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diminishing power." She says that her ideal was that "colleges exist to help souls, not to decorate people with diplomas." Parker wants to abolish tenure and the bachelor's degree. She argues there ought to be some colleges that are communities of intellectuals not just academics, but writers and artists and other people who use their minds. Her proposal to do away with tenure, the review continued, does not address the issue of academic freedom, quoting the book that a "university teaching position should be an honor, to be enjoyed intermittently as a reward for proven accomplishment."
198:, called the book's attitudes toward these reformers "sympathetic yet critical". He found the discussions "at their best" to be "crisp and insightful", but "not entirely successful", since the analysis tended to "dissolve into anecdote". Her argument, however, was both "provocative and persuasive", different from earlier scholars who saw the movement as "essentially defensive retreat from practical realities". She saw the movement "in terms of an unresolved conflict between the desire for spiritual solace and the desire for a productive and successful life as the world measures it."
253:
Black faculty and administrators, and concluded that "Bennington does not need to defend its past record and recently arrived members of its administration and faculty who clamor against its practices prove only their common ignorance of the principles on which the
College has always conducted itself." The proposed requirement that the faculty be fifty percent women "ignores the fact that number of available women candidates for any given position, no matter what their quality, is unlikely to equal the number of available men candidates of the same quality."
278:
two subjects. The Report also recommended the elimination of the unwritten but generally followed practice of "presumptive tenure". Instead, faculty would be offered a succession of limited term contracts, with review, and the expectation that tenure would be offered to at most a quarter of the faculty. A dozen of the 73 full-time faculty positions would be cut and the number of assistantships reduced. Tuition was to rise.
371:(1979) was a full-length book on the failings of American higher education. She explained to a reporter who asked about the book that there is a "certain immorality about the way higher education plays on the feelings of people who are told that they can't accomplish anything without a degree. ... I'm talking about truth in advertising."
257:
hope of increasing the number of women and minorities on the faculty". "Nevertheless", she concluded, "to set goals is not to set quotas ... and to say that this
College would do well to try each year to increase the proportion of women and minority faculty members does not strike me as inherently political or vilely tendentious."
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compromise after having encouraged us all year to stand firm, the trustees have inadvertently made it impossible for us to function effectively in our current positions." One faculty member described the
Parkers as "ambitious and cynical, and lacking cool", and said their resignation statement appeared "resentful". The board appointed
294:
Some trustees suggested compromise, but in
February 1976, Parker and her husband resigned. They issued a statement: "a number of trustees have begun to feel that the heat in the kitchen threatens to set the whole house on fire." Their statement added that "Unfortunately, in now suggesting substantial
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Parker replied to this and other criticisms that "we cannot discriminate against white males any more than we can discriminate against black women. In the case of faculty hiring, we must be sure that we actively recruit a diverse group of candidates because it is only in this way that we can have any
252:
Some faculty objected. One wrote directly to the board that the college "had always taken affirmative action with respect to bringing members of minority groups to the
College, whether as students, as faculty members, or as members of the administration and staff". The letter pointed to the record of
324:
magazine that was widely read. She wrote that "twenty years ago a woman who became powerful was probably a powerful woman. Today she may just be in the right place at the right time." Ephron wrote that a tense situation in the late 1960s led the board to seek out a president who was young. She felt
285:
reporter that "when people are angry or upset they tend to want to find someone to blame it on", but students and faculty said that their disagreement was not with the recommendations but that the president had withdrawn from them and that their concern was procedural: the meetings of the committee
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and former president of
Bennington. After six months, their Report recommended a major reorganization of the college, including reduction in the size of the faculty and consolidating the college's eight divisions into five. Students would no longer simply choose courses, but be required to major in
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Ephron reported in detail on alleged sexual relations with a faculty member. For months after the
Parkers arrived, the faculty member was vicious to the Parkers and promoted a rival reform plan that he said would make the curriculum more structured but encourage students to operate inventively on
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reporter that "there have been men in the same situation, but nothing was said about them", but she did not feel bitter feeling about the media or
Bennington. She laughed when asked about reports that she had served "bad lasagna at faculty meetings". Parker also later told a reporter that she was
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to increase minority representation both in the student body and the staff and to hire more women. Her letter to the community of
October 1973 warned that an Affirmative Action Program "in a narrowly compensatory spirit will surely fulfill the dire prophecies of those who fear quotas and reverse
226:
Bennington, founded in 1932 as a women's college, was known, and sometimes criticized, as a free-spirited and innovative place with nationally respected faculty, especially in its arts and writing programs, and affluent students. The college did not have required courses, majors, a college song,
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said that the book "concludes that higher education has gone belly up" and takes on everything: "college degrees don't mean anything, the curriculums bears little relationship either to the job market or to genuine education; professors and administrators spend all their time wrangling over
230:
Admitting men increased the size of the student body and pressure on faculty resources, and plans for major new construction created the need to borrow money at a time when interest rates were high and energy costs were rising. The new president thus faced a budget shortfall, demands for
299:, a New York lawyer, acting president. Iseman agreed with Parker's analysis, calling it a "sad and tragic business". "Everything Gail and Tom did they did because the board asked them to", he said, but "when the chips were down, it became difficult for the trustees to support them."
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advised students that they did not have to attend a formal college to be successful and advised on alternatives. She included a collection of advice from scholars in a variety of academic fields on what students should read if they did not choose to go on to college.
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reported that at the age of 29 she was the youngest college president in the country, which drew national curiosity. When a reporter asked whether her husband minded that she had a higher rank, she remarked "it's not everyone who gets to sleep with the president."
353:
reporter that mood on Drew's campus was "calm" and "reflective", undergoing "an era of good feeling" and that such subjects as tenure were under free discussion. She served for a time as a lobbyist for
Vermont Association for Retarded Citizens.
325:
the Parkers were naive in thinking that they could fit into the college's culture and that Parker was "almost recklessly candid about herself ... as if she had been encouraged in a kind of egotism and could not stop talking about herself".
332:
The Parkers' departure left some members of the board of trustees feeling that the faculty had acted in an arrogant way, especially members of the Division of Literature and Languages. The bad feeling, according to an investigation by the
235:
and racial inclusion, maintaining or restoring academic standards, and construction of the college's Visual and Performing Arts (VAPA) buildings. The Parkers, as young and innovative, were expected to deal with these challenges.
311:
forced out for expressing what were construed to be radical, unpalatable ideas. She said that she was "still rebellious, in the sense that there are certain people that I wouldn't sit down in a room and deal with at all."
160:. Her father was a journalist, professor of marketing, and later taught at the University of Chicago. He published studies of race relations in Evanston and books on management and job counseling. She graduated from
960:
249:
discrimination." In contrast, she continued, the plan she proposed was "one way of bringing the College closer to realizing its longstanding ideals of excellence, among them the ideal of an excellent diversity."
337:, lingered, and was a factor in the "cataclysmic upheaval" of 1994 in which the board gave notice to a large number of faculty that their services were terminated and carried out fundamental restructuring.
268:
In early 1975, the board created the Ad Hoc Committee on Future Directions. Parker headed the committee and appointed one full‐time and two part‐time faculty and former and present trustees, including Dr.
164:
in 1960. She later recalled that in her high-school commencement speech she attacked "specific examples of racism" in which a white classmate was ostracized for having a black friend. She graduated from
227:
social clubs, or college sports. In the 1960s the board became concerned over financial problems, national unrest over race and gender, and changing student interests, and in 1969 decided to admit men.
345:
After leaving Bennington, Parker continued to work on reform in American higher education and continued to talk to the national press. In the fall of 1976, she became a part-time faculty advisor at
534:
204:(1974), her anthology of women's writings, used Women's Studies as an interdisciplinary approach. A review-of-the-field article welcomed it for using tools of both history and literary analysis.
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invited Parker to become president. Her husband, Thomas Parker, who had been senior tutor at a Harvard undergraduate House, was named vice president in charge of finance and administration.
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Faculty and student reaction was immediate and negative. The faculty voted "no confidence" almost unanimously and students voted support for the faculty 179 to 13. Parker told a
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188:(1973), a group study of men and women who pursued psychological health practices, she described as "an essay in interpretation, rather than a full-scale study". (xi)
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Includes administrative documents; letters to, from, and about President Parker; and media coverage of events during her tenure. Correspondents include
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144:) is an American scholar of American literature, women's studies, author, and educational reformer. She is known for being the president of
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in 1964 and went on to a PhD at Harvard. She then became an assistant professor of history and literature, one of the youngest
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were secret, no students were on the committee, and there was no general discussion before the board expressed approval.
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Baxter, Annette K., "Review of Women’s Studies and American Studies: The Uses of the Interdisciplinary",
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Cook, Joan (October 20, 1976), "Ex-Bennington Chief Joins Drew U; Which Has 'Reflective' Atmosphere",
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their own. Ephron claimed that after a time the relation with faculty member turned openly sexual.
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She married Thomas David Parker, June 9, 1964 (divorced, 1978) and later Paul Wickes, a lawyer.
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483:"How to Win Friends and Influence People: Dale Carnegie and the Problem of Sincerity".
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561:. A group of 174 letters, clippings, minutes, and documents, mainly 1969–1979.
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Parker was born in Chicago to Richard and Jane Noyes Thain, but grew up in
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In September 1973, the college announced a Black Studies Project.
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Some of the criticism was personal. There was much comment on an
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from 1972 to 1976 and for controversies over educational reform.
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College On Your Own: How You Can Get a College Education at Home
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528:
All available online at Bennington College Digital Repository.
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For 20 years she was an executive for the stock brokerage firm
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In 1972, after an extended search and discussion, the Board of
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she had with a member of the faculty. In 1978 Parker told a
615:"At Bennington, the Toughest Lesson Is Coping With Freedom"
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The Writing on The Wall: Inside Higher Education In America
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Mind Cure In New England: From The Civil War To World War I
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The Writing on The Wall: Inside Higher Education In America
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Mind Cure in New England: From the Civil War to World War I
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1254:, Woman Series, Buffalo, New York: WNED, November 6, 1974
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429:(Hanover, N.H., University Press of New England, 1973)
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The Oven Birds: American Women on Womanhood, 1820-1920
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803:"U. of C. Business Lecturer, Author Richard J. Thain"
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An Open Letter to the Trustees of Bennington College
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Report of the ad hoc Committee on Future Directions
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Equal Opportunity Policy Affirmative Action Program
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1032:"Bennington Board Replaces Parker With a Trustee"
1011:"President of Bennington Gets No-confidence Vote"
735:"Academic Freedom and Tenure: Bennington College"
240:Affirmative action and the Black Studies Project
1256:A televised interview with Gail and Tom Parker.
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935:
733:Steiner, Peter O.; Zannoni, Diane C. (1995),
500:"Mary Baker Eddy and Sentimental Womanhood".
478:Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal
476:"Sex, sentiment, and Oliver Wendell Holmes".
335:American Association of University Professors
8:
976:An Open Letter Concerning Affirmative Action
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1229:President Gail Thain Parker, 1972-1976]
349:, Madison, New Jersey. She commented to a
202:The Oven Birds: American Women on Womanhood
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16:American academic and educational reformer
1203:Featherstone, Joseph (February 3, 1980),
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817:Most widely held works by Richard J Thain
629:"Fear and Loathing in the Faculty Lounge"
1325:Women heads of universities and colleges
1030:Weisman, Richard S. (February 2, 1976),
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660:Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning
634:Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning
290:Vote of "no confidence" and resignation
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1086:"A Maverick's Guide to Self-education"
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695:"At Bennington The Boys Are the Coeds"
679:McVity, Sarah L. (February 13, 1980),
574:"Gail Thain Parker rebellious as ever"
788:Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors
341:Further career and educational reform
275:American Council of Learned Societies
7:
1275:Evanston Township High School alumni
693:Meehan, Thomas (December 21, 1969).
546:Bennington College (November 1975),
451:(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979
180:Women's studies and American studies
1226:Bennington College Archive (2020),
533:Bennington College (October 1973),
469:"Jonathan Edwards and melancholy".
656:"Nora Ephron: Tattling on Academe"
613:Lescaze, Lee (December 26, 1979),
572:Christy, Marian (April 30, 1980),
357:In 1978, she and Thomas divorced.
14:
1084:Klemesrud, Judy (April 4, 1978),
849:Bennington_College_Archive (2020)
1315:Presidents of Bennington College
1009:Nemy, Enid (November 27, 1975),
417:Parker, Gail Thain, ed. (1972).
173:members of the Harvard faculty.
1330:People from Evanston, Illinois
1209:The New York Times Book Review
672:10.1080/00091383.1978.10569410
436:(New York: Bantam Books, 1978
374:The New York Times Book Review
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721:"The Unmaking of a President"
681:"Defoliating Academic Groves"
647:10.1080/00091383.1980.9939741
208:Bennington College presidency
162:Evanston Township High School
1300:American literary historians
801:Heise, Kenan (May 7, 1992).
627:Fenton, Kathleen R. (1980).
421:. Garden City: Anchor Books.
273:, president emeritus of the
973:Parker, Gail Thain (1973),
703:The New York Times Magazine
264:Report on Future Directions
244:Parker's first concern was
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1295:Bennington College faculty
1290:Harvard University faculty
719:Robert (August 30, 1976),
508:"While Alma Mater Burns",
489:29, no. 5 (1977): 506–18.
1310:American feminist writers
1285:Harvard University alumni
1205:"Thinking about Learning"
997:Bennington College (1975)
948:Bennington College (1973)
863:The New England Quarterly
579:Austin American-Statesman
502:The New England Quarterly
471:The New England Quarterly
397:- Appointed President of
195:The New England Quarterly
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1305:American women academics
1280:Radcliffe College alumni
432:——— with Gene R Hawes,
318:published an article in
152:Early life and education
140:(born February 8, 1943,
1251:Two Profession Marriage
866:. 46.4 (1973): 630–31.
654:Keller, George (1978).
592:"The Bennington Affair"
979:, Bennington College,
1167:SteinerZannoni (1995)
936:SteinerZannoni (1995)
889:26.4 (1974): 433–39.
786:"Gail Thain Parker".
559:Black Studies Project
406:Selected publications
184:Parker's first book,
511:The Atlantic Monthly
360:Her book 1978 book,
686:The Harvard Crimson
620:The Washington Post
518:(3), September 1976
362:College on Your Own
314:In September 1976,
271:Frederick Burkhardt
60:Edward J. Bloustein
1104:The New York Times
1090:The New York Times
1016:The New York Times
963:, October 11, 1973
886:American Quarterly
805:. Chicago Tribune.
590:(September 1976),
486:American Quarterly
480:1.1 (1972): 47-63.
246:affirmative action
233:affirmative action
219:The New York Times
214:Bennington College
192:, reviewing it in
158:Evanston, Illinois
146:Bennington College
121:Harvard University
37:Bennington College
860:Buell, Lawrence.
504:43: 1 (Mar. 1970)
304:open relationship
167:Radcliffe College
138:Gail Thain Parker
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35:6th president of
25:Gail Thain Parker
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473:(1968): 193-212.
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100:(age 81)
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1211:, p. 11
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1019:, p. 20
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708:. Retrieved
701:
684:
666:(4): 38–41.
663:
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641:(3): 50–51.
638:
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618:
595:
588:Ephron, Nora
582:, p. 26
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137:
136:
67:Succeeded by
44:
18:
1270:1943 births
710:January 25,
606:11209/11210
383:PaineWebber
316:Nora Ephron
55:Preceded by
1264:Categories
985:11209/9869
815:WorldCat "
566:References
457:0671229222
442:0553010921
107:Alma mater
94:1943-02-08
74:(interim)
49:1971–1976
45:In office
761:40251423
464:Articles
389:See also
740:Academe
597:Esquire
321:Esquire
171:tenured
142:Chicago
759:
455:
440:
768:Notes
757:JSTOR
698:(PDF)
553:(PDF)
540:(PDF)
411:Books
401:at 33
1241:and
726:Time
712:2021
453:ISBN
447:———
438:ISBN
425:———
125:Ph.D
116:B.A.
88:Born
981:hdl
891:doi
868:doi
749:doi
668:doi
643:doi
602:hdl
516:238
491:doi
1266::
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96:)
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1121:.
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897:.
893::
874:.
870::
851:.
819:.
751::
714:.
674:.
670::
649:.
645::
609:.
604::
497:.
493::
127:)
123:(
118:)
114:(
92:(
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