221:
168:
1136:"Multiaxis Thrust Vectoring Flight Control Vs Catastrophic Failure Prevention", Reports to U.S. Dept. of Transportation/FAA, Technical Center, ACD-210, FAA X88/0/6FA/921000/4104/T1706D, FAA Res. Benjamin Gal-Or, Grant-Award No: 94-G-24, CFDA, No. 20.108, December 26, 1994; "Vectored Propulsion, Supermanoeuvreability, and Robot Aircraft", by Benjamin Gal-Or, Springer Verlag, 1990,
439:
33:
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Prior to the development of GPWS, large passenger aircraft were involved in 3.5 fatal CFIT accidents per year, falling to 2 per year in the mid-1970s. A 2006 report stated that from 1974, when the U.S. FAA made it a requirement for large aircraft to carry such equipment, until the time of the report,
312:
The occurrence of a GPWS alert typically happens at a time of high workload and nearly always surprises the flight crew. Almost certainly, the aircraft is not where the pilot thinks it should be, and the response to a GPWS warning can be late in these circumstances. Warning time can also be short if
298:
The primary cause of CFIT occurrences with no GPWS warning is landing short. When the landing gear is down and landing flaps are deployed, the GPWS expects the airplane to land and therefore, issues no warning. However, the GPWS can also malfunction because of a short circuit. On
September 26, 1997,
303:
crashed into a hilly area, killing all 222 passengers and 12 crew on board. Despite the fact that the plane was nearing terrain, the GPWS did not activate, even though the landing gear and landing flaps were not deployed. EGPWS introduces the
Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) function, which provides
93:
Beginning in the early 1970s, a number of studies examined the occurrence of CFIT accidents. Findings from these studies indicated that many such accidents could have been avoided if a warning device called a ground proximity warning system (GPWS) had been used. As a result of these studies and
271:
The traditional GPWS does have a blind spot. Since it can only gather data from directly below the aircraft, it must predict future terrain features. If there is a dramatic change in terrain, such as a steep slope, GPWS will not detect the aircraft closure rate until it is too late for evasive
146:. The aircraft was equipped with TAWS made by Universal Avionics Systems of Tucson. According to the Russian Interstate Aviation Committee, the TAWS was turned on. However, the airport where the aircraft was going to land (Smolensk (XUBS)) is not in the TAWS database. In January 2008 a
313:
the aircraft is flying into steep terrain since the downward-looking radio altimeter is the primary sensor used for the warning calculation. The EGPWS improves terrain awareness and warning times by introducing the
Terrain Display and the Terrain Data Base Look Ahead protection.
90:(CFIT) accidents took the lives of hundreds of people. A CFIT accident is one where a properly functioning airplane under the control of a fully qualified and certified crew is flown into terrain, water or obstacles with no apparent awareness on the part of the crew.
122:
amended operating rules to require that all U.S. registered turbine-powered airplanes with six or more passenger seats (exclusive of pilot and copilot seating) be equipped with an FAA-approved TAWS. The mandate affects aircraft manufactured after March 29, 2002.
643:. As a work of the U.S. Government, there is no copyright on the work, and it may be freely copied, and is thus included here. Additional or reduced text and formatting, not included in the original, have been added here for clarity and emphasis.
378:
For fast military aircraft, the high speed and low altitude that may frequently be flown make traditional GPWS systems unsuitable, as the blind spot becomes the critical part. Thus, an enhanced system is required, taking inputs not only from the
321:
In commercial and airline operations, there are legally mandated procedures that must be followed should an EGPWS caution or warning occur. Both pilots must respond and act accordingly once the alert has been issued. In
Indonesia, the captain of
422:
made a dramatic save after a trainee pilot lost consciousness from excessive G forces during basic fighter manoeuvre training. In an approximately 55 degree nose down attitude at 8,760 ft (2,670 m) and 652
555:
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232:. A computer then keeps track of these readings, calculates trends, and will warn the flight crew with visual and audio messages if the aircraft is in certain defined flying configurations ("modes").
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287:(GPS) technology. On-board computers compare current location with a database of the Earth's terrain. The Terrain Display gives pilots a visual orientation to high and low points near the aircraft.
703:
138:
Older TAWS, or deactivation of the EGPWS, or ignoring its warnings when an airport is not in its database, still leave aircraft vulnerable to possible CFIT incidents. In April 2010, a
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After 1974, there were still some CFIT accidents that GPWS was unable to help prevent, due to the "blind spot" of those early GPWS systems. More advanced systems were developed.
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427:(750 mph or 1,210 km/h), the Auto-GCAS detected the aircraft was going to strike the terrain and executed an automatic recovery, saving the pilot's life.
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may be installed. Depending on the type of operation, TAWS is only required to be installed into turbine-powered aircraft with six or more passenger seats.
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of terrain and obstacle features are then used to determine whether a collision is likely if the aircraft does not pull up at a given pre-set
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crashed in a CFIT accident near Mirosławiec, Poland, despite being equipped with EGPWS; the EGPWS warning sounds had been disabled, and the
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403:. If a collision is predicted, a cockpit warning may be provided. This is the type of system deployed on aircraft such as the
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EGPWS software improvements are focused on solving two common problems: no warning at all, and late or improper response.
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Smolensk, Russia, in a possible CFIT accident killing all passengers and crew, including the
President of Poland
1094:"AeroWorldNet(tm) – AlliedSignal Develops New EGPWS, Display for General Aviation Market [May 17, 1999]"
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in the aircraft's flight path. The pilot flying immediately responded to the initial warning from the EGPWS.
1069:"Incident: Air France B772 near Douala on May 2nd 2015, GPWS averts controlled flight into terrain at FL090"
395:(FCS), using these to accurately predict the flight path of the aircraft up to 5 miles (8.0 km) ahead.
178:
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On older GPWS, a noise often referred to as a "whoop" may sound twice before the "PULL UP" aural warning.
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Flight 953 (a Boeing 777-200ER aircraft) avoided controlled flight into terrain after the EGPWS detected
760:""Lotniska w Smoleńsku mogło nie być w bazie GPWS" – Polska – Informacje – portal TVN24.pl – 27.04.2010"
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The FAA specifications have detailed requirements for when certain warnings should sound in the cockpit.
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there had not been a single passenger fatality in a CFIT crash by a large jet in U.S. airspace.
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885:"Wprost 24 – Nie było nacisków na załogę Tu-154, zapis czarnych skrzynek będzie upubliczniony"
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Eurofighter
Typhoon – BAE SYSTEMS delivers first Eurofighter Typhoon Ground Proximity Warning
1119:
Eurofighter
Typhoon – BAE SYSTEMS delivers first Eurofighter Typhoon Ground Proximity Warning
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1193:—speech delivered by Nicholas A. Sabanti, FAA Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety
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98:(NTSB), in 1974, the FAA required all large turbine and turbojet airplanes to install
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602:"Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) – Honeywell Aerospace Engineering"
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363:
283:). The system is combined with a worldwide digital terrain database and relies on
115:, a Canadian-born engineer, developed and is credited with the invention of GPWS.
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Unsafe terrain clearance ("TOO LOW – TERRAIN" "TOO LOW – GEAR" "TOO LOW – FLAPS")
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In the late 1990s, improvements were developed and the system is now named
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A diagram showing two aircraft paths, the lower of which would trigger GPWS
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Alert system meant to prevent pilots from flying or taxiing into obstacles
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The system monitors an aircraft's height above ground as determined by a
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407:. The U.S. FAA has also conducted a study about adapting 3-D military
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Altitude loss after takeoff or with a high power setting ("DON'T SINK")
192: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
678:"Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile"
32:
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was charged with manslaughter for not adhering to these procedures.
17:
1046:"ATW: Yogyakarta crash captain arrested, charged with manslaughter"
1446:
1155:"Auto-GCAS Saves Unconscious F-16 Pilot—Declassified USAF Footage"
355:
in piston-engined aircraft, but optional equipment categorised as
219:
64:(TAWS). More advanced systems, introduced in 1996, are known as
1239:
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A smaller and less expensive version of EGPWS was developed by
1211:—Several professional video clips demonstrating enhanced GPWS.
161:
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Excessive large obstacle closure rate ("OBSTACLE" "PULL UP")
633:
Note: Original text copied from U.S. FAA Circular AC23-18
978:. Universal Avionics Systems Corporations. Archived from
942:. Universal Avionics Systems Corporations. Archived from
652:(§§ 121.360 and 135.153) (39 FR 44439, December 18, 1974)
1176:
C. Donald
Bateman at the National Inventors Hall of Fame
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627:
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1005:"ASN Aircraft accident CASA C-295M 019 Miroslawiec AB"
347:
Terrain awareness and warning system § TAWS Types
140:
Polish Air Force
Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft crashed near
109:(ICAO), recommended the installation of GPWS in 1979.
781:
704:"Sec. 121.354 – Terrain awareness and warning system"
242:
Excessive terrain closure rate ("TERRAIN" "PULL UP")
1419:
1345:
1314:
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304:GPWS protection even in the landing configuration.
82:
Terrain awareness and warning system § History
481:, a CFIT accident associated with GPWS malfunction
1437:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
1027:"Technical Standard Orders (TSO) - TSO-C151d.pdf"
1215:FlitePartners page on EGPWS installations by STC
841:"Tu-154 miał system ostrzegania. Nie zadziałał?"
863:"Smolot prezydenta nie miał prawa się rozbić!"
411:to recover civil jetliners from catastrophes.
239:Excessive descent rate ("SINK RATE" "PULL UP")
1251:
1220:Boeing 727 GPWS explained with clear diagrams
370:) for general aviation and private aircraft.
8:
1096:. AeroWorldNet. May 17, 1999. Archived from
803:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
52:if their aircraft is in immediate danger of
680:. Invent.org. March 8, 1932. Archived from
416:Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System
351:TAWS equipment is not required by the U.S.
261:Excessively steep bank angle ("BANK ANGLE")
1258:
1244:
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469:Airport surveillance and broadcast systems
277:"Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System"
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:International Civil Aviation Organization
96:U.S. National Transportation Safety Board
66:enhanced ground proximity warning systems
823:"Device spurs questions in Polish crash"
816:
814:
735:"Downward Pressure on the Accident Rate"
31:
547:
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414:On May 5, 2016, a military GPWS called
1191:Downward Pressure on the Accident Rate
796:
586:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
579:
453:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
1181:Garuda Captain ignores EGPWS warnings
1044:Thomas, Geoffrey (February 6, 2008).
154:was not properly trained with EGPWS.
7:
1473:Aircraft collision avoidance systems
783:"Śledztwo. Jak doszło do katastrofy"
463:Airborne collision avoidance systems
190:adding citations to reliable sources
62:terrain awareness and warning system
505:Traffic Collision Avoidance System
56:or an obstacle. The United States
25:
1225:Honeywell Aerospace EGPWS Website
969:"Universal Avionics - Error Page"
933:"Universal Avionics - Error Page"
604:. 1.honeywell.com. Archived from
490:Santa Barbara Airlines Flight 518
308:Late warning or improper response
495:South African Airways Flight 228
437:
166:
60:(FAA) defines GPWS as a type of
48:) is a system designed to alert
1186:AeroWorldNet – 1999 EGPWS costs
739:Federal Aviation Administration
708:Federal Aviation Administration
418:(Auto-GCAS) equipped aboard an
177:needs additional citations for
86:In the late 1960s, a series of
58:Federal Aviation Administration
42:ground proximity warning system
821:Levin, Alan (April 13, 2010).
666:Aerospace Industry Awards 1999
88:controlled flight into terrain
1:
479:Ansett New Zealand Flight 703
1267:Satellite navigation systems
474:American Airlines Flight 965
148:Polish Air Force Casa C-295M
887:. Wprost.pl. April 16, 2010
485:Fly-by-wire control systems
324:Garuda Indonesia Flight 200
301:Garuda Indonesia Flight 152
1494:
843:. Tvp.Info. April 15, 2010
762:. Tvn24.pl. April 27, 2010
458:Air New Zealand Flight 901
385:inertial navigation system
344:
254:Excessive deviation below
102:-approved GPWS equipment.
79:
72:), a modern type of TAWS.
1124:February 3, 2008, at the
865:. Fakt.pl. April 19, 2010
639:December 1, 2017, at the
389:Global Positioning System
285:Global Positioning System
94:recommendations from the
267:protection ("WINDSHEAR")
118:In March 2000, the U.S.
1230:Cockpit Warning Sounds
374:Fast military aircraft
225:
127:Effects and statistics
54:flying into the ground
37:
1207:July 1, 2014, at the
1007:. Aviation-safety.net
985:on September 18, 2017
684:on September 27, 2011
393:flight control system
223:
35:
733:Sabatini, Nicholas.
516:Voice warning system
186:improve this article
1232:—planecrashinfo.com
1073:The Aviation Herald
714:on December 8, 2016
568:on January 19, 2016
405:Eurofighter Typhoon
158:Commercial aircraft
1427:GNSS reflectometry
1100:on January 6, 2012
608:on October 2, 2011
226:
38:
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1347:GNSS augmentation
1202:EGPWS Video Clips
1067:Hradecky, Simon.
913:on March 25, 2010
366:(now merged with
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113:C. Donald Bateman
16:(Redirected from
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179:verification
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1274:Operational
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1011:October 17,
891:October 17,
869:October 17,
847:October 17,
789:October 17,
766:October 17,
688:October 17,
612:October 17,
572:January 15,
391:(GPS), and
357:TAWS Type C
1462:Categories
1315:Historical
542:References
331:Air France
294:No warning
256:glideslope
1367:(retired)
1078:April 21,
1052:April 29,
989:April 24,
953:April 24,
917:April 24,
827:USA Today
744:March 19,
718:April 29,
368:Honeywell
329:In 2015,
317:Incidents
265:Windshear
1468:Avionics
1401:StarFire
1396:SouthPAN
1332:Timation
1205:Archived
1122:Archived
799:cite web
637:Archived
582:cite web
431:See also
272:action.
198:May 2022
1442:Wavelet
1337:Tsiklon
1327:Transit
1296:GLONASS
1291:Galileo
500:TERPROM
401:g-level
387:(INS),
279:(EGPWS/
105:The UN
76:History
1281:BeiDou
1140:
664:Flight
507:(TCAS)
465:(ACAS)
50:pilots
1447:RINEX
1386:NTRIP
1371:JPALS
1365:GPS·C
1360:GAGAN
1355:EGNOS
1286:DORIS
983:(PDF)
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566:(PDF)
559:(PDF)
522:Notes
70:EGPWS
1411:SDCM
1406:WAAS
1381:MSAS
1376:LAAS
1138:ISBN
1106:2011
1080:2022
1054:2019
1013:2011
991:2010
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919:2010
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805:link
791:2011
768:2011
746:2009
720:2007
690:2011
614:2011
588:link
574:2009
425:KIAS
420:F-16
281:TAWS
46:GPWS
18:GPWS
353:FAA
188:by
120:FAA
100:TSO
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