31:
1502:
729:, or both. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure (when the body is in positive energy balance), the body can store the excess energy as fat. However, the physiology of weight gain and loss is complex involving numerous hormones, body systems and environmental factors. Other factors besides energy balance that may contribute to gaining weight include:
737:
A study, involving more than 12,000 people tracked over 32 years, found that social networks play a surprisingly powerful role in determining an individual's chances of gaining weight, transmitting an increased risk of becoming obese from wives to husbands, from brothers to brothers and from friends
837:
Excess adipose tissue can lead to medical problems; however, a round or large figure does not necessarily imply a medical problem, and is sometimes not primarily caused by adipose tissue. If too much weight is gained, serious health side-effects may follow. A large number of medical conditions have
692:
in the field of nutrition). Wishnofsky conducted a review of previous observations and experiments on weight loss and weight gain, and stated his conclusions in a paper he published in 1958. Thus, according to the
Wishnofsky Rule, eating 500 fewer calories than one needs per day should result in a
687:
A commonly asserted "rule" (the
Wishnofsky Rule, aka Wishnofsky's Rule) for weight gain or loss, is based on the research of Max Wishnofsky (December 17, 1899 – August 2, 1965), a Russian-born physician who had a medical practice in Brooklyn, New York. The Wishnofsky Rule states that one pound of
701:
of fat. He concluded that a 3500 calorie excess or deficit for a person meeting his assumptions, would lead to the gain or loss, respectively, of one pound of body weight. He noted that if the assumptions he made are not met, a deficit of 3500 calories would not necessarily equate to a pound of
696:
Wishnofsky noted that previous research suggested that a pound of human adipose tissue is 87% fat, which equals 395 grams of fat. He further assumed that animal fat contains 9.5 calories per gram. Thus one pound of human fat tissue should contain 3750 calories. He then critically analyzed the
741:
The human microbiota facilitates fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates to short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs, contributing to weight gain. A change in the proportion of
Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes may determine host's risk of obesity.
697:
relevant literature and applied a number of additional assumptions, including that the diet contains sufficient protein and that the person is in glycogen and nitrogen (protein) equilibrium, leading to most weight loss stemming from the
777:, especially for high fat and high carbohydrate foods. As a result, sleep deprivation over time may contribute to increased caloric intake and decreased self-control over food cravings, leading to weight gain.
1218:
705:
Wishnofsky did not take into account numerous aspects of human physiology and biochemistry which were unknown at the time. The claim has achieved the status of a
582:
30:
1235:
Arora, Tulika; Sharma, Rajkumar (2011). "Fermentation
Potential Of The Gut Microbiome: Implications For Energy Homeostasis And Weight Management".
1171:
Nicholas A. Christakis, M.D., M.P.H., and James H. Fowler (2007-07-26). "The Spread of
Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years".
166:
1785:
1534:
863:
123:
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684:. Rates of obesity worldwide tripled from 1975 to 2016 to involve some 1.8 billion people and 39% of the world adult population.
693:
loss of about a pound per week. Similarly, for every 3500 calories consumed above the amount one needs, a pound will be gained.
657:(BMI) measures body weight in proportion to height, and defines optimal, insufficient, and excessive weight based on the ratio.
1173:
575:
351:
1273:
Vorona, Robert D.; Winn, Maria P.; Babineau, Teresa W.; Eng, Benjamin P.; Feldman, Howard R.; Ware, J. Catesby (2005-01-10).
539:
1371:
Newcomer JW (2005). "Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review".
1275:"Overweight and Obese Patients in a Primary Care Population Report Less Sleep Than Patients With a Normal Body Mass Index"
709:
and is repeated in numerous sources, used for diet planning by dietitians and misapplied at the population level as well.
172:
957:
1749:
1151:
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Hall, Kevin; Sacks, Gary; Chandramohan, Dhruva; Chow, Carson; Wang, Y Claire; Gortmaker, Steven; Swinburn, Boyd (2011).
329:
1770:
1619:
524:
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been associated with obesity. Health consequences are categorised as being the result of either increased fat mass (
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960:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health. 2020
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280:
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is associated with reduced levels of leptin and elevated levels of ghrelin, which together result in
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769:, which increases appetite and reduces energy expenditure. Studies have shown that chronic
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391:
341:
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668:. Being overweight or having obesity may increase the risk of several diseases, such as
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933:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health. 2020
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has been suggested as a cause for weight gain or the difficulty in maintaining a
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or other factors. Weight gain can be a symptom of a serious medical condition.
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664:(fat) is a common condition, especially where food supplies are plentiful and
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If enough weight is gained due to increased body fat deposits, one may become
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Weight gain is a common side-effect of certain psychiatric medications.
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human fat tissue contains about 3,500 kilocalories (often simply called
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1001:
Wishnofsky, M (1958). "Caloric equivalents of gained or lost weight".
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762:
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29:
1152:"Obesity Spreads In Social Circles As Trends Do, Study Indicates"
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is gained than the energy expended by life activities, including
1093:"Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight"
765:, which inhibits appetite and increases energy expenditure, and
316:
1516:
866:). There are alterations in the body's response to insulin (
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increases, a person generally gains weight by increasing food
680:, and may lead to short- and long-term health problems during
1324:"Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review"
1512:
1041:"Why is the 3500 kcal per pound weight loss rule wrong?"
624:
energy (as calories from food and beverage consumption)
757:. Two hormones responsible for regulating hunger and
1230:
1228:
1665:
1322:Patel, Sanjay R.; Hu, Frank B. (January 17, 2008).
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1266:
34:An 1895 advertisement for a weight gain product
1528:
982:. World Health Organization. 16 February 2018
645:, generally defined as having more body fat (
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8:
1217:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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793:Pathological causes of weight gain include
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846:, social stigma) or increased number of
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1084:
1039:Hall, Kevin; Chow, CC (June 18, 2013).
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950:
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781:Hormone and neurotransmitter imbalances
49:
1410:Haslam D, James WP (2005). "Obesity".
1210:
27:Increase in a person's total body mass
7:
958:"Health risks of being overweight"
602:. This can involve an increase in
167:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
25:
1458:"Medical consequences of obesity"
864:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
1595:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1500:
1381:10.2165/00023210-200519001-00001
1249:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00365.x
1045:International Journal of Obesity
809:. Genetic reasons can relate to
649:) than is considered good for
628:normal physiological processes
540:Social determinants of obesity
1:
1424:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1
1279:Archives of Internal Medicine
1112:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60812-x
874:and an increased tendency to
622:Weight gain occurs when more
173:Metabolically healthy obesity
330:Obesity-associated morbidity
1620:Obesity and the environment
525:Obesity and the environment
1802:
1462:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab
931:"Aim for a healthy weight"
1580:Classification of obesity
1550:
1292:10.1001/archinte.165.1.25
1150:Stein, Rob (2007-07-26).
148:Classification of obesity
1786:External signs of ageing
980:"Obesity and overweight"
751:Lack of sufficient sleep
666:lifestyles are sedentary
610:, excess fluids such as
545:Social stigma of obesity
1605:Anti-obesity medication
1328:Obesity (Silver Spring)
903:Fat acceptance movement
878:(prothrombotic state).
844:obstructive sleep apnea
505:Fat acceptance movement
412:Anti-obesity medication
100:Gestational weight gain
860:cardiovascular disease
35:
1640:Obesity and sexuality
1610:Management of obesity
872:proinflammatory state
815:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
811:Prader–Willi syndrome
530:Obesity and sexuality
405:Management of obesity
281:Binge eating disorder
241:Waist-to-height ratio
33:
1509:at Wikimedia Commons
1475:10.1210/jc.2004-0535
1375:. 19 Suppl 1: 1–93.
1340:10.1038/oby.2007.118
1197:10.1056/NEJMsa066082
1057:10.1038/ijo.2013.112
1015:10.1093/ajcn/6.5.542
515:Health at Every Size
467:Weight loss coaching
201:Body adiposity index
1615:Obesity and walking
1585:Genetics of obesity
1418:(9492): 1197–1209.
727:physically inactive
535:Sedentary lifestyle
347:Fatty liver disease
311:Starvation response
211:Body fat percentage
158:Genetics of obesity
1771:Symptoms and signs
1590:Obesity and cancer
868:insulin resistance
827:Carpenter syndrome
795:Cushing's syndrome
775:increased appetite
598:is an increase in
372:Obesity and cancer
253:Related conditions
163:Metabolic syndrome
36:
1776:Human body weight
1758:
1757:
1600:Bariatric surgery
1565:Abdominal obesity
1560:Childhood obesity
1505:Media related to
1237:Nutrition Reviews
807:craniopharyngioma
771:sleep deprivation
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422:Bariatric surgery
231:Relative Fat Mass
120:Childhood obesity
110:Weight management
51:Human body weight
16:(Redirected from
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462:Weight loss camp
457:Obesity medicine
337:Arteriosclerosis
221:Corpulence index
216:Body Shape Index
183:Set point theory
153:Exercise paradox
137:Medical concepts
105:Diet (nutrition)
59:General concepts
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392:Type 2 diabetes
342:Atherosclerosis
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1160:. p. A01.
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674:heart disease
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