40:
2118:, who wrote regarding the introduction of the PRO process that, "For an extrapolation process heavily impacting the income distribution of members to be introduced without a membership resolution is simply intolerable and furthermore against regulations, according to the opinion of many legal experts." Evers further charged: "This paternalism would rob GEMA members of their voting rights regarding an essential domain of their assets. They are almost being deprived of their right of decision by their own trustees!" Evers demanded that: "The only way that the executive board and directorial board can get out of this crisis of confidence that has arisen through the patronization of members lies in the immediate dismissal of the PRO process and the development of a new process with the participation and approval of its members!"
434:). Those who have signed a deed of assignment with GEMA but do not fulfill the requirements for extraordinary membership can become associated members—along with those whose application for membership status has been refused. Associated members do not count as members in the legal sense, as defined in the German civil code concerning associations. Full and extraordinary members must be either composers, lyricists, or music publishers. Extraordinary members can become full members, when they have received at least €30,000 in fee payouts from GEMA over five consecutive years (of which the yearly income must be at least €1,800 for four of the five years). There is an elevated minimum revenue for publishers, currently at €75,000 over five years (with a yearly minimum of €4,500 for four of those years).
1743:, demanded a court-backed disclosure of GEMA's business practices. According her own statements, Clear paid a total of €80,000 in fees for her concerts between 2004 and 2007 and received around €10,000 in payouts, despite more than half of the performed music being composed, texted, and performed by herself. By her own calculations, she expected a return of approximately €33,000. The verdict, made on 10 June 2010 in the Munich regional court, found in favor of GEMA on all points and, due to incomplete information from Clear, negotiated payments were limited to approximately €23,000 in fees to GEMA and ca. €10,000 in payouts to Clear. The grounds for judgment stated that any claim to payment that may arise does not do so out of the
1905:, as well as many videos containing background music, have been unavailable in Germany since the end of March 2009 after the previous agreement had expired and negotiations for a new license agreement were stopped. According to Google, GEMA sought to raise its fee charged to YouTube to a "prohibitive" 12 euro cents per streamed video - a claim that is disputed by GEMA speaker Bettina Müller stating their proposal was 1 euro cent only plus a breakdown by composer. The issue was to be taken up by a California court. Google Inc., the world's biggest Internet search engine company, partly lost a German copyright infringement suit over how much it must do to remove illegal music videos from its YouTube website.
391:, fulfilling the requirement of maintaining a payout-level from GEMA above a certain minimum value. Until then, they belong to the status category of "extraordinary member," with limited voting rights (and usually a meagre share of fee revenues, ca. 4.8% in 2010). Other people, who are indeed authors but neither composers nor lyricists (nor publishers nor inheritors of authors), can also enter into a deed of assignment with GEMA; however, these authors cannot gain full membership, instead remaining so-called "associated members." The overwhelming majority of those represented by GEMA have no access to membership status as defined and protected under the
2373:), the award ceremony takes place in Berlin with about 300 guests in attendance from the worlds of music, culture, business, media, and politics. This award recognizes composers and lyricists for the outstanding quality of their work. The award is conferred in ten categories, and the honorees are selected by an independent jury of experts: composers, lyricists, and producers from a variety of musical genres. The award for the "up-and-coming" category comes with a monetary prize amounting to €10,000. All other categories bestow non-monetary awards.
2234:(see above) into account, which gives organizers the ability to have their licensing payments based on the actual number of spectators at their events. The numbers that have been disseminated in the media have greatly distorted public perceptions of the consequences of the tariff reforms. Additionally, there is a growing assumption in the media that discos will be especially reluctant to calculate their costs based on spectator-turnout numbers, since these numbers were not previously monitored and likewise not fully counted.
2304:, GEMA presumes maximum occupancy at events in clubs and discos. But this does not reflect actual/typical turnout. For example, Scheffler's venue has a capacity of 2,000 people, but nonetheless turnout usually hovers at around 500 visitors. But with the new tariff reforms, he will have to pay for 2000 guests, even if they do not show up in those numbers. Due to this, Scheffler plans to quit organizing disco-format events, since he will have to pay €60,000 instead of €3,000 starting in 2013.
2245:) calculated that a club with two dance-floors of a combined total surface area of 720 m (7750 sq. ft.) charging €8 at the door will see a rise in GEMA fees from €21,553 yearly to €147,916. Under the new system, event licensing fees increase by 50% if the music runs longer than five hours. Many other model calculations made the rounds as well, according to which only one-time events such as a marksmanship festivals and very small clubs would actually profit from the new tariff scheme.
814:
438:
members (2010: 64%), whose repertoire represents the lion's share of the listed works. The distribution of revenue and disbursement procedures are decided annually at the general assembly, which consists of approximately 3,000 full members as well as 64 delegates representing the associated and extraordinary members. The general assembly elects the 15 members of the board of directors (6 composers, 4 lyricists, 5 publishers). The board of directors appoints the chairperson.
1883:
2199:—but they were of the opinion that such cases would be isolated. The tariff reforms were based on requests made to GEMA for a simplified tariff structure and a fairer distribution of tariffs between cultural event-organizers and discos. For years discos have paid much less than cultural event-organizers, and there has been a great deal of criticism—including from the political sphere—of the subvention of discos. GEMA also criticized
925:"The Institute pursues absolutely no private business purposes. It is only an intermediary agency. It does not collect reserve funds. A trade profit is out of the question. Administrative costs will be deducted from incoming fees, along with a further 10% contribution to the co-operative's relief fund. All remaining income, down to the last penny, will be distributed to the beneficiary composers, lyricists, and publishers."
290:
1909:
talks following the verdict remained fruitless, and so the collecting society could not ensure legal certainty for its members. Moreover, GEMA demanded more transparency from the Google-subsidiary in their ongoing negotiations. YouTube also launched an appeal against the 20 April verdict, on the grounds that "the implementation of filters would compromise innovation and freedom of speech."
1960:—which is currently possible in France. In GEMA's view, such arrangements would prevent the society from ensuring the effective and commercial exercise of legal rights, which the EU-Commission should also recognize (according to evidence and business decisions from 1971 to 1974). One can only revoke the transfer of usage rights and manage them oneself in individual law sectors (
1956:, the rights-holder grants GEMA comprehensive exclusive usage rights as a trustee to all of his/her current and future creative works. It is thereafter impossible to publish single works under another license (e.g., a free license). It is likewise impossible to release works for non-commercial use—such as the "nc" varieties available through
1659:
the same rights and duties to foreign counterparts holding corresponding legal positions in their own territories. In each case, a foreign society operates as a trustee for the rights-exercising collecting society: it has no influence over how and when the collecting society will disburse the collected royalties to its member authors.
445:), 12 lyricists (of which at least 6 inheritors), and 20 publishers. In 2010, there were 6 inheritors among the extraordinary members (0.1%) and 3,749 among the associated members (6.9%). As a consequence, a minority of 26 currently-active composers and lyricists must contend with a majority of 38 rights managers and legal successors.
532:(IFPI) applied to lower the licensing fee rates for sound recording media from 9.009% to 5.6% of the manufacturer's price. GEMA criticized this push as "an attempt by the German phonographic industry to solve their problems on the backs and at the expense of creative composers and lyricists." In 2005, the board of arbitration of the
1846:, Regener railed against "no-cost-culture" in the music industry and vehemently advocated the strengthening of authors' rights and of GEMA (Regener: "We are GEMA, the composers and lyricists"). He accused opponents of copyright with undermining the value of art. He also criticized YouTube, the video portal for the internet company
2094:) without a resolution from the General Assembly—and which just happened to benefit the members of the executive board, including its chairman at the time, Otto Krause. He accused him of exploitation and personal enrichment, because he sometimes collected sums that were 100 times the incoming licensing fees collected for his old
2293:) organized a "moment of silence" protest, in which the music of 500 clubs and discos in Germany fell silent between 23:55 and midnight. The manager of the association, Stephan Büttner, intended to use this collective gesture of protest to inform patrons and spectators about the impact of the new tariff system.
2341:
announced in press statements that they had reached an interim agreement that would delay the implementation of the tariff reforms for a year (until 1 January 2014)—allowing another year to negotiate further over the licensing fee structures—and during the year 2013 all flat-rate event licensing fees
2221:
A table on the GEMA website indicates that most of the licensing fees will go down in 2013, but nevertheless a club in
Frankfurt with a surface area of 300 m (3230 sq. ft.) will currently pay a yearly lump sum between €8,000 and €10,000 for GEMA fees. This would constitute a 500% increase in tariffs.
2020:
extrapolation procedures. This system for dividing up royalties led to drastic deficits for a portion of members, since oft-played but seldom-reported works became more expensive during the settlement process. Dance bands, solo entertainers, etc. play the standard repertoire but rarely feel compelled
1766:
It came to light on 28 May 2010, that two employees along with ten GEMA members were embroiled in a fraud scandal, in which money was paid out for events that never took place. At the same time, another fraud trial was already being litigated against another GEMA employee for another case. At a press
920:
In 1904, the GDT published a memorandum on the spirit and purpose of the AFMA, as there remained a great deal of confusion—as much among musicians as among event promoters and users. A central point of the memo was the following paragraph, most of whose contents now appear in the association rules of
328:
with GEMA without fulfilling the professional requirements for full membership. Members of this last group are termed "associated members" within the organization, but they do not enjoy the rights associated with membership under German law of association. As of 2010, GEMA also represents a further 2
1908:
On 20 April 2012, the regional court of
Hamburg decided in favor of GEMA in the dispute with YouTube, ordering the removal of seven copyright-protected videos from its platform. Despite its victory, GEMA nonetheless launched an appeal against the verdict on 21 May 2012, because according to GEMA the
1770:
GEMA garnered a great deal of attention in
January 2011 when it sent a letter to 36,000 Kindergartens, charging them a yearly lump-sum fee of €56 for the photocopying of music scores with children's songs on them. More importantly, the Kindergartens were obligated to maintain an exact itemization of
1192:
succeeded Erich
Schulze as chairman of the board. Towards the end of his term of office, he dedicated himself to fighting against digitalization. He characterized GEMA as the "Lighthouse of Culture" and a "rock in the surf of the waves of digitalization." According to him, GEMA succeeded in avoiding
2277:
indicated that, starting in 2013, it would have to pay %1400 more in GEMA fees than it did before and therefore was considering closing at the end of 2012. Berghain later announced in mid-August that the club would not shut its doors in the new year, but instead would cancel their planned expansion
1713:
initiated by Monika Bestle on 19 May 2003, artists and event-organizers demanded a revision of GEMA's regulations with respect to better transparency, adjusted payment methods and other critical points. The petition was signed by 106,575 citizens and remains under parliamentary review since 17 July
1628:
After the deduction of expenditures, GEMA's income is paid out to rights holders (approximately 40% to members and 60% to other rights-holders). During the payout process in 2010, an average of ca. €58,000 were apportioned to each full member, ca. €2,270 to each extraordinary member, and ca. €1,300
2138:
music videos can be viewed on YouTube: "It's not because of us. We have licensed our content to market players. You need to ask this question to the collecting society GEMA, who is very restrictive in its copyright licensing. We're losing millions in revenue as a result. By the way, this is one of
2048:
Since organizers pay concert fees that are calculated using the event venue's size and the admission price, there is a danger that organizer will be saddled with the costs, should the actual sales for the appearance of an artist not cover the incurred GEMA charges. GEMA has implemented a "hardship
1658:
A reciprocal agreement facilitates the mutual granting of rights; foreign collecting societies transfer to GEMA the exercise of performance, broadcast, and reproduction rights of their entire inventory within
Germany, along with the collection of corresponding usage fees, and in return GEMA grants
448:
Users of GEMA-protected works—primarily manufacturers of audio/video media, radio and television broadcasters, and the organizers of events such as music festivals, street festivals, Christmas markets and many more—procure the always-required usage rights from GEMA by paying a fee, which is to be
437:
The purpose of GEMA is to collect royalty fees from the organisers of events where music protected by this organization is played as well as media manufacturers, publishers, and broadcasting stations. GEMA collected 850 million euros in copyright fees in 2008. Disbursements go largely to the full
2098:
songs, while rock musicians only earned 10% of the licensing fees their music earned. Furthermore, he claimed that a statistics professor that had been appointed to assess the rationale for the distribution process had had absolutely no expertise in the field of live music and was deliberately
2036:
If an author wishes to make their music available on their own website, they must still pay GEMA fees and fill out the corresponding information sheet, even if the royalties are to be disbursed to them afterwards. This is somewhat different from the policy of the US performing rights societies
784:). The former obligation means that collecting societies must prosecute all rights that have been transferred to them. The latter obligation means that they cannot refuse entry to any author (in the case of GEMA: composer, lyricist, or publisher) who has fulfilled all the entry requirements.
787:
GEMA is governed by a double-obligation to contract, that is: 1) on the one hand, it must take on and exercise any usage rights that have been transferred to it from its members; 2) on the other hand, it must also provide licensing in exchange for money to any music-user making a request.
1827:). This section of the law contains a full power of attorney, which GEMA also invokes: "If a rights-holder has not transferred to any collecting society the exercise of his rights of cable retransmission in accordance with Article 20b, Paragraph 1, Sentence 1 of the
1979:-member states is three months. As a general rule, works registered at one point cannot simply be de-registered, because it comes into conflict with other already-standing contracts with its clients. The original six-year term of contract was forbidden by the
1937:
GEMA members with voting rights, who are responsible for the majority of performances, received 62.99% of the disbursements in 2008. Event-organizer Marcus Gloria characterizes these payouts as a non-transparent distribution process. Independent artist
1863:
decided not to admit any competitors that were members of GEMA or any other international collection society, because otherwise they would incur GEMA licensing fees amounting to €4,500. These costs would endanger the event itself. Another demo party,
2013:) versus live musical performances. GEMA explains this difference by pointing out the high acquisition efforts for the latter events. "Playlists" must always be prepared manually and require a signature, in order to count as a legally-valid document.
2319:, called for a reconsideration of their plans. According to Böhning, Berlin has a creative and innovative music scene, for which clubs and concerts are important. These require affordable licensing fee rates as a basis for their business operations.
2099:
misinformed by the executive board. Furthermore, a 2005 verdict by the federal court demanded that the PRO process be subject to a vote by the membership, which has yet to occur. Seelenmeyer also sharply criticized the term "solidarity principle" (
2021:
to fill out "playlists," since, as non-authors, they will not receive any royalties for the performance. On the other hand, performers of their own works report nearly 100% of their performances, since they are bound to earn royalties from them.
1671:
229:
1912:
In
February 2014, GEMA won a lawsuit against YouTube at the District Court of Munich which ordered the website to remove blocking messages which claim GEMA is to blame for thousands of videos being unavailable in Germany on copyright grounds.
3638:
2218:) cost-abatement, which is based on the actual audience turnout at events. GEMA also argues that 60% of event organizers will pay the same or less under the new tariff system. In particular, smaller clubs will be relieved of paying fees.
1771:
each song used. GEMA replied in a statement that the media had misrepresented the facts. In
Bavaria, the dispute was settled by signing a lump-sum agreement amounting to €290,000, which would be paid out from the communal budget. Other
1629:
to each associated member. The internal distribution within these status groups remains confidential. In 2010, 33 (1%) legal successors had full membership, while 6 were extraordinary members (0.1%) and 3,749 associated members (6.9%).
2024:
Authors who perform their own works must also pay music event fees to GEMA, if they are also organizing the event themselves. If more than 80% of their performance consists of their own works, they can use a "net individual invoice"
1012:. However, the business units and facilities of both societies were not impacted by the consolidation. Both collecting societies continued to operate separately—all the while pretending to operate under a unified corporate name.
1075:
are categorically not to be viewed as bearers and stewards of German cultural goods." This amounted to an occupational ban on the approximately 8000 Jews active in the
Reichsmusikkammer. STAGMA was tightly enmeshed in the
1794:
claimed responsibility for both attacks, accusing GEMA of making exorbitant demands in regarding the required licensing fees for accessed videos. During the first attack in June 2011, GEMA's server was incapacitated by a
791:
Copyright collecting societies in the
European Union usually hold monopolies in their respective national markets, and German law recognizes GEMA as an effective monopoly. German case law has established the so-called
2165:), GEMA assumes that all songs/tracks belong to the GEMA Repertoire by default—until such time as the user submits a completed playlist that indicates which authors are either non-members and/or which tracks are in
1799:
attack. On 22 August, the hackers directly attacked the content of the website, redirecting viewers to an image that played on the dispute with YouTube. Anonymous additionally succeeded in penetrating the company's
2265:
were slated to jump from €14,000 to €165,000. Another club called
Travolta would also see a rise in fee payments from €10,000 to more than €50,000. Tanzhaus West foresees a yearly increase from €1,500 to more than
2326:), was launched shortly after the announcement of the new tariffs in April 2012, closed on 3 October with 305,122 signatures (of which 284,569 were signed with a German address), and presented to Justice Minister
1662:
As of 2009 and based on a total of 151 agreements, GEMA represents more than 2 Million musical authors from the entire world and maintains data on over 8.5 Million musical works in its works-documentation files.
441:
According to GEMA by-laws, the delegates for the extraordinary and associated members must be appointed according to the following pattern: 32 delegates must be composers (of which at least 12 must be inheritors/
4199:
39:
879:
737:) that the individual author would find difficult to exercise without the assistance of a collecting society, which is why the author transfers them. Transferred exploitation rights become usage rights (
2248:
20 dance club owners came together for the initiative, "Clubs am Main," in order to oppose the new tariff regulations. According to Matthias Morgenstern, the leader of this association and the owner of
387:) with GEMA, transferring the exercise and exploitation of media rights for the author's entire repertoire to GEMA. Member authors are entitled to apply for full membership after spending five years as
2033:) to get these fees back—less the handling fees. However, this only applies when all authors participating in the same event are included, which makes no provisions for festivals and supporting acts.
1655:
over performing and broadcasting rights with 73 of its foreign sister companies. For mechanical reproduction rights, GEMA entered into reciprocal agreements with 51 different collecting societies.
3635:
1636:
on 15 February 2005, absolutely no negative effects on earnings from usage rights can be detected to date. On the contrary, there has even been a considerable increase in income since 2005 (see
800:, a presumption that works are managed by GEMA due to its effective monopoly position. As such, in Germany the burden of proof is on the accused infringer that the work is not managed by GEMA.
571:, and others. The data is provided by GEMA itself; since 1 January 2007, the exercise of online usage rights for certain parts of its inventory is no longer managed by GEMA, but rather through
3921:
2230:), the tariffs will be far higher. However, the estimates generated by this calculator indicate the theoretical maximum flat-rate charge per event. Also, this calculator does not take the
1193:"pointless competition." To him, the internet was "nothing but a virtual department store," that should be assimilated in a hostile takeover. He went into retirement at the end of 2005.
3087:
3860:
1196:
After the reunification of Germany, many composers from the former GDR joined GEMA, but not all. The AWA has been dissolved since 1990, but it nonetheless persists as a society under
3475:
2038:
2195:), because they predicted a more than 1000% increase for them in the year 2013. GEMA did not deny that the new tariffs could mean ten-fold fee hikes for certain venues—especially
529:
3256:
1001:
All of this resulted in a situation that had effects contrary to the original interests of authors and promoters as well as users—that is, two competing collecting societies.
4087:
1140:) was published to mark the 100-year anniversary of the first collection society in Germany. This book shed light on the role of the collecting society after the Nazi era.
3065:
604:
also must be declared to GEMA. Many businesses (especially small ones) are unaware of this obligation. The same applies to the valorization of internet presence through
1952:
According to contract terms, every member is obligated to register every single one of his/her works that will be released publicly. According to Article 1 of the GEMA
241:
3655:
678:) only generally addresses property rights, inheritance law, and expropriation, including the issue of intellectual property. By contrast, in the constitution of the
224:) for the musical works of those composers, lyricists, and publishers who are members in the organization. It is the only such institution in Germany and a member of
2959:
2710:
Speech by the chair of the board of directors Prof. Dr. Reinhold Kreile about the 66th business year (1999), delivered to the general assembly of GEMA on 5 July 2000
395:(see Articles 21–79), holding instead the pseudo-title of "associated member." In 2010, approximately 24.11% of fee revenues were distributed to associated members.
3812:
1868:, made a similar decision in 2013 after having to pay GEMA because of GEMA-registered artists participating in music competitions during the previous year's event.
517:) can be applied to devices and media that " are used for the making of reproductions ", which is already included in the price. This levy first goes to the German
3038:
1767:
briefing related to these cases, Harald Heker proclaimed that, "When a system such as this is circumvented by high criminal energies, such a system is powerless."
2382:
2107:), arguing that it disguises and sugarcoats a planned- and intentionally-unfair distribution process. He cited the former chairman of the GEMA board of directors
1892:
Unfortunately, this video is not available in Germany, because it may contain music for which GEMA has not granted the respective music rights. Sorry about that.
4253:
698:(1949)—the intellectual property of authors, inventors, and artists come under the direct protection of the state, which explicitly allows for the existence of
674:
523:
1706:
on blank recordable media and recording devices was brought into question, especially as it not clear what rights the buyer acquires by paying this sum.
1151:) and the partition of Germany (and as a consequence of the division in currencies), a society with comparable functions came into being in the GDR, the
4039:
3011:
536:
in Munich decided in favor of GEMA, preventing the proposed licensing fee rate-reduction. Other arbitration processes attempted by the IFPI (regarding
3137:
2397:
3925:
611:
Since April 2003, GEMA offers access to its database of musical works on its website, including approximately 1.6 Million copyrighted musical works.
356:. Therefore, the author theoretically reserves the right to exercise her/his own rights or to transfer these duties to another third party (e.g., a
3677:
1725:. This is because, after the expiration of the original contract, YouTube and GEMA had not yet come to an agreement on a new contract (see section
4248:
3857:
3193:
3114:
2989:
375:
In order to be represented by GEMA, authors (i.e., composers and lyricists along with their publishers and heirs) must become a member and sign a
322:
as full members, along with approximately 6,400 more as members with sharply restricted rights and another 55,000 authors who have entered into a
4155:
3522:
3283:
4141:
3508:
2668:
4243:
3735:
3091:
3546:
2623:
1877:
1637:
130:
c. 3,700 full members, c. 6,400 candidate members with limited rights, and c. 59,000 authors without access to full membership
3304:
2336:
2205:
457:
Licensing fees must be paid to GEMA for the public performance of protected musical works belonging to GEMA's so-called "world inventory" (
3589:
3482:
2745:
2720:
2535:
2437:
4067:
3786:
3563:
3706:
2387:
3361:
2327:
1063:
and was issued a monopoly on the exercise of musical performing rights. The still-existing AMMRE was annexed into STAGMA in 1938. The
533:
369:
3260:
3995:
3765:
3624:
3604:
2770:
2695:
1178:
661:
3895:
1643:
It can also be seen that the share of revenues has continually increased for full members—at the expense of extraordinary members.
518:
3878:
2057:), with which one can apply for a retroactive reduction in licensing costs when an unprofitable event fulfills certain conditions.
329:
million international rights-holders within Germany, through reciprocal arrangements with other performance rights organizations.
906:
4116:
348:
are inalienable (i.e., non-transferable), which means that the author can transfer only the exercise of these rights to another
4177:
3816:
3411:
2871:"GEMA Negotiations with YouTube - GEMA Press Releases on www.gema.de from 9 November 2007 to 10 August 2011" (in German). GEMA.
2797:"Bürgerliches Recht - Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte (GEMA) vom 19.05.2009"
368:
situation remains in GEMA's favor, however, as all efforts to found a competing institution have thus far been hindered by the
361:
197:
1983:
in two decisions (1971; 1972), due to the abusive exploitation of monopoly positions, which was confirmed in a verdict by the
1831:, then the collecting society that exercises rights of this sort will be considered to be entitled to exercise these rights."
3434:
2593:
2083:
2017:
2352:
1949:
complains that the rental costs of the same concert hall have fluctuated from €2,007 (2004) to €459 (2005) to €1,233 (2006).
1916:
On 31 October 2016, YouTube agreed to pay an undisclosed amount of money to GEMA for video views of GEMA-protected artists.
502:
2967:
2061:
3042:
2042:
630:
398:
GEMA is organized by professional and status groupings. German members of GEMA can be divided into three groups: 54,605
80:
2640:
2485:
3334:
2936:
257:), GEMA's capacity to be a subject of legal rights and duties is based upon state conferral (under Article 22 of the
2462:
1990:
Another charge against GEMA is that there is a disparity between the revenues and disbursements for the playback of
3171:
1652:
1511:
1144:
657:
497:
442:
392:
258:
3388:
1984:
1732:
On 2 April 2009, a lawsuit took place before the regional court of Munich, in which the plaintiff, German singer
1674:(CISAC), using this organization as a lobby group to influence governments, international organisations, and the
932:
In 1909, the GDT founded a second society focused exclusively on the exploitation of mechanical reproduction for
910:
650:
593:
2796:
2125:
1811:
On 3 December 2011, another online petition explicitly called for the elimination of Article 13c—the so-called
746:
726:
706:
624:
544:) in 2006 were decided in favor of GEMA by the board of arbitration of the German Patent and Trademark Office.
2128:
outside of the US, criticized the authors' rights practices of GEMA in an interview with the daily newspaper
843:) first set down in law that the public performance of a musical work required the permission of the author.
304:
3015:
2191:
In April 2012, disco owners were angered by the announcement of GEMA's new licensing fee scheme (dubbed the
1854:
1035:, did so with the aim of bringing all collecting societies into line and granting them a monopoly position.
818:
299:
3707:"DIE "SOLIDARPRINZIPIEN" EINER SOLIDARGEMEINSCHAFT - Das geheime Finanzierungsumverteilungssystem der GEMA"
656:
Although the concept of intellectual property had already been established in the 1866 constitution of the
3969:
3843:
Weingartner, Maximilian (4 July 2012). "Streit um Gema-Gebühren. Disko-Besitzer warnen vor Club-Sterben".
2210:
for their one-sided misrepresentation of the issue, charging them with having concealed the impact of the
1124:
in front of the GEMA headquarters in Munich. Starting in 1950, the chairman of the board of directors was
891:
333:
253:
221:
4200:"Tarifreform: GEMA und Bundesvereinigung der Musikveranstalter einigen sich auf Übergangslösung für 2013"
1850:. According to him, Google earns billions, but it is not willing to give some of its profits to artists.
752:
In Germany, for example, this is regulated through the "law concerning the exercise of author's rights" (
2515:
2170:
1860:
642:
620:
3172:"Urheberrecht - Kostenlose Internet-Präsentation eigener Musikwerke durch die Künstler vom 03.12.2011"
2618:. Research Handbooks in Intellectual Property. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 263–265.
465:); these are then paid out to its members according to a complex distribution scheme. The division of
3288:
2672:
2322:
An online petition protesting the GEMA tariff reforms, initiated by event promoter Matthias Rauh (of
2072:
1865:
1843:
1703:
1182:
895:
699:
509:
213:
813:
1980:
1939:
1882:
1733:
1129:
1110:
823:
3543:
3312:
2316:
1071:), under the direction of then-president Richard Strauss, stipulated in its guidelines that, "non-
878:) in 1903. This came much later than in other states such as France, where the collecting society
278:
2654:
2520:
1675:
1115:
933:
634:
372:, and the sole management of one's own authors' rights remains a daunting task for lone artists.
357:
274:
193:
76:
3580:
2108:
1747:
signed between the two parties. On 21 January 2010, the Munich regional higher court of appeal (
1085:
209:
192:; "Society for musical performing and mechanical reproduction rights") is a government-mandated
552:
3620:
3600:
2876:
2691:
2619:
2613:
1925:
1796:
1791:
1772:
1064:
679:
646:
597:
217:
1991:
4092:
4072:
4025:
3308:
2560:
2331:
2200:
1957:
1953:
1839:
1744:
1102:
982:, which is not identical to the present-day GEMA). One of the founding members was composer
900:
586:
548:
324:
3435:"YouTube strikes deal with GEMA to host music videos in Germany - Music Business Worldwide"
3365:
3237:
2846:
2342:
will go up by 5% (and, on 1 April 2013, fees will rise a further 10% for discos and clubs).
572:
3882:
3769:
3642:
3593:
3550:
2889:
2366:
2358:
2158:
2150:
2100:
2087:
2050:
2026:
1961:
1756:
1748:
1710:
1691:
1156:
1048:
1032:
1024:
991:
960:
941:
914:
887:
867:
851:
836:
777:
765:
753:
738:
730:
718:
710:
669:
547:
GEMA also exercises the rights of authors in the online sector. GEMA licenses responsible
478:
470:
458:
427:
415:
403:
380:
266:
3762:
1161:
Anstalt zur Wahrung der Aufführungs- und Vervielfältigungsrechte auf dem Gebiet der Musik
1153:
Institute for the Preservation of Performing and Reproduction Rights in the Area of Music
3947:
2169:. In doing so, GEMA is exercising a legally-sanctioned and much-debated reversal of the
3875:
2850:
2270:
2139:
the main reasons why digital music sales in Germany are less prevalent than elsewhere."
2077:
1976:
1667:
1187:
605:
349:
289:
2134:
on 23 February 2012, questioning why in Germany, in contrast with other countries, no
4237:
3864:
2262:
2166:
1088:, who occupied the same position in the original GEMA and was in the habit of giving
905:. The GDT was headed by some of the most successful composers of the time, including
691:
601:
486:
469:
operates through a points system, which distinguishes between "entertainment music" (
449:
paid to the rights-holders after the deduction of an administrative handling charge.
4021:
2688:
Musik hat ihren Wert. 100 Jahre musikalische Verwertungsgesellschaft in Deutschland
2467:
2121:
1944:
1835:
1783:
1779:
1738:
1699:
1208:
1120:
was the chairman and general director from 1947 to 1989, to whom was dedicated the
638:
560:
353:
332:
Membership in GEMA is necessarily voluntary, since all usage rights (stemming from
270:
150:
2113:
1107:
Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte
717:), which is legally regulated in all European states. German author's rights law (
186:
Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte
33:
Gesellschaft für musikalische Aufführungs- und mechanische Vervielfältigungsrechte
2904:
4044:
3564:"Deed of Assignment (contract) for GEMA, Article 16, version from June 30, 2010"
3241:
2925:
Verdict: reference number 29 U 3700/09, c.f. Grounds for Judgment 1.II b) und c)
2819:
2196:
1898:
1197:
1171:
1053:
Staatlich genehmigte Gesellschaft zur Verwertung musikalischer Aufführungsrechte
1016:
983:
537:
262:
2578:
1080:
power structure, and the leading members of STAGMA were die-hard and voluntary
886:, an interest group of musicians and publishers. Founders of the AFMA included
3158:
2301:
1857:
1787:
1722:
1125:
1094:
1072:
974:
In 1915, a few members of the GDT split off from the organization and founded
556:
341:
17:
3215:
3088:"Kindergärten und Notenkopien – auch im Neuen Jahr geht es nicht ums Singen"
2489:
2297:
2010:
1987:. However, six-year contracts remain the norm for citizens of non-EU states.
1687:
541:
490:
466:
319:
4156:"Info zur Übergabe der Petition gegen die neuen GEMA-‐Veranstaltungstarife"
2357:
Since 2009, GEMA has been granting the annual German Music Authors' Prize (
841:
Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur und der Tonkunst
2086:
process was introduced by the executive board in a "hush-hush operation" (
3999:
3896:"Praxis Steuerstrafrecht – Typische Hinterziehungsfelder bei Diskotheken"
3740:
3338:
2274:
2130:
2095:
1801:
1695:
315:
311:
3922:"GEMA präsentiert Tarifreform 2013 - Diskotheken-Betreiber wehren sich!"
3461:
1045:
State-Approved Society for the Exploitation of Musical Performing Rights
3813:"Pressekonferenz zur neuen Tarifstruktur für den Veranstaltungsbereich"
3678:"Verdict of the Federal Court of Justice, on 19 May 2005 (I ZR 299/02)"
2392:
1996:
1902:
1887:
1805:
1718:
1633:
683:
568:
564:
493:
work with a playing time longer than 70 minutes is worth 1,200 points.
3885:, Website of the Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe.
2330:
on 13 December 2012. A week later, on 20 December 2012, both GEMA and
988:
Association for the Protection of Musical Performing Rights in Germany
251:
As an "accredited profit-making association with legal capacity" (de:
1847:
1128:. Both Schulze and Egk already occupied leading positions in STAGMA.
1089:
833:
Law Concerning Author's Rights to Works of Literature and Musical Art
205:
201:
94:
90:
1021:
Reich Law regarding the Intermediation of Musical Performance Rights
293:
The Berlin offices of GEMA on Bayreuther Straße near Wittenbergplatz
4040:"Clubs protestieren gegen Gema: Fünf Minuten Saturday Night Stille"
3362:"GEMA vs. YouTube: Berufung löst nächste Runde im Rechtsstreit aus"
3305:"German court orders Google to police YouTube copyright violations"
1672:
Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs
1010:
Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Aufführungsrechte für Deutschland
996:
Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Aufführungsrechte für Deutschland
577:
2990:"Clear-Berufung abgelehnt – GEMA bekommt vor Gericht erneut Recht"
1881:
1804:, collecting usernames and passwords that they later published on
1061:
Verband zum Schutze musikalischer Afführungsrechte für Deutschland
812:
687:
633:
societies operate on the basis of laws and ordinances. Within the
288:
245:
2066:
3412:"YouTube Ordered to Remove "Illegal" Copyright Blocking Notices"
1081:
1077:
705:
Furthermore, collecting societies receive their legitimacy from
225:
3973:
1755:) rejected Clear's appeal against the Munich regional court's (
1666:
Collecting societies have joined together internationally into
971:) entered the German market and opened a German branch office.
929:
The time after the foundation of the AFMA was quite turbulent.
310:(German law of association). It directly represents some 3,300
653:, which is enshrined in the constitutions of European states.
528:, and from there a portion is forwarded to GEMA. In 2004, the
3138:"Gema verhandelt mit Ländern über Pauschale für Kindergärten"
1029:
Reichsgesetz über die Vermittlung von Musikaufführungsrechten
980:
Genossenschaft zur Verwertung musikalischer Aufführungsrechte
1775:
are also in the process of negotiating similar agreements.
1004:
In 1930, the GDT (in the form of the AFMA) joined with the
336:) are reserved exclusively by the author. In contrast with
1726:
1211:
took over chairmanship of the board of directors in 2007.
882:
had already been founded in 1851, having its roots in the
637:, these collecting societies derive their legitimacy from
4142:"Online-Petition bündelt Zorn gegen höhere Gema-Gebühren"
3948:"Clubs am Main - Gegen die Gema. Baldige Pressekonferenz"
3615:
Reinhold Kreile, Jürgen Becker, Karl Riesenhuber (eds.):
3462:"Bundesregierung plant keine Veränderungen im GEMA-Recht"
1786:
over the failure to reach an agreement with YouTube. The
3763:
Article 13c Pgh. 1 of the Urheberrechtswahrnemungsgesetz
986:. In 1916, GEMA and AKM's German branch merged into the
489:
song is worth 12 points in this system, whereas a large
3194:"Rockmusiker Sven Regener rechnet mit Piratenpartei ab"
2669:"Urheberrechte, Tantiemen und die Vorgängerin der Gema"
1632:
These numbers illustrate that, since the appearance of
965:
Gesellschaft der Autoren, Komponisten und Musikverleger
4226:
171:
4117:"Gegen die Tarifreform 2013 - GEMA verliert Augenmaß"
3066:"Gema in Kindergärten – Wer singen will, muss zahlen"
3039:"GEMA stellt Strafanzeige wegen Verdachts auf Betrug"
530:
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry
3776:, 9th edition: Article 13b WahrnG, Marginal Number 1
3284:"GEMA Under Fire For Royalties Dispute With YouTube"
2287:
Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe
2224:
Bundesverband Deutscher Discotheken und Tanzbetriebe
2222:
According to a fee-calculator on the website of the
4180:(in German). DEHOGA Bundesverband. 20 December 2012
3553:
regarding Creative Commons Germany, 23 January 2012
3115:"Streit um Gema-Gebühren in Kindergärten beigelegt"
1975:The conventional term of a contract for members of
957:
Society of Authors, Composers, and Music Publishers
760:) of 9 September 1965. The core of this law is the
166:
156:
144:
134:
124:
114:
100:
86:
72:
54:
46:
3656:"Härtefallnachlassregel für Einzelveranstaltungen"
3617:Recht und Praxis der GEMA. Handbuch und Kommentar.
3159:Statement to GEMA from Anonymous regarding YouTube
2937:"GEMA vs. Barbara Clear: Berufung abgeschmettert!"
2657:. (German) Biography at the University of Hamburg.
2615:Copyright Law: A Handbook of Contemporary Research
1928:had already received 1863 petitions against GEMA.
238:Society of authors, composers and music publishers
200:based in Germany, with administrative offices in
3838:
3836:
3834:
3481:. GEMA. 15 March 2010. p. 32. Archived from
3014:(in German). News.de. 28 May 2010. Archived from
208:. GEMA represents the usage rights stemming from
4088:"Senat unterstützt Clubbetreiber im Gema-Streit"
2822:[Statement on Author's Rights and GEMA]
2645:(Copyright Administration Act), 9 September 1965
2579:"Urheberrechtsausgleich oder Subventionssteuer?"
3335:"Landgericht Hamburg: GEMA siegt gegen YouTube"
2690:(in German). Regensburg: ConBrio. p. 262.
2516:"Royalty Dispute Stops Music Videos in Germany"
946:Anstalt für mechanisch-musikalische Rechte GmbH
233:
1825:Law concerning the exercise of authors' rights
3996:"Berliner Szene-Club Berghain droht das Ende"
3509:"Die Kleinen klagen bitterlich über die GEMA"
3257:"YouTube blocks GEMA music videos in Germany"
2480:
2478:
2291:Association of German Discos and Dance Venues
2228:Association of German Discos and Dance Venues
2149:For the public use of "entertainment" music (
1220:
831:Upon coming into effect in January 1902, the
675:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
8:
3736:"Das Internet muss frei sein, nicht umsonst"
3238:"Youtube sperrt Musik-Videos in Deutschland"
2776:(in German). GEMA. October 2012. p. 182
2638:
2592:Schwerdtfeger, Christian (28 October 2011).
2572:
2570:
2509:
2507:
2365:). With the motto, "Authors Honor Authors" (
1031:). The legislator responsible for this law,
794:
32:
2847:"YouTube sperrt Musikvideos in Deutschland"
2826:(in German). Sonthofer Kulturwerkstatt GmbH
2607:
2605:
2603:
2383:Bureau International de l'Edition Mecanique
817:GEMA's Munich offices since 1990, with the
2296:According to Ralf Scheffler, owner of the
872:Anstalt für musikalische Aufführungsrechte
38:
31:
4068:"GEMA-Protest: Musik aus vor Mitternacht"
2820:"Statement zum Urheberrecht und die GEMA"
2594:"Straßenfeste: GEMA gewinnt Rechtsstreit"
2398:Recording Industry Association of America
2261:). The yearly payments of Frankfurt club
1686:GEMA often features in discussions about
2463:"Now YouTube stops the music in Germany"
2243:National Union of Music Event Organizers
1717:From 2009 to 2016, many music videos on
1237:
592:The playback of GEMA-protected music in
3216:"Revision, GEMA And Your Participation"
2960:"Die GEMA muss Künstlern nichts zahlen"
2410:
2253:, this new fee structure would lead to
2239:Bundesvereinigung der Musikveranstalter
938:Institute for Mechanical-Musical Rights
864:Institute for Musical Performing Rights
519:Central Office for Dubbing Rights (ZPÜ)
4178:"GEMA-Tarifreform für 2013 ausgesetzt"
3716:(in German). Vol. 1. pp. 1–5
3090:. GEMA. 7 January 2011. Archived from
2905:"Wachsender Widerstand gegen die GEMA"
2885:
2874:
1170:In 1982, GEMA collected 532.8 Million
3787:"Gema fordert 1000 Prozent mehr Geld"
3170:Bohnert, Thorsten (3 December 2011).
3136:Wilkens, Andreas (11 November 2011).
2418:Snow, Mat (5 March 1991). "Q&A".
2307:In a letter to GEMA, the head of the
2237:By way of a sample fee-estimate, the
2124:, President and international CEO of
1878:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany
1872:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany
1727:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany
1638:Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany
1434:Effective Payouts to Members (Mil. €)
273:(since 2007); the chairperson of the
254:rechtsfähiger wirtschaftlicher Verein
7:
4254:Music organisations based in Germany
4158:. Kultur-Retten.de. 13 December 2012
3460:Mühlbauer, Peter (5 November 2012).
3068:(in German). Stuttgarter Nachrichten
2563:(in German). GEMA. 21 December 2012.
1551:to Extraordinary Members (ca. 6.400)
1101:STAGMA continued its work after the
3900:Institut für Wirtschaftspublizistik
3364:(in German). t3n.de. Archived from
3064:Pfister, Hilmar (3 November 2011).
2958:Offermanns, Angsar (30 June 2009).
2667:Söring, Helmut (21 November 2006).
2388:Cultural Commons Collecting Society
2186:From club managers and disco owners
2062:German Rock & Pop Music Society
1143:In 1950, after the founding of the
3507:Wiegand, Marc (4 September 2009).
3476:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2009"
3117:(in German). Augsburger Allgemeine
3113:Drescher, Stefan (13 April 2011).
2992:(in German). GEMA. 21 January 2010
2935:Sobiraj, Lars (15 February 2010).
2818:Bestle, Monika (14 October 2011).
2746:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010"
2726:. GEMA. 4 May 2011. pp. 29–36
2721:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010"
2536:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010"
2514:O'Brien, Kevin J. (2 April 2009).
2438:"GEMA Annual Business Report 2010"
2328:Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger
2278:project, the cultural event-space
1842:) caused a stir in March 2012. On
1721:were not accessible from a German
1589:to Associated Members (ca. 55.000)
856:Genossenschaft Deutscher Tonsetzer
534:German Patent and Trademark Office
370:German Patent and Trademark Office
25:
4022:"Berghain to remain open in 2013"
3236:Lischka, Konrad (31 March 2009).
3196:(in German). Golem. 23 March 2012
3041:(in German). GEMA. Archived from
2903:Berger, Jens (15 February 2010).
2488:(in German). GEMA. Archived from
662:Constitution of the German Empire
585:The charges for performances and
3858:Comments on GEMA's Facebook Page
3598:Das Handbuch der Musikwirtschaft
3579:Reinhold Kreile, Jürgen Becker:
3414:. TorrentFreak. 26 February 2014
3389:"Auch YouTube legt Berufung ein"
3282:Spahr, Wolfgang (24 June 2011).
3255:Hodgin, Rick C. (9 April 2009).
3174:(in German). Deutscher Bundestag
3012:"Gema-Betrug aus eigenen Reihen"
2845:Konrad Lischka (31 March 2009).
2799:(in German). Deutscher Bundestag
1109:) starting from 24 August 1947.
1098:as a prize to worthy employees.
27:German performing rights society
3387:Hemmerich, Lisa (22 May 2012).
3037:Müller, Bettina (28 May 2010).
2641:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz
2577:Mühlbauer, Peter (9 May 2001).
1853:In 2012, the organizers of the
1829:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz
1821:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz
1105:, but under the title of GEMA (
1015:This came to an end during the
758:Urheberrechtswahrnehmungsgesetz
694:, which were formed before the
362:performance rights organization
297:GEMA is organized according to
198:performance rights organization
4249:1947 establishments in Germany
3360:Hedemann, Falk (21 May 2012).
2795:Bestle, Monika (19 May 2009).
2443:. GEMA. 4 May 2011. p. 34
2173:, which is usually termed the
1834:A radio interview with artist
848:Consortium of German Composers
1:
4244:Music licensing organizations
4202:(in German). 20 December 2012
3744:(in German). 23 February 2012
3645:June 2009, Article 3 Number 1
3303:Brown, Mark (23 April 2012).
2016:In 1998, GEMA introduced new
1968:) and/or territories—and for
453:Fees and private copying levy
4144:. Der Westen. 11 April 2012.
3950:. Toxic Family. 26 June 2012
3596:in Moser, Scheuermann (ed.)
725:) grants authors a range of
664:, Article 14 of the current
631:collective rights management
608:involving the use of music.
496:According to Article 54 of
81:collective rights management
3924:(in German). Archived from
2966:(in German). Archived from
2363:Deutscher Musikautorenpreis
2353:German Music Authors' Prize
2347:German Music Authors' Prize
1924:As of 5 November 2012, the
1763:) verdict in its entirety.
1587:
1549:
1508:
1472:to Full Members (ca. 3,300)
1470:
1432:
1390:
1352:
1314:
1276:
862:) subsequently founded the
475:U-Musik, Unterhaltungsmusik
420:außerordentliche Mitglieder
4270:
4076:(in German). 27 June 2012.
3793:(in German). 15 April 2012
3259:. TG Daily. Archived from
2686:Dümling, Albrecht (2003).
2350:
1875:
1588:
1550:
1509:
1471:
1433:
1391:
1353:
1315:
1277:
1145:German Democratic Republic
1043:On 28 September 1933, the
658:North German Confederation
618:
498:German authors' rights law
334:German authors' rights law
234:Other collecting societies
4096:(in German). 27 June 2012
4048:(in German). 26 June 2012
3902:(in German). 10 July 2007
3705:Seelenmeyer, Ole (2010).
3140:(in German). Heise online
2771:"GEMA Yearbook 2009/2010"
2313:Senate Chancellery Berlin
2312:
2290:
2258:
2242:
2227:
2215:
2178:
2060:The spokesperson for the
2006:
1985:European Court of Justice
1824:
1816:
1354:Distribution Sum (Mil. €)
1137:
1068:
651:intellectual property law
485:); for example, a single
408:angeschlossene Mitglieder
340:as it usually appears in
222:synchronization licensing
37:
3641:22 November 2010 at the
3511:(in German). Der Westen.
3439:Music Business Worldwide
2612:Torremans, Paul (2007).
2126:Sony Music Entertainment
1221:Structure and membership
1084:. The CEO of STAGMA was
762:obligation to administer
686:—and also previously in
625:Copyright law of Germany
596:as background music for
285:Structure and membership
3970:"Clubs am Main website"
3881:22 October 2012 at the
3772:; cf. Fromm/Nordemann,
3768:11 October 2012 at the
3523:"Der Widerstand wächst"
2596:(in German). RP Online.
2581:(in German). Telepolis.
1855:non-profit organization
1278:Income in Millions of €
660:as well as in the 1871
477:) and "serious music" (
58:September 28, 1933
3845:Frankfurter Allgemeine
3815:. GEMA. Archived from
2907:(in German). Telepolis
2639:
2370:
2362:
2162:
2154:
2104:
2092:Nacht-und-Nebel-Aktion
2091:
2055:Härtefallnachlassregel
2054:
2049:abatement provision" (
2031:Nettoeinzelverrechnung
2030:
1965:
1894:
1782:was the target of two
1760:
1752:
1651:GEMA has entered into
1160:
1122:Erich Schulze Fountain
1069:Reich Chamber of Music
1052:
1028:
995:
964:
955:In 1913, the Austrian
945:
871:
855:
840:
828:
819:Erich Schulze Fountain
809:Antecedents: 1902–1933
795:
781:
774:obligation to contract
769:
757:
742:
734:
722:
714:
707:German author's rights
673:
482:
474:
462:
432:ordentliche Mitglieder
431:
419:
407:
384:
294:
60:; 90 years ago
3391:(in German). netzwelt
2371:Autoren ehren Autoren
2285:On 30 June 2012, the
1885:
1653:reciprocal agreements
1647:Reciprocal agreements
1316:Expenditures (Mil. €)
907:Engelbert Humperdinck
816:
643:intellectual property
621:Intellectual property
483:E-Musik, ernste Musik
412:extraordinary members
389:extraordinary members
292:
3863:29 November 2012 at
3586:Beendigung und Dauer
3018:on 23 September 2012
2673:Hamburger Abendblatt
2346:
2309:Senatskanzlei Berlin
2232:Angemessenheitsregel
2212:Angemessenheitsregel
1890:videos. Text reads:
1704:private copying levy
1229:extraordinary member
1134:Musik hat ihren Wert
723:Urheberrechtsgesetze
700:collecting societies
510:private copying levy
385:Berechtigungsvertrag
214:mechanical licensing
3876:GEMA fee-calculator
3819:on 17 December 2012
3592:31 May 2010 at the
3549:10 May 2012 at the
3525:. suedwest-aktiv.de
3488:on 23 February 2014
3263:on 10 November 2009
2315:), state secretary
2082:, charges that the
2007:entertainment music
1981:European Commission
1702:. For example, the
1223:for definitions of
1138:Music has its Value
1059:) arose out of the
727:exploitation rights
218:broadcast licensing
34:
3928:on 12 October 2013
2970:on 2 December 2012
2751:. GEMA. 4 May 2011
2541:. GEMA. 4 May 2011
2521:The New York Times
2157:) or dance music (
2155:Unterhaltungsmusik
2003:Unterhaltungsmusik
1954:deed of assignment
1895:
1745:deed of assignment
1676:European Community
934:phonograph records
829:
635:European Community
598:answering messages
400:associated members
377:deed of assignment
358:collecting society
325:deed of assignment
295:
275:board of directors
236:include the (AKM)
194:collecting society
136:Official language
77:Collecting society
4028:. 15 August 2012.
3976:on 3 January 2013
3441:. 31 October 2016
2884:Missing or empty
2625:978-1-84542-487-9
2492:on 7 October 2014
1926:German parliament
1897:Music videos for
1797:denial of service
1773:states of Germany
1753:Oberlandesgericht
1626:
1625:
1233:associated member
1065:Reichsmusikkammer
913:and most notably
770:Wahrnehmungszwang
745:) in the form of
735:Verwertungsrechte
649:, in the form of
647:intangible assets
594:telephone systems
549:content providers
540:, downloads, and
393:German civil code
259:German civil code
244:) in Austria and
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
4261:
4230:
4229:
4227:Official website
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4115:Rauh, Matthias.
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4093:Berliner Zeitung
4084:
4078:
4077:
4073:Berliner Zeitung
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:Resident Advisor
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3972:. Archived from
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3892:
3886:
3873:
3867:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3791:Der Tagesspiegel
3783:
3777:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3711:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3652:
3646:
3633:
3627:
3613:
3607:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3311:. Archived from
3300:
3294:
3293:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3167:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3094:on 25 March 2012
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2561:"GEMA Delegates"
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2340:
2314:
2300:cultural center
2292:
2260:
2244:
2229:
2217:
2209:
2180:
2117:
2081:
2070:
2008:
2000:
1958:Creative Commons
1948:
1840:Element of Crime
1826:
1818:
1778:In 2011, GEMA's
1742:
1512:Legal Successors
1238:
1191:
1139:
1130:Albrecht Dümling
1119:
1103:Second World War
1070:
1008:under the label
904:
827:
798:
641:protections for
587:background music
581:
527:
506:
443:legal successors
308:
248:in Switzerland.
178:
175:
173:
68:
66:
61:
42:
35:
21:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4121:openpetition.de
4114:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3883:Wayback Machine
3874:
3870:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3841:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3770:Wayback Machine
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3643:Wayback Machine
3634:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3594:Wayback Machine
3578:
3574:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3551:Wayback Machine
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3342:
3341:. 21 April 2012
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2964:Euregio Aktuell
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2883:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2471:. 1 April 2009.
2461:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2379:
2355:
2349:
2334:
2269:In Berlin, the
2203:
2188:
2179:GEMA-assumption
2171:burden of proof
2146:
2111:
2075:
2073:Ole Seelenmeyer
2064:
1994:
1942:
1934:
1922:
1880:
1874:
1838:(from the band
1736:
1711:online petition
1692:private copying
1684:
1682:Current debates
1668:umbrella groups
1649:
1217:
1206:
1185:
1183:Reinhold Kreile
1113:
1041:
1033:Joseph Goebbels
915:Richard Strauss
898:
896:Friedrich Rösch
888:Richard Strauss
884:Agence Centrale
821:
811:
806:
627:
619:Main articles:
617:
575:
521:
515:blank media tax
500:
455:
346:authors' rights
302:
287:
267:executive board
210:authors' rights
170:
159:
147:
137:
127:
117:
110:
64:
62:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4220:
4219:External links
4217:
4214:
4213:
4191:
4169:
4147:
4133:
4107:
4079:
4059:
4031:
4013:
3987:
3961:
3939:
3913:
3887:
3868:
3850:
3830:
3804:
3778:
3755:
3727:
3697:
3669:
3647:
3628:
3608:
3584:paragraph 5.2
3572:
3555:
3544:GEMA statement
3536:
3514:
3499:
3467:
3452:
3426:
3403:
3379:
3368:on 24 May 2012
3352:
3326:
3315:on 4 July 2012
3295:
3274:
3247:
3228:
3207:
3185:
3162:
3151:
3128:
3105:
3079:
3056:
3045:on 8 July 2014
3029:
3003:
2981:
2950:
2927:
2918:
2895:
2863:
2851:Spiegel Online
2837:
2810:
2787:
2762:
2737:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2678:
2659:
2647:
2631:
2624:
2599:
2584:
2566:
2552:
2527:
2503:
2486:"GEMA by-laws"
2474:
2454:
2429:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2351:Main article:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2320:
2305:
2294:
2283:
2267:
2246:
2235:
2219:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2175:GEMA-Vermutung
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2119:
2105:Solidarprinzip
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2014:
1988:
1973:
1950:
1933:
1930:
1921:
1918:
1876:Main article:
1873:
1870:
1844:Bavarian Radio
1813:GEMA-Vorbehalt
1683:
1680:
1648:
1645:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
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1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
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1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
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1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
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1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
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1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
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1427:
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1417:
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1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
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1326:
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1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
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1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1216:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1040:
1037:
927:
926:
911:Georg Schumann
810:
807:
805:
802:
796:GEMA Vermutung
782:Abschlusszwang
743:Nutzungsrechte
639:constitutional
616:
613:
606:audio-branding
463:Weltrepertoire
454:
451:
286:
283:
180:
179:
168:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
116:Region served
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
104:
102:
98:
97:
88:
84:
83:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:GEMA (Germany)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4266:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4108:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4002:. 9 July 2012
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:archive.today
3862:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3625:3-89949-181-5
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3605:3-7808-0188-4
3602:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3240:(in German).
3239:
3232:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2878:
2867:
2864:
2852:
2849:(in German).
2848:
2841:
2838:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2697:3-932581-58-X
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2671:(in German).
2670:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2491:
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2421:
2414:
2411:
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2399:
2396:
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2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:Björn Böhning
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:Cocoon (club)
2256:
2252:
2251:Tanzhaus West
2247:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2216:adequacy rule
2213:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:public domain
2164:
2160:
2156:
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1998:
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1967:
1963:
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1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:Barbara Clear
1936:
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1784:cyber attacks
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602:on-hold music
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1932:From members
1923:
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1836:Sven Regener
1833:
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1812:
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1780:web presence
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761:
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715:Urheberrecht
704:
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665:
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628:
610:
591:
589:are tiered.
584:
561:iTunes Store
546:
538:music videos
514:
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424:full members
423:
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411:
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376:
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354:legal person
345:
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318:, and music
300:Vereinsrecht
298:
296:
279:Ralf Weigand
271:Harald Heker
252:
250:
237:
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185:
183:
151:Harald Heker
126:Membership
87:Headquarters
47:Abbreviation
29:
4206:28 December
4184:28 December
4162:28 December
4126:28 December
4100:28 December
4052:28 December
4045:Der Spiegel
4006:28 December
3980:28 December
3954:28 December
3932:28 December
3906:28 December
3823:28 December
3797:28 December
3748:28 December
3720:28 December
3690:28 December
3636:GEMA Bylaws
3492:27 December
3418:26 February
3242:Der Spiegel
3221:21 February
3178:27 December
3098:27 December
3049:27 December
3022:27 December
2996:27 December
2974:27 December
2939:(in German)
2830:27 December
2780:27 December
2655:Loen Jessel
2545:27 December
2496:21 December
2335: [
2255:Clubsterben
2204: [
2193:Tarifreform
2112: [
2076: [
2065: [
2005:; English:
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1943: [
1901:artists on
1899:major label
1817:GEMA Clause
1761:Landgericht
1737: [
1225:full member
1198:liquidation
1186: [
1181:politician
1114: [
1017:Third Reich
984:Leon Jessel
899: [
892:Hans Sommer
822: [
696:Grundgesetz
666:Grundgesetz
615:Legal basis
576: [
522: [
501: [
303: [
263:chairperson
146:Chairperson
4238:Categories
3445:2 November
2886:|url=
2420:Q Magazine
2405:References
2324:giga event
2311:(English:
2302:Batschkapp
2289:(English:
2259:club-death
2257:(English:
2241:(English:
2226:(English:
2214:(English:
2177:(English:
2144:From users
2109:Jörg Evers
1858:demo party
1823:(English:
1815:(English:
1788:hacktivist
1723:IP address
1392:Cost Ratio
1136:(English:
1126:Werner Egk
1095:Mein Kampf
1086:Leo Ritter
1067:(English:
772:) and the
680:free state
551:, such as
542:ring tones
491:orchestral
342:common law
320:publishers
65:1933-09-28
3319:21 August
3289:Billboard
2943:25 August
2911:25 August
2803:4 January
2298:Frankfurt
2163:Tanzmusik
2011:pop music
1970:all works
1920:Criticism
1819:)—of the
1792:Anonymous
1688:copyright
1177:In 1990,
1132:'s book,
1039:1933–2000
1019:with the
553:Musicload
467:royalties
410:), 6,406
338:copyright
316:lyricists
312:composers
269:(CEO) is
55:Formation
4000:Die Welt
3879:Archived
3861:Archived
3766:Archived
3741:Die Welt
3639:Archived
3590:Archived
3547:Archived
3529:26 March
3339:netzwelt
2877:cite web
2447:16 March
2377:See also
2275:Berghain
2266:€50,000.
2136:official
2131:Die Welt
2096:Schlager
1886:Blocked
1866:Revision
1802:intranet
1729:below).
1696:webradio
1215:Revenues
747:licenses
366:de facto
101:Location
3267:9 April
3200:5 April
2755:18 June
2730:18 June
1992:U-Musik
1966:Sparten
1903:YouTube
1888:YouTube
1806:Twitter
1719:YouTube
1634:YouTube
1006:Verband
804:History
684:Bavaria
569:Napster
565:Spotify
364:). The
350:natural
265:of the
261:). The
212:(e.g.,
167:Website
158:Staff
120:Germany
107:Germany
73:Purpose
63: (
3658:. GEMA
3623:
3603:
3395:24 May
3372:21 May
2824:(Blog)
2694:
2622:
2400:(RIAA)
2367:German
2359:German
2332:DEHOGA
2271:techno
2201:DEHOGA
2159:German
2151:German
2101:German
2088:German
2051:German
2027:German
1962:German
1848:Google
1790:group
1757:German
1749:German
1714:2009.
1709:In an
1622:24.1%
1505:64.2%
1467:299.7
1425:14.7%
1387:735.9
1349:127.1
1311:863.0
1231:, and
1157:German
1090:Hitler
1073:Aryans
1057:STAGMA
1049:German
1025:German
992:German
961:German
942:German
936:, the
921:GEMA:
868:German
852:German
837:German
778:German
766:German
754:German
739:German
731:German
719:German
711:German
670:German
479:German
471:German
459:German
428:German
416:German
404:German
381:German
206:Munich
202:Berlin
140:German
95:Munich
91:Berlin
3710:(PDF)
3681:(PDF)
3567:(PDF)
3486:(PDF)
3479:(PDF)
3309:Wired
2774:(PDF)
2749:(PDF)
2724:(PDF)
2539:(PDF)
2441:(PDF)
2426:: 34.
2339:]
2280:Kubus
2273:club
2208:]
2116:]
2080:]
2069:]
2039:ASCAP
2009:, or
1999:]
1947:]
1861:Evoke
1741:]
1619:24.5%
1616:22.2%
1613:23.6%
1610:24.1%
1607:22.8%
1604:24.6%
1601:22.8%
1598:25.5%
1595:25.6%
1592:25.8%
1584:4.8%
1546:6.8%
1502:62.9%
1499:64.7%
1496:61.5%
1493:62.3%
1490:62.9%
1487:58.8%
1484:62.8%
1481:58.4%
1478:57.7%
1475:57.6%
1464:334.5
1461:322.9
1458:325.6
1455:312.3
1452:334.5
1449:328.0
1446:354.3
1443:312.0
1440:317.9
1437:302.8
1422:15.2%
1419:14.9%
1416:14.2%
1413:13.9%
1410:14.1%
1407:14.4%
1404:14.7%
1401:14.6%
1398:14.5%
1395:14.6%
1384:713.1
1381:700.7
1378:729.3
1375:752.7
1372:731.9
1369:690.2
1366:694.2
1363:693.8
1360:692.6
1357:684.5
1346:128.0
1343:122.4
1340:120.3
1337:121.7
1334:120.3
1331:116.0
1328:119.4
1325:118.7
1322:117.9
1319:116.9
1308:841.1
1305:823.0
1302:849.6
1299:874.4
1296:852.2
1293:806.2
1290:813.6
1287:812.5
1284:810.5
1281:801.4
1273:2010
1190:]
1118:]
1082:Nazis
950:AMMRE
940:LLC (
903:]
880:SACEM
826:]
688:Baden
580:]
573:CELAS
557:Apple
526:]
513:(or:
505:]
307:]
246:SUISA
230:CISAC
174:.gema
162:1,068
4208:2012
4186:2012
4164:2012
4128:2012
4102:2012
4054:2012
4008:2012
3982:2012
3956:2012
3934:2012
3908:2012
3825:2012
3799:2012
3750:2012
3722:2012
3692:2012
3685:GEMA
3664:2010
3621:ISBN
3601:ISBN
3582:GEMA
3531:2009
3494:2012
3447:2016
3420:2014
3397:2012
3374:2012
3347:2012
3321:2012
3269:2009
3223:2013
3202:2012
3180:2012
3146:2012
3123:2011
3100:2012
3074:2012
3051:2012
3024:2012
2998:2012
2976:2012
2945:2010
2913:2010
2890:help
2858:2011
2832:2012
2805:2011
2782:2012
2757:2011
2732:2012
2692:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2547:2012
2498:2012
2449:2012
2393:GÜFA
2041:and
1698:and
1581:5.1%
1578:5.8%
1575:7.4%
1572:5.8%
1569:6.8%
1566:9.0%
1563:7.2%
1560:8.2%
1557:9.3%
1554:9.0%
1543:7.5%
1540:7.3%
1537:7.5%
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1531:7.5%
1528:7.7%
1525:7.2%
1522:7.9%
1519:7.5%
1516:7.6%
1270:2009
1267:2008
1264:2007
1261:2006
1258:2005
1255:2004
1252:2003
1249:2002
1246:2001
1243:2000
1219:See
1078:Nazi
976:GEMA
894:and
876:AFMA
846:The
690:and
645:and
629:All
623:and
507:, a
228:and
226:BIEM
204:and
196:and
190:GEMA
184:The
93:and
79:for
50:GEMA
2084:PRO
2043:BMI
2018:PRO
1640:).
1510:to
1179:CSU
1167:).
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1149:GDR
1092:'s
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952:).
860:GDT
682:of
600:or
559:'s
487:pop
360:or
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277:is
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