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112:
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49:
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40:
1412:) since bash 2.05a among other features. Bash can execute the vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne shell scripts stumbling into fringe syntax behavior interpreted differently in Bash or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Bash builtin, etc. Bash command syntax includes ideas drawn from the
2896:, depending on your system and on your locally installed version of bash, can refer to either a shell built-in or a system binary executable file. When one of these command name collisions occurs, bash will by default execute a given command line using the shell built-in. Specifying a binary executable's absolute path (i.e.,
2099:
directory. Bash executes these files as part of its standard initialization, but other startup files can read them in a different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have issues, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to
1509:
When using the 'function' keyword, Bash function declarations are not compatible with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the same problem when using 'function'), but Bash accepts the same function declaration syntax as the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these
470:
considered a free shell that could run existing shell scripts so strategic to a completely free system built from BSD and GNU code that this was one of the few projects they funded themselves, with Fox undertaking the work as an employee of FSF. Fox released Bash as a beta, version .99, on June 8,
3958:
Free
Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. ... We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete
3583:
For a year and a half, the GNU shell was "just about done". The author made repeated promises to deliver what he had done, and never kept them. Finally I could no longer believe he would ever deliver anything. So
Foundation staff member Brian Fox is now implementing an imitation of the Bourne
1510:
and other differences, Bash shell scripts are rarely runnable under the Bourne or Korn shell interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in mind, which is becoming less common as Linux becomes more widespread. But in POSIX mode, Bash conforms with POSIX more closely.
1455:, since beta version 2.04, to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Bash command-line completion system is very flexible and customizable, and is often packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks.
3618:
When
Richard Stallman decided to create a full replacement for the then-encumbered Unix systems, he knew that he would eventually have to have replacements for all of the common utilities, especially the standard shell, and those replacements would have to have acceptable
2591:
commands. The feature has been available since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000. These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.e. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames.
1659:
When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, and then the resulting wildcards are substituted normally. Hence, a listing of JPEG and PNG images in the current directory could be obtained using:
2289:
of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and process will be executed in background while immediately returning control to the shell and allowing continued execution of commands.
1706:
In addition to alternation, brace expansion can be used for sequential ranges between two integers or characters separated by double dots. Newer versions of Bash allow a third integer to specify the increment.
474:
Since then, Bash has become by far the most popular shell among users of Linux, becoming the default interactive shell on that operating system's various distributions and on Apple's macOS releases before
3781:
The name is a pun on the name of the Bourne shell (sh), an early and important Unix shell written by
Stephen Bourne and distributed with Version 7 Unix circa 1978, and the concept of being "born again".
2566:
reports Bash shell bugs. When the command is invoked, it brings up the user's default editor with a form to fill in. The form is mailed to the Bash maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses).
3597:
471:
1989, and remained the primary maintainer until sometime between mid-1992 and mid-1994, when he was laid off from FSF and his responsibility was transitioned to another early contributor, Chet Ramey.
2217:
can be used to make sure that a script does not contain these parts. The list varies depending on the actual target shell: Debian's policy allows some extensions in their scripts (as they are in the
5127:
5872:
1182: containing executable commands. (Shell scripts do not require compilation before execution and, when certain requirements are met, can be invoked as commands by using their filename.)
5302:
4579:
2785:
of that name then is "bash," a word meaning "to strike violently." In the context of computer programming, to "violently hit something," such as a computer keyboard, could be considered a
1571:. It generates a set of alternative combinations. Generated results need not exist as files. The results of each expanded string are not sorted and left to right order is preserved:
5203:
4407:
2815:. Bash grammar was initially based on the grammars of the most popular Unix shell programs then currently in use, some of which were considered particularly difficult to use or
5940:
Bash is free software, distributed under the terms of the
General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License (or any later version).
1458:
Bash's syntax has many extensions lacking in the Bourne shell. Bash can perform integer calculations ("arithmetic evaluation") without spawning external processes. It uses the
5030:
4302:
4260:
4344:
7187:
4548:
6847:
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can take a job id as their first argument, to specify the process to act on. Without one, they use the default process, identified by a plus sign in the output of
7182:
4996:
2819:
at that time. As the years progressed, bash development has made its grammar more user-friendly, so much so that it seems likely that the bash project has been
3605:
2911:"The project maintainer also has a Bash page which includes Frequently Asked Questions", this FAQ is current as of bash version 5.1 and is no longer updated.
7207:
6025:
6003:
3570:
7131:
5905:
5119:
3698:
5862:
4619:
4054:
6512:
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3445:
The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.
6338:
6191:
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4186:
4151:
3668:
7136:
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5259:
7192:
6331:
6163:
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6077:
4338:
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4254:
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350:, it was initially released in 1989. Its moniker is a play on words, referencing both its predecessor, the Bourne shell, and the concept of
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2104:
may also do surprising things with the user's Bash startup scripts in an attempt to set up user-environment variables before launching the
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4521:
452:
While bash was developed for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems such as GNU/Linux, it is also available on
Windows, BeOS, and Haiku.
6200:
4399:
3631:
2900:) is one way of ensuring that the shell uses a system binary. This name collision issue also effects any "help summaries" viewed with
625:
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to improving its usability. Since then, bash has become the de facto default shell program in most Linux and Unix operating systems.
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6133:
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1989:
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syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a command where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through
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1945:
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586:
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401:
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Or to have a concurrent execution of command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Bash shell in the following way:
2282:
In this example, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed, and when command2 has completed, command3 will execute.
4772:
4437:
2270:
To execute commands in batch mode (i.e., in sequence) they must be separated by the character ";", or on separate lines:
373:). It is available on nearly all modern operating systems, making it a versatile tool in various computing environments.
7202:
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3346:
125:
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103:
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where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as
384:
where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as
3116:
3053:
7011:
6907:
6890:
6354:
2979:
2956:
2950:
2944:
1552:
1203:
512:
282:
276:
270:
209:
194:
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6699:
5283:
2924:
2556:
2120:— which provides the environment variables that Bash shell windows spawned from the window manager need, such as
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of the shell programs which have sometimes been considered superseded by the bash shell. His name is used as a
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2025:
1362:
878:
777:
547:
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467:
405:
331:
185:
165:
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is sometimes considered more user-friendly for reading. "You may also find information about Bash by running
6447:
5480:
3690:
3417:
The Free
Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom.
2650:
2576:
2415:
Bash supplies "conditional execution" command separators that make execution of a command contingent on the
2354:
In the output, the number in brackets refers to the job id. The plus sign signifies the default process for
2267:
The Bash shell has two modes of execution for commands: batch (asynchronous), and concurrent (synchronous).
1467:
1452:
1401:
1272:
1070:
370:
6249:"IRIS :: Instructional & Research Information Systems :: FAQ: Unix :: About UNIX Shells"
7172:
6927:
6615:
6507:
4832:
4692:
4627:
4459:
4209:
4174:
4139:
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2642:
1279:
607:
563:
377:
339:
64:
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The Linux man page is intended to be the authoritative explanatory document for the understanding of how
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6359:
3972:
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2760:
2209:
If a piece of code uses such a feature, it is called a "bashism" – a problem for portable use. Debian's
1993:
1475:
2603:
two commands specify how arguments of some available commands or options are going to be listed in the
2152:
should take into account at least the POSIX shell standard. Some bash features not found in POSIX are:
1992:. Unlike Bash shell scripts, dot files do typically have neither the execute permission enabled nor an
5251:
1302:
purposes (xtrace), and other lightweight debugging options (errexit, noexec, nounset, pipefail, etc.);
7167:
6856:
6692:
6582:
3822:
3794:
2774:...." Whatever the original touchstone may have been, in the end the program received the name, "the
1487:
1437:
970:
960:
551:
459:
6155:
2908:. Shell built-ins and system binary executable files of the same name often have differing options.
6932:
6673:
6517:
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3562:
3513:
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1120:
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distributions. It holds historical significance as one of the earliest programs ported to Linux by
244:
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111:
6605:
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6364:
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5089:
4958:
4246:
CompTIA Linux+ Powered by Linux
Professional Institute Study Guide: Exam LX0-103 and Exam LX0-104
3566:
2928:
2831:
As the standard upon which bash is based, the POSIX, or IEEE Std 1003.1, et seq, is informative.
2286:
1540:
1529:
1306:
1255:
1039:
706:
220:
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4662:
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became dissatisfied with the lack of progress being made by a prior developer. Stallman and the
4357:
Bash is by far the most popular shell and forms the default shell on Linux and Mac OSX systems.
1009:
is not available from within the shell itself (for this functionality, see current versions of
6912:
6796:
6781:
6746:
6625:
6532:
6281:
6196:
4648:{{ cite web bash.html#Programmable-Completion | title = Bash Reference Manual | url =
4334:
4292:
4250:
4015:
3374:
2698:
1124:
1029:
901:
Expansion syntaxes which can perform some tasks more quickly than external utilities, such as
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885:
821:
567:
480:
381:
320:
249:
5747:
3558:
2607:
input. As of version 5.1 completion of the command or the option is usually activated by the
2317:
symbol, returning immediately control to the shell that executes command2 in the foreground.
357:
Since its inception, Bash has gained widespread adoption and is commonly used as the default
6751:
6640:
6572:
5829:
5455:
4517:
4213:
4178:
4143:
3976:
3933:
3720:
3660:
3554:
3546:
2745:
2686:
1074:
1043:
527:
463:
327:
264:
257:
172:
1551:. They can be used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash 4 also switches its license to
6776:
6610:
6600:
6477:
5985:
5634:
5306:
5287:
4863:
4717:
4315:
The Bourne Again Shell (bash) is the most common shell installed with Linux distributions.
3622:
NOTE: Original computerworld.com.au link is dead: see also copies of original material at
3387:
2767:
2101:
1421:
1397:
1366:
1251:
1245:
1130:
731:
409:
1555:; some users suspect this licensing change is why macOS continues to use older versions.
5425:
4429:
3529:
The Bourne shell is an interactive command interpreter and command programming language.
2770:
dictionary has "born-again" defined as a "...person who has made a renewed or confirmed
2555:"bashbug" redirects here. For the widely reported September 2014 bug found in Bash, see
2331:
A list of all processes, both in the background and stopped, can be achieved by running
840:
Seven kinds of expansions are performed on the resulting string in the following order:
151:
6791:
6726:
6620:
6522:
5960:
4491:
3473:
Brian Fox has now completed GNU's version of sh, called BASH, the `Bourne Again SHell'.
2995:
2756:
2391:
2218:
2125:
2105:
1062:
825:
500:
476:
366:
6210:
6129:
5663:
5056:
2839:
2466:(change directory) command was "successful" (returned an exit status of zero) and the
1956:
1112:, which can force overwriting of a file when a shell's "noclobber" setting is enabled;
7161:
7031:
6662:
6442:
6311:
5765:
4109:
4081:
4020:
2801:
2752:
2726:
2694:
2363:
2012:
below is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the
1514:
1235:
1228:
1145:
1091:
741:
592:
343:
6099:
5711:
2861:
On modern
Linuxes, information on shell built-in commands can be found by executing
7083:
6922:
6736:
6635:
6457:
6452:
6406:
6274:
5834:
5689:
4217:
4182:
4147:
3980:
3664:
2935:. Patches to fix the bugs were made available soon after the bugs were identified.
2920:
2730:
2702:
2396:
2244:
2238:
1617:
1471:
1405:
1370:
1286:
1175:
751:
619:
571:
550:. The bug was related to how Bash passes function definitions to subshells through
519:
413:
385:
347:
5729:
5584:
5505:
5400:
4086:
2854:, or similar directories on your system. A brief summary is available by running
6229:
3898:
3637:
3625:
539:
535:
531:
6487:
6417:
6297:
5919:
5225:
3485:
3457:
2748:
2416:
1330:
1179:
613:
335:
5559:
6991:
6761:
6715:
6547:
6541:
6492:
3847:
3328:
2971:
2967:
2737:
2252:
1559:
became the default shell in macOS with the release of macOS Catalina in 2019.
1503:
996:
579:
575:
433:
393:
389:
351:
323:
253:
71:
59:
48:
5863:"Security Experts Expect 'Shellshock' Software Bug in Bash to Be Significant"
4893:
3937:
3768:
3724:
1616:
Users should not use brace expansions in portable shell scripts, because the
518:
In
September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas, a Unix/Linux specialist, discovered a
134:
7088:
6766:
6756:
6567:
6497:
6482:
5783:
4649:
4464:
3402:"Free Software Foundation — working together for free software — Front Page"
2786:
2199:
1413:
1382:
1299:
1167:
658:
200:
6248:
4369:
2247:
to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default (
39:
6230:"Scripting Reference :: Scripting with the Bourne-Again Shell (Bash)"
6004:"Is there a way to download the presumably initial bash source bash-0.99?"
5798:
5337:
5150:
4928:
4802:
2741:
2221:
shell), while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, like
776: mode where commands can be interpreted in conformance with the
6577:
6557:
6537:
6462:
6412:
5183:
5160:
3429:
2932:
2812:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2604:
2222:
1393:
1323:
6825:
5830:"Patch Bash NOW: 'Shell Shock' bug blasts OS X, Linux systems wide open"
5545:
3806:
I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work.
1836:
the brace expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the use of the
17:
6981:
6971:
6801:
6741:
6467:
5173:
4575:
2927:, was discovered in early September 2014 and quickly led to a range of
2797:
2789:
2782:
2710:
1568:
1567:
Brace expansion, also called alternation, is a feature copied from the
1556:
1448:
1417:
1378:
1374:
773:
504:
425:
421:
236:
205:
4545:"Linux bash exit status and how to set exit status in bash - Techolac"
7048:
7016:
6900:
6771:
6562:
6552:
6527:
5923:
5531:
5280:
4400:"Apple replaces bash with zsh as the default shell in macOS Catalina"
2872:
at a terminal prompt where bash is installed. Some commands, such as
1345:
508:
484:
5367:
4572:"Bash specially-crafted environment variables code injection attack"
4430:"Missing source code - GPL compliance? · Issue #107 · Microsoft/WSL"
4327:
Foster-Johnson, Eric; Welch, John C.; Anderson, Micah (April 2005).
2657:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1482:
operator. This is simpler to type than the Bourne shell equivalent '
522:
in the program. The bug, first disclosed on September 24, was named
293:
6946:
5532:"Irony Definition, Common Examples, and Significance in Literature"
4273:
In Linux, most users run bash because it is the most popular shell.
2481:
For all commands the exit status is stored in the special variable
6956:
6917:
6895:
6422:
5900:
5179:
5156:
2987:
2808:
2733:
2395:
command can be used to end a process prematurely, by sending it a
2369:
The state of a process can be changed using various commands. The
2248:
2145:
2121:
2100:
new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the
2092:
1518:
1000:
582:
conventions, Bash incorporates a rich set of features, including:
496:
488:
441:
362:
358:
190:
1824:
When brace expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.K.A.
7038:
6786:
6472:
3921:
Birthdate: Sunday, January 10th, 1988. Initial author: Brian Fox
3366:
2991:
2983:
2320:
A process can be stopped and control returned to bash by typing
2088:
1543:. Associative array indices are strings, in a manner similar to
1533:
1157:
727:
180:
6829:
6688:
6270:
3959:
operating system, and these programs were needed for that goal.
688:
Syntaxes for file type, string value and integer value testing
7073:
7043:
6684:
6402:
6266:
6049:"How to Install the Windows Subsystem for Linux on Windows 11"
4718:"Bash changes [Bash Hackers Wiki (DEV 20200708T2203)]"
2999:
2706:
2690:
2618:
1928:
1916:# variable expansion occurs then resulting string is evaluated
1548:
1544:
1016:
492:
225:
3655:
Brian Fox (forwarded by Leonard H. Tower Jr.) (8 June 1989).
2800:
of negative emotionality could be seen as standing in direct
2184:
Certain string-manipulation operations in parameter expansion
2173:
The double-parentheses arithmetic-evaluation construct (only
1502:
unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary
1451:
within an interactive command-shell, Bash automatically uses
5686:"Obsolete and deprecated syntax [Bash Hackers Wiki]"
5023:"Why does macOS Catalina use Zsh instead of Bash? Licensing"
3549:(forwarded with comments by Chet Ramey) (10 February 1988).
3458:"GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 7, June, 1989 :: GNU's Who"
6022:"How to install Bash shell command-line tool on Windows 10"
4077:"The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell"
3598:"The A-Z of Programming Languages: BASH/Bourne-Again Shell"
3002:, although Bash remains available as an alternative shell.
2366:. The last string is the command that started the process.
1988:
When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of
1968:
1161:
396:
conventions, Bash incorporates a rich set of features. The
5712:"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 edition"
4370:"Use zsh as the default shell on your Mac - Apple Support"
1960:
1117:
Command name lookup is performed, in the following order:
2713:
of childbirth. With that pun, it would seem, is added an
2095:
contain Bash system startup scripts, generally under the
5120:"How To Format Date And Time In Linux, MacOS, And Bash?"
4016:"Bash - the GNU shell (Reflections and Lessons Learned)"
1964:
1466:
variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies
4602:"Command Execution Environment (Bash Reference Manual)"
4249:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 5.
3501:
GNU is an operating system which is 100% free software.
3401:
2923:
in Bash dating from version 1.03 (August 1989), dubbed
2740:;" or quite possibly just to the more abstract idea of
2646:
2144:
in a script causes Bash to conform very closely to the
1952:
2229:, are even more limited in the features they can use.
1644:# A traditional shell does not produce the same output
1073:
of Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error
2807:
The naming could be considered an instance of verbal
2399:. The job id must be specified after a percent sign:
4838:
The GNU Bash Reference Manual, for Bash, Version 4.1
2313:
In this case command1 is executed in the background
2032:
exists and is readable, skipping the part after the
1309:: bash 5.1 can operate as if it were bash 4.2, etc.;
6649:
6593:
6395:
6347:
6304:
2600:
2584:
2513:
2486:
2226:
2214:
2210:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2167:
288:
263:
243:
231:
219:
171:
161:
124:
102:
80:
70:
58:
4243:Bresnahan, Christine; Blum, Richard (April 2015).
2478:command return an "error" (non-zero exit status).
2377:sets a stopped process running in the background.
2373:command brings a process to the foreground, while
2064:# tty/prompt/function setup for interactive shells
1539:In February 2009, Bash 4.0 introduced support for
1396:of the Bourne shell command syntax. Bash supports
2045:# set up environment, once, Bourne-sh syntax only
1105:, which allow parameters to be used as input, and
546:scripts using Bash could be vulnerable, enabling
5896:"Shellshock makes Heartbleed look insignificant"
5546:"Innuendo - Examples and Definition of Innuendo"
2362:. The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the
2328:while the process is running in the foreground.
6669:Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns
5456:"Bash - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
4748:"Bourne Shell Builtins (Bash Reference Manual)"
3866:"Appendix A: Using the BeOS Command Line Shell"
1404:(Programmable Completion), basic debugging and
5610:"BashGuide/TestsAndConditionals - Greg's Wiki"
4285:Danesh, Arman; Jang, Michael (February 2006).
2170:extended test construct and its regex matching
2108:. These issues can often be addressed using a
1673:# expands to *.jpg *.jpeg *.png - after which,
1189:The resulting string is executed as a command.
815:escapes are also honored at the ends of lines,
479:in October 2019. Bash has also been ported to
444:-compliant shell with a number of extensions.
6841:
6700:
6282:
5338:"Working more productively with bash 2.x/3.x"
4923:
4921:
4919:
4803:"Working more productively with bash 2.x/3.x"
2990:from 10.3 (originally, the default shell was
2470:command would only be executed if either the
2204:$ EPOCHSECONDS and $ EPOCHREALTIME variables
1888:# fails to expand due to the evaluation order
515:via various terminal emulation applications.
197: ; GPL-3.0-or-later through 3rd parties)
8:
5401:"An Introduction to Programmable Completion"
3971:len (g...@prep.ai.mit.edu) (20 April 1993).
32:
4989:"macos - Update bash to version 4.0 on OSX"
4291:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 363.
3745:"Bourne Again Shell" is a play on the name
7114:
6848:
6834:
6826:
6707:
6693:
6685:
6289:
6275:
6267:
6130:"Bash changes [Bash Hackers Wiki]"
5660:"Bash changes [Bash Hackers Wiki]"
3691:"I Almost Get a Linux Editor and Compiler"
3650:
3648:
2346:- Running command1 &
1365:variables and other basic features of the
408:variables and other basic features of the
150:
110:
47:
38:
31:
4693:"The Set Builtin (Bash Reference Manual)"
4650:https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/
4620:"Brace Expansion (Bash Reference Manual)"
4570:Huzaifa Sidhpurwala (24 September 2014).
4333:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 6.
2673:Learn how and when to remove this message
2547:forms of conditional command evaluation.
2419:set by a precedent command. For example:
2071:# any at-login tasks for login shell only
919:Remove Matching Prefix or Suffix Pattern
7188:Dynamically scoped programming languages
6192:In the Beginning... Was the Command Line
3793:Torvalds, Linus Benedict (August 1991).
3541:
3539:
3537:
3009:
2608:
2325:
2321:
1517:. Since version 2.05b Bash can redirect
805:Commands are parsed one line at a time,
542:. The bug was regarded as severe, since
5481:"What is Bash? (Bash Reference Manual)"
5450:
5448:
5446:
5050:
5048:
4393:
4391:
3842:
3840:
3358:
2982:11. Bash was also the default shell in
2978:. It is also the default user shell in
2083:Operating system issues in Bash startup
1946:instructions, advice, or how-to content
1768:file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file4.txt
1532:matching using a syntax reminiscent of
1521:(stdin) from a "here string" using the
1199:Configurable execution environment(s):
5861:Perlroth, Nicole (25 September 2014).
5084:
5082:
4783:from the original on 15 September 2019
4728:from the original on 23 September 2019
4582:from the original on 25 September 2014
4524:from the original on 23 September 2020
4440:from the original on 24 September 2019
3989:gnusenet930421bulletin@prep.ai.mit.edu
3911:from the original on 28 September 2018
3383:
3372:
2998:), which changed the default shell to
2804:to the idea of becoming "born again."
2004:Legacy-compatible Bash startup example
1832:) the variable expansion is performed
7183:Domain-specific programming languages
6028:from the original on 20 November 2016
5797:Chazelas, Stephane (4 October 2014).
5395:
5393:
5033:from the original on 31 December 2020
5016:
5014:
4224:from the original on 10 November 2012
4189:from the original on 10 November 2012
4154:from the original on 10 November 2012
4050:Dates in your Computerworld interview
3573:from the original on 28 December 2021
857:(Step 3) In a left-to-right fashion:
7:
6387:GNAT Modified General Public License
6166:from the original on 8 November 2020
5894:Seltzer, Larry (29 September 2014).
5842:from the original on 16 October 2014
5067:from the original on 27 January 2012
4845:from the original on 3 December 2010
4673:from the original on 4 November 2018
4472:from the original on 21 October 2017
4376:from the original on 2 December 2019
4140:"Bash 0.99 fixes & improvements"
4028:from the original on 5 December 2008
3749:, which was the usual shell on Unix.
3339:Free and open-source software portal
2641:Relevant discussion may be found on
2349:+ Stopped command2
1701:# and braces in braces are possible.
1478:(stderr) at the same time using the
1420:(csh) such as command line editing,
1333:which is the same as the GNU manual;
27:GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
7208:Text-oriented programming languages
5809:from the original on 6 October 2014
5585:"CommandSubstitution - Greg's Wiki"
4498:from the original on 3 October 2020
2766:do contain the words "born again,"
2157:Certain extended invocation options
1955:so that it is more encyclopedic or
1428:command), the directory stack, the
808:Control structures are honored, and
6136:from the original on 18 March 2020
6100:"github version history NEWS v5.0"
6074:"User Environment Feature Changes"
5930:from the original on 26 April 2019
5828:Leyden, John (24 September 2014).
5688:. 11 February 2021. Archived from
5662:. 14 February 2021. Archived from
5262:from the original on 15 March 2018
4870:. Section 37.2 (Bash, version 3).
4114:Technology Infrastructure Services
3948:from the original on 24 April 2011
3735:from the original on 24 April 2011
2148:. Bash shell scripts intended for
1698:# echo just shows the expansions -
1620:does not produce the same output.
1346:https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/
1241:With interactive invocation only,
25:
6377:GNU Affero General Public License
6372:GNU Lesser General Public License
6080:from the original on 12 June 2018
5908:from the original on 14 May 2016.
5875:from the original on 5 April 2019
5378:from the original on 8 March 2020
5348:from the original on 29 June 2018
5232:from the original on 2 March 2021
5206:from the original on 2 March 2021
4999:from the original on 25 June 2018
4969:from the original on 11 July 2018
4939:from the original on 2 March 2021
4813:from the original on 29 June 2018
4551:from the original on 21 June 2019
4492:"Installing the new GNU packages"
4410:from the original on 10 June 2019
4347:from the original on 2 March 2021
4305:from the original on 2 March 2021
4263:from the original on 2 March 2021
4075:Hamilton, Naomi (30 March 2008).
4057:from the original on 20 July 2012
3995:from the original on 2 March 2021
3701:from the original on 2 March 2021
2611:keystroke after typing its name.
1338:Informal avenues of support via:
691:Traditional single bracket test:
7142:
7141:
7113:
5560:"BashGuide/Arrays - Greg's Wiki"
5130:from the original on 3 June 2020
5100:from the original on 12 May 2020
4959:"Arrays (Bash Reference Manual)"
4904:from the original on 1 July 2018
3761:Gattol, Markus (13 March 2011),
3638:the University of South Carolina
3331:
3117:github version history NEWS v4.4
2966:A version is also available for
2623:
2263:Process management (Job control)
1933:
1153:Commands external to the shell:
1003:from two to sixty-four, although
462:Bash on January 10, 1988, after
6110:from the original on 4 May 2022
6047:Hoffman, Chris (30 July 2021).
5973:See test.c for GPL-2.0-or-later
5799:"oss-sec mailing list archives"
5300:"Linux / Unix Command: bashbug"
5061:The Linux Documentation Project
5021:Hughes, Matthew (4 June 2019).
4874:from the original on 5 May 2017
4864:"Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide"
4118:Case Western Reserve University
3671:from the original on 4 May 2013
3596:Hamilton, Naomi (30 May 2008),
1470:. For example, it can redirect
1285:Command line editing with
945:Display Error if Null or Unset
6382:GNU Free Documentation License
6211:"Evolution of shells in Linux"
5748:"bash.0\doc - bash.git - bash"
5228:. Hypexr.org. 5 October 2012.
4652:}} | website = www.gnu.org
4543:Juliana, Cino (10 June 2017).
4047:Chet Ramey (31 October 2010),
369:, alongside the GNU Compiler (
1:
7193:Free software programmed in C
5226:"BASH Help - A Bash Tutorial"
5094:Debian Policy Manual v4.5.0.2
4468:. SoftNews. 23 January 2010.
4108:Ramey, Chet (20 April 2021).
4014:Ramey, Chet (1 August 1994).
3973:"January 1993 GNU's Bulletin"
3367:https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/
2446:"An error occurred"
2163:Arrays and associative arrays
2077:# End of "if" block
1747:01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
1676:# the wildcards are processed
1528:Bash 3.0 supports in-process
1484:command > file 2>&1
1238:) which alter shell behavior;
1035:(Step 5) Pathname expansion,
7178:Cross-platform free software
6815:Comparison of command shells
6657:GNU/Linux naming controversy
6156:"Bash-5.0 release available"
5784:"Frequently Asked Questions"
5766:"The GNU Bourne-Again Shell"
4110:"The GNU Bourne-Again Shell"
3897:Brian Fox (29 August 1996),
3347:Comparison of command shells
1206: startup files such as
981:, when a system supports it:
698:Modern double bracket test:
334:and first developed for the
53:Screenshot of a Bash session
5635:"CHANGES - bash.git - bash"
4929:"BashFAQ/061 - Greg's Wiki"
4398:Warren, Tom (4 June 2019).
4210:"Availability of bash 1.05"
4173:Chet Ramey (24 July 1989).
4138:Chet Ramey (12 June 1989).
3054:github version history NEWS
2976:Windows Subsystem for Linux
2653:the claims made and adding
2575:Bash supports programmable
2562:An external command called
756:inter-process communication
712:Lexicographic sorting with
7224:
6355:GNU General Public License
5426:"Definition of BORN-AGAIN"
4518:"Compatibility Subsystems"
4208:Brian Fox (2 March 1990).
3657:"Bash is in beta release!"
2852:/usr/local/share/doc/bash/
2554:
2255:can be enabled by running
2236:
1651:'echo a{p,c,d,b}e'
1635:'echo a{p,c,d,b}e'
1611:ad ae af bd be bf cd ce cf
7109:
6886:
6863:
6810:
6722:
6189:Stephenson, Neal (2003).
4722:wiki-dev.bash-hackers.org
4330:Beginning Shell Scripting
2557:Shellshock (software bug)
1077:are performed, including
1007:Floating-point arithmetic
850:(Step 2) Tilde expansion
843:(Step 1) Brace expansion
831:Including ANSI-C quoting
700:[[ ... ]]
677:Arithmetic C-style loop:
598:Non-interactive shell, or
566:, Bash operates within a
526:and assigned the numbers
380:, Bash operates within a
120:
98:
46:
37:
6339:History of free software
6317:Free Software Foundation
5305:October 6, 2014, at the
5286:October 2, 2018, at the
4663:"Debugging Bash scripts"
3942:Free Software Foundation
3905:Free Software Foundation
3819:"Bash FAQ, version 4.14"
3729:Free Software Foundation
2838:operates, while the GNU
2685:The program's name is a
2462:is only executed if the
2421:
2401:
2337:
2303:
2292:
2272:
2038:
2026:short-circuit evaluation
1842:
1709:
1662:
1622:
1573:
1447:When a user presses the
1373:. Other features, e.g.,
1341:IRC at libera.chat #bash
1307:compatibility modes
1160:-style programs such as
1108:A redirection operator,
820:Split into words (i.e.,
765:Asynchronous execution:
548:arbitrary code execution
420:. Other features, e.g.,
412:are all copied from the
332:Free Software Foundation
5510:www.merriam-webster.com
5430:www.merriam-webster.com
5320:"Bash Reference Manual"
5252:"Bash Reference Manual"
4773:"Bash Reference Manual"
3938:"About the GNU Project"
3848:"A desktop alternative"
3725:"About the GNU Project"
2571:Programmable completion
2136:Invoking Bash with the
1453:command line completion
1402:command line completion
1261:A directory stack (see
1146:Shell built-in commands
507:by the GNU project, to
6008:unix.stackexchange.com
4833:"6.11 Bash POSIX Mode"
4175:"Some bash-1.02 fixes"
3567:2362@mandrill.CWRU.Edu
2643:Talk:Bash (Unix shell)
2196:Bash-specific builtins
1830:parameter substitution
984:Arithmetic expansion,
949:$ {var:?error message}
786:Comments are ignored:
608:command-line interface
424:, are copied from the
86:; 35 years ago
6857:Programming languages
6024:. 28 September 2016.
5730:"BASH(1) Manual Page"
2986:, and in versions of
2846:... or by looking at
2693:which begins with an
2485:. Bash also supports
2411:Conditional execution
2146:POSIX 1003.2 standard
2057:# are we interactive?
1994:interpreter directive
1436:variables, and POSIX
1231:) and shell options (
1136:Shell reserved words,
904:Pattern Substitution
793:hashtag comments, and
552:environment variables
483:and distributed with
342:. Designed as a 100%
7198:GNU Project software
5752:git.savannah.gnu.org
5639:git.savannah.gnu.org
5506:"Definition of BASH"
5368:"Index of /gnu/bash"
5057:"Portability Issues"
4841:, 23 December 2009,
3825:on September 1, 2018
3723:(12 November 2010).
3632:computerworld.com.au
3551:"GNU + BSD = ?"
2848:/usr/share/doc/bash/
2287:background execution
2193:Process substitution
2190:for scoped variables
1919:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1728:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1488:process substitution
1438:command substitution
1369:are all copied from
1195:Bash also offers...
1038:Meaning shell-style
971:Process substitution
961:Command substitution
709:and extglob matching
346:alternative for the
7203:Scripting languages
6674:Defective by Design
6641:Richard M. Stallman
5692:on 11 February 2021
5666:on 14 February 2021
5614:mywiki.wooledge.org
5589:mywiki.wooledge.org
5564:mywiki.wooledge.org
4933:mywiki.wooledge.org
3604:: 2, archived from
3559:comp.unix.questions
3430:"GNU in a Nutshell"
2166:The double bracket
1953:rewrite the content
1826:parameter expansion
361:shell for numerous
115:/ 23 September 2024
34:
6606:Benjamin Mako Hill
5963:on 15 October 2021
5868:The New York Times
5716:pubs.opengroup.org
4089:on 8 November 2016
3936:(3 October 2010).
3764:Bourne-again Shell
2776:Bourne Again SHell
2729:; possibly to the
2717:: possibly to the
2634:possibly contains
2278:command2 command3
2233:Keyboard shortcuts
2213:and Vidar Holen's
2140:option or stating
1541:associative arrays
1530:regular expression
1506:where necessary).
1377:, are copied from
1363:dynamically scoped
1278:Configurable
892:Associative arrays
888:of unlimited size,
879:Dynamically scoped
707:regular expression
620:Control structures
578:. In keeping with
406:dynamically scoped
392:. In keeping with
317:Bourne-Again SHell
60:Original author(s)
7155:
7154:
7137:Non-English-based
6823:
6822:
6682:
6681:
6626:Georg C. F. Greve
6533:GNU Privacy Guard
6360:linking exception
6195:. HarperCollins.
5548:. 2 January 2014.
5534:. 31 August 2020.
5182:General Commands
5159:General Commands
4894:"Bash, version 4"
4340:978-0-7645-9791-6
4298:978-0-7821-5277-7
4256:978-1-119-02122-3
3382:Missing or empty
3322:
3321:
2768:Merriam-Webster's
2751:of the Christian
2744:. While numerous
2701:, the creator of
2683:
2682:
2675:
2636:original research
2251:) key bindings.
2116:file to read the
2087:Some versions of
1986:
1985:
1486:'. Bash supports
1344:Mailing lists at
1294:Lightweight
1084:, and appending,
934:Print Array Keys
783:Command parsing:
626:Condition testing
564:command processor
481:Microsoft Windows
378:command processor
330:supported by the
310:
309:
281:0.99? to 1.05?:
250:Shell (computing)
16:(Redirected from
7215:
7145:
7144:
7117:
7116:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6827:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6686:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6268:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6225:
6223:
6221:
6206:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
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6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
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6120:
6119:
6117:
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6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
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6064:
6063:
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6059:
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6035:
6033:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5959:. Archived from
5949:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5935:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
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5676:
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5572:
5570:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5512:. 5 January 2024
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5452:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
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5416:
5415:
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5397:
5388:
5387:
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5383:
5364:
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5355:
5353:
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5328:
5327:
5316:
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5291:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5196:"Portable Shell"
5192:
5186:
5177:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5151:checkbashisms(1)
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
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5110:
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5107:
5105:
5086:
5077:
5076:
5074:
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4680:
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4659:
4653:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4630:on 15 March 2018
4626:. Archived from
4616:
4610:
4609:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
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4231:
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4198:
4196:
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4159:
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4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4085:. Archived from
4072:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3934:Richard Stallman
3930:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3916:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3821:. Archived from
3815:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3767:, archived from
3758:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3721:Richard Stallman
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3652:
3643:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3547:Richard Stallman
3543:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3470:
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3447:
3442:
3440:
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3419:
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3412:
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3392:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3010:
2957:GPL-1.0-or-later
2955:0.99? to 1.05?:
2951:GPL-2.0-or-later
2945:GPL-3.0-or-later
2907:
2906:/bin/kill --help
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2837:
2736:known as "being
2687:figure of speech
2678:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:inline citations
2627:
2626:
2619:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
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2528:
2525:
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2516:
2511:
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2503:
2500:
2496:
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2489:
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2454:
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2441:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2334:
2308:
2297:
2277:
2258:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2143:
2139:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1840:built-in, thus:
1839:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
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1754:
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1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1716:
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1702:
1699:
1696:
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1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1553:GPL-3.0-or-later
1524:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1465:
1462:command and the
1461:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1411:
1318:
1268:
1264:
1234:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1170:
1164:
1123:internal to the
1111:
1104:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:pattern matching
1021:, among others),
1019:
1013:
991:
987:
980:
976:
966:
950:
939:
928:
924:
913:
909:
897:
874:
870:
853:
846:
845:kernel{-headers}
834:
814:
799:
792:
768:
761:
747:
737:
719:
715:
701:
694:
680:
673:
669:
665:
652:
648:
641:
637:
633:
464:Richard Stallman
439:
431:
419:
328:command language
306:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
283:GPL-1.0-or-later
277:GPL-2.0-or-later
271:GPL-3.0-or-later
258:command language
210:GPL-3.0-or-later
195:GPL-2.0-or-later
173:Operating system
154:
149:
146:
144:
142:
140:
138:
136:
114:
94:
92:
87:
51:
42:
35:
21:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7105:
6882:
6859:
6854:
6824:
6819:
6806:
6718:
6713:
6683:
6678:
6645:
6611:Bradley M. Kuhn
6601:Alexandre Oliva
6589:
6391:
6343:
6300:
6295:
6257:
6255:
6247:
6238:
6236:
6228:
6219:
6217:
6209:
6203:
6188:
6185:
6183:Further reading
6180:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5986:"bash-1.05.tar"
5984:
5983:
5979:
5966:
5964:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5933:
5931:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5843:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5770:tiswww.case.edu
5764:
5763:
5759:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5734:tiswww.case.edu
5728:
5727:
5723:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5616:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5464:
5462:
5454:
5453:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5399:
5398:
5391:
5381:
5379:
5372:ftp.swin.edu.au
5366:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5349:
5342:www.caliban.org
5336:
5335:
5331:
5324:tiswww.case.edu
5318:
5317:
5313:
5307:Wayback Machine
5298:
5294:
5288:Wayback Machine
5279:
5275:
5265:
5263:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5063:. ibiblio.org.
5055:Mendel Cooper.
5054:
5053:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5020:
5019:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4970:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4942:
4940:
4927:
4926:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4848:
4846:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4807:www.caliban.org
4801:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4647:
4643:
4633:
4631:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4308:
4306:
4299:
4288:Mastering Linux
4284:
4283:
4279:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4122:
4120:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3951:
3949:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3914:
3912:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3799:
3797:
3795:"comp.os.minix"
3792:
3791:
3787:
3774:
3772:
3771:on 9 March 2011
3760:
3759:
3755:
3738:
3736:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3611:
3609:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3576:
3574:
3545:
3544:
3535:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3381:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3143:bash-4.4-beta2
3100:bash-5.0-alpha
3080:bash-5.0-beta2
3008:
3006:Release history
2964:
2941:
2917:
2915:Vulnerabilities
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2835:
2829:
2679:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2573:
2560:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2534:$ other_pattern
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2207:
2160:Brace expansion
2141:
2137:
2134:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:X window system
2096:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:~/.bash_profile
2009:
2006:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:Startup scripts
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:ape ace ade abe
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:ape ace ade abe
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1565:
1563:Brace expansion
1522:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1472:standard output
1468:I/O redirection
1463:
1459:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:command history
1409:
1406:signal handling
1398:brace expansion
1316:
1312:Documentation:
1266:
1262:
1254: and
1246:command history
1244:Unlimited size
1232:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1202:Shell and
1168:
1162:
1140:Shell functions
1109:
1102:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1017:
1011:
989:
985:
978:
974:
964:
951:, among others,
948:
937:
926:
922:
911:
907:
895:
872:
868:
851:
844:
832:
824:) according to
812:
800:colon comments;
797:
796:Thompson-style
790:
766:
759:
745:
735:
717:
713:
699:
692:
678:
671:
667:
663:
650:
646:
639:
635:
631:
574:, facilitating
560:
450:
437:
429:
417:
388:, facilitating
292:
280:
275:1.11? to 3.2:
274:
215:
157:
133:
116:
90:
88:
85:
81:Initial release
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7221:
7219:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7160:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6930:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6621:Federico Heinz
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6523:GNU Archimedes
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6365:font exception
6362:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6314:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6245:
6226:
6207:
6202:978-0380815937
6201:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6147:
6121:
6091:
6065:
6039:
6013:
5995:
5977:
5944:
5911:
5886:
5853:
5820:
5789:
5775:
5757:
5739:
5721:
5703:
5677:
5651:
5626:
5601:
5576:
5551:
5537:
5523:
5497:
5472:
5442:
5417:
5389:
5359:
5329:
5311:
5292:
5273:
5243:
5217:
5187:
5164:
5141:
5111:
5078:
5044:
5010:
4980:
4950:
4915:
4885:
4855:
4824:
4794:
4764:
4739:
4709:
4684:
4654:
4641:
4611:
4593:
4562:
4535:
4509:
4483:
4451:
4421:
4387:
4361:
4339:
4319:
4297:
4277:
4255:
4235:
4200:
4165:
4130:
4100:
4067:
4039:
4006:
3963:
3925:
3889:
3875:
3870:testou.free.fr
3857:
3836:
3810:
3785:
3753:
3712:
3682:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3626:readthedocs.io
3608:on 6 July 2011
3588:
3533:
3514:"Bourne shell"
3505:
3486:"GNU Software"
3477:
3449:
3421:
3393:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:bash-4.4-beta
3150:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:bash-5.0-beta
3087:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3019:Release notes
3017:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2996:macOS Catalina
2963:
2960:
2949:1.11? to 3.2:
2940:
2937:
2916:
2913:
2855:
2843:
2828:
2825:
2811:or accidental
2699:Stephen Bourne
2681:
2680:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2572:
2569:
2552:
2549:
2476:./do_something
2460:./do_something
2438:./do_something
2422:
2412:
2409:
2402:
2338:
2304:
2293:
2273:
2264:
2261:
2237:Main article:
2234:
2231:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2133:
2130:
2126:Gnome Terminal
2106:window manager
2084:
2081:
2069:.~/.bash_login
2039:
2036:if it is not.
2028:that tests if
2022:&& cmd
2005:
2002:
1984:
1983:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1843:
1710:
1663:
1623:
1574:
1564:
1561:
1519:standard input
1515:here documents
1513:Bash supports
1476:standard error
1416:(ksh) and the
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1273:Tab completion
1270:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1156:Separate
1151:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1101:Here strings,
1099:
1092:Here documents
1089:
1080:File writing,
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1033:
1030:Word splitting
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1004:
982:
968:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
953:
952:
943:
942:
941:
932:
931:
930:
917:
916:
915:
899:
889:
882:
855:
848:
838:
837:
836:
822:word splitting
818:
817:
816:
809:
803:
802:
801:
794:
781:
770:
767:job_spec &
763:
754:as a means of
749:
739:
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
710:
696:
686:
685:
684:
683:
682:
675:
656:
655:
654:
643:
617:
611:
604:
603:
602:
599:
596:
559:
556:
501:Novell NetWare
449:
446:
367:Linus Torvalds
308:
307:
290:
286:
285:
267:
261:
260:
247:
241:
240:
235:Multilingual (
233:
229:
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217:
216:
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203:
198:
188:
183:
177:
175:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
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155:
130:
128:
122:
121:
118:
117:
108:
106:
104:Stable release
100:
99:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7220:
7209:
7206:
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7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:1989 software
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7148:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
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7125:
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7112:
7111:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7097:
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7077:
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7072:
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7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7032:Object Pascal
7030:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
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6828:
6816:
6813:
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6809:
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6703:
6698:
6696:
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6690:
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6670:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6663:Revolution OS
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6631:John Sullivan
6629:
6627:
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6609:
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6411:
6408:
6404:
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6400:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6385:
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6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6332:Latin America
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:GNU Manifesto
6310:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6272:
6269:
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6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6165:
6161:
6160:lists.gnu.org
6157:
6151:
6148:
6135:
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6125:
6122:
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6095:
6092:
6079:
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6017:
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6009:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5929:
5925:
5924:"README file"
5921:
5915:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5890:
5887:
5874:
5870:
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5722:
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5713:
5707:
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5691:
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5627:
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5524:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5486:
5482:
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5447:
5443:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5274:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178: –
5175:
5174:shellcheck(1)
5168:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155: –
5152:
5145:
5142:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5015:
5011:
4998:
4994:
4993:Ask Different
4990:
4984:
4981:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4922:
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4916:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
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4710:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4658:
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4612:
4607:
4603:
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4563:
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4539:
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4484:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4248:
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4239:
4236:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4166:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4082:Computerworld
4078:
4071:
4068:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4043:
4040:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:Linux Journal
4017:
4010:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3607:
3603:
3602:Computerworld
3599:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3519:
3515:
3509:
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3502:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3463:
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3425:
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3418:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3389:
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3344:
3340:
3329:
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3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
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3272:
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3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:bash-4.0-rc1
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3133:bash-4.4-rc1
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:bash-4.4-rc2
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:bash-5.0-rc1
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:Release date
3015:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:security hole
2914:
2912:
2909:
2859:
2841:
2832:
2827:Documentation
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2802:juxtaposition
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:New Testament
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:reincarnation
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2677:
2674:
2666:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2632:This section
2630:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2593:
2579:via built-in
2578:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2551:Bug reporting
2550:
2548:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2367:
2365:
2364:process state
2336:
2329:
2318:
2316:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2211:checkbashisms
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2018:~/.bash_login
2003:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1942:This section
1940:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1841:
1835:
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1827:
1708:
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1572:
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1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1496:>(command)
1492:<(command)
1489:
1477:
1474:(stdout) and
1473:
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1314:
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1311:
1308:
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1176:Shell scripts
1174:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
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1132:
1131:Shell aliases
1129:
1128:
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1093:
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912:sed 's/x/y/g'
906:
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789:Bourne-style
788:
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645:logical AND (
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572:shell scripts
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386:shell scripts
383:
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344:free software
341:
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7122:Alphabetical
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6731:
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6650:Other topics
6636:Nagarjuna G.
6594:Contributors
6583:
6558:GNU LilyPond
6518:GNU Electric
6443:Build system
6427:
6256:. Retrieved
6253:berkeley.edu
6252:
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6234:berkeley.edu
6233:
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6214:
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6068:
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6016:
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5990:oldlinux.org
5989:
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5972:
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5961:the original
5957:oldlinux.org
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5947:
5939:
5932:. Retrieved
5914:
5899:
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5879:25 September
5877:. Retrieved
5866:
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5844:. Retrieved
5835:The Register
5833:
5823:
5811:. Retrieved
5803:Seclists.org
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5664:the original
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5638:
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5613:
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5563:
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5433:. Retrieved
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5027:The Next Web
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4983:
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4932:
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4868:www.tldp.org
4867:
4858:
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4837:
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4806:
4797:
4787:15 September
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4751:
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4628:the original
4623:
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4586:25 September
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4565:
4553:. Retrieved
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4238:
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4218:gnu.bash.bug
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4183:gnu.bash.bug
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4148:gnu.bash.bug
4133:
4121:. Retrieved
4113:
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4091:. Retrieved
4087:the original
4080:
4070:
4059:, retrieved
4049:
4042:
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4009:
3997:. Retrieved
3981:gnu.announce
3966:
3957:
3950:. Retrieved
3928:
3920:
3913:, retrieved
3899:
3892:
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3851:
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3823:the original
3813:
3805:
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3788:
3780:
3773:, retrieved
3769:the original
3763:
3756:
3747:Bourne Shell
3746:
3744:
3737:. Retrieved
3715:
3705:12 September
3703:. Retrieved
3694:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3665:gnu.announce
3617:
3610:, retrieved
3606:the original
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3582:
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3528:
3521:. Retrieved
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3489:
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3461:
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3433:
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3409:. Retrieved
3405:
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3361:
3024:bash-5.2.15
2994:) to 10.15 (
2965:
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2870:man builtins
2860:
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2269:
2266:
2245:GNU Readline
2242:
2239:GNU Readline
2208:
2142:set -o posix
2135:
2086:
2029:
2008:The example
2007:
1987:
1977:January 2019
1974:
1951:Please help
1943:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1705:
1668:jpg,jpeg,png
1658:
1628:# bash shell
1618:Bourne shell
1615:
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1527:
1523:<<<
1512:
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1392:syntax is a
1387:
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1287:GNU readline
1194:
1178:, which are
1103:<<<
1075:data streams
1071:Redirections
992:, including
908:$ {foo//x/y}
875:, including
702:, including
601:Login shell;
561:
538:and CVE-
520:security bug
517:
499:project, to
473:
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451:
440:. Bash is a
414:Bourne shell
375:
356:
348:Bourne shell
316:
315:, short for
312:
311:
269:Since 4.0:
232:Available in
109:5.2.37
72:Developer(s)
29:
7168:Unix shells
7127:Categorical
6716:Unix shells
6488:GNU TeXmacs
6418:Linux-libre
6298:GNU Project
6140:25 November
6053:How-To Geek
6032:20 November
5953:"bash-1.11"
5920:GNU Project
5485:www.gnu.org
5460:www.gnu.org
5309:, apple.com
5256:www.gnu.org
5124:Shell Tips!
5090:"10. Files"
4963:www.gnu.org
4777:www.gnu.org
4752:www.gnu.org
4697:www.gnu.org
4677:20 November
4624:www.gnu.org
4606:www.gnu.org
4528:4 September
4502:4 September
4032:13 November
3800:6 September
3577:28 December
3316:1996-12-31
3306:1997-06-05
3296:1998-04-18
3286:1999-02-19
3276:2000-03-21
3266:2001-04-09
3256:2001-11-16
3253:bash-2.05a
3246:2002-07-17
3243:bash-2.05b
3236:2004-08-03
3226:2005-12-08
3216:2006-10-11
3206:2009-01-12
3196:2009-02-20
3186:2009-12-31
3176:2011-02-13
3166:2014-02-26
3156:2015-10-12
3146:2016-07-11
3136:2016-02-24
3126:2016-08-22
3113:2016-09-15
3103:2018-05-22
3093:2018-09-17
3083:2018-11-28
3073:2018-12-20
3063:2019-01-07
3050:2020-12-07
3040:2022-09-26
3027:2022-12-13
2988:Apple macOS
2943:Since 4.0:
2931:across the
2902:kill --help
2898:/bin/printf
2856:bash --help
2817:frustrating
2794:frustration
2430:$ SOMEWHERE
2253:Vi-bindings
2243:Bash uses
2200:Coprocesses
2179:$ (( ... ))
2150:portability
2132:Portability
2114:~/.xprofile
2110:~/.xsession
2043:.~/.profile
1998:#!/bin/bash
1961:Wikiversity
1654:a{p,c,d,b}e
1633:/bin/bash-c
1504:named pipes
1315:A built-in
1305:Shell
1269:built-ins),
1256:job control
990:$ (( ... ))
774:portability
614:Exit status
593:Interactive
568:text window
382:text window
336:GNU Project
91:8 June 1989
84:8 June 1989
7162:Categories
6992:JavaScript
6868:Comparison
6762:PowerShell
6548:GNU Health
6493:GNU Octave
6076:. Oracle.
6058:12 October
5696:10 January
5670:10 January
5644:10 January
5619:10 January
5594:10 January
5569:10 January
5465:10 January
5410:21 January
5281:bashbug(1)
5210:20 January
5071:26 January
5037:12 January
4849:26 October
4757:10 January
4702:10 January
4634:10 January
4460:"GNU Bash"
4228:30 October
4193:30 October
4158:1 November
4061:31 October
3999:28 October
3915:1 November
3884:"Terminal"
3695:Dr. Dobb's
3675:28 October
3619:licensing.
3353:References
3303:bash-2.01
3293:bash-2.02
3283:bash-2.03
3273:bash-2.04
3263:bash-2.05
2972:Windows 11
2968:Windows 10
2925:Shellshock
2787:hyperbolic
2772:commitment
2755:, Book of
2738:born again
2647:improve it
2577:completion
2518:$ VARIABLE
2436:&&
2215:shellcheck
2118:~/.profile
2067:&&
2062:.~/.bashrc
2060:&&
2041:&&
2034:&&
1969:Wikivoyage
1525:operator.
1490:using the
1414:Korn Shell
1223:Settings (
1212:~/.profile
997:arithmetic
938:$ {!array}
923:$ {bar##*}
896:declare -A
881:variables,
867:expansion
811:Backslash
758:using the
674:loops, and
649:) and OR (
647:&&
587:Invocation
580:Unix shell
576:automation
534:, CVE-
524:Shellshock
434:Korn Shell
432:, and the
394:Unix shell
390:automation
254:Unix shell
162:Written in
126:Repository
76:Chet Ramey
7089:Smalltalk
6616:Brian Fox
6568:GNU Chess
6498:GNU Taler
6483:GNU Emacs
6438:findutils
6433:coreutils
5813:4 October
5516:9 January
5490:9 January
5435:9 January
5290:, die.net
4465:Softpedia
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4214:Newsgroup
4179:Newsgroup
4144:Newsgroup
3977:Newsgroup
3661:Newsgroup
3555:Newsgroup
3313:bash-2.0
3233:bash-3.0
3223:bash-3.1
3213:bash-3.2
3193:bash-4.0
3183:bash-4.1
3173:bash-4.2
3163:bash-4.3
3110:bash-4.4
3060:bash-5.0
3047:bash-5.1
3037:bash-5.2
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2821:committed
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2645:. Please
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2417:exit code
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2257:set -o vi
2227:configure
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2175:(( ... ))
2014:~/.bashrc
1990:dot files
1965:Wikibooks
1944:contains
1784:a b c d e
1649:/bin/sh-c
1500:/proc/fd/
1480:&>
1464:$ ((...))
1388:The Bash
1331:info page
1300:debugging
1208:~/.bashrc
1028:(Step 4)
986:(( ... ))
965:$ ( ... )
861:Parameter
780:standard;
752:Signaling
742:Subshells
732:pipelines
705:Extended
659:Iteration
540:2014-7169
536:2014-6277
532:2014-6271
511:, and to
456:Brian Fox
340:Brian Fox
300:/software
201:Unix-like
137:.savannah
65:Brian Fox
7147:Category
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6873:Timeline
6792:Thompson
6752:Hamilton
6727:Almquist
6538:Gnuzilla
6453:binutils
6407:variants
6396:Software
6348:Licenses
6164:Archived
6134:Archived
6108:Archived
6078:Archived
6026:Archived
5934:16 April
5928:Archived
5906:Archived
5873:Archived
5840:Archived
5807:Archived
5405:tldp.org
5376:Archived
5346:Archived
5303:Archived
5284:Archived
5266:27 March
5260:Archived
5230:Archived
5204:Archived
5200:Autoconf
5128:Archived
5098:Archived
5065:Archived
5031:Archived
4997:Archived
4967:Archived
4937:Archived
4902:Archived
4898:tldp.org
4872:Archived
4843:archived
4811:Archived
4781:Archived
4726:Archived
4671:Archived
4667:tldp.org
4580:Archived
4549:Archived
4522:Archived
4496:Archived
4470:Archived
4438:Archived
4408:Archived
4374:Archived
4345:Archived
4303:Archived
4261:Archived
4222:Archived
4187:Archived
4152:Archived
4055:archived
4026:Archived
3993:Archived
3952:21 March
3946:Archived
3909:archived
3829:April 9,
3775:13 March
3739:13 March
3733:Archived
3699:Archived
3669:Archived
3612:21 March
3571:Archived
3375:cite web
3325:See also
3013:Version
2974:via the
2962:Versions
2933:Internet
2813:innuendo
2792:of some
2725:idea of
2723:Buddhist
2715:allusion
2663:May 2024
2605:readline
2597:complete
2581:complete
2305:command1
2294:command1
2274:command1
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2030:filename
1803:1 4 7 10
1430:$ RANDOM
1394:superset
1367:language
1355:keywords
1324:man page
1319:command,
1236:built-in
1229:built-in
1216:dotfiles
1121:Commands
1096:<<
1086:>>
1065:removal;
1040:globbing
1032:(again),
995:Integer
927:cut -c8-
884:Indexed
865:variable
772:A shell
762:builtin;
589:as a...
558:Features
477:Catalina
410:language
398:keywords
221:Platform
18:GNU bash
7100:more...
7079:Scratch
6982:Haskell
6972:Fortran
6928:classic
6878:History
6584:more...
6468:GNUstep
6305:History
6215:ibm.com
6170:1 March
6114:1 March
5352:21 June
5236:21 July
5003:25 June
4943:1 March
4908:25 June
4878:5 March
4817:21 June
4576:Red Hat
4555:21 June
4476:9 April
4414:13 June
4216::
4181::
4146::
4123:1 March
4093:1 March
3985:Usenet:
3979::
3900:shell.c
3663::
3563:Usenet:
3557::
3518:ibm.com
3490:gnu.org
3462:gnu.org
3434:gnu.org
3406:fsf.org
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2929:attacks
2798:imagery
2796:. Such
2783:acronym
2761:chapter
2746:English
2742:renewal
2709:on the
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2474:or the
2138:--posix
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1891:{1..10}
1878:$ start
1819:a d g j
1814:a..j..3
1798:..10..3
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1449:tab key
1442:$ (...)
1440:syntax
1426:history
1418:C shell
1408:(using
1390:command
1375:history
1322:A
1296:logging
1280:prompts
1214:(i.e.,
1204:session
999:in any
873:$ {bar}
833:$ '...'
828:rules,
826:quoting
746:( ... )
730:-style
513:Android
505:OpenVMS
495:by the
448:History
426:C shell
422:history
352:rebirth
324:program
319:, is a
289:Website
265:License
237:gettext
206:Windows
89: (
7119:Lists:
7054:Python
7049:Prolog
7027:Pascal
7017:MATLAB
7002:Kotlin
6962:Erlang
6901:Simula
6772:Qshell
6737:Bourne
6563:GNU Go
6553:GNUmed
6542:IceCat
6528:GNUnet
6322:Europe
6258:19 May
6239:19 May
6220:19 May
6199:
6104:GitHub
6084:8 June
5967:9 June
5184:Manual
5161:Manual
5134:3 June
5104:11 May
4973:4 July
4444:8 July
4434:GitHub
4380:1 July
4351:6 June
4337:
4309:6 June
4295:
4267:6 June
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3852:Forbes
3584:shell.
3565:
3523:19 May
3495:19 May
3467:19 May
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3411:19 May
2886:printf
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2458:Where
2433:"
2427:"
2397:signal
2389:. The
2020:. The
1959:it to
1685:png,jp
1434:$ PPID
1359:syntax
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1046:using
979:>()
975:<()
886:arrays
679:for ((
653:), and
640:select
616:codes;
595:shell,
509:ArcaOS
485:Cygwin
460:coding
458:began
402:syntax
7094:Swift
7084:Shell
6997:Julia
6967:Forth
6957:COBOL
6918:BASIC
6896:ALGOL
6573:Gnash
6503:GNU R
6423:glibc
6327:India
5901:ZDNet
5180:Linux
5157:Linux
2878:false
2866:help
2863:help,
2809:irony
2790:image
2734:idiom
2719:Hindu
2711:image
2609:Tab ↹
2450:&
2315:&
2307:&
2296:&
2249:Emacs
2188:local
2122:xterm
2093:Linux
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