6756:
6550:
5584:
5174:
5093:
2491:
2305:
2274:
2212:
2068:
1969:
1804:
1017:
996:
988:
984:
980:
954:
933:
929:
919:
915:
911:
907:
5060:: Crystal Structure Of Human Placental Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase At 1.75 Resolution
4318:"Transcriptional profiling of lung cell populations in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension"
2063:
GAPDH, like many other enzymes, has multiple functions. In addition to catalysing the 6th step of
1719:
is transferred to the GAP intermediate to form a product with high phosphoryl-transfer potential:
6483:
4355:
4102:"A GAPDH mutant defective in Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation impedes Rab2-mediated events"
3936:
3892:
3767:
3404:
3221:
187:
1021:
992:
903:
5363:
5321:
2032:
which is part of shipping route for secreted proteins. It was found that GAPDH is recruited by
1573:
1563:
495:
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
6746:
6202:
5217:
5119:
4955:
4936:
4876:
4825:
4768:
4727:
4677:
4637:
4588:
4529:
4501:
4463:
4414:
4347:
4298:
4262:
4217:
4166:
4131:
4082:
4031:
3995:
3928:
3884:
3843:
3808:
3759:
3723:
3668:
3619:
3578:
3529:
3494:
3453:
3396:
3324:
3262:
3213:
2080:
2021:
1988:
GAPDH acts as a reversible metabolic switch under oxidative stress. When cells are exposed to
1501:
1390:
1224:
135:
67:
4186:"Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a chaperone that allocates labile heme in cells"
6529:
6524:
6498:
6426:
6126:
5862:
5523:
5427:
4908:
4866:
4856:
4815:
4807:
4758:
4717:
4709:
4669:
4627:
4619:
4578:
4568:
4493:
4453:
4445:
4404:
4394:
4337:
4329:
4290:
4254:
4207:
4197:
4158:
4121:
4113:
4072:
4062:
4023:
3985:
3975:
3920:
3874:
3835:
3798:
3751:
3713:
3703:
3658:
3650:
3609:
3568:
3560:
3521:
3484:
3443:
3435:
3388:
3314:
3306:
3252:
3205:
2156:
2145:
1972:, thus initiating controlled cell shutdown. In subsequent study the group demonstrated that
1965:
1952:. This is not a third function, but can be seen as an activity mediated by GAPDH binding to
1887:
1516:
1275:
crystal structure of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from pyrococcus horikoshii ot3
331:
262:
2163:
in tumor cells, thus presenting a novel therapeutic strategy for controlling tumor growth.
1704:(ÎG°'=-50 kJ/mol (â12kcal/mol)) and NAD+ is simultaneously reduced endergonically to NADH.
1382:
1216:
183:
6576:
6560:
6473:
5944:
5831:
5698:
5603:
5594:
5295:
4375:"Assembly and regulation of a glycolytic enzyme complex on the human erythrocyte membrane"
3379:
Nicholls C, Li H, Liu JP (August 2012). "GAPDH: a common enzyme with uncommon functions".
2320:
2287:
2189:
2112:
2048:
2033:
2029:
1790:
1729:
1701:
1676:
1654:
1643:
306:
5045:: Crystal structure of the rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
4713:
4316:
Saygin D, Tabib T, Bittar HE, Valenzi E, Sembrat J, Chan SY, Rojas M, Lafyatis R (2008).
2995:
2533:
6004:
4803:
4608:"Accelerated cellular senescence phenotype of GAPDH-depleted human lung carcinoma cells"
4564:
4390:
3971:
2115:, GAPDH and several other glycolytic enzymes assemble in complexes on the inside of the
1956:
like in transcription activation, discussed above. The study demonstrated that GAPDH is
1500:
group each and critical to the enzyme's catalytic function. Nuclear GAPDH has increased
6725:
6614:
6555:
6036:
4871:
4844:
4820:
4787:
4722:
4697:
4632:
4607:
4583:
4548:
4458:
4433:
4342:
4317:
4258:
4212:
4185:
4126:
4101:
4077:
4050:
3990:
3955:
3718:
3687:
3573:
3548:
3448:
3423:
3319:
3294:
3091:
1753:
5483:
4673:
4434:"Structural analysis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase functional diversity"
4409:
4374:
3879:
3862:
3663:
3638:
3637:
Gozalbo D, Gil-Navarro I, AzorĂn I, Renau-Piqueras J, MartĂnez JP, Gil ML (May 1998).
3112:
3095:
3082:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
6735:
6519:
6478:
6309:
6213:
5915:
4988:
4117:
4051:"Dynamic rerouting of the carbohydrate flux is key to counteracting oxidative stress"
3755:
3392:
2496:
2137:
2116:
1874:
1348:
1182:
466:
4359:
3771:
3654:
3408:
3225:
1665:
1299:
1133:
167:
6468:
5632:
3940:
3896:
3839:
2402:
2346:
2261:
2177:
2173:
2149:
2088:
2009:
2001:
1957:
1942:
1378:
1212:
324:
204:
3564:
3310:
1752:
residue in the active site of GAPDH attacks the carbonyl group of G3P, creating a
1715:
second reaction (ÎG°'=+50 kJ/mol (+12kcal/mol)), in which a molecule of inorganic
1312:
1146:
4573:
4497:
4449:
3803:
3786:
3614:
3597:
3525:
1324:
1158:
191:
6692:
6627:
6463:
5887:
5735:
3182:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
3164:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2450:
2444:
2438:
2326:
2309:
2291:
2284:
2005:
1892:
1775:
1764:
1527:
1512:
50:
6720:
5085:
4912:
4623:
4379:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4294:
4027:
3960:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3295:"The diverse functions of GAPDH: views from different subcellular compartments"
3257:
3240:
6173:
6096:
5891:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5719:
5694:
5686:
5148:
5116:
4333:
3439:
2518:
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
2506:
2501:
2459:
2408:
2299:
2201:
2193:
2181:
2160:
2064:
2052:
1968:. The complex moves into the nucleus where Siah1 targets nuclear proteins for
1934:
1869:
1712:
1508:
1446:
221:
171:
4202:
2390:
GAPDH and, in turn, enhances the acetylation of additional apoptotic targets;
1868:
is its role in adhesion and binding to other partners. Bacterial GAPDH from
6666:
6640:
6140:
5139:
4861:
4399:
3980:
3686:
Deng Z, Dai T, Zhang W, Zhu J, Luo XM, Fu D, Liu J, Wang H (December 2020).
2387:
2373:
2176:
precursor protein (betaAPP) could interfere with its function regarding the
1949:
1900:
1820:
1783:
1760:
1716:
1708:
1485:
1470:
1458:
741:
424:
345:
290:
277:
179:
4880:
4829:
4772:
4763:
4746:
4731:
4681:
4641:
4592:
4533:
4505:
4467:
4418:
4351:
4302:
4266:
4221:
4170:
4135:
4086:
4035:
3999:
3932:
3888:
3847:
3812:
3763:
3727:
3623:
3582:
3533:
3498:
3489:
3472:
3457:
3400:
3328:
3266:
3217:
3209:
3672:
1352:
1270:
1186:
1104:
1083:
1078:
525:
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity
6395:
5935:
4698:"Association and heterogeneity at the GAPDH locus in Alzheimer's disease"
3708:
3424:"Dynamic dissociating homo-oligomers and the control of protein function"
3241:"Vesicular glycolysis provides on-board energy for fast axonal transport"
2477:
2465:
2152:
2141:
2133:
2083:. For this reason, GAPDH is commonly used by biological researchers as a
2045:
1973:
1960:
by NO in response to cell stress, which causes it to bind to the protein
1749:
1697:
1505:
1489:
1319:
1153:
1067:
884:
865:
4162:
1523:
of cytoplasmic GAPDH contribute to its functions outside of glycolysis.
1438:
6385:
6380:
6349:
6344:
6296:
6291:
6283:
6276:
6271:
6266:
5911:
5826:
5538:
5132:
2295:
2245:
2108:
1989:
1938:
1896:
1853:
1789:
This thioester species is much higher in energy (less stable) than the
1450:
1336:
1331:
1170:
1165:
851:
808:
712:
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide
4811:
4016:
American
Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
3956:"Neuroprotection by pharmacologic blockade of the GAPDH death cascade"
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
6679:
6449:
6168:
6163:
6118:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5701:
2366:
2345:), thus converting oxidized APE1 to its reduced form, to restart its
1473:
1442:
1410:
1244:
1051:
763:
17:
4067:
3924:
3688:"Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Increases the Adhesion of
2132:
GAPDH is overexpressed in multiple human cancers, such as cutaneous
5642:
2376:
and degrades nuclear proteins during nitrosative stress conditions;
2372:
Siah1 to form a complex that translocates to the nucleus, where it
2271:
2236:
GAPDH participates in a number of biological functions through its
2196:. In addition, nuclear translocation of GAPDH has been reported in
146:, GAPD, G3PD, HEL-S-162eP, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
6653:
6318:
2414:
2393:
skeletal muscle-specific Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase;
2342:
2280:
2257:
2251:
2209:
1993:
1961:
1904:
1808:
1497:
726:
722:
5839:
5835:
5762:
5758:
5754:
2432:
2362:
2270:
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor to regulate intracellular
2185:
2096:
2092:
2041:
1779:
1680:
1669:
1658:
1647:
1462:
1372:
1306:
1294:
1206:
1140:
1128:
159:
6422:
6217:
6008:
5659:
5089:
4998:
4894:
4892:
4890:
2184:
could interfere with its function regarding apoptosis, nuclear
5731:
5727:
5723:
4994:
2471:
2396:
2356:
1953:
1493:
4745:
Raje CI, Kumar S, Harle A, Nanda JS, Raje M (February 2007).
4606:
Phadke M, Krynetskaia N, Mishra A, Krynetskiy E (July 2011).
1945:
and may thus link the metabolic state to gene transcription.
4486:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
4438:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
2994:
2532:
1098:
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain
3110:
The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways:
2329:
on the surface of diverse cells and in extracellular fluid;
1264:
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, C-terminal domain
6418:
1992:, they need excessive amounts of the antioxidant cofactor
3293:
Tristan C, Shahani N, Sedlak TW, Sawa A (February 2011).
1933:, two proteins previously only thought to be involved in
34:
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (disambiguation)
314:
3381:
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
1929:
transcriptional coactivator complex contains GAPDH and
2417:
can self-associate into homotypic oligomers/aggregates
6709:
436:
6159:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
6605:
6569:
6538:
6507:
6456:
6358:
6327:
6307:
6256:
6189:
6135:
6113:
6091:
6048:
5962:
5933:
5909:
5885:
5860:
5853:
5708:
4612:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
4283:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2200:(PD), and several anti-apoptotic PD drugs, such as
1409:
1389:
1371:
1366:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1305:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1205:
1200:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1139:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1097:
1010:
973:
947:
902:
4952:Biochemistry, Fifth Edition & Lecture Notebook
3828:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
3138:
3136:
3134:
5970:Fructose 6-P,2-kinase:fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase
3596:Ramiah K, van Reenen CA, Dicks LM (1 July 2008).
1948:In 2005, Hara et al. showed that GAPDH initiates
261:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
2111:and so does the reaction catalysed by GAPDH. In
2008:as well as being essential for the recycling of
1445:of about 37kDa that catalyzes the sixth step of
4655:
4653:
4651:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
2998:
2536:
2180:or membrane transport, while interactions with
6083:Mycothiol-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase
4373:Campanella ME, Chu H, Low PS (February 2005).
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
1891:is found to cell-wall associated and binds to
1515:is required for the induction of apoptosis by
530:aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
6434:
6229:
6020:
5671:
5101:
5010:
4547:Wang D, Moothart DR, Lowy DR, Qian X (2013).
4479:
4477:
1770:Next, an adjacent, tightly bound molecule of
1492:. This form is composed of four identical 37-
707:negative regulation of endopeptidase activity
8:
3471:Dumke R, Hausner M, Jacobs E (August 2011).
1913:GAPDH binds with mucin, acting in adhesion.
3696:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3692:to Host Mucin to Enhance Probiotic Effects"
3143:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000111640
6441:
6427:
6419:
6236:
6222:
6214:
6027:
6013:
6005:
5857:
5712:
5678:
5664:
5656:
5108:
5094:
5086:
5017:
5003:
4995:
2107:All steps of glycolysis take place in the
1976:, which has been used clinically to treat
1782:while the hemithioacetal is oxidized to a
1363:
1269:
1197:
1103:
899:
737:
462:
302:
199:
85:
27:Enzyme of the glycolysis metabolic pathway
4870:
4860:
4819:
4762:
4721:
4631:
4582:
4572:
4457:
4408:
4398:
4341:
4248:
4211:
4201:
4125:
4076:
4066:
3989:
3979:
3878:
3802:
3717:
3707:
3662:
3613:
3572:
3488:
3447:
3318:
3256:
2020:GAPDH also appears to be involved in the
5812:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
5075:: Crsytal Structure of Human Liver GAPDH
1903:species are known to bind human colonic
1811:group of the enzyme's cysteine residue.
1759:The hemithioacetal is deprotonated by a
1428:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
566:intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
505:peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity
380:Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii
6716:
5032:
4977:from Alberts The Cell at NCBI bookshelf
4969:diagram of the GAPDH reaction mechanism
4950:Stryer L, Berg JM, Tymoczko JL (2002).
3861:Zheng L, Roeder RG, Luo Y (July 2003).
3428:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
3130:
3103:
2219:gene may be associated with late onset
1692:The first reaction is the oxidation of
1496:subunits containing a single catalytic
642:peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation
6381:α-Aminoadipic semialdehyde â (ALDH7A1)
1598:
1547:glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
1545:
1260:
1094:
40:
4100:Tisdale EJ, Artalejo CR (June 2007).
3081:|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
687:microtubule cytoskeleton organization
677:cellular response to interferon-gamma
266:
225:
220:
7:
6408:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate â (GAPDH)
4714:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.002
2341:Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (
1633:
1625:
1568:
6335:Dimeric NADP-preferring â (ALDH3A1)
4849:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4751:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4190:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2254:to facilitate actin polymerization;
2248:to facilitate microtubule bundling;
1756:intermediate (covalent catalysis).
1707:The energy released by this highly
6149:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
6105:Formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
4259:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00025.2005
3422:Selwood T, Jaffe EK (March 2012).
2140:. Notably, GAPDH protects against
1484:Under normal cellular conditions,
1007:
970:
944:
875:
856:
832:
813:
787:
768:
657:negative regulation of translation
535:disordered domain specific binding
441:
402:
340:
319:
25:
6076:Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase
5877:Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
4971:from Lodish MCB at NCBI bookshelf
3113:"GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"
2040:of the ER where it helps to form
1504:(pI) of pH 8.3â8.7. Of note, the
388:lateral nuclear group of thalamus
6719:
5641:
5618:
5593:
5558:
5522:
5499:
5482:
5451:
5426:
5392:
5362:
5339:
5320:
5294:
5277:
5258:
5241:
5216:
5199:
5180:
5163:
5138:
5065:
5050:
5035:
4954:. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
4151:Biochemical Society Transactions
4118:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00569.x
3756:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03679.x
3393:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05599.x
3094:Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
1599:
1572:
1562:
1521:post-translational modifications
250:
243:
237:
212:
49:
3744:Journal of Applied Microbiology
3655:10.1128/IAI.66.5.2052-2059.1998
2353:Promyelocytic leukaemia protein
586:perinuclear region of cytoplasm
5781:Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
3840:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.041
2369:during low glucose conditions;
1711:oxidation reaction drives the
1469:. In sperm, a testis-specific
1449:and thus serves to break down
425:More reference expression data
1:
4674:10.1016/s0161-813x(02)00062-1
3880:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00552-X
3565:10.1128/IAI.74.1.382-389.2006
3311:10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.08.003
2423:Nucleic acid binding partners
2290:OCA-S, which is required for
2155:. Meanwhile, conditions like
1881:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
1463:ER-to-Golgi vesicle shuttling
1367:Available protein structures:
1201:Available protein structures:
235:
6742:Genes on human chromosome 12
4574:10.1371/journal.pone.0061262
4498:10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.016
4450:10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.026
4432:Sirover MA (December 2014).
3804:10.1016/j.resmic.2008.07.005
3615:10.1016/j.resmic.2008.06.002
3526:10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.05.008
2405:precursor protein (betaAPP);
2238:proteinâprotein interactions
1488:GAPDH exists primarily as a
692:regulation of macroautophagy
5767:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
1917:Transcription and apoptosis
364:paraflocculus of cerebellum
6773:
6340:Fatty aldehyde â (ALDH3A2)
6071:Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
5994:Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
5373:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
5354:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
5315:Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
5289:Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
4913:10.1016/j.baga.2012.04.032
4624:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.165
4295:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.082
4028:10.1152/ajplung.00219.2012
3258:10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.029
2038:vesicular-tubular clusters
1937:. GAPDH moves between the
1921:GAPDH can itself activate
1850:glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate
1842:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1694:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1688:Two-step conversion of G3P
1616:
1607:
1589:
1580:
1556:glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate
1542:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1457:activation, initiation of
31:
6597:MichaelisâMenten kinetics
6288:Formyltetrahydrofolate â
5807:
5799:Triosephosphate isomerase
5776:
5715:
5253:Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
5126:
5030:
4334:10.1007/s11684-008-0045-7
3440:10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.020
3178:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
3160:"Human PubMed Reference:"
2265:membrane permeabilization
2148:drugs that stimulate the
2044:. GAPDH is activated via
1998:pentose phosphate pathway
1910:Lactobacillus acidophilus
1819:This protein may use the
1571:
1561:
1362:
1268:
1196:
1102:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1050:
1033:
1014:
977:
966:
951:
926:
895:
882:
878:
863:
859:
850:
839:
835:
820:
816:
807:
794:
790:
775:
771:
762:
747:
740:
736:
720:
702:glucose metabolic process
682:regulation of translation
626:ribonucleoprotein complex
515:identical protein binding
465:
461:
449:
444:
435:
422:
409:
405:
352:
343:
313:
305:
301:
284:
271:
234:
211:
202:
198:
153:
150:
140:
133:
128:
93:
88:
71:
66:
61:
57:
48:
43:
6489:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4931:Voet D, Voet JG (2010).
4203:10.1074/jbc.RA118.004169
3791:Research in Microbiology
3602:Research in Microbiology
2232:Protein binding partners
647:neuron apoptotic process
571:microtubule cytoskeleton
6245:Aldehyde dehydrogenases
5822:Phosphoglycerate mutase
5817:Phosphoglycerate kinase
5691:carbohydrate metabolism
5493:Phosphoglycerate mutase
5437:Phosphoglycerate kinase
5418:1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
4862:10.1074/jbc.M114.618165
4400:10.1073/pnas.0409741102
3981:10.1073/pnas.0511321103
3514:Veterinary Microbiology
2513:Interactive pathway map
1722:1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
520:oxidoreductase activity
6154:Pyruvate dehydrogenase
6066:Aldehyde dehydrogenase
5950:Glycerol dehydrogenase
4764:10.1074/jbc.M608328200
4708:(1): 203.e25â203.e33.
4237:Physiological Genomics
3643:Infection and Immunity
3553:Infection and Immunity
3490:10.1099/mic.0.048298-0
3210:10.1038/sj.onc.1210074
3075:
2613:
2144:shortening induced by
2075:Use as loading control
1878:and fungal GAPDH from
1866:moonlighting functions
1728:This is an example of
1465:, and fast axonal, or
1039:Chr 12: 6.53 â 6.54 Mb
372:triceps brachii muscle
6582:EadieâHofstee diagram
6515:Allosteric regulation
5901:Lactate dehydrogenase
5751:Phosphofructokinase 1
5740:Glucose 6-phosphatase
5269:Fructose-bisphosphate
5227:Phosphofructokinase-1
4702:Neurobiology of Aging
4322:Pulmonary Circulation
3690:Lactobacillus reuteri
3074:
2612:
2333:Lactate dehydrogenase
2317:endoplasmic reticulum
2123:Clinical significance
2103:Cellular distribution
2091:and as a control for
2026:endoplasmic reticulum
2016:ER-to-Golgi transport
1931:lactate dehydrogenase
1825:allosteric regulation
1511:C152 in the enzyme's
672:protein stabilization
601:extracellular exosome
228:Chromosome 12 (human)
6592:LineweaverâBurk plot
5925:Alanine transaminase
5872:Pyruvate carboxylase
5854:Gluconeogenesis only
5211:Fructose 6-phosphate
3709:10.3390/ijms21249756
2384:CREB binding protein
2267:(MMP) and apoptosis;
2059:Additional functions
1700:is converted into a
1467:axoplasmic transport
667:canonical glycolysis
616:extracellular matrix
480:transferase activity
89:List of PDB id codes
62:Available structures
32:For other uses, see
6195:ironâsulfur protein
5585:Phosphoenolpyruvate
5191:Glucose-6-phosphate
5175:Glucose 6-phosphate
4935:. New York: Wiley.
4804:2015NatSR...518465C
4565:2013PLoSO...861262W
4522:Anticancer Research
4391:2005PNAS..102.2402C
4196:(37): 14557â14568.
4163:10.1042/BST20140220
3972:2006PNAS..103.3887H
3913:Nature Cell Biology
3483:(Pt 8): 2328â2338.
3299:Cellular Signalling
2492:Desmethylselegiline
2359:-dependent fashion;
2315:Rab2 to facilitate
2221:Alzheimer's disease
2198:Parkinson's disease
1978:Parkinson's disease
1805:inorganic phosphate
485:microtubule binding
6752:Glycolysis enzymes
6551:Enzyme superfamily
6484:Enzyme promiscuity
5640:
5631:
5592:
5583:
5521:
5514:2-Phosphoglycerate
5512:
5481:
5474:3-Phosphoglycerate
5472:
5425:
5416:
5361:
5352:
4792:Scientific Reports
4055:Journal of Biology
3076:
2614:
1798:2: Phosphorylation
662:glycolytic process
635:Biological process
544:Cellular component
473:Molecular function
6707:
6706:
6416:
6415:
6211:
6210:
6203:Pyruvate synthase
6002:
6001:
5958:
5957:
5849:
5848:
5746:Glucose isomerase
5653:
5652:
5638:
5629:
5590:
5581:
5519:
5510:
5479:
5470:
5423:
5414:
5359:
5350:
5120:metabolic pathway
5083:
5082:
4961:978-0-7167-9804-0
4942:978-0-470-57095-1
4812:10.1038/srep18465
4022:(10): L889âL898.
3966:(10): 3887â3889.
3797:(9â10): 685â691.
3204:(18): 2606â2620.
2365:to sequester the
2294:synthesis during
2208:rs3741916 in the
2167:Neurodegeneration
2081:housekeeping gene
2069:chaperone protein
2022:vesicle transport
1864:One of the GAPDH
1847:
1683:Pathway Database.
1672:Pathway Database.
1661:Pathway Database.
1650:Pathway Database.
1639:
1638:
1553:
1502:isoelectric point
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:structure summary
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:structure summary
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1062:
1061:
1029:
1028:
1004:
1003:
962:
961:
941:
940:
891:
890:
872:
871:
846:
845:
829:
828:
803:
802:
784:
783:
732:
731:
697:apoptotic process
457:
456:
453:
452:
431:
430:
418:
417:
399:
398:
297:
296:
192:GAPDH - orthologs
124:
123:
120:
119:
72:Ortholog search:
16:(Redirected from
6764:
6724:
6723:
6715:
6587:HanesâWoolf plot
6530:Enzyme activator
6525:Enzyme inhibitor
6499:Enzyme catalysis
6443:
6436:
6429:
6420:
6263:Retinaldehyde â
6238:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6127:Aldehyde oxidase
6029:
6022:
6015:
6006:
5858:
5713:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5657:
5645:
5622:
5597:
5562:
5526:
5503:
5486:
5455:
5430:
5396:
5366:
5343:
5324:
5298:
5281:
5262:
5245:
5220:
5203:
5184:
5167:
5142:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5087:
5069:
5054:
5039:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4996:
4965:
4946:
4917:
4916:
4896:
4885:
4884:
4874:
4864:
4855:(3): 1770â1785.
4840:
4834:
4833:
4823:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4766:
4757:(5): 3252â3261.
4742:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4668:(4â5): 603â609.
4657:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4576:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4402:
4385:(7): 2402â2407.
4370:
4364:
4363:
4345:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4252:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4205:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4157:(6): 1796â1801.
4146:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3882:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3750:(6): 1667â1674.
3738:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3649:(5): 2052â2059.
3634:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3376:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3290:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3150:
3140:
3117:
3116:
3108:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2157:oxidative stress
2146:chemotherapeutic
1984:Metabolic switch
1966:ubiquitin ligase
1888:Candida albicans
1845:
1684:
1673:
1662:
1651:
1603:
1576:
1566:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1517:oxidative stress
1364:
1273:
1261:
1198:
1107:
1095:
1075:
1074:
1046:
1041:
1024:
1008:
999:
971:
967:RefSeq (protein)
957:
945:
936:
900:
876:
857:
833:
814:
788:
769:
738:
556:nuclear membrane
463:
442:
427:
403:
384:Brodmann area 46
368:Brodmann area 10
348:
346:Top expressed in
341:
320:
303:
293:
280:
269:
254:
247:
241:
230:
216:
200:
194:
145:
138:
115:
86:
80:
59:
58:
53:
41:
21:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6761:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6718:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6615:Oxidoreductases
6601:
6577:Enzyme kinetics
6565:
6561:List of enzymes
6534:
6503:
6474:Catalytic triad
6452:
6447:
6417:
6412:
6354:
6323:
6303:
6252:
6242:
6212:
6207:
6185:
6131:
6109:
6087:
6044:
6037:oxidoreductases
6033:
6003:
5998:
5954:
5945:Glycerol kinase
5929:
5905:
5881:
5845:
5832:Pyruvate kinase
5803:
5772:
5704:
5699:gluconeogenesis
5684:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:Pyruvate kinase
5599:
5598:
5588:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5533:Phosphopyruvate
5528:
5527:
5517:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5357:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5331:Triosephosphate
5326:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5143:
5136:
5122:
5114:
5084:
5079:
5076:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5046:
5040:
5026:
5023:
4985:
4980:
4975:similar diagram
4962:
4949:
4943:
4930:
4926:
4924:Further reading
4921:
4920:
4898:
4897:
4888:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4662:Neurotoxicology
4659:
4658:
4649:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4250:10.1.1.459.7039
4234:
4233:
4229:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4068:10.1186/jbiol61
4048:
4047:
4043:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3925:10.1038/ncb1268
3909:
3908:
3904:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3378:
3377:
3336:
3292:
3291:
3274:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3141:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3073:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2515:
2488:
2483:
2425:
2420:
2234:
2229:
2190:DNA replication
2169:
2130:
2125:
2113:red blood cells
2105:
2085:loading control
2077:
2061:
2049:phosphorylation
2030:Golgi apparatus
2018:
1986:
1919:
1862:
1838:
1833:
1817:
1800:
1791:carboxylic acid
1746:
1738:
1730:phosphorylation
1702:carboxylic acid
1690:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1641:
1614:
1587:
1536:
1482:
1276:
1110:
1084:View/Edit Mouse
1079:View/Edit Human
1044:
1037:
1034:Location (UCSC)
1020:
1016:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
953:
932:
928:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
823:ENSG00000111640
716:
652:gluconeogenesis
630:
581:plasma membrane
539:
500:protein binding
423:
414:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
344:
288:
275:
267:
257:
256:
255:
248:
226:
203:Gene location (
154:
141:
134:
95:
73:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6770:
6768:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6705:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6688:
6675:
6662:
6649:
6636:
6623:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6540:
6539:Classification
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6423:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6218:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6123:
6121:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6062:
6060:
6046:
6045:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5748:
5743:
5716:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5639:2 Ă
5637:
5627:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5601:
5600:
5591:2 Ă
5589:
5579:
5578:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5530:
5529:
5520:2 Ă
5518:
5508:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5490:
5489:
5480:2 Ă
5478:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5433:
5424:2 Ă
5422:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5370:
5369:
5360:2 Ă
5358:
5348:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5328:
5327:
5319:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5293:
5286:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5250:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5223:
5215:
5208:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5172:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4984:
4983:External links
4981:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4941:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4886:
4835:
4778:
4737:
4687:
4647:
4618:(2): 409â415.
4598:
4539:
4528:(1): 439â444.
4511:
4492:(1): 189â199.
4473:
4424:
4365:
4328:(1): 239â243.
4308:
4289:(1): 137â141.
4272:
4243:(3): 389â395.
4227:
4176:
4141:
4112:(6): 733â741.
4092:
4041:
4005:
3946:
3919:(7): 665â674.
3902:
3873:(2): 255â266.
3853:
3818:
3777:
3733:
3678:
3629:
3608:(6): 470â475.
3588:
3559:(1): 382â389.
3539:
3520:(1â2): 87â94.
3504:
3463:
3434:(2): 131â143.
3414:
3387:(8): 674â679.
3334:
3305:(2): 317â323.
3272:
3251:(3): 479â491.
3231:
3187:
3169:
3151:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3089:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2380:
2377:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2313:
2303:
2278:
2268:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2168:
2165:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2104:
2101:
2076:
2073:
2060:
2057:
2042:COP 1 vesicles
2017:
2014:
1985:
1982:
1958:S-nitrosylated
1918:
1915:
1861:
1858:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1816:
1813:
1799:
1796:
1754:hemithioacetal
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1689:
1686:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1532:
1481:
1478:
1476:is expressed.
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1001:
975:
974:
968:
964:
963:
960:
959:
949:
948:
942:
939:
938:
924:
923:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
880:
879:
873:
870:
869:
861:
860:
854:
848:
847:
844:
843:
837:
836:
830:
827:
826:
818:
817:
811:
805:
804:
801:
800:
792:
791:
785:
782:
781:
773:
772:
766:
760:
759:
754:
749:
745:
744:
734:
733:
730:
729:
718:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
638:
636:
632:
631:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
545:
541:
540:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
474:
470:
469:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
439:
433:
432:
429:
428:
420:
419:
416:
415:
413:
410:
407:
406:
400:
397:
396:
394:
393:
392:body of tongue
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:deltoid muscle
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
349:
337:
336:
328:
317:
311:
310:
307:RNA expression
299:
298:
295:
294:
286:
282:
281:
273:
270:
265:
259:
258:
249:
242:
236:
232:
231:
224:
218:
217:
209:
208:
196:
195:
152:
148:
147:
139:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
91:
90:
82:
81:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6769:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6699:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:Enzyme family
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6520:Cooperativity
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Oxyanion hole
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6439:
6437:
6432:
6430:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:mitochondrial
6306:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6234:
6232:
6227:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6035:Aldehyde/oxo
6030:
6025:
6023:
6018:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6007:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5961:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:Alanine cycle
5913:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5644:
5635:
5634:
5621:
5606:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5561:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5502:
5495:
5494:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5454:
5439:
5438:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5395:
5377:
5376:
5375:dehydrogenase
5365:
5356:
5355:
5342:
5335:
5334:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5305:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5273:
5272:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5229:
5228:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5166:
5151:
5150:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5074:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5020:
5015:
5013:
5008:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4914:
4910:
4907:(4): S9âS15.
4906:
4902:
4901:Basal Ganglia
4895:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:(4): e61262.
4558:
4554:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3084:
2997:
2535:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Koningic acid
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:(CBP), which
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:ubiquitinates
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2312:organization;
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:mitochondrial
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:tumorigenesis
2135:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2117:cell membrane
2114:
2110:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:transcription
1916:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1899:. GAPDH from
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:Streptococcus
1871:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:transcription
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:(abbreviated
1429:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
972:
969:
965:
958:
956:
950:
946:
943:
937:
935:
931:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:
896:RefSeq (mRNA)
894:
887:
886:
881:
877:
874:
868:
867:
862:
858:
855:
853:
849:
842:
838:
834:
831:
825:
824:
819:
815:
812:
810:
806:
799:
798:
793:
789:
786:
780:
779:
774:
770:
767:
765:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
728:
724:
719:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:lipid droplet
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
546:
543:
542:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:Gene ontology
464:
460:
448:
443:
440:
438:
434:
426:
421:
411:
408:
404:
401:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
351:
347:
342:
339:
338:
335:
333:
329:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
287:
283:
279:
274:
264:
260:
253:
246:
240:
233:
229:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
144:
137:
132:
127:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
87:
84:
83:
79:
76:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
6693:Translocases
6690:
6677:
6664:
6651:
6638:
6628:Transferases
6625:
6612:
6469:Binding site
6407:
5863:oxaloacetate
5811:
5628:
5602:
5580:
5531:
5509:
5491:
5469:
5435:
5413:
5371:
5349:
5329:
5313:
5303:
5287:
5267:
5251:
5225:
5209:
5189:
5173:
5147:
5131:
5072:
5057:
5042:
4951:
4933:Biochemistry
4932:
4904:
4900:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4705:
4701:
4690:
4665:
4661:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4489:
4485:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3963:
3959:
3949:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3702:(24): 9756.
3699:
3695:
3689:
3681:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3480:
3477:Microbiology
3476:
3466:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3384:
3380:
3302:
3298:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3106:
2517:
2516:
2426:
2403:Beta-amyloid
2355:(PML) in an
2347:endonuclease
2338:Lactoferrin;
2283:to form the
2235:
2227:Interactions
2216:
2178:cytoskeleton
2174:beta-amyloid
2170:
2150:sphingolipid
2131:
2106:
2089:western blot
2078:
2062:
2028:(ER) to the
2019:
2010:gluthathione
2002:glutaredoxin
1987:
1947:
1926:
1920:
1908:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1839:
1818:
1801:
1788:
1774:accepts the
1769:
1758:
1747:
1744:1: Oxidation
1739:
1727:
1720:
1706:
1691:
1640:
1618:
1609:
1591:
1582:
1525:
1483:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1018:NP_001276655
1015:
997:NP_001344872
989:NP_001276675
985:NP_001276674
981:NP_001243728
978:
955:XM_001476707
952:
934:NM_001357944
930:NM_001357943
927:
920:NM_001357938
916:NM_001289746
912:NM_001289745
908:NM_001256799
883:
864:
840:
821:
795:
776:
756:
751:
596:cytoskeleton
591:GAIT complex
510:NADP binding
356:frontal pole
330:
323:
151:External IDs
94:
38:
29:
6464:Active site
5736:Glucokinase
5025:PDB gallery
3834:: 338â346.
2451:Hepatitis C
2445:Hepatitis B
2439:Hepatitis A
2327:Transferrin
2310:microtubule
2292:histone H2B
2285:coactivator
2188:transport,
2006:thioredoxin
1970:degradation
1893:Fibronectin
1776:hydride ion
1765:hydride ion
1725:(1,3-BPG).
1528:spermatozoa
1519:. Notably,
1513:active site
1486:cytoplasmic
1281:Identifiers
1115:Identifiers
490:NAD binding
129:Identifiers
6757:Glycolysis
6736:Categories
6667:Isomerases
6641:Hydrolases
6508:Regulation
6308:Family 2 (
6097:cytochrome
5963:Regulatory
5892:Cori cycle
5783:(Aldolase
5720:Hexokinase
5709:Glycolysis
5695:glycolysis
5687:Metabolism
5149:Hexokinase
5117:Glycolysis
3149:, May 2017
3125:References
2507:Selegiline
2502:Rasagiline
2486:Inhibitors
2460:lymphokine
2453:viral RNA,
2447:viral RNA,
2441:viral RNA,
2409:Huntingtin
2388:acetylates
2323:transport;
2300:cell cycle
2260:to induce
2202:rasagiline
2194:DNA repair
2182:huntingtin
2161:senescence
2065:glycolysis
1935:metabolism
1901:probiotics
1870:Mycoplasma
1815:Regulation
1778:, forming
1713:endergonic
1447:glycolysis
1379:structures
1213:structures
334:(ortholog)
289:6,538,374
276:6,534,512
172:HomoloGene
6546:EC number
6141:disulfide
5535:hydratase
5333:isomerase
5193:isomerase
4798:: 18465.
4444:: 20â26.
4245:CiteSeerX
4061:(4): 10.
2478:telomeric
2474:mRNA, and
2349:activity;
2275:signaling
2024:from the
1950:apoptosis
1836:Metabolic
1823:model of
1821:morpheein
1784:thioester
1761:histidine
1748:First, a
1736:Mechanism
1717:phosphate
1709:exergonic
1675:Compound
1664:Reaction
1642:Compound
1480:Structure
1471:isoenzyme
1459:apoptosis
1337:PDOC00069
1325:IPR020829
1171:PDOC00069
1159:IPR020828
1022:NP_032110
993:NP_002037
904:NM_002046
797:100042025
742:Orthologs
621:cytoplasm
180:GeneCards
6747:EC 1.2.1
6570:Kinetics
6494:Cofactor
6457:Activity
6401:ALDH18A1
6396:ALDH16A1
6328:Family 3
6257:Family 1
5936:glycerol
5763:Platelet
5633:Pyruvate
5407:NADH + H
5387:NADH + H
5271:aldolase
4881:25451934
4830:26672975
4773:17121833
4732:20864222
4682:12428732
4642:21749859
4593:23620736
4553:PLOS ONE
4534:25550585
4506:22062951
4468:25286305
4419:15701694
4360:85327763
4352:32166015
4303:25065746
4267:15769908
4222:30012884
4171:25399609
4136:17488287
4087:18154684
4036:23064950
4000:16505364
3933:15951807
3889:12887926
3848:27180300
3813:18790050
3772:22346488
3764:18194256
3728:33371288
3624:18619532
3583:16368993
3534:15288930
3499:21546586
3458:22182754
3409:23499684
3401:21895736
3329:20727968
3267:23374344
3226:20291542
3218:17072346
3198:Oncogene
3145:–
2153:ceramide
2142:telomere
2134:melanoma
2046:tyrosine
1990:oxidants
1974:deprenyl
1941:and the
1860:Adhesion
1831:Function
1750:cysteine
1698:aldehyde
1655:1.2.1.12
1534:Reaction
1506:cysteine
1490:tetramer
1441:) is an
1439:1.2.1.12
1396:RCSB PDB
1320:InterPro
1230:RCSB PDB
1154:InterPro
1068:Wikidata
721:Sources:
561:membrane
268:12p13.31
6726:Biology
6680:Ligases
6450:Enzymes
6391:ALDH9A1
6386:ALDH8A1
6376:ALDH6A1
6371:ALDH5A1
6366:ALDH4A1
6350:ALDH3B2
6345:ALDH3B1
6297:ALDH1L2
6292:ALDH1L1
6284:ALDH1B1
6277:ALDH1A3
6272:ALDH1A2
6267:ALDH1A1
5912:alanine
5888:lactate
5827:Enolase
5702:enzymes
5539:enolase
5133:Glucose
4989:PDBe-KB
4872:4340419
4821:4682080
4800:Bibcode
4723:3017231
4633:3154080
4584:3631177
4561:Bibcode
4459:4268148
4387:Bibcode
4343:7052475
4213:6139559
4127:3775588
4106:Traffic
4078:2373902
3991:1450161
3968:Bibcode
3941:1922911
3897:5543647
3719:7766874
3673:9573088
3574:1346668
3449:3298769
3320:3084531
3147:Ensembl
2527:[[File:
2308:to aid
2298:of the
2296:S phase
2288:complex
2246:tubulin
2215:of the
2109:cytosol
2036:to the
1943:nucleus
1939:cytosol
1897:Laminin
1854:cytosol
1653:Enzyme
1631:
1626:
1569:
1509:residue
1451:glucose
1332:PROSITE
1300:PF02800
1289:Gp_dh_C
1166:PROSITE
1134:PF00044
1123:Gp_dh_N
852:UniProt
809:Ensembl
748:Species
727:QuickGO
611:nucleus
606:cytosol
551:vesicle
309:pattern
168:5434255
136:Aliases
6712:Portal
6654:Lyases
6251:1.2.1)
6169:BCKDHB
6164:BCKDHA
6119:oxygen
5987:PFKFB4
5983:PFKFB3
5979:PFKFB2
5975:PFKFB1
5759:Muscle
5567:
5546:
5401:NAD+ P
5381:NAD+ P
4958:
4939:
4879:
4869:
4828:
4818:
4771:
4730:
4720:
4680:
4640:
4630:
4591:
4581:
4532:
4504:
4466:
4456:
4417:
4410:549020
4407:
4358:
4350:
4340:
4301:
4265:
4247:
4220:
4210:
4169:
4134:
4124:
4085:
4075:
4034:
3998:
3988:
3939:
3931:
3895:
3887:
3846:
3811:
3770:
3762:
3726:
3716:
3671:
3664:108162
3661:
3622:
3581:
3571:
3532:
3497:
3456:
3446:
3407:
3399:
3327:
3317:
3265:
3224:
3216:
2456:HPIV3,
2367:GTPase
2240:with:
2192:, and
2128:Cancer
1925:. The
1677:C00236
1666:R01063
1644:C00118
1474:GAPDHS
1443:enzyme
1411:PDBsum
1385:
1375:
1357:SUPFAM
1313:CL0139
1286:Symbol
1245:PDBsum
1219:
1209:
1191:SUPFAM
1147:CL0063
1120:Symbol
1054:search
1052:PubMed
885:P16858
866:P04406
764:Entrez
437:BioGPS
176:107053
160:138400
6606:Types
6359:Other
6319:ALDH2
6191:1.2.7
6137:1.2.4
6115:1.2.3
6093:1.2.2
6050:1.2.1
5934:from
5910:from
5886:from
5755:Liver
4356:S2CID
3937:S2CID
3893:S2CID
3768:S2CID
3405:S2CID
3222:S2CID
2468:mRNA,
2466:IFN-Îł
2462:mRNA,
2415:GAPDH
2382:p300/
2321:golgi
2319:(ER)â
2281:Oct-1
2258:VDAC1
2252:actin
2217:GAPDH
2097:MZF-1
1994:NADPH
1962:SIAH1
1927:OCA-S
1905:mucin
1809:thiol
1617:NADH
1590:NADH
1498:thiol
1432:GAPDH
1353:SCOPe
1344:SCOP2
1187:SCOPe
1178:SCOP2
757:Mouse
752:Human
723:Amigo
332:Mouse
325:Human
272:Start
205:Human
184:GAPDH
143:GAPDH
44:GAPDH
18:GAPDH
6698:list
6691:EC7
6685:list
6678:EC6
6672:list
6665:EC5
6659:list
6652:EC4
6646:list
6639:EC3
6633:list
6626:EC2
6620:list
6613:EC1
6058:NADP
6043:1.2)
5840:PKM2
5836:PKLR
5630:2 Ă
5582:2 Ă
5511:2 Ă
5471:2 Ă
5415:2 Ă
5351:2 Ă
5073:1znq
5058:1u8f
5043:1j0x
4956:ISBN
4937:ISBN
4877:PMID
4826:PMID
4769:PMID
4728:PMID
4678:PMID
4638:PMID
4589:PMID
4530:PMID
4502:PMID
4464:PMID
4415:PMID
4348:PMID
4299:PMID
4263:PMID
4218:PMID
4167:PMID
4132:PMID
4083:PMID
4032:PMID
3996:PMID
3929:PMID
3885:PMID
3867:Cell
3844:PMID
3809:PMID
3760:PMID
3724:PMID
3669:PMID
3620:PMID
3579:PMID
3530:PMID
3495:PMID
3454:PMID
3397:PMID
3325:PMID
3263:PMID
3245:Cell
3214:PMID
3096:edit
3083:edit
2480:DNA.
2433:tRNA
2363:Rheb
2343:APE1
2272:Ca2+
2186:tRNA
2093:qPCR
2087:for
2034:rab2
2004:and
1964:, a
1895:and
1872:and
1780:NADH
1681:KEGG
1670:KEGG
1659:KEGG
1648:KEGG
1608:NAD
1404:PDBj
1400:PDBe
1383:ECOD
1373:Pfam
1349:1gd1
1309:clan
1307:Pfam
1295:Pfam
1238:PDBj
1234:PDBe
1217:ECOD
1207:Pfam
1183:1gd1
1143:clan
1141:Pfam
1129:Pfam
778:2597
360:pons
315:Bgee
263:Band
222:Chr.
156:OMIM
113:4WNI
109:4WNC
105:3GPD
101:1ZNQ
97:1U8F
78:RCSB
75:PDBe
6179:DLD
6174:DBT
6056:or
6054:NAD
5861:to
5765:)â/
5738:)â/
5732:HK3
5728:HK2
5724:HK1
5613:ATP
5610:ADP
5463:ATP
5460:ADP
5446:ATP
5443:ADP
5236:ADP
5233:ATP
5158:ADP
5155:ATP
4909:doi
4867:PMC
4857:doi
4853:290
4816:PMC
4808:doi
4759:doi
4755:282
4718:PMC
4710:doi
4670:doi
4628:PMC
4620:doi
4616:411
4579:PMC
4569:doi
4494:doi
4454:PMC
4446:doi
4405:PMC
4395:doi
4383:102
4338:PMC
4330:doi
4291:doi
4287:451
4255:doi
4208:PMC
4198:doi
4194:293
4159:doi
4122:PMC
4114:doi
4073:PMC
4063:doi
4024:doi
4020:303
3986:PMC
3976:doi
3964:103
3921:doi
3875:doi
3871:114
3836:doi
3799:doi
3795:159
3752:doi
3748:104
3714:PMC
3704:doi
3659:PMC
3651:doi
3610:doi
3606:159
3569:PMC
3561:doi
3522:doi
3518:102
3485:doi
3481:157
3444:PMC
3436:doi
3432:519
3389:doi
3315:PMC
3307:doi
3253:doi
3249:152
3206:doi
2472:JEV
2397:Akt
2357:RNA
2306:p22
2213:UTR
2206:SNP
2053:Src
2051:by
1954:DNA
1844:to
1772:NAD
1679:at
1668:at
1657:at
1646:at
1581:NAD
1494:kDa
1434:) (
1391:PDB
1225:PDB
1045:n/a
841:n/a
445:n/a
412:n/a
285:End
188:OMA
164:MGI
68:PDB
6738::
6249:EC
6193::
6139::
6117::
6095::
6052::
6041:EC
5985:,
5981:,
5977:,
5918:):
5894:):
5838:,
5791:,
5787:,
5761:,
5757:,
5734:,
5730:,
5726:,
5693::
5689::
4903:.
4889:^
4875:.
4865:.
4851:.
4847:.
4824:.
4814:.
4806:.
4794:.
4790:.
4767:.
4753:.
4749:.
4726:.
4716:.
4706:33
4704:.
4700:.
4676:.
4666:23
4664:.
4650:^
4636:.
4626:.
4614:.
4610:.
4587:.
4577:.
4567:.
4555:.
4551:.
4526:35
4524:.
4500:.
4490:44
4488:.
4476:^
4462:.
4452:.
4442:57
4440:.
4436:.
4413:.
4403:.
4393:.
4381:.
4377:.
4354:.
4346:.
4336:.
4326:10
4324:.
4320:.
4297:.
4285:.
4261:.
4253:.
4241:21
4239:.
4216:.
4206:.
4192:.
4188:.
4165:.
4155:42
4153:.
4130:.
4120:.
4108:.
4104:.
4081:.
4071:.
4057:.
4053:.
4030:.
4018:.
3994:.
3984:.
3974:.
3962:.
3958:.
3935:.
3927:.
3915:.
3891:.
3883:.
3869:.
3865:.
3842:.
3832:91
3830:.
3807:.
3793:.
3789:.
3766:.
3758:.
3746:.
3722:.
3712:.
3700:21
3698:.
3694:.
3667:.
3657:.
3647:66
3645:.
3641:.
3618:.
3604:.
3600:.
3577:.
3567:.
3557:74
3555:.
3551:.
3528:.
3516:.
3493:.
3479:.
3475:.
3452:.
3442:.
3430:.
3426:.
3403:.
3395:.
3385:39
3383:.
3337:^
3323:.
3313:.
3303:23
3301:.
3297:.
3275:^
3261:.
3247:.
3243:.
3220:.
3212:.
3202:26
3200:.
3180:.
3162:.
3133:^
3085:]]
2223:.
2210:5'
2055:.
2012:.
1827:.
1786:.
1767:.
1621:H
1611:+P
1594:H
1584:+P
1530:.
1461:,
1436:EC
1402:;
1398:;
1381:/
1355:/
1351:/
1236:;
1232:;
1215:/
1189:/
1185:/
725:/
291:bp
278:bp
186:;
182::
178:;
174::
170:;
166::
162:;
158::
111:,
107:,
103:,
99:,
6714::
6700:)
6696:(
6687:)
6683:(
6674:)
6670:(
6661:)
6657:(
6648:)
6644:(
6635:)
6631:(
6622:)
6618:(
6442:e
6435:t
6428:v
6312:)
6247:(
6237:e
6230:t
6223:v
6039:(
6028:e
6021:t
6014:v
5938::
5914:(
5890:(
5865::
5842:)
5834:(
5795:)
5793:C
5789:B
5785:A
5769:â
5753:(
5742:â
5722:(
5697:/
5679:e
5672:t
5665:v
5574:O
5572:2
5570:H
5553:O
5551:2
5549:H
5541:)
5537:(
5403:i
5383:i
5308:+
5304:+
5109:e
5102:t
5095:v
5018:e
5011:t
5004:v
4964:.
4945:.
4915:.
4911::
4905:2
4883:.
4859::
4832:.
4810::
4802::
4796:5
4775:.
4761::
4734:.
4712::
4684:.
4672::
4644:.
4622::
4595:.
4571::
4563::
4557:8
4536:.
4508:.
4496::
4470:.
4448::
4421:.
4397::
4389::
4362:.
4332::
4305:.
4293::
4269:.
4257::
4224:.
4200::
4173:.
4161::
4138:.
4116::
4110:8
4089:.
4065::
4059:6
4038:.
4026::
4002:.
3978::
3970::
3943:.
3923::
3917:7
3899:.
3877::
3850:.
3838::
3815:.
3801::
3774:.
3754::
3730:.
3706::
3675:.
3653::
3626:.
3612::
3585:.
3563::
3536:.
3524::
3501:.
3487::
3460:.
3438::
3411:.
3391::
3331:.
3309::
3269:.
3255::
3228:.
3208::
3184:.
3166:.
3115:.
2989:]
2984:]
2979:]
2974:]
2969:]
2964:]
2959:]
2954:]
2949:]
2944:]
2939:]
2934:]
2929:]
2924:]
2919:]
2914:]
2909:]
2904:]
2899:]
2894:]
2889:]
2884:]
2879:]
2874:]
2869:]
2864:]
2859:]
2854:]
2849:]
2844:]
2839:]
2834:]
2829:]
2824:]
2819:]
2814:]
2809:]
2804:]
2799:]
2794:]
2789:]
2784:]
2779:]
2774:]
2769:]
2764:]
2759:]
2754:]
2749:]
2744:]
2739:]
2734:]
2729:]
2724:]
2719:]
2714:]
2709:]
2704:]
2699:]
2694:]
2689:]
2684:]
2679:]
2674:]
2669:]
2664:]
2659:]
2654:]
2649:]
2644:]
2639:]
2634:]
2629:]
2624:]
2619:]
2435:,
2411:.
2399:;
2335:;
2302:;
2277:;
1848:-
1846:D
1619:+
1613:i
1592:+
1586:i
1554:-
1552:D
207:)
190::
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
