44:
508:; these free provinces included Brittany, Boulonnais, Calaisis, Hainault, Artois, Flanders, Cambrésis, the principalities of Sedan and Raucour, Nebouzan, Béarn, Soule, Lower Navarre, Labours, the region of Gex, Arles, the islands of Ré and Oleron and the parts of the Aunis and Poitou that were near the salines of the Atlantic. Before coming into the kingdom of France, all of the aforementioned regions made agreements with the crown that they would only do so if they were not under the jurisdiction of the
1411:
501:; these provinces included Poitou, Limousin, Auvergne, Marche, Guyenne, Périgord, Bigorre, Pays de Foix, and Comminges. Following insurrections caused by tax measures in the early to middle 1500s, in this region, in 1549, an agreement was made that citizens there would pay a large lump sum to the king and be forever excused from salt taxes. Instead, they were only taxed at tolls when transporting salt.
733:
486:; these provinces included Franche-Comté, Lorraine, the Trois Evêches (Metz, Toul, and Verdun) and Alsace. Unlike in the petites and grandes regions, the laws enforced here allowed private merchants to engage in retail and wholesale salt distribution rather than complete oversight by state officials. As a result, this region's salt prices were less affected by the
1435:
644:, but the unfair taxes and financial burden imposed upon the lower-classes and peasants was a main facet of the general population's discontent. Each year, by the end of the 18th century, about 3000 citizens (men, women, and children) were being imprisoned, sent to the galleys, or put to death for crimes against the
600:). By the end of the eighteenth century, female smuggling was so common in some areas, especially in the west, that more women were arrested than men. It has been estimated that between 1759 and 1788, out of the 4788 arrests in Laval, 2845 women and children were arrested, amounting to more than half.
627:
included sheepherders letting their flock drink from salty ponds, traders overly salting cod during transportation, and fishing at night (so that fisherman with great knowledge of waterways could not smuggle salt). French nobles, if caught buying contraband salt, would immediately lose their status
229:
affected all French citizens (for use in cooking, for preserving food, for making cheese, and for raising livestock) and propagated extreme regional disparities in salt prices, the salt tax stood as one of the most hated and grossly unequal forms of revenue generation in the country's history.
405:). The largest of the six regions, it had not only the highest salt prices but also a mandatory salt duty for all people over eight years of age. One-third of France's population resided within this region, and paid two-thirds of all salt revenue, but only consumed one-fourth of all salt.
336:
was levied uniformly on all the provinces in France at a rate of 1.66% on the sale price. For the greater part of its history the prices varied and resulted in large disparities between the different provinces. There were six distinct groups of provinces, which were called
552:
was abolished. The obvious means of smuggling salt was to buy it in a region where it was cheap and to sell it illegally in regions where it was expensive, at a higher price, but still less than the legal price. Such smugglers were called
289:, further establishing royal control over salt, in this case over the Berre saltworks near Marseilles. This salt administration would eventually encompass Peccais, Aigues-Mortes, and the region of Camargue and come to be known as the
565:-, referring to salt. They were able to amass large fortunes and seen by French citizens as heroes against an arbitrary and oppressive tax of a common good necessary to life. In turn, the customs guards tasked with arresting the
632:, which separated the regions of Brittany and Anjou, with respective salt prices of 31 sous and 591 sous, over 3000 soldiers were stationed in response to the massive amounts of smuggling that took place.
312:
region were forced to buy up to 7 kilograms (15lb) of salt per year. Furthermore, they were unable to use this salt for making salted products, which was considered illegal and could lead to charges of
304:
Repressive as a state monopoly, it was made doubly so by the government obliging every individual above the age of eight years to buy weekly a minimum quantity of salt at a fixed price. Known as the
278:
ambitions in the Middle East. A profitable means of generating revenue for France's wars, this royal control over salt and its production stands as the origin of the infamous French salt
43:
218:
was originally an indirect tax that was applied to agricultural and industrial commodities, such as bed sheets, wheat, spices, and wine. From the 14th century onward, the
1460:
870:
753:
152:
479:; these provinces included Avranches, Coutances, Bayeux, and Pont l'Evêque. One-fourth of all salt produced in this region went to the royal granaries.
660:
was voted down and abolished throughout France. In 1790 the
National Assembly decided that all persons imprisoned for breaking laws pertaining to the
577:
they sought to uphold. They were despised by common folk as they were, without cause, able to search people and their homes to find illegal salt. The
685:
585:
under the false pretence of looking for salt. Women were often used to smuggle salt under their dresses and sometimes used false derrières known as
324:(a salt granary) where all salt produced from that region had to be taken in order to be bought (at a fixed price) and sold (at an inflated price).
965:
274:
in 1246, literally translated to Dead Waters, and the creation of a vast network of salt-evaporation ponds. These saltworks would fund Louis'
931:
897:
653:
70:
1295:
623:
could be sentenced to up to ten years on a galley if they were caught without weapons, and to death if caught while armed. Other forms of
664:
were to be freed from prison and that all charges and convictions were to be permanently dropped. This freedom would be short lived as
825:
748:
809:
541:
of salt, which was 49 kilograms (107.8 pounds) cost only 31 sous in
Brittany, but 81 in Poitou, 591 in Anjou, and 611 in Berry.
1247:
959:
145:
1465:
971:
1425:
1326:
1455:
270:
Estuary and nearby
Mediterranean coast. This led to the establishment of the first French Mediterranean port city of
184:
that was established during the mid-14th century and lasted, with brief lapses and revisions, until 1946. The term
924:
138:
1475:
80:
31:
490:
and its people more content with its effects. People here consumed twice as much salt as the citizens of the
981:
472:. One-fifth of all France's population resided within this region and paid one-fourth of royal salt revenue.
1321:
1242:
398:
243:
1270:
1209:
608:
445:
90:
1414:
1290:
1114:
1001:
917:
386:
255:
85:
65:
648:. All the while, religious persons, nobility, and high-ranking officials were often exempt from the
1104:
534:
449:
294:
286:
95:
341:(lit. "countries"; to be understood as an obsolete word for "region"), and classified as follows:
1129:
864:
710:
Coercion, Conversion and
Counterinsurgency in Louis XIV's France, Volume 42 of History of Warfare
665:
263:
259:
548:
clearly show the reason behind the active smuggling of salt that took place in France until the
460:). This region covered southeastern France, including the Mediterranean coastline and the lower
317:, or salt fraud. Failing to adhere to this could lead to imprisonment and, if repeated, death.
1470:
1357:
1352:
1134:
893:
805:
773:
641:
231:
1331:
1316:
1044:
1019:
738:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
370:
354:
350:
189:
51:
833:
285:
The temporary tax under St. Louis (as he became known) was extended in 1259 by his brother
1393:
1388:
1265:
1232:
1189:
1164:
1139:
954:
590:
366:
176:
126:
1383:
1300:
1222:
1144:
1084:
1029:
1024:
976:
582:
530:
1449:
1347:
1227:
1174:
1124:
744:
739:
690:
271:
75:
1373:
1194:
1149:
1089:
1074:
1009:
770:
Le rôle du sel dans l'histoire: Travaux préparés sous la direction de Michel Mollat
538:
349:; this region included the Parisian Basin and the oldest provinces of the kingdom:
433:
358:
246:
and ultimately abolished in 1945 following France's liberation from Nazi
Germany.
1439:
1275:
1237:
1199:
1184:
1159:
1119:
1109:
1079:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1039:
429:
374:
121:
17:
1285:
1099:
1069:
1064:
1014:
986:
672:
in 1804, this time without major exemptions for regions such as
Brittany. The
421:
525:
had extreme disparities in tax rates and salt consumption, opportunities for
1378:
1280:
991:
777:
526:
425:
101:
297:
established the first permanent royal tax on salt in France, known as the
1398:
1179:
1169:
1034:
695:
597:
461:
457:
417:
413:
382:
378:
362:
275:
267:
239:
181:
757:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 379.
222:
was limited and solely referred to the French crown's taxation of salt.
1217:
1094:
402:
394:
1434:
857:
Contrebandiers du sel: La vie des faux sauniers au temps de la gabelle
768:
Chazelas, Jean (1968). "La suppression de la gabelle du sel en 1945".
1154:
437:
390:
196:
108:
242:
in 1806. It was briefly terminated and reinstated again during the
890:
A pinch of salt. Use, production and history of salt in the world.
652:
or paid much lower taxes. In 1789, following the ascension of the
629:
453:
441:
886:
Una pizca de sal. Uso, obtención e historia de la sal en el mundo
940:
913:
892:] (in Spanish). Zaragoza, Spain: Prames. pp. 248–290.
628:
of nobility following their first offense. In 1773, along the
230:
Repealed in 1790 by the
National Assembly in the midst of the
676:
stayed part of France's legislation until abolished in 1946.
619:
could lead to imprisonment, fines, and, if repeated, death.
533:, a French statesman of Swiss birth and finance minister of
615:, warranted a range of harsh punishments. Merely housing a
884:
Calvo
Rebollar, Miguel; Calvo Sevillano, Guiomar (2023).
909:
1423:
206:
1366:
1340:
1309:
1256:
1208:
1000:
947:
393:, which retained the lower tax granted earlier),
544:The large differences in cost between various
925:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
537:until the French Revolution, reported that a
308:, translated to "salt duty", citizens in the
146:
8:
772:. Presses universitaires de France: 263–65.
200:
468:there was about half of the rate as in the
932:
918:
910:
869:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
153:
139:
38:
826:"A Brief and Fascinating History of Salt"
726:
724:
722:
686:History of the British salt tax in India
412:; this region included the provinces of
1430:
966:International Salt Co. v. United States
718:
432:, southeast Burgundy (the districts of
57:
50:
862:
195:(a duty), itself originating from the
1461:Economic history of the Ancien Régime
175:
7:
1296:List of countries by salt production
712:by Roy L. McCullough, 2007. Page 43.
573:, a term obviously derived from the
201:
581:carried weapons and were known to
529:were rife within France. In 1784,
25:
385:(except the southeastern third),
1433:
1410:
1409:
731:
266:), France gained control of the
258:were brought to a close by King
42:
1248:Salt and cardiovascular disease
640:There are many reasons for the
603:Under the 1640 codification of
804:. Penguin Group. p. 154.
180:) was a very unpopular French
1:
708:The regions are quoted from
332:When first instituted, the
207:
1492:
293:. On 16 March 1341, King
29:
1407:
960:In the American Civil War
1266:Salt Industry Commission
859:. Paris. pp. 84–90.
800:Kurlansky, Mark (2002).
583:grope women for pleasure
492:Pays de grandes gabelles
470:pays de grandes gabelles
410:Pays de petites gabelles
347:Pays de grandes gabelles
310:Pays de grandes gabelles
299:Pays de grandes gabelles
291:Pays de petites gabelles
32:Gabelle (disambiguation)
855:Brias, Bernard (1984).
754:Encyclopædia Britannica
561:("false") and the root
477:Pays de quart-bouillon
389:(except the county of
244:French Second Republic
609:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
401:and the bishopric of
173:French pronunciation:
1291:Open-pan salt making
1115:Monosodium glutamate
830:beyondtheshaker.com/
397:(except the area of
320:Each province had a
256:Albigensian Crusades
188:is derived from the
86:Assembly of Notables
66:Estates of the realm
30:For other uses, see
611:, participating in
521:Because all of the
1456:Taxation in France
1130:Potassium chloride
982:In Chinese history
666:Napoleon Bonaparte
596:meaning the human
452:(the districts of
264:Blanche of Castile
254:In 1229, when the
240:Napoleon Bonaparte
238:was reinstated by
211:, "he received").
122:Seigneurial system
27:Salt tax in France
1421:
1420:
1358:Salting the earth
1353:Salt in the Bible
1327:San Francisco Bay
1135:Potassium nitrate
899:978-84-8321-582-1
836:on April 17, 2015
654:National Assembly
642:French Revolution
636:French Revolution
232:French Revolution
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
1483:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1413:
1412:
1271:Evaporation pond
1045:Calcium chloride
934:
927:
920:
911:
904:
903:
881:
875:
874:
868:
860:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
832:. Archived from
822:
816:
815:
797:
782:
781:
765:
759:
758:
737:
735:
734:
728:
448:), and southern
262:and his mother (
210:
204:
203:
179:
174:
155:
148:
141:
46:
39:
21:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1476:Abolished taxes
1446:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1403:
1394:Ximenes Redoubt
1389:Water softening
1362:
1336:
1305:
1258:
1252:
1233:Salt-cured meat
1204:
1190:Sodium chloride
1165:Salt substitute
1140:River reed salt
996:
943:
938:
908:
907:
900:
883:
882:
878:
861:
854:
853:
849:
839:
837:
824:
823:
819:
812:
799:
798:
785:
767:
766:
762:
747:, ed. (1911). "
743:
732:
730:
729:
720:
715:
704:
682:
668:reinstated the
638:
519:
484:Pays de salines
330:
252:
214:In France, the
177:[ɡabɛl]
172:
159:
81:Estates General
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gabelle of salt
15:
12:
11:
5:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Ferme générale
1463:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:Smelling salts
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1301:Salt tectonics
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:Health effects
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Sodium nitrate
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Korean brining
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
977:Old Salt Route
974:
969:
962:
957:
951:
949:
945:
944:
939:
937:
936:
929:
922:
914:
906:
905:
898:
876:
847:
817:
810:
783:
760:
745:Chisholm, Hugh
717:
716:
714:
713:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
693:
688:
681:
678:
637:
634:
531:Jacques Necker
518:
515:
514:
513:
502:
495:
480:
473:
406:
329:
328:Classification
326:
322:Greniers à sel
251:
248:
161:
160:
158:
157:
150:
143:
135:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
119:
112:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
71:Great Officers
68:
60:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:Miscellaneous
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:Grain of salt
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Brined cheese
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:In Middlewich
970:
968:
967:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
950:
946:
942:
935:
930:
928:
923:
921:
916:
915:
912:
901:
895:
891:
887:
880:
877:
872:
866:
858:
851:
848:
835:
831:
827:
821:
818:
813:
811:0-8027-1373-4
807:
803:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
755:
750:
746:
741:
740:public domain
727:
725:
723:
719:
711:
707:
706:
701:
697:
694:
692:
691:List of taxes
689:
687:
684:
683:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
635:
633:
631:
626:
622:
621:Faux-sauniers
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:faux-sauniers
564:
560:
556:
555:faux-sauniers
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
516:
511:
507:
503:
500:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Île-de-France
348:
344:
343:
342:
340:
335:
327:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
307:
306:Sel de devoir
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:Aigues-Mortes
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
223:
221:
217:
212:
209:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
178:
170:
169:
156:
151:
149:
144:
142:
137:
136:
134:
133:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
117:
113:
111:
110:
106:
104:
103:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
76:Maison du Roi
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:Ancien Régime
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1374:Mineral lick
1259:and industry
1075:Fleur de sel
964:
889:
885:
879:
856:
850:
838:. Retrieved
834:the original
829:
820:
801:
769:
763:
752:
709:
673:
669:
661:
657:
649:
645:
639:
625:faux-saunage
624:
620:
617:faux-saunier
616:
613:faux saunage
612:
604:
602:
593:
586:
578:
574:
570:
569:were called
566:
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554:
549:
545:
543:
522:
520:
509:
506:Pays exempts
505:
499:Pays rédimés
498:
491:
487:
483:
476:
469:
465:
464:valley. The
409:
346:
338:
333:
331:
321:
319:
315:faux saunage
314:
309:
305:
303:
298:
290:
284:
279:
253:
250:Introduction
235:
226:
225:Because the
224:
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215:
213:
192:
185:
167:
166:
164:
115:
114:
107:
100:
36:
1332:In Pakistan
1317:In Cheshire
1276:Salt mining
1238:Salted fish
1160:Salammoniac
1120:Moshio salt
1025:Asín tibuok
630:Loire River
375:Bourbonnais
91:Crown lands
1450:Categories
1286:Sink works
1210:Food usage
1100:Kala namak
1035:Black lava
987:Salt March
702:References
446:Beaujolais
422:Roussillon
399:Boulonnais
102:Parlements
1379:Road salt
1310:By region
1281:Salt well
1085:Himalayan
992:Salt road
865:cite book
840:April 19,
598:fundament
587:faux culs
535:Louis XVI
527:smuggling
517:Smuggling
434:Mâconnais
426:Languedoc
387:Champagne
383:Bourgogne
359:Orléanais
295:Philip VI
287:Charles I
276:crusading
127:Peasantry
96:Provinces
58:Structure
1471:Salt tax
1415:Category
1322:In Ghana
1257:Commerce
1180:Sel gris
1175:Seasoned
1170:Sea salt
1125:Pickling
1020:Alberger
778:14501767
696:Salt tax
680:See also
579:gabelous
571:gabelous
458:Rouergue
450:Auvergne
430:Dauphiné
418:Provence
414:Lyonnais
379:Normandy
363:Touraine
260:Louis IX
182:salt tax
1341:Culture
1223:Salting
1218:Brining
1195:Truffle
1095:Jugyeom
1090:Iodised
1030:Bittern
955:History
948:History
749:Gabelle
742::
674:gabelle
670:gabelle
662:gabelle
658:gabelle
650:gabelle
646:gabelle
607:law by
605:gabelle
575:gabelle
557:, from
550:gabelle
510:gabelle
488:gabelle
466:gabelle
403:Cambrai
395:Picardy
334:gabelle
280:gabelle
236:gabelle
227:gabelle
220:gabelle
216:gabelle
193:gabella
190:Italian
186:gabelle
168:gabelle
116:Gabelle
1426:Portal
1200:Túltul
1185:Smoked
1110:Kosher
1080:Garlic
1060:Cyclic
1055:Curing
1050:Celery
1040:Butter
1010:Abraum
896:
808:
776:
736:
656:, the
589:(from
444:, and
438:Bresse
428:, and
391:Rethel
234:, the
208:qabila
202:قَبِلَ
197:Arabic
109:Taille
1150:Onion
1070:Flake
1065:Dairy
1015:Alaea
1002:Types
888:[
594:culus
591:Latin
539:minot
462:Rhône
454:Forez
442:Bugey
371:Maine
367:Anjou
355:Berry
268:Rhône
199:word
1440:Food
1155:Rock
941:Salt
894:ISBN
871:link
842:2015
806:ISBN
802:Salt
774:OCLC
559:faux
546:pays
523:Pays
504:the
497:the
482:the
475:the
456:and
408:the
345:the
339:pays
165:The
1399:Tax
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