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mechanical force, which is the product of the g-force and the supported mass (the mass above the level of support, including arms hanging down from above that level). At the same time, the arms themselves experience a tensile stress, which at any height, if multiplied by the area, is again the related mechanical force, which is the product of the g-force and the mass hanging below the point of mechanical support. The mechanical resistive force spreads from points of contact with the floor or supporting structure, and gradually decreases toward zero at the unsupported ends (the top in the case of support from below, such as a seat or the floor, the bottom for a hanging part of the body or object). With compressive force counted as negative tensile force, the rate of change of the tensile force in the direction of the g-force, per unit mass (the change between parts of the object such that the slice of the object between them has unit mass), is equal to the g-force plus the non-gravitational external forces on the slice, if any (counted positive in the direction opposite to the g-force).
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211:, keeping the object from going into free fall. The upward contact force from the ground ensures that an object at rest on the Earth's surface is accelerating relative to the free-fall condition. (Free fall is the path that the object would follow when falling freely toward the Earth's center). Stress inside the object is ensured from the fact that the ground contact forces are transmitted only from the point of contact with the ground.
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364:
496:. Gravitation acting alone does not produce any g-force; g-force is only produced from mechanical pushes and pulls. For a free body (one that is free to move in space) such g-forces only arise as the "inertial" path that is the natural effect of gravitation, or the natural effect of the inertia of mass, is modified. Such modification may only arise from influences other than gravitation.
492:
same whether they cause coordinate acceleration or not. For objects likewise, the question of whether they can withstand the mechanical g-force without damage is the same for any type of g-force. For example, upward acceleration (e.g., increase of speed when going up or decrease of speed when going down) on Earth feels the same as being stationary on a celestial body with a higher
622:, the law of reciprocal actions, states that all forces occur in pairs, and these two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Newton's third law of motion means that not only does gravity behave as a force acting downwards on, say, a rock held in your hand but also that the rock exerts a force on the Earth, equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
464:(i.e., measured weight) on an object produced by a g-force is in the opposite direction to the sign of the g-force, since in physics, weight is not the force that produces the acceleration, but rather the equal-and-opposite reaction force to it. If the direction upward is taken as positive (the normal cartesian convention) then
436:, based on the vector magnitude, with positive g-forces pointing downward (indicating upward acceleration), and negative g-forces pointing upward. Thus, a g-force is a vector of acceleration. It is an acceleration that must be produced by a mechanical force, and cannot be produced by simple gravitation. Objects acted upon
832:
Positive, or "upward" g-force, drives blood downward to the feet of a seated or standing person (more naturally, the feet and body may be seen as being driven by the upward force of the floor and seat, upward around the blood). Resistance to positive g-force varies. A typical person can handle about
680:
Unopposed acceleration due to mechanical forces, and consequentially g-force, is experienced whenever anyone rides in a vehicle because it always causes a proper acceleration, and (in the absence of gravity) also always a coordinate acceleration (where velocity changes). Whenever the vehicle changes
574:
which is accelerating (changing velocity) toward the ground. In this case, the roller coaster riders are accelerated toward the ground faster than gravity would accelerate them, and are thus pinned upside down in their seats. In this case, the mechanical force exerted by the seat causes the g-force
491:
For a given g-force the stresses are the same, regardless of whether this g-force is caused by mechanical resistance to gravity, or by a coordinate-acceleration (change in velocity) caused by a mechanical force, or by a combination of these. Hence, for people all mechanical forces feels exactly the
233:
In the absence of gravitational fields, or in directions at right angles to them, proper and coordinate accelerations are the same, and any coordinate acceleration must be produced by a corresponding g-force acceleration. An example of this is a rocket in free space: when the engines produce simple
907:
where vision is literally reddened due to the blood-laden lower eyelid being pulled into the field of vision. Negative g-force is generally unpleasant and can cause damage. Blood vessels in the eyes or brain may swell or burst under the increased blood pressure, resulting in degraded sight or even
950:
for 10 minutes for both eyeballs in and out. These forces were endured with cognitive facilities intact, as subjects were able to perform simple physical and communication tasks. The tests were determined not to cause long- or short-term harm although tolerance was quite subjective, with only the
916:
The human body is better at surviving g-forces that are perpendicular to the spine. In general when the acceleration is forwards (subject essentially lying on their back, colloquially known as "eyeballs in"), a much higher tolerance is shown than when the acceleration is backwards (lying on their
487:
If a g-force (acceleration) is vertically upward and is applied by the ground (which is accelerating through space-time) or applied by the floor of an elevator to a standing person, most of the body experiences compressive stress which at any height, if multiplied by the area, is the related
171:
When the g-force is produced by the surface of one object being pushed by the surface of another object, the reaction force to this push produces an equal and opposite force for every unit of each object's mass. The types of forces involved are transmitted through objects by interior
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trajectory), so that it experiences "free fall", as do astronauts in orbit (astronauts experience small tidal accelerations called microgravity, which are neglected for the sake of discussion here). Some amusement park rides can provide several seconds at near-zero g. Riding NASA's
955:, in a series of rocket sled deceleration experiments culminating in a late 1954 test in which he was clocked in a little over a second from a land speed of Mach 0.9. He survived a peak "eyeballs-out" acceleration of 46.2 times the acceleration of gravity, and more than
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of the surface it is resting on. Only the latter force can be measured by the accelerometer, due to mechanical interaction between the accelerometer and the ground. The reading is the acceleration the instrument would have if it were exclusively subject to that force.
575:
by altering the path of the passenger downward in a way that differs from gravitational acceleration. The difference in downward motion, now faster than gravity would provide, is caused by the push of the seat, and it results in a g-force toward the ground.
452:. Such forces result in the operational sensation of weight, but the equation carries a sign change due to the definition of positive weight in the direction downward, so the direction of weight-force is opposite to the direction of g-force acceleration:
1186:
was one of the bacteria that displayed not only survival but also robust cellular growth under these conditions of hyperacceleration, which are usually only to be found in cosmic environments, such as on very massive stars or in the shock waves of
862:
In aircraft particularly, vertical g-forces are often positive (force blood towards the feet and away from the head); this causes problems with the eyes and brain in particular. As positive vertical g-force is progressively increased (such as in a
191:
The g-force experienced by an object is due to the vector sum of all gravitational and non-gravitational forces acting on an object's freedom to move. In practice, as noted, these are surface-contact forces between objects. Such forces cause
633:
is pulling up in a +g maneuver; the pilot is experiencing several g's of inertial acceleration in addition to the force of gravity. The cumulative vertical axis forces acting upon his body make him momentarily 'weigh' many times more than
828:
Aircraft pilots (in particular) sustain g-forces along the axis aligned with the spine. This causes significant variation in blood pressure along the length of the subject's body, which limits the maximum g-forces that can be tolerated.
3031:
653:). In accordance with Newton's third law, the plane and the seat underneath the pilot provides an equal and opposite force pushing upwards with a force of 725 N. This mechanical force provides the 1.0
661:
on the pilot, even though this velocity in the upward direction does not change (this is similar to the situation of a person standing on the ground, where the ground provides this force and this g-force).
331:. This notation is commonly used in aviation, especially in aerobatic or combat military aviation, to describe the increased forces that must be overcome by pilots in order to remain conscious and not
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if mounted in an automobile traveling at a constant velocity on a level road. When the driver presses on the brake or gas pedal, the accelerometer will register positive or negative acceleration.
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Human tolerances depend on the magnitude of the gravitational force, the length of time it is applied, the direction it acts, the location of application, and the posture of the body.
669:, half of which comes from the seat pushing the pilot to resist gravity, and half from the seat pushing the pilot to cause his upward acceleration—a change in velocity which also is a
3775:
3504:, citing Society of Automotive Engineers. Indy racecar crash analysis. Automotive Engineering International, June 1999, 87–90. And National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:
3616:
440:
by gravitation experience (or "feel") no g-force, and are weightless. g-forces, when multiplied by a mass upon which they act, are associated with a certain type of mechanical
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equates to a rate of change in velocity of approximately 35 km/h (22 mph) for each second that elapses. Therefore, if an automobile is capable of braking at 1
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To some degree, g-tolerance can be trainable, and there is also considerable variation in innate ability between individuals. In addition, some illnesses, particularly
3580:
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to measure g-force along one or more axes. If a stationary, single-axis accelerometer is oriented so that its measuring axis is horizontal, its output will be 0
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because it also differs from a free fall trajectory. Considered in the frame of reference of the plane his body is now generating a force of 1,450 N (330 lb
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either direction or speed, the occupants feel lateral (side to side) or longitudinal (forward and backwards) forces produced by the mechanical push of their seats.
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1076:
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Early experiments showed that untrained humans were able to tolerate a range of accelerations depending on the time of exposure. This ranged from as much as
768:
Preparing an object for g-tolerance (not getting damaged when subjected to a high g-force) is called g-hardening. This may apply to, e.g., instruments in a
3265:
3630:
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1035:·s as well as frequency. The dynamics of these phenomena are what distinguish them from the g-forces caused by a relatively longer-term accelerations.
3463:"FIA CONCLUDES INVESTIGATION INTO ROMAIN GROSJEAN'S ACCIDENT AT 2020 BAHRAIN FORMULA 1 GRAND PRIX AND RELEASES 2021 CIRCUIT RACING SAFETY INITIATIVES"
226:", which is short for "zero g-force". Zero g-force conditions would occur inside an elevator falling freely toward the Earth's center (in vacuum), or
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most motivated non-pilots capable of completing tests. The record for peak experimental horizontal g-force tolerance is held by acceleration pioneer
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If the pilot were suddenly to pull back on the stick and make his plane accelerate upwards at 9.8 m/s, the total g‑force on his body is 2
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In an airplane, the pilot's seat can be thought of as the hand holding the rock, the pilot as the rock. When flying straight and level at 1
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mass on the end of a spring, with some way of measuring how far the mass has moved on the spring in a particular direction, called an 'axis'.
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and efforts to strain muscles—both of which act to force blood back into the brain—modern pilots can typically handle a sustained 9
840:(49 m/s) (meaning some people might pass out when riding a higher-g roller coaster, which in some cases exceeds this point) before
254:(SI) is m/s. However, to distinguish acceleration relative to free fall from simple acceleration (rate of change of velocity), the unit
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as a non-extremophile control) being subject to conditions of extreme gravity. The bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an
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Resistance to "negative" or "downward" g, which drives blood to the head, is much lower. This limit is typically in the −2 to −3
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and is traveling at 35 km/h, it can brake to a standstill in one second and the driver will experience a deceleration of 1
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411:
2954:
NASA Technical note D-337, Centrifuge Study of Pilot
Tolerance to Acceleration and the Effects of Acceleration on Pilot Performance
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NASA Technical note D-337, Centrifuge Study of Pilot
Tolerance to Acceleration and the Effects of Acceleration on Pilot Performance
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The human body is flexible and deformable, particularly the softer tissues. A hard slap on the face may briefly impose hundreds of
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2636:
2426:
3491:"Several Indy car drivers have withstood impacts in excess of 100 G without serious injuries." Dennis F. Shanahan, M.D., M.P.H.:
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1121:. For example, a stiff and compact object dropped from 1 m that impacts over a distance of 1 mm is subjected to a 1000
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for 1.1 seconds, proving that the human body is capable of this. Stapp lived another 45 years to age 89 without any ill effects.
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can accelerate from zero to 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) in 0.86 seconds. This is a horizontal acceleration of 5.3
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The g-force acting on an object under acceleration may be downwards, for example when cresting a sharp hill on a roller coaster.
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on objects, since they must be transmitted from an object surface. Because of these strains, large g-forces may be destructive.
2339:
746:. The automobile traveling at three times this speed, 105 km/h (65 mph), can brake to a standstill in three seconds.
3188:
Deguchi, Shigeru; Hirokazu
Shimoshige; Mikiko Tsudome; Sada-atsu Mukai; Robert W. Corkery; Susumu Ito; Koki Horikoshi (2011).
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507:(upwards) and results from the resisting reaction of the Earth's surface bearing upwards equal to an acceleration of 1
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251:
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Allen M.E.; Weir-Jones I; et al. (1994). "Acceleration perturbations of daily living. A comparison to 'whiplash'".
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2772:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America.
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484:(thus pulling a pilot upward out of the seat, and forcing blood toward the head of a normally oriented pilot).
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283:
154:
33:
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480:(the negative direction on the y axis), and this acceleration downward produces a weight-force in a direction
677:) downwards into his seat and the seat is simultaneously pushing upwards with an equal force of 1450 N.
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is the rate of change of acceleration. In SI units, jerk is expressed as m/s; it can also be expressed in
544:
529:, for example, the dragster pictured at top right can exert a horizontal g-force of 5.3 when accelerating.
472:(an example is positive-g acceleration of a rocket launch, producing downward weight). In the same way, a
328:
3269:. The TRIAD 1 satellite was a later, more advanced navigation satellite that was part of the U.S. Navy's
2266:
A three-axis accelerometer will output zero‑g on all three axes if it is dropped or otherwise put into a
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Analytical ultracentrifuge spinning at 60,000 rpm, at the bottom of the analysis cell (7.2 cm)
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1933:
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front, "eyeballs out") since blood vessels in the retina appear more sensitive in the latter direction.
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Blackout, a loss of vision while consciousness is maintained, caused by a lack of blood flow to the head
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208:
48:
2913:
2208:
980:'s car. This immediately resulted in Bräck's car impacting the catch fence that would record a peak of
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2646:
230:. These are examples of coordinate acceleration (a change in velocity) without a sensation of weight.
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1191:. Analysis showed that the small size of prokaryotic cells is essential for successful growth under
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upwards even though stationary. In that situation, the accelerometer is subject to two forces: the
1953:
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g-force (an acceleration vector that points upward) produces a force/weight on any mass, that acts
227:
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40:
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2001:
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197:
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173:
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Mellor, Andrew. "Formula One
Accident Investigations." SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-3552 (2000).
2293:
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finale at Texas Motor
Speedway on 12 October 2003, in the 2003 Chevy 500 when the car driven by
4002:
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is experienced, relatively low peak g-force levels can be severely damaging if they are at the
625:
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on an object sitting on the Earth's surface is caused by the mechanical force exerted in the
3992:
3947:
3939:
3826:
3686:
3669:
3560:
3541:"Acceleration and deceleration of coronal mass ejections during propagation and interaction"
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1002:
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511:, and is equal and opposite to gravity. The number 1 is approximate, depending on location.
76:
3980:
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3501:
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3259:
2979:
2960:
2944:, by Brent Y. Creer, Captain Harald A. Smedal, USN (MC), and Rodney C. Wingrove, figure 10
2941:
2840:
Burton RR (1988). "G-induced loss of consciousness: definition, history, current status".
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3452:"Russia trains Greek Tor-M1 crews". RIA Novosti. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
3209:
3079:
de Souza, T.A.J.; et al. (2017). "Survival potential of the anhydrobiotic nematode
2513:
Declaration on the unit of mass and on the definition of weight; conventional value of g
642:, the pilot is acted upon by the force of gravity. His weight (a downward force) is 725
3952:
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3266:
Investigation of Drag-Free
Control Technology for Earth Science Constellation Missions
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2015:
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1009:, short-term excitation. A shock pulse is often measured by its peak acceleration in
877:
647:
643:
343:
3987:
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2250:
If the accelerometer is rotated by 90° so that it is vertical, it will read +1
234:
changes in velocity, those changes cause g-forces on the rocket and the passengers.
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2313:
2097:
1703:
1345:
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1192:
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The g-force acting on an object under acceleration can be much greater than 1
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The g-force acting on a stationary object resting on the Earth's surface is 1
247:
181:
136:
2659:
218:, under the influence of gravitation only, feel no g-force – a condition known as
4014:
3928:"The Measurement of Little g: A Fertile Ground for Precision Measurement Science"
3864:
3805:
Nüchter Timm; Benoit Martin; Engel Ulrike; Özbek Suat; Holstein Thomas W (2006).
2963:, by Brent Y. Creer, Captain Harald A. Smedal, USN (MC), and Rodney C. Vtlfngrove
2329:
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1975:
1947:
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The highest recorded g-force experienced by a human who survived was during the
432:
quantity, g-force accelerations ("g-forces" for short) are often expressed as a
363:
350:). In certain cases, g-forces may be measured using suitably calibrated scales.
4015:
HUMAN CAPABILITIES IN THE PRONE AND SUPINE POSITIONS. AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1967:
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is the force per unit mass due to gravity at the Earth's surface and is the
222:. Being in free fall in an inertial trajectory is colloquially called "zero-
185:
88:. Combining this with the vertical g-force in the stationary case using the
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3840:
3698:
3237:
3135:
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submitted to extreme abiotic stresses. ISJ-Invertebrate
Survival Journal".
2620:
3339:
3127:
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2687:
3943:
3932:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
3743:
3631:"F1: Stunning data about the Cosworth V-8 Formula 1 engine - Auto123.com"
3565:
3540:
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1570:
1459:
1196:
790:
Semilog graph of the limits of tolerance of humans to linear acceleration
81:
2972:
903:(−20 to −29 m/s) range. This condition is sometimes referred to as
60:). In a steady level banked turn of 60°, lift equals double the weight (
3526:
2229:
1873:
1506:
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1245:
and the free-floating proof masses in the TRIAD I navigation satellite
1172:
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552:
294:
17:
29:
Term for accelerations felt as weight in multiples of standard gravity
1509:
at its mid-latitudes and where atmospheric pressure is about Earth's
845:
540:
536:
535:
If there are no other external forces than gravity, the g-force in a
140:
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and a doubled weight. The steeper the bank, the greater the g-forces.
3690:
2870:
On the edge: Personal flying experiences during the Second World War
143:. For example, an object at rest on Earth's surface is subject to 1
578:
All "coordinate accelerations" (or lack of them), are described by
3984:—one of the first detailed public articles explaining this subject
3597:. 10 February 2010. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010
2207:
1434:
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886:
841:
624:
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in the correct sense of the term "force", and this force produces
424:
The term g-"force" is technically incorrect as it is a measure of
332:
132:
75:
47:
3869:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 322.
3776:"Dracula ant's killer bite makes it the fastest animal on Earth"
2071:: the fastest recorded acceleration from any biological entity.
1618:
1419:
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1212:
for 1 hour. The research has implications on the feasibility of
874:, where the vision loses hue, easily reversible on levelling out
782:
Jerk (physics) § Physiological effects and human perception
605:
302:
3114:
32:
This article is about the physics concept. For other uses, see
2141:
1766:
357:
3863:
Green, Simon F.; Jones, Mark H.; Burnell, S. Jocelyn (2004).
3405:
has been recorded in the 130R turn at Suzuka circuit, Japan.
2279:" provides near-zero g-force for about 25 seconds at a time.
570:
A classic example of negative g-force is in a fully inverted
499:
Examples of important situations involving g-forces include:
301:
does not vary with location—the g-force when standing on the
3988:
Enduring a human centrifuge at the NASA Ames
Research Center
2051:
Calculated acceleration of the mandibles of the ant species
801:
locally but not produce any real damage; a constant 16
319:
is not one of the SI units, which uses "g" for gram. Also, "
158:. More transient acceleration, accompanied with significant
2029:
Rating of electronics built into military artillery shells
2994:"John Paul Stapp, 89, Is Dead; 'The Fastest Man on Earth'"
719:). This rate of change in velocity can also be denoted as
228:(to good approximation) inside a spacecraft in Earth orbit
3539:
Fang Shen, S. T. Wu, Xueshang Feng, Chin-Chun Wu (2012).
3430:
peak values, like turn 8 at Istanbul or Eau Rouge at Spa
3190:"Microbial growth at hyperaccelerations up to 403,627 ×
2820:
Beyond the Black Box: the Forensics of Airplane Crashes
2720:
Engineering the Space Age: A Rocket Scientist Remembers
2096:
Gravitational acceleration at the surface of a typical
347:
3660:
S. N. Patek, W. L. Korff & R. L. Caldwell (2004).
342:
Measurement of g-force is typically achieved using an
2764:"Chapter 33: Acceleration effects on fighter pilots."
1084:
1064:
1044:
3441:
Table 2: Apollo Manned Space Flight Reentry G Levels
566:, the g-force can be very large during a short time.
518:
environment such as free-fall in a vacuum is 0
3807:"Nanosecond-scale kinetics of nematocyst discharge"
3159:"Bacteria Grow Under 400,000 Times Earth's Gravity"
2661:
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: BIOMEDICAL RESULTS OF APOLLO
2433:. Newton.dep.anl.gov. Retrieved on 14 October 2011.
1170:in Japan involved a variety of bacteria (including
2644:, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:
2368:Including contribution from resistance to gravity.
1621:, maximum expected at the Whistler Sliding Centre
1104:
1070:
1050:
1765:Gravitational acceleration at the surface of the
1462:Moon rocket just after launch and the gravity of
460:The reason for the minus sign is that the actual
3615:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2220:provides 6.5 seconds of ballistic weightlessness
1520:Uninhibited sneeze after sniffing ground pepper
753:with constant acceleration within a distance of
3198:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2896:Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine: 3rd Edition
2018:, acceleration of claw during predatory strike
880:, where peripheral vision is progressively lost
3545:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
2982:. Ejection Site. Retrieved on 14 October 2011.
749:In the case of an increase in speed from 0 to
131:, not to be confused with "g", the symbol for
3165:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
1989:Shock capability of mechanical wrist watches
867:) the following symptoms may be experienced:
543:per unit mass. Its magnitude is equal to the
8:
3662:"Deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp"
3579:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2634:A Discussion of Various Measures of Altitude
2335:Relation between g-force and apparent weight
1721:plane and maximum permitted g-force turn in
1466:where atmospheric pressure is about Earth's
1296:, the smallest and least massive known body
1278:, the smallest and least massive known body
1208:were shown to be able to tolerate 400,000 ×
1078:during an impact, the shock on an object is
3926:Faller, James E. (November–December 2005).
3387:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3284:"Toyota Sienna 0-60 Times and Quarter Mile"
2842:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
2176:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1180:at high speeds corresponding to 403,627 g.
805:for a minute, however, may be deadly. When
392:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3311:
3309:
2658:Symbol G: Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center:
1229:
1195:. Notably, two multicellular species, the
892:Death, if g-forces are not quickly reduced
39:"G's" redirects here. For other uses, see
3951:
3830:
3564:
3253:Gravity Probe B, Payload & Spacecraft
3227:
3217:
2910:"NASA Physiological Acceleration Systems"
2196:Learn how and when to remove this message
1576:world record of 4.4 s over 1/4 mile
1091:
1083:
1063:
1058:followed by deceleration over a distance
1043:
889:, a g-force induced loss of consciousness
844:, but through the combination of special
412:Learn how and when to remove this message
2822:. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.
2769:Medical conditions of Harsh Environments
2675:Model JTF, General Purpose Accelerometer
2621:Constants and Equations for Calculations
1970:with a barrel length of 1 km and a
1448:Standing on Earth at sea level–standard
785:
327:", which is the standard symbol for the
3853:(7 TeV/(20 minutes·c))/proton mass
3494:Human Tolerance and Crash Survivability
3409:"Formula 1™ - the Official F1™ Website"
3110:de Souza, T.A.J.; et al. (2018). "
2443:Sircar, Sabyasachi (12 December 2007).
2385:
2361:
1862:Brief human exposure survived in crash
1739:, highest g-force wooden rollercoaster
734:For example: An acceleration of 1
589:, the law of acceleration, states that
514:The g-force acting on an object in any
3608:
3572:
3380:
2973:Fastest Man on Earth – John Paul Stapp
2814:
2812:
2608:Accident Data Recorder 3 (ADR3) MS0148
1649:, highest g-force steel rollercoaster
1480:from 0 to 100 km/h in 2.4 s
1393:from 0 to 100 km/h in 9.2 s
994:Short duration shock, impact, and jerk
3507:Recording Automotive Crash Event Data
3004:from the original on 3 September 2023
2726:. Air University Press. p. 135.
2647:Recording Automotive Crash Event Data
2493:from the original on 18 December 2022
2082:Mean acceleration of a proton in the
428:, not force. While acceleration is a
147:, equaling the conventional value of
7:
3866:An Introduction to the Sun and Stars
3527:https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-3552
3363:"F1 2017 v 2016: G-Force Comparison"
3294:from the original on 2 November 2023
3034:from the original on 1 December 2017
2992:Martin, Douglas (16 November 1999).
2898:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2698:from the original on 12 January 2021
2405:from the original on 29 January 2023
2377:Directed 40 degrees from horizontal.
2243:, and it will continue to be 0
2174:adding citations to reliable sources
1674:Standard, full aerobatics certified
1534:, maximum during launch and reentry
1422:at its equator at mean ground level
1005:are usually used to describe a high-
390:adding citations to reliable sources
112:(force per unit mass), expressed in
52:In straight and level flight, lift (
3641:from the original on 5 January 2015
2395:"How to Convert Newtons to G-Force"
1559:Hearty greeting slap on upper back
726:(metres per second) per second, or
611:of the body times its acceleration
348:#Measurement using an accelerometer
297:of force per kilogram of mass. The
214:Objects allowed to free-fall in an
3097:10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.85-93
2138:Measurement using an accelerometer
1794:Maximum for human on a rocket sled
1226:Orders of magnitude (acceleration)
25:
3473:from the original on 4 April 2023
2463:from the original on 21 July 2023
1978:(assuming constant acceleration)
976:made wheel-to-wheel contact with
813:of organs or connective tissues.
604:acting on a body is equal to the
346:(see discussion below in section
339:-induced loss of consciousness).
3332:10.1097/00007632-199405310-00017
2873:. GeneralStore PublishingHouse.
2446:Principles of Medical Physiology
2146:
1038:After a free fall from a height
362:
68:). The pilot experiences 2
3976:"How Many Gs Can a Flyer Take?"
3163:National Geographic- Daily News
3024:"New details from horror crash"
2766:. In Lounsbury, Dave E. (ed.).
2340:Shock and vibration data logger
1974:of 6 km/s, as proposed by
1166:Recent research carried out on
323:" should not be confused with "
203:For example, a force of 1
2589:GP1 Programmable Accelerometer
2004:, maximum piston acceleration
1635:, maximum under heavy braking
1099:
1085:
1026:which can also be measured in
820:problems, reduce g-tolerance.
702:for every second that elapses,
209:upward direction by the ground
106:gravitational force equivalent
1:
3085:Invertebrate Survival Journal
2912:. 20 May 2008. Archived from
2631:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory:
2270:trajectory (also known as an
2228:, in its simplest form, is a
2214:Superman: Escape from Krypton
1717:Maximum permitted g-force in
1702:Maximum permitted g-force in
1587:First world war aircraft (ex:
930:for less than 10 seconds, to
252:International System of Units
139:, that cause a perception of
92:yields a g-force of 5.4
3912:eV/85 cm)/electron mass
2118:wakefield plasma accelerator
551:, and to the consumption of
180:is one cause of an object's
135:). It is used for sustained
3361:FORMULA 1 (31 March 2017).
3157:Than, Ker (25 April 2011).
2121:
2101:
2087:
2073:
2058:
2042:
2031:
2020:
2006:
1991:
1980:
1958:
1938:
1924:
1904:
1884:
1864:
1853:
1840:
1820:
1797:
1784:
1770:
1756:
1741:
1727:
1708:
1693:
1679:
1665:
1651:
1637:
1623:
1609:
1607:) in dogfight maneuvering.
1578:
1561:
1550:
1536:
1522:
1511:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1450:
1439:
1424:
1409:
1395:
1380:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1320:
1305:
1283:
1262:
1247:
1018:·s and the pulse duration.
4056:
2639:February 10, 2009, at the
2581:February 17, 2009, at the
2555:December 25, 2017, at the
2542:February 12, 2012, at the
2304:Gravitational acceleration
1951:1994 San Marino Grand Prix
1280:rounded by its own gravity
1223:
1162:Other biological responses
779:
476:is an acceleration vector
178:Gravitational acceleration
149:gravitational acceleration
38:
31:
3832:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.089
3365:. YouTube. Archived from
3258:October 13, 2014, at the
2717:Robert V. Brulle (2008).
2626:January 18, 2009, at the
2613:December 2, 2008, at the
2594:February 1, 2009, at the
2319:Load factor (aeronautics)
2309:Gravitational interaction
2235:Accelerometers are often
1750:Jet Fighter pilot during
1363:at average surface level
284:metres per second squared
2978:15 December 2017 at the
2959:17 February 2022 at the
2940:17 February 2022 at the
2867:Brown, Robert G (1999).
2762:Balldin, Ulf I. (2002).
2668:22 November 2008 at the
2326:– g-force of earthquakes
2324:Peak ground acceleration
2218:Six Flags Magic Mountain
1897:2014 Japanese Grand Prix
1663:, peak lateral in turns
1437:at average ground level
1348:at average ground level
1333:at average ground level
1318:at average ground level
1183:Paracoccus denitrificans
456:Weight = mass × −g-force
315:that on Earth. The unit
34:G-Force (disambiguation)
3500:4 November 2013 at the
3426:Many turns have 5
3219:10.1073/pnas.1018027108
2894:DeHart, Roy L. (2002).
2663:, Section II, Chapter 5
2568:March 21, 2009, at the
2537:Basic Measurement Units
2521:16 October 2021 at the
2429:25 January 2012 at the
1833:2020 Bahrain Grand Prix
1810:2021 British Grand Prix
1302:hydrostatic equilibrium
580:Newton's laws of motion
354:Acceleration and forces
3112:Caenorhabditis elegans
3081:Panagrolaimus superbus
3054:"Q&A: Kenny Brack"
2652:April 5, 2010, at the
2221:
1917:1994 Monaco Grand Prix
1206:Caenorhabditis elegans
1201:Panagrolaimus superbus
1106:
1072:
1052:
791:
635:
545:thrust-to-weight ratio
329:gravitational constant
97:
73:
4040:Units of acceleration
3250:Stanford University:
3128:10.1089/ast.2017.1802
2534:Symbol g: ESA: GOCE,
2260:ground reaction force
2211:
2084:Large Hadron Collider
1934:Coronal mass ejection
1158:/s ≈ 9.81 m/s).
1107:
1105:{\displaystyle (h/d)}
1073:
1053:
789:
757:this acceleration is
628:
600:meaning that a force
79:
51:
3944:10.6028/jres.110.082
3595:"OMEGA Watches: FAQ"
3566:10.1029/2012JA017776
3512:5 April 2010 at the
2356:Notes and references
2170:improve this section
2116:Acceleration from a
1082:
1062:
1042:
842:losing consciousness
587:Second Law of Motion
386:improve this section
238:Unit and measurement
3882:Extract of page 322
3823:2006CBio...16.R316N
3780:National Geographic
3746:on 21 February 2011
3683:2004Natur.428..819P
3557:2012JGRA..11711101S
3415:on 28 February 2010
3273:, or NAVSAT system.
3210:2011PNAS..108.7997D
3030:. 16 October 2014.
2483:"SI Units – Length"
2256:gravitational force
1954:Roland Ratzenberger
1779:Maximum g-force in
1260:(parabolic flight)
1241:The gyro rotors in
970:2003 IndyCar Series
855:(88 m/s) (see
711:metres per second (
671:proper acceleration
659:proper acceleration
620:Third Law of Motion
260:is often used. One
216:inertial trajectory
174:mechanical stresses
110:mass-specific force
90:Pythagorean theorem
3764:(rpm·π/30)·0.072/g
3716:on 26 January 2021
3369:on 30 October 2021
2998:The New York Times
2692:Go Flight Medicine
2299:Euthanasia Coaster
2289:Artificial gravity
2222:
2216:roller coaster at
2067:Acceleration of a
2002:Formula One engine
1781:Tor missile system
1396:0.3075–0.314
1102:
1068:
1048:
940:for 1 minute, and
811:resonant frequency
792:
636:
631:acrobatic airplane
446:compressive stress
305:is almost exactly
286:, or equivalently
98:
74:
3876:978-0-521-54622-5
3677:(6985): 819–820.
3443:Lsda.jsc.nasa.gov
3326:(11): 1285–1290.
3204:(19): 7997–8002.
3060:. 13 October 2004
2880:978-1-896182-87-2
2743:on 4 January 2017
2733:978-1-58566-184-8
2489:. 12 April 2010.
2456:978-1-58890-572-7
2206:
2205:
2198:
2135:
2134:
2088:190,000,000
2054:Mystrium camillae
1956:Qualifying Crash
1737:Flip Flap Railway
1723:Red Bull Air Race
1378:at surface level
1071:{\displaystyle d}
1051:{\displaystyle h}
704:velocity changes
558:In the case of a
422:
421:
414:
82:top-fuel dragster
56:) equals weight (
16:(Redirected from
4047:
3978:, October 1944,
3965:
3955:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3817:(9): R316–R318.
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3782:. Archived from
3771:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3742:. Archived from
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3709:. Archived from
3666:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3536:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3469:. 5 March 2021.
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3411:. Archived from
3399:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3280:
3274:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3169:on 27 April 2011
3154:
3148:
3147:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2970:
2964:
2951:
2945:
2932:
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2923:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2831:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2797:on 6 August 2013
2796:
2790:. Archived from
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2736:. Archived from
2725:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2694:. 5 April 2013.
2684:
2678:
2532:
2526:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
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2473:
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2470:
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2415:
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2369:
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2201:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2150:
2142:
2131:
2126:
2111:
2106:
1374:Standing on the
1230:
1220:Typical examples
1157:
1148:
1138:standard gravity
1129:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1034:
1017:
1003:mechanical shock
989:
964:
949:
939:
929:
733:
731:
725:
724:
718:
716:
710:
709:
699:
697:
695:
599:
474:negative-g force
417:
410:
406:
403:
397:
366:
358:
314:
313:
309:
292:
291:
281:
280:
266:standard gravity
157:
151:on Earth, about
118:standard gravity
21:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4020:
4019:
3981:Popular Science
3972:
3925:
3922:
3920:Further reading
3917:
3916:
3907:
3903:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3877:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3811:Current Biology
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3786:on 6 March 2021
3774:Bittel, Jason.
3773:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3691:10.1038/428819a
3664:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3571:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3520:
3514:Wayback Machine
3502:Wayback Machine
3490:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
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3438:
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3360:
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3307:
3297:
3295:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3260:Wayback Machine
3249:
3245:
3187:
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3182:
3172:
3170:
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3151:
3109:
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3078:
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3047:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2980:Wayback Machine
2971:
2967:
2961:Wayback Machine
2952:
2948:
2942:Wayback Machine
2933:
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2908:
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2685:
2681:
2670:Wayback Machine
2657:
2654:Wayback Machine
2641:Wayback Machine
2628:Wayback Machine
2615:Wayback Machine
2596:Wayback Machine
2583:Wayback Machine
2570:Wayback Machine
2560:, Astronautix:
2557:Wayback Machine
2544:Wayback Machine
2533:
2529:
2523:Wayback Machine
2516:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2481:
2480:
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2466:
2464:
2457:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2431:Wayback Machine
2422:
2418:
2408:
2406:
2393:Deziel, Chris.
2392:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2294:Earth's gravity
2285:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2167:
2151:
2140:
2124:
2122:
2104:
2102:
2074:5,410,000
1972:muzzle velocity
1920:Karl Wendlinger
1836:Romain Grosjean
1661:Formula One car
1647:Tower Of Terror
1633:Formula One car
1547:roller coasters
1494:amusement ride
1243:Gravity Probe B
1228:
1222:
1178:ultracentrifuge
1164:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1080:
1079:
1060:
1059:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1010:
996:
988:
981:
978:Tomas Scheckter
963:
956:
948:
941:
938:
931:
928:
921:
914:
902:
857:High-G training
854:
839:
826:
784:
778:
776:Human tolerance
772:shot by a gun.
729:
727:
722:
720:
714:
712:
707:
705:
693:
691:
685:
684:The expression
676:
651:
590:
494:surface gravity
418:
407:
401:
398:
383:
367:
356:
311:
307:
306:
299:unit definition
289:
287:
278:
276:
274:
244:unit of measure
240:
184:in relation to
152:
130:
44:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4053:
4051:
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4018:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3985:
3971:
3970:External links
3968:
3967:
3966:
3938:(6): 559–581.
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3901:
3875:
3855:
3846:
3797:
3766:
3757:
3727:
3652:
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3586:
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3484:
3454:
3445:
3432:
3394:
3353:
3305:
3275:
3243:
3180:
3149:
3122:(7): 825–833.
3102:
3071:
3045:
3015:
2984:
2965:
2946:
2927:
2916:on 20 May 2008
2901:
2886:
2879:
2859:
2832:
2818:George Bibel.
2808:
2778:
2754:
2732:
2709:
2679:
2576:Accelerometers
2527:
2514:
2504:
2474:
2455:
2435:
2416:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
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2360:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2350:Supine cockpit
2347:
2345:Shock detector
2342:
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2332:
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1865:> 100
1863:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1850:Sprint missile
1846:
1845:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1817:Lewis Hamilton
1813:Max Verstappen
1803:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1719:Mikoyan MiG-35
1714:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1605:Albatros D.III
1584:
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1577:
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1560:
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1549:
1542:
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1495:
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1478:Bugatti Veyron
1474:
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1456:
1455:
1449:
1445:
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1438:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1415:
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1408:
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1394:
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1326:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1256:A ride in the
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1224:Main article:
1221:
1218:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1130:deceleration.
1126:
1117:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1067:
1047:
1031:
1022:is a periodic
1014:
1007:kinetic-energy
995:
992:
986:
961:
946:
936:
926:
913:
910:
900:
894:
893:
890:
884:
881:
875:
852:
837:
825:
822:
818:cardiovascular
777:
774:
674:
649:
572:roller coaster
568:
567:
556:
555:per unit time.
533:
530:
523:
512:
458:
457:
450:tensile stress
420:
419:
370:
368:
361:
355:
352:
275:), defined as
272:
239:
236:
220:weightlessness
128:
64: = 2
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4052:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
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4028:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
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3999:
3997:
3995:
3994:
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3937:
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3911:
3905:
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3883:
3878:
3872:
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3808:
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3528:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3499:
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3488:
3485:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3293:
3289:
3288:autofiles.com
3285:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3181:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2828:0-8018-8631-7
2825:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2779:9780160510717
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:"Pulling G's"
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:, Sensr LLC:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:, Honeywell:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2400:
2399:sciencing.com
2396:
2389:
2386:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:accelerometer
2219:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2189:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2155:This section
2153:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:607,805
2056:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:300,000
2039:
2038:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2016:Mantis Shrimp
2014:
2013:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1901:
1900:Jules Bianchi
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1752:ejection seat
1749:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Sopwith Camel
1586:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1532:Space Shuttle
1530:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1391:Toyota Sienna
1388:
1387:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:extremophiles
1161:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1065:
1045:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
985:
979:
975:
971:
966:
960:
954:
945:
935:
925:
918:
911:
909:
906:
899:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
878:Tunnel vision
876:
873:
870:
869:
868:
866:
860:
858:
851:
847:
843:
836:
830:
823:
821:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
788:
783:
775:
773:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
703:
689:
682:
678:
672:
668:
663:
660:
656:
652:
645:
641:
632:
627:
623:
621:
616:
614:
610:
607:
603:
597:
593:
588:
583:
581:
576:
573:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
454:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
416:
413:
405:
395:
391:
387:
381:
380:
376:
371:This section
369:
365:
360:
359:
353:
351:
349:
345:
344:accelerometer
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
304:
300:
296:
285:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
169:
167:
166:
161:
156:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:accelerations
134:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
42:
35:
27:
19:
4030:Acceleration
3991:
3979:
3935:
3931:
3909:
3904:
3865:
3858:
3849:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3784:the original
3779:
3769:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3744:the original
3739:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3711:the original
3674:
3668:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3634:
3625:
3599:. Retrieved
3589:
3575:cite journal
3548:
3544:
3534:
3521:
3505:
3493:
3487:
3475:. Retrieved
3466:
3457:
3448:
3435:
3427:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:the original
3406:
3402:
3397:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:the original
3356:
3323:
3317:
3298:11 September
3296:. Retrieved
3287:
3278:
3264:
3263:, and NASA:
3251:
3246:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:the original
3162:
3152:
3119:
3116:Astrobiology
3115:
3111:
3105:
3091:(1): 85–93.
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3057:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3027:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2997:
2987:
2968:
2949:
2930:
2918:. Retrieved
2914:the original
2904:
2895:
2889:
2869:
2862:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2819:
2801:16 September
2799:. Retrieved
2792:the original
2768:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2738:the original
2719:
2712:
2702:24 September
2700:. Retrieved
2691:
2682:
2673:
2672:, Honywell:
2660:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2602:accelometers
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2530:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2467:21 September
2465:. Retrieved
2445:
2438:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2373:
2364:
2314:Hypergravity
2265:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2223:
2192:
2186:October 2022
2183:
2168:Please help
2156:
2128:
2108:
2098:neutron star
2089:
2075:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2008:
1993:
1982:
1960:
1940:
1926:
1906:
1886:
1866:
1855:
1842:
1822:
1799:
1786:
1772:
1758:
1743:
1729:
1710:
1704:Sukhoi Su-27
1695:
1681:
1667:
1653:
1639:
1625:
1611:
1580:
1563:
1552:
1551:3.5–12
1538:
1524:
1513:
1498:
1484:
1470:
1452:
1441:
1433:Standing on
1426:
1418:Standing on
1411:
1404:Standing on
1397:
1382:
1381:0.1657
1367:
1359:Standing on
1352:
1344:Standing on
1337:
1329:Standing on
1322:
1314:Standing on
1307:
1297:
1292:Standing on
1285:
1274:Standing on
1267:
1249:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1193:hypergravity
1181:
1171:
1165:
1151:
1142:
1140:per second (
1132:
1123:
1114:
1037:
1028:
1011:
997:
983:
967:
958:
943:
933:
923:
919:
915:
897:
895:
861:
849:
834:
831:
827:
815:
802:
798:
796:
793:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
748:
743:
739:
735:
701:
687:
683:
679:
670:
666:
664:
654:
639:
637:
619:
617:
612:
608:
601:
595:
591:
586:
584:
582:as follows:
577:
569:
548:
526:
519:
508:
504:
498:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
459:
441:
437:
426:acceleration
425:
423:
408:
402:October 2022
399:
384:Please help
372:
341:
336:
324:
320:
316:
298:
269:
261:
256:
255:
248:acceleration
241:
232:
223:
215:
213:
204:
202:
190:
182:acceleration
170:
164:
162:, is called
144:
125:
121:
105:
101:
99:
93:
85:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
26:
3750:30 December
3740:Iechome.com
3645:30 December
3635:Auto123.com
3601:30 December
3467:www.fia.com
3373:30 December
3064:30 December
3038:30 December
3028:News.com.au
2920:25 December
2599:, Farnell:
2497:18 December
2330:Prone pilot
2277:Vomit Comet
1992:> 5,000
1976:Quicklaunch
1948:Formula One
1914:Formula One
1894:Formula One
1880:Kenny Bräck
1830:Formula One
1815:Crash with
1807:Formula One
1757:15-25
1754:activation
1691:on reentry
1680:+7/−5
1666:6–6.5
1610:4.5–7
1601:Nieuport 17
1597:SPAD S.XIII
1593:Fokker Dr.1
1574:drag racing
1512:2.528
1505:Gravity of
1497:2.5-3
1440:0.905
1425:0.378
1410:0.377
1366:0.146
1351:0.138
1336:0.084
1321:0.063
1306:0.029
1284:0.006
1258:Vomit Comet
1024:oscillation
974:Kenny Bräck
908:blindness.
700:means that
4035:Gravimetry
4024:Categories
3890:10 ms
3790:5 November
3419:12 October
3008:29 October
2848:(1): 2–5.
2605:, Delphi:
2550:Multiple G
2449:. Thieme.
2409:17 January
2237:calibrated
2069:nematocyst
1925:≈360
1877:2003 Texas
1798:46.2
1694:7.19
1483:1.55
1469:1.14
1214:panspermia
1189:supernovas
953:John Stapp
912:Horizontal
865:centrifuge
780:See also:
770:projectile
732: m/s.
717: km/h
646:(163
562:, e.g., a
516:weightless
3908:(42
3898:10 g
3058:Crash.net
2747:8 January
2268:ballistic
2157:does not
1968:Space gun
1885:214
1854:100
1689:Apollo 16
1652:6.3
1638:6.3
1624:5.2
1579:4.2
1492:Gravitron
1298:currently
1197:nematodes
1020:Vibration
982:214
807:vibration
696: m/s
564:collision
373:does not
268:(symbol:
186:free fall
153:9.8
3962:27308179
3841:16682335
3736:"L3 IEC"
3699:15103366
3639:Archived
3611:cite web
3510:Archived
3498:Archived
3471:Archived
3383:cite web
3348:41569450
3292:Archived
3256:Archived
3238:21518884
3173:28 April
3144:13679378
3136:29746159
3032:Archived
3002:Archived
2976:Archived
2957:Archived
2938:Archived
2788:49322507
2696:Archived
2666:Archived
2650:Archived
2637:Archived
2624:Archived
2618:, NASA:
2611:Archived
2592:Archived
2579:Archived
2566:Archived
2553:Archived
2547:, NASA:
2540:Archived
2519:Archived
2491:Archived
2461:Archived
2427:Archived
2403:Archived
2283:See also
2272:inertial
2258:and the
2127:10
2107:10
1841:67
1821:51
1785:30
1771:28
1742:12
1728:10
1571:Top Fuel
1460:Saturn V
1361:Ganymede
1236:g-force
1233:Example
957:25
932:10
922:20
872:Grey-out
824:Vertical
478:downward
470:downward
466:positive
194:stresses
120:(symbol
3953:4846227
3819:Bibcode
3720:13 June
3707:4324997
3679:Bibcode
3553:Bibcode
3551:(A11).
3477:20 July
3401:6
3340:8073323
3271:Transit
3229:3093466
3206:Bibcode
2854:3281645
2424:G Force
2178:removed
2163:sources
2032:15,500
2021:10,400
1874:IndyCar
1725:planes
1709:9
1545:High-g
1537:3
1507:Jupiter
1464:Neptune
1451:1
1406:Mercury
1266:0
1248:0
1173:E. coli
1112:·
942:6
905:red out
846:g-suits
833:5
657:upward
644:newtons
634:normal.
553:delta-v
539:is the
394:removed
379:sources
310:⁄
295:newtons
250:in the
198:strains
102:g-force
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3884:note:
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3670:Nature
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2007:8,600
1981:1,800
1936:(Sun)
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1902:Crash
1882:Crash
1838:Crash
1706:plane
1676:glider
1149:/s; 1
999:Impact
713:35.303
547:times
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537:rocket
482:upward
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430:vector
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282:
141:weight
3993:Wired
3714:(PDF)
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3665:(PDF)
3344:S2CID
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2795:(PDF)
2741:(PDF)
2724:(PDF)
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1389:2000
1346:Titan
1316:Pluto
1294:Ceres
1276:Mimas
887:G-LOC
728:9.806
721:9.806
706:9.806
692:9.806
629:This
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333:g-LOC
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1939:480
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