1396:
inosine. Inosines are recognised as guanosine by the cells translational machinery. There are three members of the ADAR family ADARs 1-3, with ADAR1 and ADAR2 being the only enzymatically active members. ADAR3 is thought to have a regulatory role in the brain. ADAR1 and ADAR2 are widely expressed in tissues, while ADAR3 is restricted to the brain. The double-stranded regions of RNA are formed by base-pairing between residues in the close to region of the editing site, with residues usually in a neighboring intron, but can be an exonic sequence. The region that base pairs with the editing region is known as an
Editing Complementary Sequence (ECS). ADARs bind interact directly with the dsRNA substrate via their double-stranded RNA binding domains. If an editing site occurs within a coding sequence, it can result in a codon change. This can lead to translation of a protein isoform due to a change in its primary protein structure. Therefore, editing can also alter protein function. A-to-I editing occurs in a non coding RNA sequences such as introns, untranslated regions (UTRs), LINEs, SINEs (especially Alu repeats). The function of A to I editing in these regions is thought to involve creation of splice sites and retention of RNAs in the nucleus amongst others.
1475:(ALS). ALS effects 1 in 2000 people, usually fatal in 1–5 years, with onset in the majority of cases being sporadic and minority being familial. With these conditions motor neurons degenerate leading to eventual paralysis and respiratory failure. Glutamate excitotoxicity is known to contribute to the spread of the sporadic condition. Glutamate levels are increased up 40%, suggesting that activation of glutamate receptors could be the reason for this causing increase Ca influx and then neuronal death. Since decrease nor loss of editing at Q/R site would lead to increase in calcium permeability. In diseased motor neurons editing levels of Glur 2 (62-100%) at this site was discovered to be reduced. Abnormal editing is thought to be specific for this condition, as editing levels have not been found to be decreased in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Q/R editing is not the only mechanism involved, as editing occurs only in spinal motor neurons not in upper spinal neurons. Also, it is unknown whether editing dysregulation is involved in the initiation of the condition, or whether it occurs during pathogenesis.
337:
3695:
3770:
314:
3665:
3545:
3785:
4175:
3680:
3980:
3575:
3965:
4235:
4220:
3530:
4085:
4040:
3740:
4115:
3725:
3710:
4055:
3950:
3560:
4190:
3920:
211:
3935:
3755:
236:
3455:
4160:
3590:
4130:
3620:
4070:
3650:
3500:
3440:
3425:
3605:
602:
4010:
4205:
3635:
4145:
3470:
3485:
4100:
4025:
1442:
neuronal cation entry (CA2+), causing membrane depolarisation required for the process of excitatory neurotransmission. The calcium permeability of these receptor channels is required for many important events in the CNS, including long-term potentiation.(104) Since editing occurs in nearly 100% of transcripts and is necessary for life, it is often wondered why edited GluR-B is not genomically encoded instead of being derived by RNA editing. The answer is unknown.
588:
3515:
4250:
3995:
3875:
3830:
3890:
3845:
3800:
3860:
3815:
595:
3905:
343:
242:
36:
1454:. The arginine residue in the pore loop of GluR-2 receptor is thought to belong to a retention signal for the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, editing - since it occurs at 100% frequency - inhibits the availability of the channel at the synapse. This process occurs before assembly of the channels, thereby preventing glur-2-forming homeric channels, which could interfere with synaptic signalling.
1405:
located at amino acid position 764 results in a codon change from arginine to glycine. All editing in glutamate receptors occurs in double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), which form due to complementary base pairing between the region of the editing site within the exon and an ECS within an intron sequence. R/G site
1386:
1.1 channel pre mRNA is also subject to A to I RNA editing. The function of the glutamate receptors is in the mediation of fast neurotransmission to the brain. The diversity of the subunits is determined, as well as RNA splicing by RNA editing events of the individual subunits. This give rise to the
1432:
Editing results in a codon change from a glutamine codon (CAG) to an arginine codon (CIG). Editing at R/G results in a codon change. The region of the editing site is known to be the region that controls divalent cation permeability. The other ionotropic AMPA glutamate receptors have a genomically
1395:
The type of RNA editing that occurs in the pre-mRNA of GluR-2 is
Adenosine-to-Inosine (A-to-I) editing. A-to-I RNA editing is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that specifically recognize adenosines within double-stranded regions of pre-mRNAs and deaminate them to
1449:
Editing in some striatal and cortical neurons is more likely to be subject to excitotoxicity, thought to be due to less than 100% editing of these particular neurons. Editing also has several other function effects. Editing alters the maturation and assembly of the channel, with the unedited form
1445:
RNA editing at the Q/R site is thought to alter the permeability of the channel rendering it impermeable to Ca. The Q/R site also occurs in the
Kainate receptors GluR5 and GluR6. Editing at the Q/R site determines the calcium permeability of the channel, with channels containing the edited form
1404:
In the pre-mRNA of GluR-2 the editing site Q/R is found at amino acid position 607. This location is in the pore loop region deep within the ion channel in the proteins membrane segment 2. Editing results in a change from a glutamine(Q) codon to an
Arginine (R) codon. Editing at the R/G site,
1441:
RNA editing of the GluR-2 (GluR-B) pre-mRNA is the best-characterised example of A-to-I editing. Activated by L-Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in vertebrates central nervous systems, it acts as an agonist at NMDA, AMPA, and kainate neurotransmitters.(103) Activation results in
1446:
being less permeable to calcium. This differs from GluR6 where editing of the Q/R site may increase calcium permeability of the channel especially if the I/V and Y/C sites are also edited. Therefore, the main function of editing is therefore in regulation of electrophysiology of the channel.
1418:
Editing occurs at the Q/R site at a frequency of 100% of GluR2 transcripts in the brain. It is the only known editing site to be edited at a frequency of 100%. However some striatal and cortical neurons are edited less frequently. This has been suggested as a reason for the higher level of
62:
3694:
3769:
2277:
Spreux-Varoquaux O, Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, et al. (January 2002). "Glutamate levels in cerebrospinal fluid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a reappraisal using a new HPLC method with coulometric detection in a large cohort of patients".
3664:
1373:
subunits (Glur5, Glur6). Glutamate-gated ion channels are made up of four subunits per channel, with each subunit contributing to the pore loop structure. The pore loop structure is related to that found in K channels (e.g., human
3544:
1483:
In mouse models, failure of editing leads to epileptic seizures and death within 3 weeks of birth. Why editing exists at this site instead of a genomically encoded arginine is unknown since nearly 100% of transcripts are edited.
3784:
4174:
3679:
3979:
3574:
3964:
1457:
Editing also occurs at the R/G site. Editing at the R/G sites results in variation in the rate that the receptor recovers from desensitisation. Editing at these sites results in faster recovery time from desensitisation
4234:
4219:
3529:
4084:
4039:
3739:
4114:
3724:
3709:
4054:
3949:
3559:
4189:
3919:
3934:
3754:
3454:
1471:
Many human and animal studies have determined that RNA editing of the Q/R site in GluR2 pre-mRNA is necessary for normal brain function. Defective editing has been linked to several conditions such as
4159:
3589:
4129:
3619:
4069:
3649:
3499:
3439:
3424:
3604:
4009:
2574:
Vivero, M; Doyle, L. A.; Fletcher, C. D.; Mertens, F; Hornick, J. L. (2014). "GRIA2 is a Novel
Diagnostic Marker for Solitary Fibrous Tumour Identified through Gene Expression Profiling".
4204:
3634:
4144:
3469:
3484:
4099:
4024:
3019:
Matsuda S, Mikawa S, Hirai H (1999). "Phosphorylation of serine-880 in GluR2 by protein kinase C prevents its C terminus from binding with glutamate receptor-interacting protein".
1492:
Decreased editing at the Q/R site is also found in some human brain tumors. Reduction of ADAR2 expression is thought to be associated with epileptic seizures in malignant glioma.
4290:
1419:
excitotoxicity of these particular neurons. The R/G site is developmentally regulated, being largely unedited in the embryonic brain with levels rising after birth. (ref 53)
1313:(Ca). Human and animal studies suggest that the RNA editing is essential for normal brain function, and defective RNA editing of this gene may be relevant to the etiology of
3514:
2910:
Higuchi M, Single FN, Köhler M, et al. (1994). "RNA editing of AMPA receptor subunit GluR-B: a base-paired intron-exon structure determines position and efficiency".
1783:
Hirai H, Matsuda S (September 1999). "Interaction of the C-terminal domain of delta glutamate receptor with spectrin in the dendritic spines of cultured
Purkinje cells".
350:
249:
4388:
2425:
Kawahara Y, Kwak S, Sun H, et al. (May 2003). "Human spinal motoneurons express low relative abundance of GluR2 mRNA: an implication for excitotoxicity in ALS".
1887:
Seeburg PH, Single F, Kuner T, Higuchi M, Sprengel R (July 2001). "Genetic manipulation of key determinants of ion flow in glutamate receptor channels in the mouse".
3703:: X-ray structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) in complex with (S)-Des-Me-AMPA at 1.46 A resolution. Crystallization in the presence of lithium sulfate.
4249:
3778:: X-ray structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) in complex with (S)-Des-Me-AMPA at 1.97 A resolution, Crystallization in the presence of zinc acetate
3056:
Hirai H, Matsuda S (2000). "Interaction of the C-terminal domain of delta glutamate receptor with spectrin in the dendritic spines of cultured
Purkinje cells".
3994:
3874:
3829:
3889:
3844:
3799:
3859:
3814:
1450:
having a tendency to tetramerize and then is transported to the synapse. However, the edited version is assembled as a monomer and resides mainly in the
3372:
3265:
Krampfl K, Schlesinger F, Zörner A, et al. (2002). "Control of kinetic properties of GluR2 flop AMPA-type channels: impact of R/G nuclear editing".
1285:
and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. This gene product belongs to a family of glutamate receptors that are sensitive to
920:
172:
901:
2706:
Sommer B, Keinänen K, Verdoorn TA, et al. (1990). "Flip and flop: a cell-specific functional switch in glutamate-operated channels of the CNS".
1930:
Bhalla T, Rosenthal JJ, Holmgren M, Reenan R (October 2004). "Control of human potassium channel inactivation by editing of a small mRNA hairpin".
5043:
4283:
2881:
Sun W, Ferrer-Montiel AV, Montal M (1994). "Primary structure and functional expression of the AMPA/kainate receptor subunit 2 from human brain".
2082:
Sommer B, Köhler M, Sprengel R, Seeburg PH (October 1991). "RNA editing in brain controls a determinant of ion flow in glutamate-gated channels".
3673:: crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand binding core (S1S2J) in complex with quisqualate in a non zinc crystal form at 2.15 angstroms resolution
3553:: Crystal structure of the Non-desensitizing GluR2 ligand binding core mutant (S1S2J-L483Y) in complex with antagonist DNQX at 2.3 A resolution
3793:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) in complex with bromo-willardiine (Control for the crystal titration experiments)
4183:: Crystal Structure of the Glur2 Ligand Binding Core (S1S2J-Y450W) Mutant in Complex With the Partial Agonist Kainic Acid at 2.1 A Resolution
3404:
2819:"The organization of the gene for the functionally dominant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor subunit GluR-B"
1605:
3904:
3688:: Crystal Structure of the GluR2 Ligand Binding Core (S1S2J) in Complex with Quisqualate in a Zinc Crystal Form at 1.65 Angstroms Resolution
1587:
5038:
3988:: X-ray structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) in complex with (S)-ATPA at 1.9 A resolution. Crystallization without zinc ions.
3583:: Crystal structure of GluR2 ligand binding core (S1S2J-N775S) in complex with cyclothiazide (CTZ) as well as glutamate at 1.8 A resolution
2472:
Kawahara Y, Kwak S (September 2005). "Excitotoxicity and ALS: what is unique about the AMPA receptors expressed on spinal motor neurons?".
2743:
Sommer B, Köhler M, Sprengel R, Seeburg PH (1991). "RNA editing in brain controls a determinant of ion flow in glutamate-gated channels".
3973:: X-ray structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) in complex with (S)-ATPA at 1.85 A resolution. Crystallization with zinc ions.
59:
1516:); however, clinical and histologic features aid in their distinction. GRIA2 shows a limited distribution in other soft tissue tumours.
3224:"Mechanisms for activation and antagonism of an AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptor: crystal structures of the GluR2 ligand binding core"
2852:
Eastwood SL, Burnet PW, Beckwith J, et al. (1994). "AMPA glutamate receptors and their flip and flop mRNAs in human hippocampus".
1184:
336:
4276:
1387:
necessarily high diversity of these receptors. Glur2 is a gene product of the pre-mRNA of the GRIA2 gene and subject to RNA editing.
4699:
4687:
2623:
1191:
20:
4243:: Measurement of conformational changes accompanying desensitization in an ionotropic glutamate receptor: Structure of S729C mutant
4228:: Measurement of conformational changes accompanying desensitization in an ionotropic glutamate receptor: Structure of G725C mutant
313:
3538:: Crystal structure of the Non-desensitizing GluR2 ligand binding core mutant (S1S2J-L483Y) in complex with AMPA at 2.3 resolution
4719:
4596:
3181:"Phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 differentially regulates its interaction with PDZ domain-containing proteins"
1710:
2780:
Paschen W, Hedreen JC, Ross CA (1994). "RNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunits GluR2 and GluR6 in human brain tissue".
1574:
1553:
1509:
4093:: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE Y702F MUTANT OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND-BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH (S)-CPW399 AT 2.1 A RESOLUTION.
4048:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) L650T mutant in complex with AMPA (ammonium sulfate crystal form)
2947:
McLaughlin DP, Cheetham ME, Kerwin RW (1993). "Expression of alternatively-spliced glutamate receptors in human hippocampus".
4732:
3748:: Crystal Structure of the GluR2 Ligand Binding Core (S1S2J) in Complex with Fluoro-Willardiine at 1.35 Angstroms Resolution
1570:
4123:: X-ray structure of the Y702F mutant of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) in complex with kainate at 1.85 A resolution
2233:
Cleveland DW, Rothstein JD (November 2001). "From
Charcot to Lou Gehrig: deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS".
1369:. This includes 5 subunits of the glutamate receptor ionotropic AMPA glutamate receptor subunits (Glur2, Glur3, Glur4) and
235:
210:
3733:: Crystal Structure of the GluR2 Ligand Binding Core (S1S2J) in Complex with Bromo-Willardiine at 1.8 Angstroms Resolution
3718:: Crystal Structure of the GluR2 Ligand Binding Core (S1S2J) in Complex with Iodo-Willardiine at 2.15 Angstroms Resolution
1472:
1314:
2322:
Kwak S, Kawahara Y (February 2005). "Deficient RNA editing of GluR2 and neuronal death in amyotropic lateral sclerosis".
1549:
4063:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) with the L483Y and L650T mutations and in complex with AMPA
152:
3958:: X-ray structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) in complex with the antagonist (S)-ATPO at 2.1 A resolution.
3568:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand binding domain mutant (S1S2J-N754D) in complex with kainate at 2.1 A resolution
4198:: THE STRUCTURE OF A MIXED GLUR2 LIGAND-BINDING CORE DIMER IN COMPLEX WITH (S)-GLUTAMATE AND THE ANTAGONIST (S)-NS1209
3928:: crystal structure of glutamate receptor ligand-binding core in complex with bromo-willardiine in the Zn crystal form
3304:"The PDZ proteins PICK1, GRIP, and syntenin bind multiple glutamate receptor subtypes. Analysis of PDZ binding motifs"
1831:"The PDZ proteins PICK1, GRIP, and syntenin bind multiple glutamate receptor subtypes. Analysis of PDZ binding motifs"
1338:
3943:: crystal structure of glutamate receptor ligand-binding core in complex with iodo-willardiine in the Zn crystal form
3763:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand binding core (S1S2J) in complex with willardiine at 1.65 angstroms resolution
349:
248:
3463:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH THE ANTAGONIST DNQX AT 1.8 A RESOLUTION
4754:
4711:
342:
241:
4554:
3397:
1278:
4268:
3138:"Mutagenesis reveals a role for ABP/GRIP binding to GluR2 in synaptic surface accumulation of the AMPA receptor"
143:, GLUR2, GLURB, GluA2, GluR-K2, HBGR2, glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2, gluR-B, gluR-2, NEDLIB
4768:
4307:
3358:
1294:
965:
160:
4168:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand binding core (S1S2J) in complex with fluoro-willardiine and aniracetam
3598:: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH 2-Me-Tet-AMPA AT 1.85 A RESOLUTION.
4138:: X-ray structure of the GLUR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) in complex with (s)-thio-atpa at 2.2 a resolution.
3628:: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J-Y702F) IN COMPLEX WITH Br-HIBO AT 1.73 A RESOLUTION
1501:
946:
4078:: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND-BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH (S)-CPW399 AT 1.85 A RESOLUTION.
2037:"High abundance of GluR1 mRNA and reduced Q/R editing of GluR2 mRNA in individual NADPH-diaphorase neurons"
1325:, has been noted for this gene, which includes the generation of flip and flop isoforms that vary in their
4955:
3658:: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J-Y702F) IN COMPLEX WITH ACPA AT 1.95 A RESOLUTION
3095:"A phylogenetic analysis reveals an unusual sequence conservation within introns involved in RNA editing"
1627:
4303:
3508:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH KAINATE AT 2.0 A RESOLUTION
3448:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2I) IN COMPLEX WITH KAINATE AT 1.6 A RESOLUTION
3433:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH GLUTAMATE AT 1.9 RESOLUTION
1451:
3613:: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH Br-HIBO AT 1.65 A RESOLUTION
1650:"Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of human brain glutamate receptors"
4018:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand-binding core (S1S2J) mutant L650T in complex with quisqualate
3390:
2715:
2528:
2381:
2138:
2127:"Ca2+ permeability of unedited and edited versions of the kainate selective glutamate receptor GluR6"
1986:
1661:
1318:
224:
4213:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 A476E S673D Ligand Binding Core Mutant at 1.54 Angstroms Resolution
3643:: X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH ACPA AT 1.46 A RESOLUTION
139:
4968:
4153:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH quisqualate and CX614.
3478:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN COMPLEX WITH AMPA AT 1.7 RESOLUTION
2235:
1326:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
601:
3354:
4771:
4506:
4315:
3493:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2 LIGAND BINDING CORE (S1S2J) IN THE APO STATE AT 2.0 A RESOLUTION
3290:
3253:
3167:
3081:
3044:
3007:
2978:"Novel anchorage of GluR2/3 to the postsynaptic density by the AMPA receptor-binding protein ABP"
2935:
2805:
2768:
2651:
2599:
2497:
2451:
2407:
2348:
2304:
2259:
2215:
2107:
2064:
1955:
1912:
1808:
1310:
1274:
184:
1159:
1114:
1080:
1035:
587:
4108:: Exploring the GluR2 ligand-binding core in complex with the bicyclic AMPA analogue (S)-4-AHCP
4033:: Crystal structure of the GluR2 ligand binding core (S1S2J) L650T mutant in complex with AMPA
3335:
3282:
3245:
3210:
3159:
3124:
3073:
3036:
2999:
2964:
2927:
2898:
2869:
2840:
2797:
2760:
2731:
2694:
2643:
2591:
2556:
2489:
2443:
2399:
2340:
2296:
2251:
2207:
2166:
2099:
2056:
2014:
1947:
1904:
1862:
1800:
1765:
1747:
1689:
132:
52:
1975:"Intron sequence directs RNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 coding sequence"
4813:
4546:
3325:
3315:
3274:
3235:
3200:
3192:
3149:
3114:
3106:
3065:
3028:
2989:
2956:
2919:
2890:
2861:
2830:
2789:
2752:
2723:
2684:
2676:
2635:
2583:
2546:
2536:
2481:
2435:
2389:
2372:
2332:
2288:
2243:
2197:
2156:
2146:
2091:
2048:
2004:
1994:
1939:
1896:
1852:
1842:
1792:
1755:
1737:
1679:
1669:
1370:
429:
360:
304:
259:
594:
180:
2280:
1322:
1282:
404:
1829:
Hirbec H, Perestenko O, Nishimune A, Meyer G, Nakanishi S, Henley JM, Dev KK (May 2002).
2793:
2719:
2532:
2385:
2142:
1990:
1665:
4380:
4332:
3205:
3196:
3180:
3119:
3094:
2689:
2680:
2664:
1760:
1725:
35:
3523:: STRUCTURE OF A GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR LIGAND BINDING CORE (GLUR2) COMPLEXED WITH KAINATE
3240:
3223:
3154:
3137:
3069:
3032:
2994:
2977:
2835:
2818:
2292:
2202:
2185:
1900:
1796:
835:
830:
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820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
5032:
4858:
4788:
4372:
4324:
3376:
3278:
2960:
2923:
2894:
2865:
2756:
2551:
2516:
2439:
2427:
2161:
2126:
2095:
2009:
1974:
1684:
1649:
1525:
1362:
1297:. These channels are assembled from a combination of 4 subunits, encoded by 4 genes (
1290:
1263:
630:
3294:
3171:
3085:
3048:
3011:
2939:
2809:
2772:
2655:
2603:
2308:
2219:
2111:
2068:
1959:
1916:
1812:
1648:
Sun W, Ferrer-Montiel AV, Schinder AF, McPherson JP, Evans GA, Montal M (Mar 1992).
4976:
3257:
2501:
2455:
2411:
2352:
2324:
2263:
1346:
422:
201:
2186:"RNA editing at arg607 controls AMPA receptor exit from the endoplasmic reticulum"
2036:
164:
188:
4299:
1610:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1592:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1306:
505:
3110:
2639:
2485:
2336:
1726:"When Does ALS Start? ADAR2-GluA2 Hypothesis for the Etiology of Sporadic ALS"
321:
218:
168:
1999:
1751:
1742:
2727:
865:
565:
443:
388:
375:
287:
274:
176:
3339:
3320:
3303:
3286:
3249:
3214:
3163:
3128:
3077:
3040:
2647:
2595:
2560:
2541:
2493:
2447:
2403:
2344:
2300:
2255:
2211:
2060:
2052:
1951:
1908:
1866:
1847:
1830:
1804:
1769:
1674:
4258:: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE GLUR2-FLIP LIGAND BINDING DOMAIN, R/G UNEDITED.
3003:
2968:
2931:
2902:
2873:
2844:
2801:
2764:
2735:
2698:
2170:
2151:
2103:
2018:
1693:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1010:
991:
4003:: GluR2 Ligand Binding Core (S1S2J) Mutant L650T in Complex with Kainate
2624:"AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 gates injurious signals in ischemic stroke"
2366:
Kawahara Y, Ito K, Sun H, Aizawa H, Kanazawa I, Kwak S (February 2004).
4903:
4898:
4647:
3883:: crystal titration experiments (AMPA co-crystals soaked in 100 nM BrW)
3838:: crystal titration experiments (AMPA co-crystals soaked in 100 uM BrW)
1247:
977:
932:
3898:: crystal titration experiments (AMPA co-crystals soaked in 10 nM BrW)
3853:: crystal titration experiments (AMPA co-crystals soaked in 10 uM BrW)
3808:: crystal titration experiments (AMPA co-crystals soaked in 10 mM BrW)
3330:
2587:
1857:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4396:
3868:: crystal titration experiments (AMPA co-crystals soaked in 1 uM BrW)
3823:: crystal titration experiments (AMPA co-crystals soaked in 1 mM BrW)
2517:"Underediting of glutamate receptor GluR-B mRNA in malignant gliomas"
2247:
1342:
1199:
887:
2394:
2367:
1943:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4936:
4928:
4863:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4677:
4672:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
1375:
1350:
1309:
which renders the receptor that it becomes part of impermeable to
19:"GluR2" and "Glutamate receptor 2" redirect here. For MGLUR2, see
850:
846:
4586:
1623:
1513:
1505:
1366:
1286:
1259:
156:
4272:
3386:
1433:
encoded have a glutamine residue, while GluR2 has an arginine.
610:
3382:
2368:"Glutamate receptors: RNA editing and death of motor neurons"
2665:"Chromosomal localization of human glutamate receptor genes"
2663:
McNamara JO, Eubanks JH, McPherson JD, et al. (1992).
1711:"Entrez Gene: GRIA2 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 2"
664:
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
3302:
Hirbec H, Perestenko O, Nishimune A, et al. (2002).
1361:
Several ion channels and neurotransmitters receptors pre-
2622:
Soundarapandian MM, Tu WH, Peng PL, et al. (2007).
412:
3364:
1504:(SFT), distinguishing it from most mimics. Among other
1321:, resulting in transcript variants encoding different
3913:: crystal titration experiment (AMPA complex control)
2976:
Srivastava S, Osten P, Vilim FS, et al. (1998).
2035:
Kim DY, Kim SH, Choi HB, Min C, Gwag BJ (June 2001).
1287:
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate
577:
1973:
Egebjerg J, Kukekov V, Heinemann SF (October 1994).
659:
extracellularly glutamate-gated ion channel activity
4967:
4954:
4914:
4849:
4779:
4767:
4745:
4595:
4545:
4371:
4323:
4314:
3179:Chung HJ, Xia J, Scannevin RH, et al. (2001).
1144:
1107:
1065:
1028:
2515:Maas S, Patt S, Schrey M, Rich A (December 2001).
1566:
1564:
1562:
1545:
1543:
1541:
3136:Osten P, Khatri L, Perez JL, et al. (2000).
1244:Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2
359:
258:
1500:GRIA2 is a diagnostic immunochemical marker for
2467:
2465:
2030:
2028:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1824:
1822:
806:ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway
1571:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033981
1508:-positive tumours, GRIA2 is also expressed in
4284:
3398:
8:
1550:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000120251
4964:
4776:
4320:
4291:
4277:
4269:
3405:
3391:
3383:
3373:United States National Library of Medicine
861:
626:
400:
299:
196:
70:
3357:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3329:
3319:
3239:
3204:
3153:
3118:
2993:
2834:
2688:
2550:
2540:
2393:
2201:
2184:Greger IH, Khatri L, Ziff EB (May 2002).
2160:
2150:
2125:Egebjerg J, Heinemann SF (January 1993).
2008:
1998:
1856:
1846:
1759:
1741:
1683:
1673:
3371:This article incorporates text from the
2817:Köhler M, Kornau HC, Seeburg PH (1994).
1705:
1703:
3420:
1537:
1246:(Glutamate receptor 2, or GluR-2) is a
16:Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
654:ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
25:
1724:Hideyama, Takuto; Kwak, Shin (2011).
1301:). The subunit encoded by this gene (
730:integral component of plasma membrane
364:
325:
320:
263:
222:
217:
7:
836:regulation of NMDA receptor activity
831:synaptic transmission, glutamatergic
2794:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63051596.x
1730:Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
3197:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-19-07258.2000
2681:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02555.1992
1141:
1104:
1062:
1025:
1001:
982:
956:
937:
911:
892:
582:
500:
438:
417:
14:
3033:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.731765.x
1496:Use in diagnostic immunochemistry
1262:and it is a subunit found in the
1250:that in humans is encoded by the
826:excitatory postsynaptic potential
21:Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2
4248:
4233:
4218:
4203:
4188:
4173:
4158:
4143:
4128:
4113:
4098:
4083:
4068:
4053:
4038:
4023:
4008:
3993:
3978:
3963:
3948:
3933:
3918:
3903:
3888:
3873:
3858:
3843:
3828:
3813:
3798:
3783:
3768:
3753:
3738:
3723:
3708:
3693:
3678:
3663:
3648:
3633:
3618:
3603:
3588:
3573:
3558:
3543:
3528:
3513:
3498:
3483:
3468:
3453:
3438:
3423:
3279:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01841.x
2895:10.1097/00001756-199401120-00018
2866:10.1097/00001756-199406270-00007
2440:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01703.x
1295:ligand-activated cation channels
750:external side of plasma membrane
669:AMPA glutamate receptor activity
600:
593:
586:
348:
341:
335:
312:
247:
240:
234:
209:
34:
3093:Aruscavage PJ, Bass BL (2000).
1510:dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
1467:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
1277:are the predominant excitatory
745:AMPA glutamate receptor complex
5044:Ionotropic glutamate receptors
3222:Armstrong N, Gouaux E (2000).
821:chemical synaptic transmission
710:endoplasmic reticulum membrane
695:integral component of membrane
611:More reference expression data
566:More reference expression data
470:Region I of hippocampus proper
1:
3241:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00094-5
3155:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00039-8
3070:10.1016/S0168-0102(99)00061-9
2995:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80568-1
2836:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32444-4
2474:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
2293:10.1016/S0022-510X(01)00661-X
2203:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00693-1
1901:10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02445-3
1797:10.1016/S0168-0102(99)00061-9
1473:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1315:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
333:
232:
2961:10.1016/0922-4106(93)90062-E
2924:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90622-W
2757:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90568-J
2521:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2131:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2096:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90568-J
1979:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
5039:Genes on human chromosome 4
801:ion transmembrane transport
775:postsynaptic endocytic zone
679:signaling receptor activity
5060:
1279:neurotransmitter receptors
700:endocytic vesicle membrane
18:
4851:Voltage- and ligand-gated
4308:ligand-gated ion channels
3418:
3111:10.1017/S1355838200991921
2486:10.1080/14660820510037872
2337:10.1007/s00109-004-0599-z
1606:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
1588:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1230:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1198:
1179:
1148:
1111:
1100:
1069:
1032:
1021:
1008:
1004:
989:
985:
976:
963:
959:
944:
940:
931:
918:
914:
899:
895:
886:
871:
864:
860:
844:
629:
625:
608:
585:
576:
563:
512:
503:
450:
441:
411:
403:
399:
382:
369:
332:
311:
302:
298:
281:
268:
231:
208:
199:
195:
150:
147:
137:
130:
125:
78:
73:
56:
51:
46:
42:
33:
28:
3359:Medical Subject Headings
2000:10.1073/pnas.91.22.10270
1743:10.3389/fnmol.2011.00033
1654:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
1337:GRIA2 has been shown to
1185:Chr 4: 157.2 – 157.37 Mb
524:anterior amygdaloid area
4597:Nicotinic acetylcholine
2728:10.1126/science.1699275
1502:solitary fibrous tumour
1192:Chr 3: 80.59 – 80.71 Mb
3321:10.1074/jbc.C200112200
2542:10.1073/pnas.251531398
2053:10.1006/mcne.2001.0988
1932:Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol
1848:10.1074/jbc.C200112200
1675:10.1073/pnas.89.4.1443
1628:"Symbol Report: GRIA2"
516:lateral septal nucleus
4304:cell surface receptor
2152:10.1073/pnas.90.2.755
1452:endoplasmic reticulum
1382:channel). The human K
740:endoplasmic reticulum
705:postsynaptic membrane
462:middle temporal gyrus
4969:Purinergic receptors
3365:http://darned.ucc.ie
3355:GRIA2+protein,+human
1319:Alternative splicing
780:postsynaptic density
674:amyloid-beta binding
644:ion channel activity
552:ventromedial nucleus
544:primary motor cortex
474:orbitofrontal cortex
327:Chromosome 3 (mouse)
225:Chromosome 4 (human)
74:List of PDB id codes
47:Available structures
2720:1990Sci...249.1580S
2640:10.1385/MN:32:2:145
2533:2001PNAS...9814687M
2386:2004Natur.427..801K
2236:Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
2143:1993PNAS...90..755E
2041:Mol. Cell. Neurosci
1991:1994PNAS...9110270E
1666:1992PNAS...89.1443S
1327:signal transduction
1275:Glutamate receptors
816:signal transduction
366:3 E3|3 35.5 cM
4737:β1δε - Muscle type
4316:Cys-loop receptors
3375:, which is in the
1365:as substrates for
1293:, and function as
966:ENSMUSG00000033981
789:Biological process
765:excitatory synapse
688:Cellular component
637:Molecular function
536:olfactory tubercle
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
4950:
4949:
4781:Ligand-gated only
4763:
4762:
4266:
4265:
2949:Eur. J. Pharmacol
2588:10.1111/his.12377
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1210:
1209:
1175:
1174:
1138:
1137:
1096:
1095:
1059:
1058:
1017:
1016:
998:
997:
972:
971:
953:
952:
927:
926:
908:
907:
856:
855:
621:
620:
617:
616:
572:
571:
559:
558:
548:perirhinal cortex
540:entorhinal cortex
497:
496:
490:entorhinal cortex
486:cerebellar vermis
482:postcentral gyrus
395:
394:
294:
293:
189:GRIA2 - orthologs
121:
120:
117:
116:
57:Ortholog search:
5051:
4965:
4777:
4321:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4252:
4237:
4222:
4207:
4192:
4177:
4162:
4147:
4132:
4117:
4102:
4087:
4072:
4057:
4042:
4027:
4012:
3997:
3982:
3967:
3952:
3937:
3922:
3907:
3892:
3877:
3862:
3847:
3832:
3817:
3802:
3787:
3772:
3757:
3742:
3727:
3712:
3697:
3682:
3667:
3652:
3637:
3622:
3607:
3592:
3577:
3562:
3547:
3532:
3517:
3502:
3487:
3472:
3457:
3442:
3427:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3298:
3267:Eur. J. Neurosci
3261:
3243:
3218:
3208:
3175:
3157:
3132:
3122:
3089:
3052:
3015:
2997:
2972:
2943:
2906:
2877:
2848:
2838:
2829:(26): 17367–70.
2813:
2776:
2739:
2714:(4976): 1580–5.
2702:
2692:
2659:
2608:
2607:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2527:(25): 14687–92.
2512:
2506:
2505:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2248:10.1038/35097565
2230:
2224:
2223:
2205:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2002:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1745:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1557:
1547:
1371:kainate receptor
1305:) is subject to
1223:
1222:
1194:
1187:
1170:
1142:
1133:
1105:
1101:RefSeq (protein)
1091:
1063:
1054:
1026:
1002:
983:
957:
938:
912:
893:
862:
627:
613:
604:
597:
590:
583:
568:
508:
506:Top expressed in
501:
466:Brodmann area 10
458:Brodmann area 23
446:
444:Top expressed in
439:
418:
401:
391:
378:
367:
352:
345:
339:
328:
316:
300:
290:
277:
266:
251:
244:
238:
227:
213:
197:
191:
142:
135:
112:
71:
65:
44:
43:
38:
26:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5018:
4946:
4940:
4932:
4910:
4845:
4759:
4741:
4736:
4728:- Ganglion type
4727:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4591:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4558:
4541:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4510:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4367:
4336:
4310:
4297:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4253:
4244:
4238:
4229:
4223:
4214:
4208:
4199:
4193:
4184:
4178:
4169:
4163:
4154:
4148:
4139:
4133:
4124:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4094:
4088:
4079:
4073:
4064:
4058:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4019:
4013:
4004:
3998:
3989:
3983:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3929:
3923:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3839:
3833:
3824:
3818:
3809:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3779:
3773:
3764:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3734:
3728:
3719:
3713:
3704:
3698:
3689:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3644:
3638:
3629:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3584:
3578:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3524:
3518:
3509:
3503:
3494:
3488:
3479:
3473:
3464:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3414:
3411:
3351:
3346:
3314:(18): 15221–4.
3301:
3264:
3221:
3191:(19): 7258–67.
3178:
3135:
3092:
3055:
3018:
2975:
2946:
2909:
2880:
2851:
2816:
2788:(5): 1596–602.
2779:
2742:
2705:
2662:
2621:
2617:
2615:Further reading
2612:
2611:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2395:10.1038/427801a
2365:
2364:
2360:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2281:J. Neurol. Sci.
2276:
2275:
2271:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2034:
2033:
2026:
1985:(22): 10270–4.
1972:
1971:
1967:
1944:10.1038/nsmb825
1929:
1928:
1924:
1895:(1–2): 233–43.
1886:
1885:
1874:
1841:(18): 15221–4.
1828:
1827:
1820:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1560:
1548:
1539:
1534:
1522:
1498:
1464:
1439:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1359:
1335:
1289:(AMPA), called
1283:mammalian brain
1272:
1232:View/Edit Mouse
1227:View/Edit Human
1190:
1183:
1180:Location (UCSC)
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
947:ENSG00000120251
840:
784:
760:dendritic spine
720:plasma membrane
683:
649:protein binding
609:
599:
598:
592:
591:
564:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
528:cingulate gyrus
526:
522:
518:
504:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
442:
386:
373:
365:
355:
354:
353:
346:
326:
303:Gene location (
285:
272:
264:
254:
253:
252:
245:
223:
200:Gene location (
151:
138:
131:
80:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5057:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4973:
4971:
4962:
4960:gated channels
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4755:Zinc-activated
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4601:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4325:5-HT/serotonin
4318:
4312:
4311:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4149:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3350:
3349:External links
3347:
3345:
3344:
3299:
3262:
3219:
3176:
3133:
3090:
3053:
3016:
2973:
2944:
2918:(7): 1361–70.
2907:
2878:
2860:(11): 1325–8.
2849:
2814:
2777:
2740:
2703:
2675:(7): 2555–62.
2660:
2628:Mol. Neurobiol
2618:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2576:Histopathology
2566:
2507:
2461:
2417:
2358:
2314:
2269:
2242:(11): 806–19.
2225:
2176:
2117:
2074:
2047:(6): 1025–33.
2024:
1965:
1922:
1872:
1818:
1775:
1716:
1699:
1640:
1615:
1597:
1579:
1558:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1497:
1494:
1463:
1460:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1358:
1355:
1334:
1331:
1291:AMPA receptors
1271:
1268:
1264:AMPA receptors
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
999:
996:
995:
987:
986:
980:
974:
973:
970:
969:
961:
960:
954:
951:
950:
942:
941:
935:
929:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
909:
906:
905:
897:
896:
890:
884:
883:
878:
873:
869:
868:
858:
857:
854:
853:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
792:
790:
786:
785:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
691:
689:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
638:
634:
633:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
606:
605:
580:
574:
573:
570:
569:
561:
560:
557:
556:
554:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
509:
498:
495:
494:
492:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
447:
435:
434:
426:
415:
409:
408:
405:RNA expression
397:
396:
393:
392:
384:
380:
379:
371:
368:
363:
357:
356:
347:
340:
334:
330:
329:
324:
318:
317:
309:
308:
296:
295:
292:
291:
283:
279:
278:
270:
267:
262:
256:
255:
246:
239:
233:
229:
228:
221:
215:
214:
206:
205:
193:
192:
149:
145:
144:
136:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
76:
75:
67:
66:
55:
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5056:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4731:
4729:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4257:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:public domain
3374:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:J. Biol. Chem
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3234:(1): 165–81.
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3148:(2): 313–25.
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:(2): 257–69.
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Neurosci. Res
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3027:(4): 1765–8.
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2988:(3): 581–91.
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:J. Biol. Chem
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:(2): 145–55.
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:(3): 131–44.
2479:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:J. Neurochem.
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:(6977): 801.
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:(2): 110–20.
2330:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2196:(5): 759–72.
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:(10): 950–6.
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:J. Biol. Chem
1832:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Neurosci. Res
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:(4): 1443–7.
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1526:AMPA receptor
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1462:Dysregulation
1461:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1356:
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1064:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:RefSeq (mRNA)
1020:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
984:
981:
979:
975:
968:
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867:
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848:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
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814:
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809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:ion transport
794:
793:
791:
788:
787:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
735:cell junction
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
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713:
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708:
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703:
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662:
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645:
642:
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639:
636:
635:
632:
631:Gene ontology
628:
624:
612:
607:
603:
596:
589:
584:
581:
579:
575:
567:
562:
551:
547:
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531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
511:
507:
502:
499:
489:
485:
481:
478:parietal lobe
477:
473:
469:
465:
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457:
453:
452:
449:
445:
440:
437:
436:
433:
431:
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113:
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4255:
4240:
4225:
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4180:
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4120:
4105:
4090:
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4060:
4045:
4030:
4015:
4000:
3985:
3970:
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3925:
3910:
3895:
3880:
3865:
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3835:
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3790:
3775:
3760:
3745:
3730:
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3700:
3685:
3670:
3655:
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3625:
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3535:
3520:
3505:
3490:
3475:
3460:
3445:
3430:
3370:
3369:
3311:
3307:
3273:(1): 51–62.
3270:
3266:
3231:
3227:
3188:
3184:
3145:
3141:
3102:
3098:
3064:(4): 281–7.
3061:
3057:
3024:
3021:J. Neurochem
3020:
2985:
2981:
2955:(1): 89–92.
2952:
2948:
2915:
2911:
2889:(4): 441–4.
2886:
2882:
2857:
2853:
2826:
2822:
2785:
2782:J. Neurochem
2781:
2748:
2744:
2711:
2707:
2672:
2668:
2631:
2627:
2582:(1): 71–80.
2579:
2575:
2569:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2477:
2473:
2434:(3): 680–9.
2431:
2426:
2420:
2377:
2371:
2361:
2328:
2325:J. Mol. Med.
2323:
2317:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2137:(2): 755–9.
2134:
2130:
2120:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2044:
2040:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1892:
1888:
1838:
1834:
1791:(4): 281–7.
1788:
1784:
1778:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1423:Consequences
1417:
1409:Conservation
1403:
1394:
1360:
1336:
1333:Interactions
1329:properties.
1311:calcium ions
1302:
1298:
1273:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1168:NP_001344856
1164:NP_001344853
1156:NP_001077275
1152:NP_001034284
1149:
1131:NP_001365930
1127:NP_001365929
1123:NP_001077089
1119:NP_001077088
1112:
1089:NM_001357927
1085:NM_001357924
1077:NM_001083806
1073:NM_001039195
1070:
1052:NM_001379001
1048:NM_001379000
1044:NM_001083620
1040:NM_001083619
1033:
1009:
990:
964:
945:
919:
900:
880:
875:
454:frontal pole
428:
421:
286:157,366,075
273:157,204,182
148:External IDs
79:
4300:Ion channel
3413:PDB gallery
3185:J. Neurosci
2883:NeuroReport
2854:NeuroReport
2751:(1): 11–9.
2669:J. Neurosci
2287:(2): 73–8.
2090:(1): 11–9.
1633:29 December
1357:RNA editing
1307:RNA editing
770:postsynapse
387:80,710,142
374:80,588,757
126:Identifiers
5033:Categories
4772:glutamates
4769:Ionotropic
4685:pentamers:
3331:2262/89271
1858:2262/89271
1577:, May 2017
1556:, May 2017
1532:References
1414:Regulation
432:(ortholog)
169:HomoloGene
4605:monomers:
1889:Brain Res
1752:1662-5099
1479:Epilepsy
1428:Structure
1160:NP_038568
1115:NP_000817
1081:NM_013540
1036:NM_000826
866:Orthologs
811:transport
532:subiculum
520:CA3 field
177:GeneCards
4916:‘Orphan’
3340:11891216
3295:35601416
3287:11860506
3250:11086992
3215:11007883
3172:16213962
3164:10985351
3129:10688364
3086:45794233
3078:10576550
3049:39402443
3041:10501226
3012:14448034
2940:25420811
2810:25226376
2773:22029384
2656:21618951
2648:16215279
2604:42812062
2596:24456377
2561:11717408
2494:16183555
2448:12694394
2404:14985749
2345:15624111
2309:25556626
2301:11790386
2256:11715057
2220:15936250
2212:12062022
2112:22029384
2069:15351461
2061:11414791
1960:34081059
1952:15361858
1917:11969068
1909:11430906
1867:11891216
1813:45794233
1805:10576550
1770:22102833
1573:–
1552:–
1520:See also
1437:Function
1400:Location
1339:interact
1323:isoforms
1270:Function
1216:Wikidata
845:Sources:
755:dendrite
715:membrane
4814:Kainate
4547:Glycine
3258:3128719
3206:6772789
3120:1369911
3004:9768844
2969:8420792
2932:8269514
2903:8003671
2874:7919190
2845:7545935
2802:7523595
2765:1717158
2736:1699275
2716:Bibcode
2708:Science
2699:1319477
2690:6575855
2529:Bibcode
2502:6640926
2456:5997020
2412:4310256
2382:Bibcode
2353:2255590
2264:2050462
2171:7678465
2139:Bibcode
2104:1717158
2019:7937939
1987:Bibcode
1761:3214764
1694:1311100
1662:Bibcode
1575:Ensembl
1554:Ensembl
1488:Cancer
1317:(ALS).
1299:GRIA1-4
1281:in the
1248:protein
978:UniProt
933:Ensembl
872:Species
851:QuickGO
725:synapse
407:pattern
133:Aliases
3361:(MeSH)
3338:
3293:
3285:
3256:
3248:
3228:Neuron
3213:
3203:
3170:
3162:
3142:Neuron
3127:
3117:
3084:
3076:
3047:
3039:
3010:
3002:
2982:Neuron
2967:
2938:
2930:
2901:
2872:
2843:
2808:
2800:
2771:
2763:
2734:
2697:
2687:
2654:
2646:
2602:
2594:
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2549:
2500:
2492:
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2446:
2410:
2402:
2373:Nature
2351:
2343:
2307:
2299:
2262:
2254:
2218:
2210:
2190:Neuron
2169:
2159:
2110:
2102:
2067:
2059:
2017:
2007:
1958:
1950:
1915:
1907:
1865:
1811:
1803:
1768:
1758:
1750:
1736:: 33.
1692:
1682:
1343:SPTAN1
1202:search
1200:PubMed
1011:P23819
992:P42262
888:Entrez
578:BioGPS
265:4q32.1
157:138247
3291:S2CID
3254:S2CID
3168:S2CID
3082:S2CID
3045:S2CID
3008:S2CID
2936:S2CID
2806:S2CID
2769:S2CID
2652:S2CID
2600:S2CID
2552:64742
2498:S2CID
2452:S2CID
2408:S2CID
2349:S2CID
2305:S2CID
2260:S2CID
2216:S2CID
2162:45744
2108:S2CID
2065:S2CID
2010:45001
1956:S2CID
1913:S2CID
1809:S2CID
1685:48467
1367:ADARs
1351:PICK1
1347:GRIP1
1341:with
1303:GRIA2
1256:GLUR2
1252:GRIA2
921:14800
881:Mouse
876:Human
847:Amigo
430:Mouse
423:Human
370:Start
305:Mouse
269:Start
202:Human
181:GRIA2
173:20225
165:95809
140:GRIA2
29:GRIA2
4924:GluD
4859:NMDA
4789:AMPA
4747:Zinc
4733:(α1)
4724:(β4)
4720:(α1)
4712:(α7)
4704:(β2)
4700:(α4)
4692:(β4)
4688:(α3)
4507:GABA
4381:GABA
4373:GABA
4333:5-HT
4256:2uxa
4241:2i3w
4226:2i3v
4211:2gfe
4196:2cmo
4181:2anj
4166:2al5
4151:2al4
4136:2aix
4121:1xhy
4106:1wvj
4091:1syi
4076:1syh
4061:1p1w
4046:1p1u
4031:1p1q
4016:1p1o
4001:1p1n
3986:1nnp
3971:1nnk
3956:1n0t
3941:1my4
3926:1my3
3911:1my2
3896:1my1
3881:1my0
3866:1mxz
3851:1mxy
3836:1mxx
3821:1mxw
3806:1mxv
3791:1mxu
3776:1ms7
3761:1mqj
3746:1mqi
3731:1mqh
3716:1mqg
3701:1mqd
3686:1mm7
3671:1mm6
3656:1m5f
3641:1m5e
3626:1m5d
3611:1m5c
3596:1m5b
3581:1lbc
3566:1lbb
3551:1lb9
3536:1lb8
3521:1gr2
3506:1fw0
3491:1fto
3476:1ftm
3461:1ftl
3446:1ftk
3431:1ftj
3336:PMID
3283:PMID
3246:PMID
3211:PMID
3160:PMID
3125:PMID
3074:PMID
3037:PMID
3000:PMID
2965:PMID
2928:PMID
2912:Cell
2899:PMID
2870:PMID
2841:PMID
2798:PMID
2761:PMID
2745:Cell
2732:PMID
2695:PMID
2644:PMID
2592:PMID
2557:PMID
2490:PMID
2444:PMID
2400:PMID
2341:PMID
2297:PMID
2252:PMID
2208:PMID
2167:PMID
2100:PMID
2084:Cell
2057:PMID
2015:PMID
1948:PMID
1905:PMID
1863:PMID
1801:PMID
1766:PMID
1748:ISSN
1690:PMID
1635:2017
1624:HGNC
1514:DFSP
1506:CD34
1391:Type
1363:mRNA
1349:and
1260:gene
1254:(or
902:2891
413:Bgee
361:Band
322:Chr.
260:Band
219:Chr.
153:OMIM
110:5H8S
106:3UA8
102:3RNN
98:3RN8
94:3R7X
90:2XHD
86:2WJX
82:2WJW
63:RCSB
60:PDBe
4977:P2X
4956:ATP
4904:L1B
4899:L1A
4648:α10
3326:hdl
3316:doi
3312:277
3275:doi
3236:doi
3201:PMC
3193:doi
3150:doi
3115:PMC
3107:doi
3099:RNA
3066:doi
3029:doi
2990:doi
2957:doi
2953:244
2920:doi
2891:doi
2862:doi
2831:doi
2827:269
2790:doi
2753:doi
2724:doi
2712:249
2685:PMC
2677:doi
2636:doi
2584:doi
2547:PMC
2537:doi
2482:doi
2436:doi
2390:doi
2378:427
2333:doi
2289:doi
2285:193
2244:doi
2198:doi
2157:PMC
2147:doi
2092:doi
2049:doi
2005:PMC
1995:doi
1940:doi
1897:doi
1893:907
1853:hdl
1843:doi
1839:277
1793:doi
1756:PMC
1738:doi
1680:PMC
1670:doi
1380:1.1
383:End
282:End
185:OMA
161:MGI
53:PDB
5035::
4894:3B
4889:3A
4884:2D
4879:2C
4874:2B
4869:2A
4668:β4
4663:β3
4658:β2
4653:β1
4643:α9
4638:α7
4633:α6
4628:α5
4623:α4
4618:α3
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4608:α1
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