Fat binary - Knowledge (XXG)

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load and relocation method(s) used, the individual features included, and the configuration options specified in the command line. Due to the large number of command line switches and options supported (around fifty switches with multiple possible settings) there is a high number of feature combinations with uncountable dependencies resulting in endless number of different target images. FreeKEYB's Dynamic Dead Code Elimination technique manages to resolve these dependencies and remove dead code and data is not restricted to include or exclude a somewhat limited number of modules or whole sub-routines and fix up some dispatch tables as in classical TSR programming, but works at byte level able to remove individual instructions in the middle of larger routines distributed all over the code to handle a particular case or support a specific feature special tools are used to analyze the code and create fixup tables automated using conditional defines to declare the various cases not only optional at assembly time but at initialization time without the overhead of having at least some amount of dead code left in the runtime image to keep track of all the dependencies between these conditionals, dynamically build and relocate the runtime image, fix up all the references between these small, changing, and moving binary parts still allowing to use the tiny .COM/.SYS style model is done at initialization time

392:, to play this role. However, Rosetta had a fairly steep performance overhead, so developers were encouraged to offer both PPC and Intel binaries, using Universal binaries. The obvious cost of Universal binary is that every installed executable file is larger, but in the years since the release of the PPC, hard-drive space has greatly outstripped executable size; while a Universal binary might be double the size of a single-platform version of the same application, free-space resources generally dwarf the code size, which becomes a minor issue. In fact, often a Universal-binary application will be smaller than two single-architecture applications because program resources can be shared rather than duplicated. If not all of the architectures are required, the 4786:, so you can at installation time specify which components of the driver you want and which you don't. This goes to an extent of dynamic loadable modularization and late linkage I have not seen under DOS so far. If you do not like the screen saver, macros, the calculator, or mouse support, or <almost anything else>, you can specify this at the command line, and FreeKEYB, while taking all the dependencies between the routines into account, will completely remove all the code fragments, which deal with that feature and are not necessary to provide the requested functionality, before the driver relocates the image into the target location and makes itself resident. 752:). Since DOS does not reject files with a .COM extension to be loaded per DEVICE and does not test for FFFFFFFFh, it is possible to combine a COM program and a device driver into the same file by placing a jump instruction to the entry point of the embedded COM program within the first four bytes of the file (three bytes are usually sufficient). If the embedded program and the device driver sections share a common portion of code, or data, it is necessary for the code to deal with being loaded at offset +0100h as a .COM style program, and at +0000h as a device driver. For shared code loaded at the "wrong" offset but not designed to be 3510:). Programs, such as Bridger Mitchell's JETLDR.COM, that load these modules from files into memory can use the ID string to validate the file, that is, to make sure that it is the kind of module that the user has stated it to be. User mistakes and damaged files can thus be detected. The header, thus, now stands as follows: rst db 'Z3TXT',0 ; null-terminated ID ; 12345678 ; must be 8 characters, db 'PROGNAME' ; pad with spaces ; 123 ; must be 3 characters db 'ENG' ; name of language dw LENGTH ; length of module 606:, which is decoded as a "RET" instruction by x86 processors, thereby gracefully exiting the program, while it will be decoded as "JP 103h" instruction by 8080 processors and simply jump to the next instruction in the program. Similar, the CP/M assembler Z80ASM+ by SLR Systems would display an error message when erroneously run on DOS. 3190:= directives prior to any INSTALL= statements, regardless of their order in the file. software may require the mouse driver to be present as a device driver, as mouse drivers have always been device drivers back in the old times. These mouse drivers have had specific device driver names depending on which protocol they used (" 3707:

reached the end of the file when it has read the last record (basic unit of disk space) allocated to the file. The disk directory entry for each file contains a list of the disk records allocated to that file. This method relies on the size of the file, rather than its content, to locate the end of the file.

3706:

is possible because CONTROL-Z is seldom used as data in ASCII files. In a non-ASCII file, however, CONTROL-Z is just as likely to occur as any other character. Therefore, it cannot be used as the end-of-file marker. CP/M uses a different method to mark the end of a non-ASCII file. CP/M assumes it has

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and DOS do not share a common file extension for executables. Thus, it is not normally possible to confuse executables. However, early versions of DOS had so much in common with CP/M in terms of its architecture that some early DOS programs were developed to share binaries containing executable code.

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In addition, Multi-Architecture Binary executables can contain code for both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of PowerPC and x86, allowing applications to be shipped in a form that supports 32-bit processors but that makes use of the larger address space and wider data paths when run on 64-bit processors.

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FreeKEYB builds the driver's runtime image at initialization time depending on the type of machine it is being loaded on, the type of keyboard, layout, country and code page used, the type of mouse and video adapter(s) installed, the other drivers loaded on that system, the operating system and the

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manual) switching between them at runtime the OS interface in WordStar is quite narrow and well abstracted the WordStar 3.2x overlays are 100% identical between the DOS and CP/M-86 versions. There is a runtime switch which chooses between calling INT 21h (DOS) and INT E0h (CP/M-86). WS.COM is not

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FreeKEYB is a true .COM and .SYS driver (tiny model) in one. You can safely overwrite the first JMP, that's part of what I meant by "tricky header". you can replace the FFFFh:FFFFh by a 3-byte jump and a pending DB FFh. It works with MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, and most probably any other DOS

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depending on the underlying hardware, operating system, and driver configuration as well as the selected feature set and locale (about sixty configuration switches with hundreds of options for an almost unlimited number of possible combinations). This complexity and the dynamics are hidden from

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format called Arm64X. An Arm64X binary contains all the content that would be in separate x64/Arm64EC and Arm64 binaries, but merged into one more efficient file on disk. Visual C++ toolset has been upgraded to support producing such binaries. And when building Arm64X binaries are technically

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In order to avoid this, some methods have been devised to build fat binaries which contain both a CP/M-80 and a DOS program, preceded by initial code which is interpreted correctly on both platforms. The methods either combine two fully functional programs each built for their corresponding

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opcode C3h) will implicitly jump to the start of its code segment as well, thereby eventually reaching the INT 20h as well. In CP/M-86, the zero page is structured differently and there is no CALL 5 interface, but the stack return method and BDOS function 0 (but now through

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embedded into the executable file alongside any number of alternative binary code snippets conditionally build a size- or speed-optimized runtime image of a program or driver necessary to perform (or not perform) a particular function in a particular target environment at

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and higher incorporate a safety feature developed by Matthias R. Paul: If these files are called inappropriately, tiny embedded stubs will just display some file version information and exit gracefully. Additionally, the message is specifically crafted to follow certain

208:, when 80 MB hard drives were a common size, these utilities were sometimes useful, as program code was generally a large percentage of overall drive usage, and stripping the unneeded members of a fat binary would free up a significant amount of space on a hard drive. 4827:, die die jeweils notwendigen Bestandteile des Treibers erst zum Installationszeitpunkt zusammenbastelt und reloziert, so daß keine ungenutzten Code- oder Datenbereiche mehr resident bleiben (z.B. wenn jemand ein bestimmtes FreeKEYB-Feature nicht benötigt). 233:

operating system, starting with NeXTSTEP 3.1. In NeXTSTEP, they were called "Multi-Architecture Binaries". Multi-Architecture Binaries were originally intended to allow software to be compiled to run both on NeXT's Motorola 68k-based hardware and on Intel

4442: 563:) in the .COM file have to be valid code for both 8086 and 8080 processors, which would cause the processors to branch into different locations within the code. For example, the utilities in Simeon Cran's emulator MyZ80 start with the opcode sequence 1545:

before passing control to a loaded program, they can, for as long as the stack is flat, also be exited by issuing a RET (opcode C9h) instruction, thereby falling into the terminating code at offset 0 in the zero page. Although DOS has a dedicated

646:

is never appropriate as the first byte of a program for any x86 processor (it has different meanings for different generations, but is never a meaningful first byte); the executable loader in some versions of DOS rejects COM files that start with

423:), Apple included utilities which allowed applications to be targeted for both Intel and PowerPC architecture; universal binaries could eventually contain up to four versions of the executable code (32-bit PowerPC, 32-bit x86, 64-bit PowerPC, and 287:

was able to run. For example, it was possible to choose the target architectures with multiple '-arch' options (with the architecture as argument). This was a convenient way to distribute a program for NeXTStep running on different architectures.

311:(2001), and NeXT's Multi-Architecture Binaries continued to be supported by the operating system. Under Mac OS X, Multi-Architecture Binaries can be used to support multiple variants of an architecture, for instance to have different versions of 1835: 3701:

character in the file after the last data character. If the file contains an exact multiple of 128 characters, in which case adding the CONTROL-Z would waste 127 characters, CP/M does not do so. Use of the CONTROL-Z character as the

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format; Universal 2 binary files are Multi-Architecture Binary files containing both x86-64 and ARM64 executable code, allowing the binary to run natively on both 64-bit Intel and 64-bit Apple silicon. Additionally, Apple introduced

567:. An 8086 sees this as a jump and reads its next instruction from offset +154h whereas an 8080 or compatible processor goes straight through and reads its next instruction from +103h. A similar sequence used for this purpose is 1030:

emulation, making it a useful "universal" machine code target. Fatpack is a loader that demonstrates the concept: it includes a 32-bit x86 program that tries to run the executables packed into its resource sections one by one.

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format used by Windows does not allow assigning code to platforms, it is still possible to make a loader program that dispatches based on architecture. This is because desktop versions of Windows on ARM have support for 32-bit

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so modifiziert, daß er - falls fälschlicherweise als normales Programm gestartet - ohne Absturz zur Kommandozeile zurückkehrt. Wann diese Sicherheitsfunktion in die offizielle Version Einzug halten wird, ist jedoch noch nicht

1565:(the equivalent to CP/M's zero page), where the system had previously planted an INT 20h instruction. Also, a loaded program's initial stack is prepared to hold a word of 0, so that a program issuing a near return RETN ( 1747:

families of operating systems contain similar data but are organized differently and incompatible. Since the entry points into the data structures are at different offsets in the file it is possible to create "fat"

185:, but emulated code generally runs slower than native code. Applications released as "fat binaries" took up more storage space, but they ran at full speed on either platform. This was achieved by packaging both a 475:. However, by 2008, some of their Macs used 32-bit EFI and some used 64-bit EFI. For this reason, Apple extended the EFI specification with "fat" binaries that contained both 32-bit and 64-bit EFI binaries. 272:). This structure defines the offset (from the start of the file) at which to find the file, the alignment, the size and the CPU type and subtype which the Mach-O binary (within the archive) is targeted at. 3501:

module should never be executed, but at a cost of one byte we could protect ourself against that outside chance. The header also contained the string of characters "Z3TXT" followed by a null (0) byte. Many

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for example), and some software may search for these drivers in order to find out the correct type of mouse to be used. Another advantage would be that device drivers usually consume less memory (no

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One hard drive partition can be booted on different machines with different CPU architectures, for development and experimentation. Same root file system, different kernel and CPU architecture.

3540: 3206:) It's basically a tricky file header, a different code to parse the command line, a different entry point and exit line, and some segment magics to overcome the ORG 0 / ORG 100h difference. 2234: 1146:

files) containing dedicated executable code sections for one or more specific GPU architectures from which the CUDA runtime can choose from at load-time. Fat binaries are also supported by

204:

Fat binaries were larger than programs supporting only the PowerPC or 68k, which led to the creation of a number of utilities that would strip out the unneeded version. In the era of small

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registers. The magic sequence is EB 52 EB: XCHG MOV D,D XCHG but that means the DOS code ends up quite a way away from the start of the program. More fun can be had with self-extract

373:. Apple promoted the distribution of new applications that support both PowerPC and x86 natively by using executable files in Multi-Architecture Binary format. Apple calls such programs " 3287:(NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger 2873:, you can use ZXCC FATBNSEA.COM FATBIN combines a CP/M-80 .COM file and a DOS .COM file to produce one that will work on both systems. M3C4SEA.COM M3CONV version 4 - converts 4098:

Wang, Perry H.; Collins, Jamison D.; Chinya, Gautham N.; Jiang, Hong; Tian, Xinmin; Girkar, Milind; Pearce, Lisa; Lueh, Guei-Yuan; Yakoushkin, Sergey; Wang, Hong (2007-08-22).

1764:-headed files are not necessary. The shipped files are nevertheless "fat" for including a tiny executable stub just displaying an embedded message when invoked inappropriately. 4620: 189:-compiled version and a PowerPC-compiled version of the same program into their executable files. The older 68K code (CFM-68K or classic 68K) continued to be stored in the 2889:

is the program that was used to generate these self-unpacking archives. This version (2.11) can generate archives which unpack themselves under CP/M or DOS. You will need

2065: 808:, not COM-style programs. Trying to load COUNTRY.SYS with a DEVICE statement or executing IBMBIO.COM or IBMDOS.COM at the command prompt will cause unpredictable results. 4352: 4584: 72:

with code compatible with all operating systems, which executes a jump to the appropriate section. Alternative implementations store different executables in different

2133: 2086: 1250:(FMV): versions of the same function are written into the program, and a piece of code decides which one to use by detecting the CPU's capabilities (such as through 2643:

disassembly that translates to 'EX DE,HL; INC BC;' The 3rd byte is 'JUMP' followed by the 16-bit address specified as yy xx you'll have a .COM file that runs on

2586:

DOS protection feature The idea is based on the utilities in Simeon Cran's MYZ80 emulator; the DOS-protection header in those goes one better by not changing any

1930: 602:

Another method to keep a DOS-compatible operating system from erroneously executing .COM programs for CP/M-80 and MSX-DOS machines is to start the 8080 code with

4200: 1226:(IR), but on the other hand machine code may need to be stored too (for speed or compatibility). An LTO object containing both IR and machine code is known as a 545:

of the two processor families are not compatible, attempting to start a program under the wrong operating system leads to incorrect and unpredictable behaviour.

3618: 2197: 2166: 4155: 2615: 4943: 3830: 2367: 2324: 4967: 4919: 4066:

Wang, Perry H.; Collins, Jamison D.; Chinya, Gautham N.; Jiang, Hong; Tian, Xinmin; Girkar, Milind; Yang, Nick Y.; Lueh, Guei-Yuan; Wang, Hong (June 2007).

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modules include such identifiers. In this category are resident command packages (RCPs), flow command packages (FCPs), and environment descriptor modules (

4418:. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS). Boston, Massachusetts, USA. pp. 163–174. 4811: 640:, as well as a "RET" instruction for 8080-compatible processors which leads to a graceful exit if the file is executed under older versions of CP/M-80. 262:) defines how many Mach-O Files the archive contains (how many instances of the same program for different architectures). After this header, there are 3753: 4099: 1246:, a programmer may wish to make use of some newer instruction set extensions while keeping compatibility with an older CPU. This can be achieved with 3527: 2110: 1869: 358: 61:

which can consequently be run on multiple processor types. This results in a file larger than a normal one-architecture binary file, thus the name.

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The following approaches are similar to fat binaries in that multiple versions of machine code of the same purpose are provided in the same file.

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command-line applications can be used to remove versions from the Multi-Architecture Binary image, thereby creating what is sometimes called a

384:

Universal binary format was not necessary for forward migration of pre-existing native PowerPC applications; from 2006 to 2011, Apple supplied

303:

Apple Computer acquired NeXT in 1996 and continued to work with the OPENSTEP code. Mach-O became the native object file format in Apple's free

242:

running NeXTSTEP, with a single binary file for both platforms. It was later used to allow OPENSTEP applications to run on PCs and the various

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collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the

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into some SASS (Streaming Assembler) binary executable code for the actually present target GPU. The executables can also include so called

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containing a number of smaller files. When you run one, it will create its smaller files The self-extract archive programs will run under

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dynamic binary translation for x86 to Arm64 instruction set to allow users to run applications that do not have Universal binary variants.

2676: 1702:. However, MS-DOS and PC DOS do not provide crash-protected system files at all, and these file names are neither used nor needed in 1280:

A similar, but byte-level granular approach originally devised by Matthias R. Paul and Axel C. Frinke is to let a small self-discarding,

246:

platforms OPENSTEP supported. Multi-Architecture Binary files are in a special archive format, in which a single file stores one or more

4045: 3732: 3163: 3022: 2466:), but describes the general "self-identifying program" concept of platform-independent programs (PIPs) through what the authors call a 2427: 3979: 3710: 1265:

Many math libraries feature hand-written assembly routines that are automatically chosen according to CPU capability. Examples include

381:" as perhaps a way to distinguish this new transition from the previous transition, or other uses of Multi-Architecture Binary format. 4736: 3210:

a device driver is a bit more tricky as you have to leave the driver header where it is and only relocate the remainder of the driver

1983: 370: 4554: 4012: 3234: 2759: 2442: 1760:

4.00 (and higher) include an improved parser capable of reading both types of formats (and variants), even at the same time, so that

571:. John C. Elliott's FATBIN is a utility to combine a CP/M-80 and a DOS .COM file into one executable. His derivative of the original 3712: 3677: 2791: 1821: 924:

binaries with some meta data indicating which binary to use on what architecture. Additionally to the CPU architecture abstraction (

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subfiles for each architecture supported by the Multi-Architecture Binary. Every Multi-Architecture Binary starts with a structure (

5014: 4606: 4466: 2053: 5038: 4990: 4521: 4329:. IEEE/ACM Performance Modeling, Benchmarking and Simulation of High Performance Computer Systems (PMBS). Denver, Colorado, USA: 2768:(NB. FATBN101.COM 22k 1997-04-01 FATBIN v1.01. Creates fat binary files which will run under both CP/M and DOS. Distributed in a 2032: 885:, CP/M, DOS, and Windows), it prevents "binary garbage" from being displayed when a file is accidentally printed at the console. 3852: 2515:

Wilkinson, William "Bill" Albert; Seligman, Cory; Drushel, Richard F.; Harston, Jonathan Graham; Elliott, John C. (1999-02-17).

4321: 3663: 2818: 2405: 435: 3515: 4576: 3171: 2842: 2742:.COM file to create one which runs on both platforms. It was used to create: MSODBALL 2.05 - convert floppy discs between 1345: 1123: 983: 781: 3513: 4875: 3296: 2121: 2098: 4852: 4824: 4783: 4693: 4662: 3575: 3536: 3187: 2361:. Vol. 8, no. 2. St. Joseph, Michigan, USA: Heath/Zenith Users' Group (HUG). pp. 55–57. #85. P/N 885-2085. 1554: 1294: 963: 921: 745: 541:

binaries. In both cases programs are loaded at offset +100h and executed by jumping to the first byte in the file. As the

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programs DOS also emulates CP/M's behaviour to some extent: A program can terminate itself by jumping to offset 0 in its

2455: 2362: 1919: 1362: 1243: 1158: 1088: 937: 736:

by convention, although this is not a requirement. This is fixed up dynamically by the operating system when the driver

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Applications provided by network share or USB sticks, will work on multiple systems. This is also helpful for creating

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NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds

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Under DOS, some files, by convention, have file extensions which do not reflect their actual file type. For example,

760:, except for that in this case it has to be done by the loaded program itself; this is similar to the situation with 3605: 2989: 2616:"Microsoft Money crashes during import of account transactions or when changing a payee of a downloaded transaction" 2594:

archives. Start one with defb 0EBh, 018h, '-pms-' and it's treated as a valid archive by the PMA utilities, sends

2186: 2155: 4647: 4264: 3428:. Z-System Corner - Some New Applications of Type-4 Programs (55). S. Plainfield, New Jersey, USA: Socrates Press: 3401: 2623: 2401: 2400:. Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS'10). Chicago, Illinois, USA: 1542: 817: 389: 88: 4935: 3822: 2893:

to use PMSFX. New: Under DOS, it supports exact file sizes. SP2BMSEA.COM Converts a Stop Press Canvas file to a

4959: 4911: 3919: 1890: 1699: 1339: 1127: 1084: 1005: 777: 713: 702:, and used dynamically fixed-up code to adapt to the differing calling conventions of these operating systems at 304: 2312: 181:

microprocessors. Many applications for the old platform ran transparently on the new platform under an evolving

2639:

with those 5 bytes as the first ones you'll see 'JMP SHORT 3', followed by 3 garbage bytes. If you look at a

2611: 1430: 1135: 1069: 580: 124: 100: 4184: 3949: 1277:. In addition, the library loader in glibc supports loading from alternative paths for specific CPU features. 811:

It is sometimes possible to avoid this by utilizing techniques similar to those described above. For example,

756:, this requires an internal address fix-up similar to what would otherwise already have been carried out by a 3649:) are ignored, however, and the end of file condition returned by CP/M is used to terminate read operations. 3260:

Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) . "Chapter II.4. Undokumentierte Eigenschaften externer Kommandos - SYS.COM".

869:(EOF) marker when a file is opened in non-binary mode, and thus, under many operating systems (including the 4799: 3566: 3199: 2965: 2854: 2769: 2021: 1972: 1356: 1306: 1258:, GCC, and LLVM all have the ability to automatically generate multi-versioned functions. This is a form of 1207: 1080: 1061: 847: 427:). However, PowerPC support was removed from Xcode 4.0 and is therefore not available to developers running 276: 3889: 3076: 4895: 4697: 4685: 3669: 3203: 1861: 1562: 1453: 1281: 1215: 1177: 761: 508: 3166:

and a device driver - similar to our FreeKEYB advanced keyboard driver. This is not really needed under

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as well as a framework of automatic pre- and post-processing analysis tools to generate dependency and

3565:"5.1.1.1. Device Dependent Functions - Data Modes - Full-Duplex Software A(ASCII) and AL(ASCII Line)". 2912: 2707: 2562: 2516: 557:

if started on the wrong processor. For this to work, the first few instructions (sometimes also called

4068:"EXOCHI: architecture and programming environment for a heterogeneous multi-core multithreaded system" 3345: 1255: 839:

type-3 and type-4 "Z3ENV" programs as well as "Z3TXT" language overlay files, which would result in a

1926: 1722:

set, so that they are not listed by default, thereby reducing the risk of being invoked accidentally.

1505:, exact conditions and underlying mechanisms differ: Under CP/M-80, programs can terminate (that is, 1350: 1188: 993: 753: 327:

generations of processors. It can also be used to support multiple architectures, such as 32-bit and

120: 35: 4709: 4705: 4611: 2193: 2162: 1333: 1239: 1040: 1022: 54: 31: 4717:

users, who deal with a single executable file just like they would do with a conventional driver.)

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for compatibility reasons with (third-party) tools hard-wired to expect these specific file names.

4728: 4285: 4159: 3703: 3195: 3103: 2388: 2185:

Tevanian, Avadis; DeMoney, Michael; Enderby, Kevin; Wiebe, Douglas; Snyder, Garth (1997-02-18) .

2154:

Tevanian, Avadis; DeMoney, Michael; Enderby, Kevin; Wiebe, Douglas; Snyder, Garth (1995-07-11) .

1667: 1482: 1418: 1410: 1402: 1110:(Compute Unified Device Architecture) is a software to enable general-purpose computing on GPUs ( 1065: 773: 737: 655: 443: 385: 73: 50: 4762: 4410: 4377: 3261: 2668: 1008:

image is available. As of 2021, FatELF has not been integrated into the mainline Linux kernel.

4689: 4616: 4511: 4409:

Bakhoda, Ali; Yuan, George L.; Fung, Wilson W. L.; Wong, Henry; Aamodt, Tor M. (2009-04-28) .

4342: 4122: 4110: 3673: 3477: 3433: 3385: 2894: 2479: 2417: 2320: 2261: 2257: 2024: 1975: 1827: 1817: 1634:, but, once introduced, these particular file names were retained from very early versions of 1557:

sub-functions to terminate programs (which are preferable for more complicated programs), for

1365:, shellcode targeting multiple platforms (and sometimes even camouflaged as alphanumeric text) 1321: 1285: 1169: 1131: 862: 757: 667: 637: 622: 357: 280: 239: 4033: 3724: 3162:

Add a SYS device driver header to the driver, so that CTMOUSE could be both in one, a normal

3014: 2392: 2249: 764:

but with the program already loaded at the target location by the operating system's loader.

148:

SR10.1 introduced a new file type, "cmpexe" (compound executable), that bundled binaries for

4803: 4419: 4334: 4114: 4079: 3882:"FatELF: Universal Binaries for Linux. - The proof-of-concept virtual machine download page" 3614: 2916: 2711: 2566: 2520: 2483: 2409: 2316: 1809: 1514: 1394: 1259: 1181: 1173: 936:

instruction set, etc.), there is the advantage of binaries with support for multiple kernel

805: 709: 671: 626: 504: 378: 352: 80: 1962: 4677: 4666: 4654: 4546: 4000: 3230: 2763: 1663: 1448:

for these files. (The .CMD extension, however, is conflictive with the file extension for

1441: 1119: 997: 614: 554: 496: 170: 141: 116: 92: 83:

software; there are several alternatives to solve the same problem, such as the use of an

58: 4807: 4504:

21st International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT)

3142: 2783: 5006: 4982: 4713: 4492: 4457: 3877: 3818: 3785: 3312: 2129: 2094: 2061: 1719: 1631: 1438: 1406: 1327: 1092: 530: 4496: 3466: 3418: 3370: 2011: 1785:

Devanbu, Premkumar T.; Fong, Philip W. L.; Stubblebine, Stuart G. (19–25 April 1998).

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Distribution of web browser plug ins that work out of the box with multiple platforms.

5032: 4670: 3911: 3856: 3341: 3207: 3051: 2384: 2287: 2007: 1958: 1607: 1538: 1534: 1426: 1196: 1184: 1095:

loader can dynamically initiate the parallel execution on multiple available CPU and

725: 695: 687: 468: 439: 428: 420: 416: 190: 4849:

cosmopolitan libc - your build-once run-anywhere c library / Cosmopolitan Communiqué

3055:

the same between DOS and CP/M-86, although it's probably not very different either.

3050:

files are 100% identical between DOS and CP/M-86, with a flag (clearly shown in the

2834: 636:, which works both as a signature identifying this type of COM file to the CP/M 3.0 1659: 1486: 1390: 1192: 970: 691: 186: 153: 65: 3754:"What are the differences between Linux and Windows .txt files (Unicode encoding)" 2920: 2715: 2570: 2524: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2054:"Chapter 1 - Resource Manager / Resource Manager Reference - Resource File Format" 4338: 3568:

PDP-10 Reference Handbook: Communicating with the Monitor - Time-Sharing Monitors

2746:

706k format and a DOS 706k format. Both the programs run under CP/M-80 and DOS.

4867: 4681: 4459:

The Multi2Sim Simulation Framework - A CPU-GPU Model for Heterogeneous Computing

4423: 3279:

Für ein zukünftiges Update für Calderas OpenDOS 7.01 habe ich den Startcode von

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Wilkinson, William "Bill" Albert (2005-04-02) . Written at Heath Company, USA.

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program to choose an architecture-specific binary at install time (such as with

69: 4844: 3645:

read operation. Control-Z characters embedded within machine code files (e.g.,

1039:

When developing Windows 11 ARM64, Microsoft introduced a new way to extend the

969:

The correct binary and libraries are centrally chosen by the system instead of

76:, each with its own entry point that is directly used by the operating system. 4189:"Technical Walkthrough: CUDA Pro Tip: Understand Fat Binaries and JIT Caching" 3280: 3175: 3174:= is supported since DR DOS 3.41+ and DR DOS preserves the order of 2471: 2445: 2230: 2181: 1695: 1691: 1464: 947:

Distributions no longer need to have separate downloads for various platforms.

925: 801: 797: 749: 630: 538: 516: 320: 316: 205: 4126: 3481: 3437: 3389: 2354: 2028: 1979: 1831: 1813: 254:) containing two unsigned integers. The first integer ("magic") is used as a 4701: 4673: 4658: 4083: 4041: 4008: 3698: 3638: 3494: 2941: 2858: 2812: 2735: 2653:(NB. While the author speaks about the Z80, this sequence also works on the 2636: 2413: 1687: 1506: 1290: 1270: 1147: 929: 917: 840: 550: 500: 448: 194: 145: 84: 1152: 442:(ARM64 architecture). To smooth the transition Apple added support for the 4067: 3725:"Re: Copy command which merges several files tags the word SUB at the end" 3465:

Sage, Jay (November–December 1992). Carlson, Art; Kibler, Bill D. (eds.).

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The reason to suspect such difference is that version 3.2x also supported

27:

Combined executable file for multiple processor types or operating systems

3646: 3503: 2981: 1683: 1449: 1422: 1311: 1274: 836: 741: 308: 284: 230: 226: 182: 112: 17: 4256: 3972:"sjmulder/fatpack - Build multi-architecture 'fat' binaries for Windows" 1802:

Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Software Engineering

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operating systems. Technically, a FatELF binary was a concatenation of

882: 878: 821: 682: 512: 492: 488: 460: 340: 178: 104: 4607:"Transparent use of library packages optimized for Intel architecture" 4378:"Dynamic Warp Formation and Scheduling for Efficient GPU Control Flow" 3971: 3915: 3493:

there was an opcode of "RST 0", which, if executed, would result in a

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and higher, which otherwise does provide crash-protected system files.

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and higher, but originally a binary system file containing the MS-DOS

95:), selecting an architecture-specific binary at runtime (such as with 4376:

Fung, Wilson W. L.; Sham, Ivan; Yuan, George; Aamodt, Tor M. (2007).

4292: 4228: 4196: 4118: 3183: 3179: 3167: 2644: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1639: 1635: 1596: 1502: 1414: 1398: 1218:(LTO). Since LTO involves delaying the compilation to link-time, the 1210:(GCC) and LLVM do not have a fat binary format, but they do have fat 1168:

heterogeneous system simulator framework (originally only for either

1165: 1103: 1077: 909: 793: 789: 699: 629:). In order to indicate this, the first byte in the header is set to 542: 424: 336: 328: 312: 247: 57:

which has been expanded (or "fattened") with code native to multiple

4653:-based dynamically configurable successor of K3PLUS supporting most 2187:"Method and apparatus for architecture independent executable files" 2156:"Method and apparatus for architecture independent executable files" 1044:

difficult, developers can build Arm64X pure forwarder DLLs instead.

976:

If the ELF ABI changes someday, legacy users can be still supported.

4323:

CUDA Flux: A Lightweight Instruction Profiler for CUDA Applications

3941: 3526:"Table of IO Device Characteristics - Console or Teletypewriters". 3694: 3634: 3507: 3498: 3337:

DR-DOS 7.03 WHATSNEW.TXT - Changes from DR-DOS 7.02 to DR-DOS 7.03

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The usual method of implementation is to include a version of the

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databases, which could be used under both DOS families. However,

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This problem could have been avoided by choosing non-conflicting

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Distribution of one application file that works across Linux and

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for CP/M-86 and DOS also shares binary identical 16-bit drivers.

4507: 4330: 3881: 3853:"Subject: Newsgroups: gmane.linux.kernel, Re: FatELF patches..." 3690: 3642: 3417:

Sage, Jay (May–June 1992) . Carlson, Art; McEwen, Chris (eds.).

3309:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT" 3047: 2957: 2949: 2870: 2866: 2804: 2732: 2693: 2654: 2648: 2595: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2087:"Chapter 7 - Fat Binary Programs - Creating Fat Binary Programs" 1592: 1588: 1570: 1566: 1522: 1518: 1460: 1445: 1115: 1107: 835:("RST 0") at the very start of Jay Sage's and Joe Wright's 729: 659: 527: 291:

It was also possible to create libraries (e.g. using NeXTStep's

243: 222: 4891: 1359:, executable code camouflaged as (sometimes even readable) text 1087:

to produce fat binaries containing code sections for different

4983:"We develop to WarpUP the Amiga - StormC for PowerPC and p-OS" 3467:"Regular Feature, ZCPR Support, Language Independence, part 2" 3043: 2953: 2945: 2882: 2862: 2808: 2739: 2689: 2640: 2587: 2475: 2463: 2378: 2376: 2374: 1806:

Proceedings - International Conference on Software Engineering

1655: 1610:), whereas it decodes as "LEAVE" (set SP to BP and pop BP) on 1526: 1498: 1096: 1027: 933: 858: 843:(instead of a crash) under CP/M-80 if loaded inappropriately. 534: 523: 332: 174: 4491:

Ubal, Rafael; Jang, Byunghyun; Mistry, Perhaad; Schaa, Dana;

3789: 1920:"Domain System Software Release Notes, Software Release 10.1" 1076:

EXOCHI (Exoskeleton Sequencer) development suite extends the

2828: 2826: 1925:(first printing ed.). Chelmsford, Massachusetts, USA: 371:

transition, from PowerPC processors to Intel x86 processors

258:

to identify this file as a Fat Binary. The second integer (

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90h, EBh, 20h, 2Ah, 90h, EBh, 20h, 3Ah, 24h, 77h, 01h, 04h

2488:

0Eh, B2h, 02h, A9h, 0Eh, B2h, 02h, 3Ah, 24h, 77h, 01h, 04h

2470:(that is, chunks of program logic not to be confused with 591:

to also include the "-pms-" signature for self-extracting

4497:"Multi2Sim: A Simulation Framework for CPU-GPU Computing" 3046:

and CP/M-86, only the main executable is different) the

2338:(NB. Has details on DOS COM program calling conventions.) 1385:

This isn't a problem for CP/M-86 style executables under

986:

variants, without a platform compatibility layer on them.

415:

development environment from 2.1 through 3.2 (running on

4547:"LTO Overview (GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals)" 3008: 3006: 4412:

Analyzing CUDA Workloads Using a Detailed GPU Simulator

3641:

character (1AH) or a real end of file, returned by the

2223:"Universal Binaries and 32-bit/64-bit PowerPC Binaries" 1929:

December 1988. p. 2-16. Order No. 005809-A03.

943:

FatELF has several use-cases, according to developers:

658:

code sequences have also been devised for combined Z80/

3901:(NB. VM image of Ubuntu 9.04 with Fat Binary support.) 3460: 3458: 3412: 3410: 3178:

directives but it would improve the flexibility on

3143:"Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1" 3104:"Re: [fd-dev] ANNOUNCE: CuteMouse 2.0 alpha 1" 2447:) (NB. Does not address the scenario specifically for 1353:, a "fat" hex file format targeting multiple platforms 831:

A similar protection feature was the 8080 instruction

732:) start with a file header whose first four bytes are 3780: 3778: 3539:(DEC). 1965. p. 43. DEC-6-0-EX-SYS-UM-IP-PRE00. 3255: 3253: 3251: 2556: 2554: 283:

source code for the different architectures on which

3476:. The Z-System Corner (58). Lincoln, CA, USA: 7–10. 3364: 3362: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3136: 3134: 3132: 2820:(NB. Mentions FBMAKE from the FATBNSEA.COM package.) 2540:(NB. Some of the opcodes in Elliott's example code ( 193:, while the newer PowerPC code was contained in the 4643:

FreeKEYB - Enhanced DOS keyboard and console driver

3380:. ZCPR3 Corner (32). Columbia Falls, Montana, USA: 3097: 3095: 3093: 1199:families) supports ELF-based fat binaries as well. 269: 251: 211: 5011:AmigaOS: multimedia, multi-threaded, multi-tasking 4712:to minimize its memory footprint downto close the 4641:Paul, Matthias R.; Frinke, Axel C. (1997-10-13) , 3662:Hogan, Thom (1982). "3. CP/M Transient Commands". 2598:processors to 011Ah, and Z80 processors to 0130h. 1650: 1648: 1134:(as text) which the CUDA runtime driver can later 4451: 4449: 2348: 2346: 2344: 1072:for Heterogeneous Integration) compiler from the 4890:Tunney, Justine Alexandra Roberts (2020-08-24). 4866:Tunney, Justine Alexandra Roberts (2021-02-11). 4843:Tunney, Justine Alexandra Roberts (2021-02-11). 4763:"[fd-dev] Changing codepages in FreeDOS" 2877:snapshots in the .Z80 or .SNA format to or from 2869:, with identical effects. To extract them under 2788:Fossies - the Fresh Open Source Software Archive 1172:or x86 CPUs, but later extended to also support 4456:"13.4 The AMD Compiler Wrapper: Fat binaries". 3474:(TCJ) - Programming, User Support, Applications 3426:(TCJ) - Programming, User Support, Applications 3378:(TCJ) - Programming, User Support, Applications 3369:Sage, Jay (May–June 1988). Carlson, Art (ed.). 2807:version. DSKWRITE.ASM contains source for the 2635:byte sequence EB 03 C3 yy xx If you create a 1068:on multiple types of processors, i.e. the CHI ( 484:Combined COM-style binaries for CP/M-80 and DOS 68:for each instruction set, preceded by a single 3613:(1 ed.). Pacific Grove, California, USA: 2126:Inside Macintosh: Mac OS Runtime Architectures 2091:Inside Macintosh: Mac OS Runtime Architectures 2058:Inside Macintosh: Mac OS Runtime Architectures 2002: 2000: 1953: 1951: 846:In a distantly similar fashion, many (binary) 595:archives, thereby also representing a form of 575:modifies archives created by Yoshihiko Mino's 4320:Braun, Lorenz; Fröning, Holger (2019-11-18). 4286:"CUDA Compiler Driver NVCC - Reference Guide" 1381: 1379: 1099:cores in a heterogeneous system environment. 279:shipped with the Developer Tools was able to 8: 4692:, the driver implements byte-level granular 4465:. v4.2. Multi2Sim. 2013. pp. 173–176 . 3665:Osborne CP/M User Guide - For All CP/M Users 2980:Elliott, John C.; Lopushinsky, Jim (2002) . 1715:This is the reason why these files have the 2408:, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. pp. 547–558. 1798:Techniques for Trusted Software Engineering 1626: 1624: 1060:Since 2007, some specialized compilers for 780:database file for use with the CONFIG.SYS 212:NeXT's/Apple's multi-architecture binaries 107:'s fat bundles), distributing software in 3668:(2 ed.). Berkeley, California, USA: 2227:Mac OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference 1477: 1475: 1473: 1126:-based fat binaries containing so called 776:is not a DOS device driver, but a binary 438:, this time from Intel x86 processors to 79:The use of fat binaries is not common in 4936:"Fat Binary - MS-Windows and four Linux" 3604:"2. Operating System Call Conventions". 2688:(NB. While the article speaks about the 2355:"Something COMmon About MS-DOS and CP/M" 295:) with different targeted object files. 4912:"Making a Fat Binary for Linux and Mac" 4868:"How Fat Does a Fat Binary Need to Be?" 4845:"How Fat Does a Fat Binary Need to Be?" 4800:"[ANN] FreeDOS beta 6 released" 4605:Bahena, Victor Rodriguez (2018-04-03). 4383:. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 3942:"SELF: Anatomy of an (alleged) failure" 3940:Brockmeier, Joe "Zonker" (2010-06-23). 2517:"MS-DOS & CP/M-Compatible Binaries" 2254:Mac OS X Internals - A Systems Approach 1777: 1375: 861:) near the beginning of the file. This 173:'s transition, beginning in 1994, from 3790:"FatELF: Universal Binaries for Linux" 2952:(the first three bytes are both legal 2692:, the code sequence also works on the 1862:"gnustep/tools-make: README.Packaging" 1666:database file for the keyboard driver 3266:. MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.). 2803:DSKWRITE.Z80 contains source for the 678:Combined binaries for CP/M-86 and DOS 7: 4892:"αcτµαlly pδrταblε εxεcµταblε (Ape)" 4231:. February 2014. DA-06762-001_v6.0. 3529:PDP-6 Multiprogramming System Manual 3233:(COUNTRY.LST file) (1.44 ed.). 912:was a fat binary implementation for 894:FatELF: Universal binaries for Linux 804:are special binary images loaded by 217:NeXTSTEP Multi-Architecture Binaries 135: 1517:, either directly with RST 0 ( 3916:"Ryan Gordon Halts FatELF Project" 2404:, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA / 1690:, a text configuration file under 962:trees are not required anymore in 621:. If so, they start with an extra 537:-compatible operating systems for 526:) processor families use the same 25: 4825:dynamischen Dead-Code-Elimination 4295:. May 2022. TRM-06721-001_v11.7. 3970:Mulder, Sijmen J. (2021-03-06) . 3823:"FatELF specification, version 1" 3229:Paul, Matthias R. (2001-06-10) . 2311:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-10-07) . 2192:. Redwood City, California, USA: 2161:. Redwood City, California, USA: 1537:interface. Alternatively, as the 1000:images for heterogeneous systems. 686:One program known to do this was 589:EBh, 18h, 2Dh, 70h, 6Dh, 73h, 2Dh 587:, CP/M-80 and DOS, starting with 434:In 2020, Apple announced another 369:In 2005, Apple announced another 169:A fat-binary scheme smoothed the 4960:"Fat Binary - DOS Windows Linux" 4958:Gotham, Frederick (2020-11-02). 4934:Gotham, Frederick (2020-10-24). 4910:Gotham, Frederick (2020-10-22). 4798:Paul, Matthias R. (2001-04-10). 4761:Paul, Matthias R. (2001-08-21). 4727:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-06). 4109:. 11: Tera-scale Computing (3). 3578:(DEC). 1969. pp. 5-3–5-6 . 3307:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02). 3141:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-06). 3102:Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-11). 2911:Elliott, John C. (1997-01-18) . 2833:Elliott, John C. (2012-06-20) . 2758:Elliott, John C. (1998-06-28) . 2365:from the original on 2021-12-13. 1606:("RETF", popping CS:IP from the 1481:This works because a (suitable) 651:, avoiding incorrect operation. 613:.COM files may have one or more 346: 5017:from the original on 2021-09-29 4993:from the original on 2017-12-06 4970:from the original on 2021-09-12 4946:from the original on 2021-09-12 4922:from the original on 2021-09-12 4898:from the original on 2021-09-12 4878:from the original on 2021-06-01 4855:from the original on 2021-09-12 4814:from the original on 2017-09-09 4773:from the original on 2019-04-19 4739:from the original on 2019-04-27 4729:"[fd-dev] Ctrl+Alt+Del" 4623:from the original on 2022-05-26 4587:from the original on 2022-04-07 4557:from the original on 2021-09-12 4527:from the original on 2022-05-25 4506:. Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: 4472:from the original on 2022-05-25 4433:from the original on 2022-05-26 4390:from the original on 2022-05-26 4358:from the original on 2022-03-21 4302:from the original on 2022-05-25 4267:from the original on 2022-05-25 4238:from the original on 2022-05-25 4203:from the original on 2022-03-23 4166:from the original on 2022-05-26 4136:from the original on 2022-05-26 4048:from the original on 2023-08-20 4015:from the original on 2023-08-20 3982:from the original on 2022-05-26 3952:from the original on 2022-05-26 3922:from the original on 2022-05-26 3892:from the original on 2022-05-21 3833:from the original on 2020-08-27 3800:from the original on 2020-08-27 3764:from the original on 2020-02-26 3735:from the original on 2020-02-26 3624:from the original on 2020-02-28 3585:from the original on 2011-11-15 3546:from the original on 2014-07-14 3535:. Maynard, Massachusetts, USA: 3270:from the original on 2017-09-10 3237:from the original on 2016-04-20 3186:systems, which always execute 3153:from the original on 2020-02-07 3114:from the original on 2020-02-21 3079:from the original on 2020-01-15 3025:from the original on 2019-07-28 3013:Necasek, Michal (2018-01-30) . 2992:from the original on 2016-08-30 2927:from the original on 2021-12-13 2845:from the original on 2021-11-17 2794:from the original on 2021-12-12 2782:Elliott, John C. (2002-03-11). 2722:from the original on 2021-12-13 2706:Elliott, John C. (1996-06-13). 2679:from the original on 2018-05-19 2577:from the original on 2021-12-13 2561:Elliott, John C. (2009-10-27). 2531:from the original on 2021-12-13 2433:from the original on 2022-05-26 2406:Georgia Institute of Technology 2327:from the original on 2017-09-03 2203:from the original on 2022-05-26 2172:from the original on 2020-12-14 2136:from the original on 2021-09-29 2068:from the original on 2021-09-29 2035:from the original on 2021-09-29 1986:from the original on 2021-09-29 1936:from the original on 2023-05-26 1901:from the original on 2022-05-25 1872:from the original on 2022-05-25 1841:from the original on 2014-01-16 1106:'s parallel computing platform 728:(typically with file extension 268:number of fat_arch structures ( 221:Fat binaries were a feature of 2885:only on a PC). PMSFX21X.COM 2708:"Upload to micros.hensa.ac.uk" 1735:file formats supported by the 1262:without any semantic effects. 865:will be interpreted as "soft" 1: 4784:dynamic dead code elimination 4694:dynamic dead code elimination 4665:. Utilizing an off-the-shelf 4645:(User Manual) (v6.5 ed.) 3851:Windisch, Eric (2009-11-03). 3723:BC_Programmer (2010-01-31) . 3576:Digital Equipment Corporation 3537:Digital Equipment Corporation 3231:"DOS COUNTRY.SYS file format" 2456:instruction set architectures 2394:Platform-Independent Programs 1808:. Kyoto, Japan. p. 131. 1602:is an undocumented alias for 1295:dynamic dead code elimination 1089:instruction set architectures 828:file identification utility. 617:overlays attached to them by 459:In 2006, Apple switched from 377:" and calls the file format " 136:Apollo's compound executables 115:it in-place, or the use of a 4339:10.1109/PMBS49563.2019.00014 4156:"cudaFatFormat.h / ptxomp.c" 3419:"Type-3 and Type-4 Programs" 3371:"ZCPR 3.4 - Type-4 Programs" 2811:version. To get the single 2669:"CP/M and MS-DOS Fat Binary" 2097:. 1997-03-11. Archived from 1363:Multi-architecture shellcode 1244:instruction set architecture 1161:introduced in 2007 as well. 768:Crash-protected system files 4782:a unique feature we call 4424:10.1109/ISPASS.2009.4919648 2696:and compatible processors.) 2657:and compatible processors.) 2383:Cha, Sang Kil; Pak, Brian; 2233:2009-02-04 . Archived from 2122:"Chapter 8 - PEF Structure" 1963:"Should Fat Binaries Diet?" 1860:Pero, Nicola (2008-12-18). 1529:opcode C7h), or by calling 1467:operating system families.) 1224:intermediate representation 820:recognized by the external 559: 553:which cause the program to 5055: 3344:1998-12-24. Archived from 2936:I've written a version of 2881:format (Multiface 3 -> 2815:, you need to use FBMAKE: 2402:Carnegie Mellon University 2288:"rEFIt - EFI Fat Binaries" 2248:Singh, Amit (2006-06-19). 720:Combined COM and SYS files 350: 164: 29: 5005:Münch, Matthias (2006) . 4708:and reconfigurability at 4609:. Power and Performance. 4227:(Application Note). 6.0. 4100:"Accelerator Exoskeleton" 3855:gmane.org. Archived from 2667:Brehm, Andrew J. (2016). 1891:"PackagingDrafts/GNUstep" 1513:) by jumping to 0 in the 1340:Position-independent code 1248:function multi-versioning 1234:Function multi-versioning 390:dynamic binary translator 388:, a PowerPC (PPC)-to-x86 5007:"AmigaOS 3.9 - Features" 4987:Haage & Partner GmbH 4676:to be embedded into the 4145:(12 of 1+vii+90+1 pages) 4107:Intel Technology Journal 3607:CP/M 2.0 Interface Guide 2982:"CP/M 3 COM file header" 2855:Self-extracting archives 2731:FATBIN 1.00 - combine a 1814:10.1109/ICSE.1998.671109 1541:is prepared to hold a 0 850:by convention include a 347:Apple's Universal binary 331:PowerPC, or PowerPC and 125:just-in-time compilation 47:multiarchitecture binary 30:Not to be confused with 5039:Executable file formats 4823:brandneue Feature, der 4684:and a self-discarding, 4575:Wennborg, Hans (2018). 4222:"CUDA Binary Utilities" 4084:10.1145/1273442.1250753 4034:"Build Arm64X binaries" 2966:self-extracting archive 2770:self-extracting archive 2610:ChristW (2012-11-14) . 2414:10.1145/1866307.1866369 2022:TidBITS Publishing Inc. 1973:TidBITS Publishing Inc. 1658:files of this type are 1533:function 0 through the 1357:Alphanumeric executable 1307:Cross-platform software 1208:GNU Compiler Collection 1176:CPUs and GPUs like the 1064:produce code files for 1062:heterogeneous platforms 1056:Heterogeneous computing 762:self-relocating drivers 690:, which used identical 315:code optimized for the 305:Darwin operating system 277:GNU Compiler Collection 3670:A. Osborne/McGraw-Hill 3497:. A file containing a 3484:. ark:/13960/t70v9g87h 3440:. ark:/13960/t4dn54d22 3392:. ark:/13960/t1wd4v943 3042:are identical between 2444:(12 pages) (See also: 1454:command line processor 1242:intended for the same 1216:link-time optimization 1091:(ISAs) from which the 964:OS directory structure 906: 788:driver. Likewise, the 375:Universal applications 366: 4581:Clang 7 documentation 4577:"Attributes in Clang" 3948:. Linux Weekly News. 3918:. Linux. osnews.com. 3637:file is denoted by a 3176:[D]CONFIG.SYS 2772:for CP/M-80 and DOS.) 2548:) might be mixed up.) 2292:refit.sourceforge.net 2012:"Fat Binary Comments" 1618:and newer processors. 1550:interrupt as well as 1437:because they use the 1238:Even in a program or 994:portable applications 901: 597:executable ASCII code 360: 3693:marks the end of an 3472:The Computer Journal 3424:The Computer Journal 3376:The Computer Journal 2321:alt.msdos.programmer 2313:"Re: Run a COM file" 2250:"2.6.2 Fat Binaries" 2196:US patent 5604905A. 2165:US patent 5432937A. 1927:Apollo Computer Inc. 1578:) both work as well. 1351:Universal hex format 1164:Multi2Sim (M2S), an 1136:just-in-time compile 1102:Introduced in 2006, 754:position-independent 549:environment, or add 515:executables for the 455:Apple Fat EFI binary 36:Portable application 4706:self-modifying code 4649:(NB. FreeKEYB is a 4612:Clear Linux Project 4072:ACM SIGPLAN Notices 4038:learn.microsoft.com 4005:learn.microsoft.com 3729:Computer Hope Forum 3617:. 1979. p. 5. 2563:"CP/M info program" 2389:Lipton, Richard Jay 2194:NeXT Computer, Inc. 2163:NeXT Computer, Inc. 1895:Fedora Project Wiki 1334:Portable Executable 1041:Portable Executable 1023:Portable Executable 1004:A proof-of-concept 467:CPUs, and replaced 411:In versions of the 307:(2000) and Apple's 299:Mach-O and Mac OS X 275:The version of the 177:microprocessors to 32:Portable executable 4989:. September 1996. 4257:"fatbinary - help" 4160:Nvidia Corporation 3704:end-of-file marker 3697:file by placing a 3196:Mouse Systems Mode 3069:"GSX Screen Shots" 3067:Lineback, Nathan. 1686:under MS-DOS, and 1559:machine-translated 1483:return instruction 1419:Concurrent DOS 386 1411:Concurrent DOS 286 1403:Concurrent CP/M-86 1293:through a form of 1256:Intel C++ Compiler 1066:parallel execution 907: 740:(typically in the 688:WordStar 3.2x 444:Universal 2 binary 367: 165:Apple's fat binary 51:executable program 4690:relocating loader 4617:Intel Corporation 4517:978-1-4503-1182-3 4348:978-1-7281-5977-5 4111:Intel Corporation 4001:"Arm64X PE files" 3821:(November 2009). 2944:unpackable under 2673:DesertPenguin.org 2620:The New Old Thing 2423:978-1-4503-0244-9 2258:Pearson Education 1322:Linear Executable 1286:relocating loader 863:control character 806:bootstrap loaders 782:COUNTRY directive 758:relocating loader 744:when it executes 638:executable loader 252:struct fat_header 101:union directories 16:(Redirected from 5046: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4830: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4808:de.comp.os.msdos 4795: 4789: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4724: 4718: 4655:keyboard layouts 4646: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4543: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4501: 4488: 4482: 4481:(4 of 210 pages) 4480: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4453: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4417: 4406: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4328: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4301: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4226: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4193:Nvidia Developer 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4152: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4119:10.1535/itj.1103 4104: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3788:(October 2009). 3782: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3720: 3714: 3709: 3687: 3686: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3615:Digital Research 3612: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3534: 3523: 3517: 3512: 3490: 3489: 3462: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3414: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3311:. Archived from 3304: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3276: 3275: 3257: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3208:Self-loadhighing 3159: 3158: 3138: 3127: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3099: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3031: 3030: 3015:"WordStar Again" 3010: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2933: 2932: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2865:(2 or later) or 2851: 2850: 2830: 2821: 2817: 2800: 2799: 2784:"DSKWRITE v1.00" 2779: 2773: 2767: 2762:. Archived from 2755: 2749: 2748: 2728: 2727: 2703: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2632: 2631: 2622:. Archived from 2607: 2601: 2600: 2583: 2582: 2558: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2512: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2399: 2380: 2369: 2366: 2350: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2267:978-0-13270226-3 2245: 2239: 2238: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2191: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2020:. No. 241. 2004: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1971:. No. 240. 1955: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1924: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1795: 1782: 1765: 1751: 1734: 1729: 1723: 1713: 1707: 1652: 1643: 1628: 1619: 1605: 1601: 1595:processors, the 1585: 1579: 1479: 1468: 1452:written for the 1395:Personal CP/M-86 1383: 1260:dynamic dispatch 1189:Southern Islands 1156: 1118:-based compiler 1048:Similar concepts 853: 834: 818:"magic" patterns 813:DR-DOS 7.02 710:Digital Research 698:for CP/M-86 and 650: 645: 635: 605: 590: 581:self-extractable 570: 566: 505:Personal CP/M-80 399: 395: 379:Universal binary 363:Universal binary 353:Universal binary 294: 271: 266: 261: 253: 183:emulation scheme 81:operating system 59:instruction sets 49:) is a computer 21: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5018: 5004: 4996: 4994: 4981: 4973: 4971: 4957: 4949: 4947: 4933: 4925: 4923: 4909: 4901: 4899: 4889: 4881: 4879: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4842: 4839: 4837:Further reading 4834: 4833: 4817: 4815: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4776: 4774: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4742: 4740: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4678:executable file 4667:macro assembler 4640: 4639: 4635: 4626: 4624: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4499: 4495:(2012-09-23) . 4493:Kaeli, David R. 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4415: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4326: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4268: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4187:(2014-05-08) . 4185:Harris, Mark J. 4183: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4102: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4049: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4018: 4016: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3953: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3923: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3878:Gordon, Ryan C. 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3860: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3819:Gordon, Ryan C. 3817: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3786:Gordon, Ryan C. 3784: 3783: 3776: 3767: 3765: 3760:. 2011-08-03 . 3752: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3574:. Vol. 3. 3571: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3555:(1+84+10 pages) 3549: 3547: 3543: 3532: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3487: 3485: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3443: 3441: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3395: 3393: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3351: 3349: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3318: 3316: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3273: 3271: 3259: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3156: 3154: 3140: 3139: 3130: 3124:issue as well. 3117: 3115: 3101: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3028: 3026: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2993: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2960:code and legal 2930: 2928: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2848: 2846: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2797: 2795: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2725: 2723: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2682: 2680: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2629: 2627: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2580: 2578: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2532: 2514: 2513: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2397: 2391:(2010-10-08) . 2382: 2381: 2372: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2330: 2328: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2189: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2104: 2102: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2036: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1824: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1749: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1714: 1710: 1692:Windows 95 1682:containing the 1664:keyboard layout 1653: 1646: 1632:file extensions 1629: 1622: 1603: 1599: 1586: 1582: 1501:, although the 1485:can be used to 1480: 1471: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1303: 1236: 1222:must store the 1205: 1150: 1058: 1050: 1037: 1019: 1014: 998:cloud computing 896: 891: 851: 832: 770: 722: 680: 648: 643: 633: 603: 588: 568: 564: 555:exit gracefully 497:Concurrent CP/M 486: 481: 457: 397: 393: 355: 349: 301: 292: 270:struct fat_arch 264: 259: 219: 214: 171:Apple Macintosh 167: 162: 142:Apollo Computer 138: 133: 117:virtual machine 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5002: 4979: 4955: 4931: 4907: 4887: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4790: 4753: 4719: 4714:canonical form 4700:techniques at 4680:alongside the 4633: 4597: 4567: 4538: 4516: 4483: 4445: 4401: 4368: 4347: 4312: 4277: 4248: 4213: 4176: 4162:. 2004-11-15. 4147: 4090: 4078:(6): 156–166. 4058: 4044:. 2023-03-10. 4025: 4011:. 2022-08-13. 3992: 3962: 3932: 3914:(2009-11-05). 3912:Holwerda, Thom 3903: 3869: 3843: 3810: 3774: 3745: 3715: 3678: 3672:. p. 74. 3654: 3633:The end of an 3596: 3557: 3518: 3454: 3406: 3358: 3327: 3299: 3247: 3214: 3128: 3089: 3073:Toastytech.com 3059: 3002: 2972: 2964:header) as a 2940:that produces 2903: 2835:"Generic CP/M" 2822: 2774: 2766:on 1998-06-28. 2760:"FATBIN v1.01" 2750: 2698: 2659: 2602: 2550: 2496: 2422: 2385:Brumley, David 2370: 2340: 2303: 2279: 2266: 2260:. p. 66. 2240: 2237:on 2012-04-27. 2214: 2146: 2132:. 1997-03-11. 2130:Apple Computer 2113: 2095:Apple Computer 2078: 2064:. 1996-07-06. 2062:Apple Computer 2045: 2010:(1994-08-29). 2008:Engst, Adam C. 1996: 1961:(1994-08-22). 1959:Engst, Adam C. 1947: 1911: 1897:. 2009-02-25. 1882: 1852: 1822: 1787:"3.3 Java and 1776: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1724: 1708: 1644: 1620: 1580: 1543:return address 1469: 1439:file extension 1431:System Manager 1407:Concurrent DOS 1374: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1328:New Executable 1325: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1299: 1235: 1232: 1204: 1201: 1085:multithreading 1057: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1002: 1001: 990: 987: 980: 977: 974: 967: 948: 940:and versions. 895: 892: 890: 887: 769: 766: 748:statements in 726:device drivers 721: 718: 679: 676: 560:gadget headers 531:file extension 485: 482: 480: 477: 456: 453: 351:Main article: 348: 345: 300: 297: 218: 215: 213: 210: 166: 163: 161: 158: 150:Motorola 680x0 137: 134: 132: 129: 119:(such as with 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5051: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4826: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4802:(in German). 4801: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4785: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4671:code morphing 4668: 4664: 4663:country codes 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4468: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4402: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4369: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4313: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4266: 4263:. 8.0. 2016. 4262: 4261:helpmanual.io 4258: 4252: 4249: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3859:on 2016-11-15 3858: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3681: 3679:0-931988-82-9 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3348:on 2019-04-08 3347: 3343: 3342:Caldera, Inc. 3339: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3315:on 2003-10-04 3314: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3285: 3282: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3052:WordStar 3.20 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2626:on 2018-07-05 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2612:Chen, Raymond 2606: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2546:EBh, 04h, ... 2542:EBh, 44h, EBh 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:gadget header 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2304: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2150: 2147: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2101:on 2021-09-29 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1823:0-8186-8368-6 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1790: 1781: 1778: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:exit programs 1484: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Multiuser DOS 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1179: 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