AWK - Knowledge (XXG)

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The BEGIN block sets the field separator to any sequence of non-alphabetic characters. Separators can be regular expressions. After that, we get to a bare action, which performs the action on every input line. In this case, for every field on the line, we add one to the number of times that word,

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and current line variables. The power and terseness of early AWK programs – notably the powerful regular expression handling and conciseness due to implicit variables, which facilitate one-liners – together with the limitations of AWK at the time, were important inspirations for the

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tells awk that the argument that follows is the file to read the AWK program from, which is the same flag that is used in sed. Since they are often used for one-liners, both these programs default to executing a program given as a command-line argument, rather than a separate file.

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in the examples above. AWK commands can include function calls, variable assignments, calculations, or any combination thereof. AWK contains built-in support for many functions; many more are provided by the various flavors of AWK. Also, some flavors support the inclusion of

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is true for the 3rd, 7th, 11th, etc., lines of input. The range pattern is false until the first part matches, on line 1, and then remains true up to and including when the second part matches, on line 3. It then stays false until the first part matches again on line 5.

929:: Field Separator. Contains the "field separator" used to divide fields in the input record. The default, "white space", allows any sequence of space and tab characters. FS can be reassigned with another character or character sequence to change the field separator. 2346:

program) is another translator of AWK scripts into C code. When compiled, statically including the author's libawka.a, the resulting executables are considerably sped up and, according to the author's tests, compare very well with other versions of AWK,

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in the awk command is not protected by single quotes so that the shell does expand the variable but it needs to be put in double quotes to properly handle patterns containing spaces. A pattern by itself in the usual way checks to see if the whole line

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is a series of commands. The input is split into records, where by default records are separated by newline characters so that the input is split into lines. The program tests each record against each of the conditions in turn, and executes the

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for each expression that is true. Either the condition or the action may be omitted. The condition defaults to matching every record. The default action is to print the record. This is the same pattern-action structure as sed.

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Finally, this is written in pure awk, without help from a shell or without the need to know too much about the implementation of the awk script (as the variable assignment on command line one does), but is a bit lengthy:

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Thus, the program prints lines 1,2,3, skips line 4, and then 5,6,7, and so on. For each line, it prints the line number (on a 6 character-wide field) and then the line contents. For example, when executed on this input:

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Functions can have variables that are in the local scope. The names of these are added to the end of the argument list, though values for these should be omitted when calling the function. It is convention to add some

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includes a persistent memory feature that can remember script-defined variables and functions from one invocation of a script to the next and pass data between unrelated scripts, as described in the Persistent-Memory

917:: Number of Fields. Contains the number of fields in the current input record. The last field in the input record can be designated by $ NF, the 2nd-to-last field by $ (NF-1), the 3rd-to-last field by $ (NF-2), etc. 1335:, it will by default be an empty string. Adding zero to a variable is an AWK idiom for coercing it from a string to a numeric value. (Concatenating an empty string is to coerce from a number to a string, e.g. 677:

command is used to output text. The output text is always terminated with a predefined string called the output record separator (ORS) whose default value is a newline. The simplest form of this command is:

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is the value of the last field in the line regardless of how many fields this line has, or whether it has more or fewer fields than surrounding lines. $ is actually a unary operator with the highest

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to 1 so that there are no arguments, awk will simply quit because it feels there are no more input files. Therefore, you need to explicitly say to read from standard input with the special filename

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Awk's built-in variables include the field variables: $ 1, $ 2, $ 3, and so on ($ 0 represents the entire record). They hold the text or values in the individual text-fields in a record.

1339:. Note, there's no operator to concatenate strings, they're just placed adjacently.) With the coercion the program prints "0" on an empty input, without it, an empty line is printed. 707:

Displays the first and third fields of the current record, separated by a predefined string called the output field separator (OFS) whose default value is a single space character

935:: Record Separator. Stores the current "record separator" character. Since, by default, an input line is the input record, the default record separator character is a "newline". 2953: 901:: Number of Records. Keeps a current count of the number of input records read so far from all data files. It starts at zero, but is never automatically reset to zero. 3071: 2391:, hosted on SourceForge. Extensions to the language are added to provide access to Java features within AWK scripts (i.e., Java threads, sockets, collections, etc.). 4686: 4696: 4676: 3099: 460:, released in 1988. GNU AWK may be the most widely deployed version because it is included with GNU-based Linux packages. GNU AWK has been maintained solely by 3154: 947:: Output Record Separator. Stores the "output record separator", which separates the output records when Awk prints them. The default is a "newline" character. 508:

AWK reads the input a line at a time. A line is scanned for each pattern in the program, and for each pattern that matches, the associated action is executed.

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According to Brian Kernighan, one of the goals of AWK was to have a tool that would easily manipulate both numbers and strings. AWK was also inspired by

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As there is no pattern for the first line of the program, every line of input matches by default, so the increment actions are executed for every line.

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enables the user to make measured performance enhancements to a script. It also enables the user to extend functionality with shared libraries. Some

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often called a data-driven language -- the program statements describe the input data to match and process rather than a sequence of program steps

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is the number of records, typically lines of input, AWK has so far read, i.e. the current line number, starting at 1 for the first line of input.

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In 1985 its authors started expanding the language, most significantly by adding user-defined functions. The language is described in the book

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and TCP/IP networking. It was written before the original implementation became freely available. It includes its own debugger, and its

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includes an AWK implementation written by Dmitry Zakharov. This is a very small implementation suitable for embedded systems.

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The next way uses command-line variable assignment, in which an argument to awk can be seen as an assignment to a variable:

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language (1987). In the 1990s, Perl became very popular, competing with AWK in the niche of Unix text-processing languages.

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is necessary not only to extract the first argument, but also to prevent it from being interpreted as a filename after the

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is printed. However, since there may have been no lines of input at all, in which case no value has ever been assigned to

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that are explained above; see the FIXES file in the source archive for details. This version is used by, for example,

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For example, a script that sends the content of a given file to standard output may be built by creating a file named

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first converted to lowercase, appears. Finally, in the END block, we print the words with their frequencies. The line

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in the argument list before the local variables, to indicate where the parameters end and the local variables begin.

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with dynamically loadable libraries. The XMLgawk extension was integrated into the official GNU Awk release 4.1.0.

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awk) is another free-software implementation and the only implementation that makes serious progress implementing

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contains the current filename. awk has no explicit concatenation operator; two adjacent strings concatenate them.

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is the whole line, which in this case is empty apart from possible white-space, and so has the numeric value 0.)

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block. awk only checks to see if it should read from standard input before it runs the command. This means that

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There are alternate ways of writing this. This shell script accesses the environment directly from within awk:

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string constants. Statements need not end with semicolons. Finally, comments can be added to programs by using

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and works similarly to the print command described above. The pattern to match, however, works as follows:

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containing the first argument, then drops that argument and has awk look for the pattern in each file.

715:) may bear resemblance to variables (the $ symbol indicates variables in the usual Unix shells and in 3370: 3203: 962:

Variable names can use any of the characters , with the exception of language keywords. The operators

407:'s programming language that was used to search for patterns in input data, and was implemented using 4562: 4093: 4041: 3484: 1076: 177: 129: 61: 31: 2182:, which converted AWK to C. Kernighan wrote a program to turn awk into C++; its state is not known. 1296:, which is the last word on the line as defined by AWK's field separator (by default, white-space). 604:

In addition to normal arithmetic and logical operators, AWK expressions include the tilde operator,

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is an embedded AWK interpreter implementation included in the QSE library that provides embedding

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is a fork of mawk, allowing applications to embed multiple parallel instances of awk interpreters.

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without using the tilde operator matches against the current record; this syntax derives from

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is the name of an environment variable; its result is the variable's value. This is like the

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The action statement prints each line numbered. The printf function emulates the standard C

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Print all lines longer than 80 characters. The default action is to print the current line.

625: 457: 350:, and even the early Bell Labs users of AWK often wrote well-structured large AWK programs. 267: 152: 2843:(Technical report). Unix Seventh Edition Manual, Volume 2. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc 907:: File Number of Records. Keeps a current count of the number of input records read so far 4626: 4518: 4352: 4172: 4116: 4021: 3822: 3725: 3121: 2830: 2790: 2519: 2475: 2233:. Brian Kernighan and Arnold Robbins are the main contributors to a source repository for 2194: 613: 465: 419: 370: 347: 320: 286: 94: 81: 3545: 1634:

of the array. This is different from most languages, where such a loop goes through each

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is an AWK implementation in Go with a few convenience extensions by Ben Hoyt, hosted on

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represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, respectively. For string

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On Unix-like operating systems self-contained AWK scripts can be constructed using the

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This displays the contents of the current record. In AWK, records are broken down into

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is its inverse. A regular expression is just a string and can be stored in variables.

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In 1983, AWK was one of several UNIX tools available for Charles River Data Systems'

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Count words in the input and print the number of lines, words, and characters (like

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was an addition to the One True awk (see below) made after the book was published.

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As a special case, when the first part of a range pattern is constantly true, e.g.

866:# Actions to perform in the event the record (line) matches the above regex_pattern 831:# Actions to perform in the event the record (line) matches the above regex_pattern 749:# Actions to perform in the event the record (line) matches the above regex_pattern 423: 1964:# the pattern was the only thing, so force read from standard input (used by book) 1654:

to make a shell script that does everything. It is the shortest of these methods:

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in the array. The loop thus prints out each word followed by its frequency count.

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none; can handle strings, integers and floating-point numbers; regular expressions

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causing the action to be executed before or after all records have been read, or

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in 1996 and is still maintained by Brian Kernighan (see external links below).

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only works because the fact that there are no filenames is only checked before

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as the first character on a line, or behind a command or sequence of commands.

4394: 4292: 3878: 3837: 3640: 3610: 3416:"Awk by example, Part 1: An intro to the great language with the strange name" 2899: 2826: 2515: 2471: 2429:

is a very small, function-only, reentrant, embeddable interpreter written in C

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This variable is automatically reset to zero each time a new file is started.

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James W. Livingston (May 2, 1988). "The Great awk Program is No Birdbrain".

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command can also display the results of calculations and/or function calls:

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is the name of the command that executed the script, most often the string

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awk, GNU Awk, mawk, nawk, MKS AWK, Thompson AWK (compiler), Awka (compiler)

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prints lines of input from the first line matching the regular expression

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The awk action language is Turing-complete, and can read and write files.

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Effective Awk Programming: Universal Text Processing and Pattern Matching

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as their default AWK implementation. As of version 5.2 (September 2022)

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This program can be represented in several ways. The first one uses the

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AWK was significantly revised and expanded in 1985–88, resulting in the

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in the 1970s, and its name is derived from the surnames of its authors:

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which matches the range of records starting with a record that matches

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provides facilities for handling input and output CSV formatted data.

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of textual data – either run directly on files or used as part of a

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This article is about the programming language. For other uses, see

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program that runs scripts written in the AWK programming language.

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Aho, Alfred V.; Kernighan, Brian W.; Weinberger, Peter J. (1988).

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Awk — A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language (Second Edition)

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An AWK program is a series of pattern action pairs, written as:

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1 Rome 2 Florence 3 Milan 5 Turin 6 Venice

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is true for the 1st, 5th, 9th, etc., lines of input. Likewise,

4445: 4332: 3958: 3802: 3700: 3456:"Awk by example, Part 3: String functions and ... checkbooks?" 3155:"FreeBSD's work log for importing BWK awk into FreeBSD's core" 2711: 2680: 2370: 2352: 2256: 621: 476: 374: 290: 225: 209: 2326:

is a very fast AWK implementation by Mike Brennan based on a

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checks to see if its left operand matches its right operand;

270: 3501: 1831:'$ 0 ~ pattern { print FILENAME ":" $ 0 }' 1757:'$ 0 ~ ENVIRON { print FILENAME ":" $ 0 }' 4322: 3680: 3129:. Usenix C++ Conference. Washington, DC. pp. 217–228. 1300:

is the number of fields in the current line, e.g. 4. Since

2201:. This version also has features not in the book, such as 3181:"CSV Processing With gawk (using the gawk-csv extension)" 2058:

initiates a comment that expands to the end of the line.

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AWK commands are the statements that are substituted for

2746:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 196. 2146:

AWK was originally written in 1977 and distributed with

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gawk manual: Other Freely Available awk Implementations

3039:(2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. p. 221. 723:, refers to the entire record. In fact, the commands " 632:

is used for searching. This syntax of using slashes as

3371:"Awk: The Power and Promise of a 40-Year-Old Language" 2355:. Small scripts will turn into programs of 160–170 kB. 3552: 2626:

Effective Awk Programming: A User's Guide for Gnu Awk

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designed for text processing and typically used as a

273: 3436:"Awk by example, Part 2: Records, loops, and arrays" 2982:. Charles River Data Systems, Inc. 1983. p. 13. 2461:

gawk manual has a list of more Awk implementations.

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by Michael Parker provides an AWK implementation in

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for regular expressions was subsequently adopted by

4604: 4561: 4545: 4517: 4494: 4403: 4382: 4361: 4275: 4140: 4092: 4076: 4055: 4012: 3851: 3795: 3744: 3603: 315:consisting of a set of actions to be taken against 219: 199: 176: 163: 151: 141: 122: 100: 80: 60: 3090: 3088: 2701:"Get started with GAWK: AWK language fundamentals" 2527: 2483: 1787:. The shell script makes an environment variable 2900:"UNIX Special: Profs Kernighan & Brailsford" 2602:(2nd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. 1693:'/ { print FILENAME ":" $ 0 }' 1453:Printing the initial or the final part of a file 569:In addition to a simple AWK expression, such as 3555:The site for things related to the awk language 3000:"The GNU Project and Me: 27 Years with GNU AWK" 506: 369:(who worked on tiny relational databases), and 1724:expands to the original unchanged input line. 990:, function definitions consist of the keyword 923:: Contains the name of the current input-file. 699:Displays the first field of the current record 334:(that is, arrays indexed by key strings), and 4246: 3574: 418:, AWK added computational features to a Unix 383:. When written in all lowercase letters, as 8: 3407: – Interview with Alfred V. Aho on AWK 2952:(Technical report). Linux Foundation. 2008. 2761:(4th ed.). O'Reilly Media. p. 560. 2529:The AWK Programming Language, Second Edition 593:up to and including the record that matches 37: 3478:AWK – Become an expert in 60 minutes 2167:. This implementation was released under a 1783:function in various standard libraries and 1622:creates a loop that goes through the array 4253: 4239: 4231: 4213: 3581: 3567: 3559: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2949:Linux Standard Base Core Specification 4.0 2770: 2768: 1066:# Outputs '''39''' 1034:This statement can be invoked as follows: 36: 3120:Kernighan, Brian W. (April 24–25, 1991). 3035:Dougherty, Dale; Robbins, Arnold (1997). 661:, which can also provide more functions. 1443:Rome Florence Milan Naples Turin Venice 691:, and these can be displayed separately: 3391:"The A-Z of Programming Languages: AWK" 3062:"The A-Z of Programming Languages: AWK" 2691: 1292:is incremented by the numeric value of 414:As one of the early tools to appear in 377:, which is illustrated on the cover of 342:and was especially designed to support 4687:Pattern matching programming languages 3216:from the original on February 21, 2020 3161:from the original on September 8, 2013 2946:"Chapter 15. Commands and Utilities". 2860: 2858: 624:, which in turn inherited it from the 452:implementation written by Paul Rubin, 4697:Programming languages created in 1977 4677:Domain-specific programming languages 2871:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 2699:Stutz, Michael (September 19, 2006). 2342:(whose front end is written atop the 2261:internationalization and localization 1122:Print lines longer than 80 characters 597:before again trying to match against 7: 3096:"Records (The GNU Awk User's Guide)" 3016:from the original on October 6, 2014 301:, and is a standard feature of most 4712:Text-oriented programming languages 2976:The Insider's Guide To The Universe 2629:(1.0.3 ed.). Bloomington, IN: 1312:. (If the line has no fields, then 338:. While AWK has a limited intended 2647:from the original on 12 April 2009 1304:is the value of the fourth field, 731:" are identical in functionality. 25: 2800:. Case Study: awk. Archived from 2413:application programming interface 2387:is a project to implement AWK in 1771:This is a shell script that uses 4640: 4639: 4212: 4191: 4190: 3466:from the original on 19 May 2009 3389:Hamilton, Naomi (May 30, 2008). 3202:James K. Lawless (May 1, 1997). 3060:Hamilton, Naomi (May 30, 2008). 2910:from the original on 2021-11-22. 2596:; Robbins, Arnold (1997-03-01). 2568:(3rd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: 266: 52: 43: 4682:Free compilers and interpreters 3337:from the original on 2021-08-25 3306:from the original on 2018-06-11 3275:from the original on 2013-04-18 3246:from the original on 2007-05-27 3136:from the original on 2020-06-22 3102:from the original on 2020-06-14 3074:from the original on 2020-02-01 2956:from the original on 2019-10-16 2721:from the original on 2015-04-27 2550:from the original on 2023-10-27 1646:Match pattern from command line 556:is typically an expression and 4722:Unix text processing utilities 3454:Robbins, Daniel (2001-04-01). 3434:Robbins, Daniel (2001-01-01). 2998:Robbins, Arnold (March 2014). 2562:Robbins, Arnold (2001-05-15). 2174:Old versions of Unix, such as 2075:is run! If you explicitly set 1860:awk -v pattern="$ pattern" ... 820:Output may be sent to a file: 1: 3491:The Single UNIX Specification 3204:"Examining the TAWK Compiler" 2742:Andreas J. Pilavakis (1989). 1446:The previous program prints: 2868:The AWK Programming Language 2486:The AWK Programming Language 2156:The AWK Programming Language 2142:Versions and implementations 2129:./print.awk <filename> 2102:with the following content: 1343:Match a range of input lines 1323:At the end of the input the 659:dynamically linked libraries 380:The AWK Programming Language 2798:The Art of Unix Programming 2534:Addison-Wesley Professional 2193:, refers to the version by 612:against a string. As handy 303:Unix-like operating systems 106:; 47 years ago 4738: 3536:"AWK (formerly) at Curlie" 3369:Andy Oram (May 19, 2021). 2087:Self-contained AWK scripts 1858:command line option (e.g. 1489:Calculate word frequencies 29: 4635: 4186: 3525:The Amazing Awk Assembler 2565:Effective awk Programming 2361:(Thompson AWK) is an AWK 1110:"Hello, world!" 894:Other variables include: 496:Structure of AWK programs 430:, and is required by the 428:Single UNIX Specification 289:and reporting tool. Like 224: 204: 183: 171: 137: 118: 51: 42: 3123:An AWK to C++ Translator 2794:"Applying Minilanguages" 2671:Event-driven programming 2623:Robbins, Arnold (2000). 2127:It can be invoked with: 2104: 1868: 1806: 1729: 1656: 1502: 1467: 1346: 1245: 1165: 1128: 1098: 1036: 996: 857: 822: 740: 520: 283:domain-specific language 4672:Cross-platform software 2757:Arnold Robbins (2015). 2532:. Hoboken, New Jersey: 1925:# remove first argument 1094:"Hello, World!" program 986:In a format similar to 711:Although these fields ( 577:, the condition can be 441:operating system under 4717:Unix SUS2008 utilities 4707:Standard Unix programs 4265:command-line interface 4206:Unix SUS2008 utilities 4201:Standard Unix programs 3593:command-line interface 3462:. IBM DeveloperWorks. 3187:. 2018. Archived from 2906:. September 30, 2015. 1092:Here is the customary 982:User-defined functions 872:"expression" 837:"expression" 516: 504: 483:, due to the implicit 308:The AWK language is a 2837:(September 1, 1978). 2676:List of Unix commands 2169:free software license 2050:is the empty string, 1388:"%6d %s\n" 843:"file name" 601:on subsequent lines. 503: 4563:Software development 4094:Software development 3442:. IBM DeveloperWorks 3422:. IBM DeveloperWorks 2835:Weinberger, Peter J. 2524:Weinberger, Peter J. 2480:Weinberger, Peter J. 1327:pattern matches, so 958:Variables and syntax 909:in the current file. 475:AWK was preceded by 130:IEEE Std 1003.1-2008 32:AWK (disambiguation) 27:Programming language 4702:Scripting languages 2831:Kernighan, Brian W. 2666:Data transformation 2520:Kernighan, Brian W. 2476:Kernighan, Brian W. 2269:Linux distributions 1854:Or You can use the 1310:operator precedence 878:"command" 432:Linux Standard Base 387:, it refers to the 353:AWK was created at 336:regular expressions 101:First appeared 39: 3294:"QSEAWK at GitHub" 3209:Dr. Dobb's Journal 1498:associative arrays 1236:words = words + NF 887:Built-in variables 610:regular expression 608:, which matches a 587:pattern1, pattern2 505: 481:one-liner programs 346:, the language is 344:one-liner programs 340:application domain 332:associative arrays 313:scripting language 132:(POSIX) / 1985 4654: 4653: 4228: 4227: 3493:, Version 4 from 3325:"CLAWK at GitHub" 2543:978-0-13-826972-2 2107:#!/usr/bin/awk -f 1619:for (i in words) 1470:/^--cut here--$ / 1234:is shorthand for 443:Bell Laboratories 259: 258: 143:Typing discipline 16:(Redirected from 4729: 4643: 4642: 4383:User environment 4255: 4248: 4241: 4232: 4216: 4215: 4194: 4193: 3796:User environment 3583: 3576: 3569: 3560: 3549: 3544:. Archived from 3505: 3504: 3488: 3487: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3157:. May 16, 2005. 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3004: 2995: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2924:. Archived from 2918: 2912: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2804:on July 30, 2008 2791:Raymond, Eric S. 2787: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2705: 2696: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2490:. New York, NY: 2489: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2208: 2204: 2189:, also known as 2181: 2136: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2101: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1641: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1433:NR % 4 == 3 1429:NR % 4 == 1 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1096:written in AWK: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 993: 952: 946: 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 906: 900: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 730: 726: 704: 696: 684: 631: 607: 584: 580: 576: 572: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 514: 458:Richard Stallman 386: 367:Peter Weinberger 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 114: 112: 107: 91:Peter Weinberger 82:Designed by 56: 47: 40: 21: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4692:Plan 9 commands 4657: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4631: 4600: 4557: 4541: 4513: 4490: 4404:Text processing 4399: 4378: 4357: 4271: 4259: 4229: 4224: 4182: 4136: 4088: 4072: 4051: 4008: 3852:Text processing 3847: 3791: 3740: 3599: 3587: 3534: 3521: 3514:– User Commands 3500: 3499: 3483: 3482: 3469: 3467: 3453: 3445: 3443: 3433: 3425: 3423: 3412:Robbins, Daniel 3410: 3401: 3399: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3365: 3363:Further reading 3360: 3353: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3240:at SourceForge" 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2864: 2863: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2807: 2805: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2662: 2650: 2648: 2641: 2622: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2594:Dougherty, Dale 2592: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2561: 2553: 2551: 2544: 2514: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2470: 2467: 2285: 2238: 2206: 2202: 2195:Brian Kernighan 2179: 2144: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2099: 2089: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2062: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1648: 1639: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1491: 1483:^--cut here--$ 1479: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1090: 1085: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 991: 984: 960: 950: 944: 938: 932: 926: 920: 914: 904: 898: 889: 884: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 860:/regex_pattern/ 859: 849: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 825:/regex_pattern/ 824: 818: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 743:/regex_pattern/ 742: 728: 724: 702: 694: 682: 671: 650: 629: 628:editor, where 614:syntactic sugar 605: 582: 578: 574: 570: 550: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 515: 512: 498: 466:Brian Kernighan 434:specification. 401: 384: 371:Brian Kernighan 348:Turing-complete 287:data extraction 269: 265: 166:implementations 133: 110: 108: 105: 95:Brian Kernighan 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4659: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4496:Shell builtins 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4269:shell builtins 4260: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4178:true and false 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4014:Shell builtins 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3597:shell builtins 3588: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3548:on 2022-03-18. 3532: 3520: 3519:External links 3517: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3495:The Open Group 3480: 3475: 3460:Common threads 3451: 3440:Common threads 3431: 3420:Common threads 3414:(2000-12-01). 3408: 3386: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3347: 3316: 3285: 3256: 3227: 3194: 3191:on 2020-03-25. 3172: 3146: 3112: 3084: 3052: 3045: 3027: 2985: 2966: 2938: 2913: 2891: 2877: 2854: 2827:Aho, Alfred V. 2818: 2782: 2777:Digital Review 2764: 2749: 2734: 2708:developerWorks 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2639: 2620: 2608: 2590: 2578: 2570:O'Reilly Media 2559: 2542: 2526:(2023-09-06). 2516:Aho, Alfred V. 2512: 2500: 2492:Addison-Wesley 2482:(1988-01-01). 2472:Aho, Alfred V. 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2448: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2406: 2401:that extends 2392: 2382: 2356: 2337: 2331: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2250: 2148:Version 7 Unix 2143: 2140: 2105: 2088: 2085: 2067: 1869: 1834:"pattern= 1807: 1730: 1657: 1647: 1644: 1618: 1503: 1494:Word frequency 1490: 1487: 1468: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1166: 1156: 1153: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1037: 997: 983: 980: 959: 956: 955: 954: 948: 942: 936: 930: 924: 918: 912: 902: 888: 885: 858: 823: 741: 709: 708: 705: 703:print $ 1, $ 3 700: 697: 692: 685: 670: 663: 649: 646: 521: 510: 497: 494: 462:Arnold Robbins 416:Version 7 Unix 400: 397: 257: 256: 222: 221: 217: 216: 202: 201: 197: 196: 181: 180: 174: 173: 169: 168: 161: 160: 158:Cross-platform 155: 149: 148: 145: 139: 138: 135: 134: 128: 126: 124:Stable release 120: 119: 116: 115: 102: 98: 97: 84: 78: 77: 64: 58: 57: 49: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4734: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:1977 software 4665: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605:Miscellaneous 4603: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4267:programs and 4266: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4221: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141:Miscellaneous 4139: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077:Documentation 4075: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3595:programs and 3594: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3529:Henry Spencer 3526: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3506: – 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3398: 3397: 3396:Computerworld 3392: 3387: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3165:September 20, 3160: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3132: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3113: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3067:Computerworld 3063: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3046:1-565-92225-5 3042: 3038: 3037:sed & awk 3031: 3028: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2939: 2928:on 2018-01-05 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2904:Computerphile 2901: 2895: 2892: 2880: 2878:9780201079814 2874: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2779:. p. 91. 2778: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2744:UNIX Workshop 2738: 2735: 2731: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2646: 2642: 2640:0-595-10034-1 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2611: 2609:1-56592-225-5 2605: 2601: 2600: 2599:sed & awk 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579:0-596-00070-7 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501:0-201-07981-X 2497: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397:is a fork of 2396: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2376: 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