612:, moralistic tradition in preventing magistrates from engaging in financial affairs, the law acting as a formalisation of the traditional honour code already in operation among senators. D'Arms argues instead that only profits from the sea are disreputable as they were high risk and could swiftly ruin an entire family, which was problematic for the stability of the ruling class. Cassola points out that as senators could use clients or freedmen to run their business they could circumvent the law, arguing that the law instead intended to make the entry of new men (merchants and publicans) into the senate more difficult. Yavetz contends instead that Flaminius was supporting new plebeian senators and contractors who wanted to prevent senatorial competition in their ventures. Feig Vishnia argues that publicans with ships had the most to gain from the law as they were a growing political group and through the law were the only group capable of bidding for the contracts for the delivery of supplies to armies.
470:
this, the tribunes distributed spears among the front line with orders to allow the Gauls to slash at their spears, rendering their swords useless. The Romans then switched to swords, and slew the greater part of their enemies. Flaminius is judged by
Polybius to have mismanaged the battle by deploying his force at the edge of the riverbank, not allowing for any tactical room to fall back upon, for if the troops were pushed back even by the slightest degree, they would have been forced into the river. Despite this apparent tactical oversight by Flaminius, the Romans were able to return to Rome with a large amount of booty and trophies due to their own skill and valour.
33:
463:. Upon these grounds the senate sent letters commanding both consuls to return to the city with great speed, lay down their office, and forbade them from engaging the enemy. Before the senate's message arrived, Flaminius entered Gallic territory through the country of the Anares, and admitted the tribe into his friendship. Even after the letters arrived, driven by his fiery and ambitious nature, Flaminius refused to read the senate's directive until after he had joined battle with the Insubrians, whom he soundly defeated.
282:(diminishing the majesty of the Roman people) for this action, but argued that he was exerting his authority as a father over a son rather than a citizen acting against an elected tribune of the plebs. Valerius Maximus follows this tradition, listing Flaminius as an example of male piety for respecting his father's private authority over him as he allowed his father to remove him from the rostra when nothing else would sway him. Valerius Maximus claims the crowd respected Flaminius'
608:, a law preventing the ownership of ships with a capacity of more than 300 amphorae by senators and their sons. The bill was passed despite strong opposition from the senate. Based on Livy's claim that 'all moneymaking was held unseemly in a senator', modern historians have argued that Flaminius was concerned that maritime trade and profits might jeopardise the values of the Roman elite. Following this argument, Nicolet interprets the law as a Roman attempt to follow an
474:
evidence steadfastly confirms
Flaminius' triumph occurred, inconsistencies among sources point to some form of historical inaccuracy and fabrication. Plutarch details that upon Flaminius' return, the people would not go out to see him and due to his insolence and disobedience came close to denying him his triumph, compelled him to renounce his consulship, and made him a private citizen. While Livy labels his behaviour as insubordination towards both men and the gods,
879:) An non M. Cato scribit in libro originum sic? "Ager Gallicus Romanus uocatur, qui uiritim cis Ariminum datus est ultra agrum Picentium. in eo agro aliquodfariam in singula iugera dena cullea uini fiunt" (Or does not Marcus Cato use this language in his Origines? "The land lying this side of Ariminum and beyond the district of Picenum, which was allotted to colonists, is called Gallo-Roman. In that district ten cullei of wine are produced to the iugerum").
421:, which gave him the power to command an army and to quell any rebellions against Rome's administration in Sicily. He was also the magistrate who dealt with all judicial matters that arose in Sicily and regularly exchanged messages with the senate in Rome to resolve judicial matters. Flaminius' tenure in Sicily must have been viewed well by the provincials, since in 196 BC they sent his son one million measures of grain to bring back to Rome at two
590:), thus facilitating greater connection and ease of communication between them and Rome. It also allowed for Rome to better mobilise their army to fight off invaders such as Hannibal in 219, and encouraged trade with the aforementioned regions as it allowed for quicker movement of goods like olives and wine. It also effected the political system in Rome positively as it became easier for citizens to travel to Rome in order to vote in elections.
652:
693:, who had recognised the Roman general. The overwhelming consensus, however, is that Flaminius was killed in the battle and his body never recovered, despite Hannibal searching for it in order to give his enemy a proper burial. 15,000 Roman soldiers were slain at Lake Trasimene, 6,000 were taken prisoner, and 10,000 were scattered across Etruria, eventually making their way back to Rome. Flaminius was survived by his son,
239:
settled there, although estimates suggest approximately 19,000 citizens, not including their families. It would have been problematic to transport and settle this many people to a relatively distant area from Rome so scholars have argued that transportation must have been made by sea, as it would have been difficult to do so by land. This transportation has been linked to the Roman conflict with
358:
relations with Greek territories, and a conservative faction in favour of maintaining the agrarian nature of Rome. He sees
Flaminius as champion of the rural plebs against the urban plebs, opposed to expansion beyond Italy. Yavetz similarly asserts that Flaminius is a man with his own faction, opposed to the senatorial aristocracy, and in 232 he may have been supported by the
667:, his colleague, travelled with other forces to Ariminum. Hannibal then pitched his camp in the marshes around Arretium and set to plundering the rich countryside of central Etruria, to incite Flaminius to give battle before Servilius arrived with reinforcements. Witnessing this destruction, despite his war council advising patience, Flaminius summoned his troops.
390:
a commission appointed for land distribution and the only possible distribution in this period was
Flaminius'. Flaminius' law may not have been as controversial as represented in later sources, as he was able to go on to hold the highest offices of the state and giving land to soldier veterans was simply a continuation of normal Roman policy.
501:
Flaminius' tenure as Master of the Horse ended as a result of poor omens—namely that a shrew-mouse was heard at an inopportune time—sources differ as to the course of events following said omens. While
Plutarch claims "the people deposed these officials" (Flaminius and Mucinius), Valerius Maximums claims that the two abdicated their posts.
370:
completely eradicated and still occupied the land. Rome was already at war in several places and the senate may not have wanted to provoke another immediate conflict. Feig
Vishnia also argues that this explains the conflict between Fabius and Flaminius as Fabius was cautious and did not want to give the Gauls an excuse for more conflict.
720:
second consulship appointed Fabius dictator after his death. He shows that there is little evidence in the ancient sources supporting enmity between the two, although
Develin emphasises that Fabius clearly opposed Flaminius' agrarian law. Develin agrees with Cassola's case that Flaminius was Fabius' choice to serve as
334:
Corbett proposes instead that Rome had a manpower problem, and the senate was therefore unwilling to distribute citizens so far away to a place already sufficiently guarded. Feig
Vishnia argues against this idea as the people settled had lost land and therefore were ineligible for the army, and so by
675:
and the surrounding hills of Mt. Cortona. The
Carthaginians were divided between the Spanish and African troops on the most visible hill, the light troops hidden in the mountains and the cavalry concealed near the narrow entrance to the plain. Once Flaminius' men entered the area they were ambushed,
483:
cites that
Flaminius triumphed in the face of senatorial opposition by virtue of a decree of the people, which again further diverges with Plutarch's account where the people were the main barrier to the triumph. Other modern scholars such as Develin support Heinemann's view, which points towards an
389:
and he may have been a supporter as Flaminius had connections with the Aemilii. Spurius Carvilius Ruga's silence, mentioned by Cicero, is also significant in showing support among the senate for the law. L. Caecilius Metellus may have been another supporter as his eulogy describes him taking part in
338:
Develin claims that the law never passed due to the intervention of Flaminius' father, and that the senate settled Latin colonies there to prevent complaints from the potential settlers, but no names of these colonies are found in the ancient evidence and his argument is not supported by the ancient
573:
building extravagant temples and public works there. Humphrey writes that "by the early third century AD, the open space had been reduced to a piazza in the front the great Augustan colonnades of Octavia and Philippus". By this date, Humphrey estimates that the piazza was less than 300 meters long.
398:
There have been issues with the dating of his tribunate as Polybius places it in 232 in the consulship of Lepidus, while Cicero dates it to the second consulship of Fabius Maximus. Scholars have argued that Cicero's date is incorrect and instead that the opening months of Flaminius' tribunate would
670:
This call to battle was, according to Livy's history and Cicero's later writings, followed by a double portent of Flaminius being thrown from his mount, and the legion's standard being unable to be moved. Despite the ill omens, Flaminius advanced with his men, straight into the ambush Hannibal had
238:
following the Roman victory, although not all the available territory was distributed under this law. Some was in fact privatised prior to Flaminius' reform. The land was reasonably valuable as it could produce large quantities of wine. It is not clear from the ancient sources how many people were
684:
Flaminius is criticised, most strongly by Polybius, for his rashness, lack of judgement, and lack of military expertise that led to this defeat. He is, however, praised by Livy for the strength and determination he displayed during the battle. The accounts of Flaminius' death vary amongst ancient
500:
Marcus Minucius Rufus. The magister equitum served as the deputy of a Roman dictator, being appointed by the dictator to assist him with his political and military functions. As such, the magister equitum's magistracy ended with the dictator's. While Plutarch and Valerius Maximus both recount how
473:
While Polybius details how Flaminius won an important victory for Rome, the majority of the sources focus upon the portent auspices which surrounded his consulship and his disobedience of the senate which led to both the abdication of his consulship and the attempted refusal of his triumph. While
369:
Scholars have argued that opposition from the senate was due to the possibility of war with the Gauls since a settlement near Gallic territory may have seemed aggressive. This is what Polybius argues caused war with the Gauls seven years later. Roselaar also suggests that the Senones had not been
469:
attributes Flaminius' victory not to the consul, but to his military tribunes, who from former battles had learnt the swords used by the Gauls after an initial onslaught became so bent they were unserviceable, unless the men had time to straighten them on the ground with their boots. Recognising
373:
Roselaar argued that the senate was afraid that Flaminius would gain too much influence over the people for distributing the land to them, although Feig Vishnia points out that they were too far away to easily vote and settlers were only incorporated into two tribes which limited their political
724:
under him as dictator. He argues that no consistent factional alignment or popular movement can be attributed to Flaminius, claiming his electoral and political success was primarily due to his obvious military and administrative talents. Develin believes that the only firm policies that can be
719:
style leader in opposition to the conservative Fabius Maximus. Cassola challenges this, arguing for their political association by citing their mutual opposition to Roman expansion, support for Italian interests, disdain for religious convention and claims that the votes that gave Flaminius his
615:
The date of the law coincides with the creation of the first two Roman provinces so it was possibly intended to prevent governors from exploiting their new positions for trading profits. There also may be a connection between the law and the growing threat from Hannibal as senators involved in
399:
have overlapped with Fabius Maximus's first consulship allowing Fabius to officially oppose the law. Despite chronological problems with Cicero, Fieg Vishnia argues that Spurius Carvilius Ruga's silence, even while not the consul, is significant in showing support among the senate for the law.
620:
and the Istrians when another faction of senators would have preferred to intervene in Hannibalic Spain instead. Feig Vishnia argues that the law was a convenient political solution for Flaminius as he could see that senatorial competition for the state contracts previously monopolised by the
357:
Cassola argues that the law was opposed for multiple reasons, first because both senators and publicans would lose economically if land was distributed and also because there was conflict in the senate between a liberal faction supporting southern expansion, facilitating economic and cultural
254:
writes that Flaminius persisted in pushing it through despite threats and pleas from the senate, and against the possibility of an army being levied against him if he continued. Later Roman historians use the opposition to the law from the senate to portray Flaminius as a
317:. Fraccaro rejected this explanation and began looking for a political motivation instead, arguing that there was senatorial opposition as the law proposed a new style of settlement. Previously colonists kept their Roman citizenship if the land was connected to the
621:
publicans would lead to disgruntled publicans attempting to enter political offices to address their problem. The Claudian law prevented publicans from running for office at the same time as it prevented senators from participating in large-scale maritime trade.
478:
describes Flaminius' actions as resulting in an easy triumph and crushing a fickle and guileless people. While the latter was most certainly true, Plutarch's version of events conflicts with Italicus'. Furthermore, Heinemann within his translation of Livy's
323:, as otherwise Rome founded a Latin colony and colonists lost Roman citizenship, while through this law colonists kept their citizenship despite the distance from Rome. Meyer argues against this, citing citizenship given to other peoples including the
517:. Livy provides an account of his achievements in this office. Flaminius registered and organised the freedmen of Rome into the four existing city tribes (Esquilina, Palatina, Subura and Collina). He also established the Roman colonies of
725:
linked to Flaminius are support for an Italian focus in Rome's affairs, which coincided with Fabius' interests, the support of aristocratic values and the dismissal of religious conventions for the sake of military expediency.
633:
in 218, and the advancing Hannibalic army, Flaminius bypassed the traditional vows and rituals of consulship within Rome to take up office at Ariminum instead. Once there, Flaminius was assigned command of the four legions of
182:. Flaminius is celebrated by ancient sources as being a skilled orator and a man possessed of great piety, strength, and determination. He is, however, simultaneously criticised by ancient writers such as
642:
the previous year. Despite remarks that he was acting against the will of the gods and the senate, Flaminius proceeded to ignore senatorial summons back to Rome and instead marched his troops to Etruria.
335:
giving them land Rome would increase its manpower possibilities and protect the border with the Boii, an idea supported by the fact that the area became a key source of manpower in the Second Punic War.
385:
Feig Vishnia argues that since the law was passed it must have had more support than indicated by the sources as no tribunician veto was used against it. The law was passed in the consulship of
307:
as they both pushed through land laws against the wishes of the senate. This led to the view that the senatorial opposition stemmed from an economic motivation to keep this land solely for the
276:
One tradition suggests that as Flaminius was proposing his agrarian law he was dragged from the rostra by his father. Cicero writes that Flaminius' father was subsequently tried for
206:
in 232 BC. Cicero writes that Flaminius was an accomplished orator before the people, a skill that likely helped him achieve the tribunate. During his term, Flaminius proposed the
346:
to gain an advantage for the plebs he hoped to settle. He views choice of territory as part of an aggressive policy against Gallic threat advocated by the Aemilii who saw the
561:. However, this didn't limit its usefulness as it was also used to host public assemblies. Over time, the area around the Circus Flaminius became extremely decadent, with
2301:
2291:
411:
for the year 227 BC. It was the first year in which four praetors were elected as Rome had gained overseas provinces, meaning Flaminius was made the first praetor of
451:
records that at the time of the consular election, priests had proclaimed inauspicious and baleful omens from the flight of birds. During Flaminius' journey to
1037:
1024:
995:
951:
938:
820:
749:
1530:
629:
Flaminius entered his second term as consul in 217 amid inauspicious beginnings. Prompted by senatorial hostility, which was inflamed by his support of the
232:
as the Romans began settling near their territory, eventually leading to the Gallic rebellion in 225. Approximately 2,580 square kilometres had been made
2276:
2201:
1008:
988:
766:
635:
313:
who had been exploiting it since its capture, and the portrayal of Flaminius as a democratic leader campaigning for the common people against the greedy
292:
trial described by Cicero. This has led some modern scholars to argue that the law was never passed, although contemporary sources indicate that it did.
250:, a rival of Flaminius, although Cicero notes that Spurius Carvilius, Fabius Maximus' colleague for his second consulship, did not join the opposition.
2286:
2007:
968:
931:
813:
2197:
2159:
386:
2266:
2226:
1891:
2261:
425:
per measure during the latter's tenure as aedile as a sign of respect to his father. As a result of the influx of grain, Rome celebrated the
1471:
1445:
1563:
1273:
2014:
1799:
1774:
1689:
1543:
1303:
1290:
975:
773:
2003:
1221:
964:
920:
907:
846:
802:
753:
876:
872:
2296:
2155:
1981:
247:
190:
for his popular policies and disregard of Roman traditions, particularly during the terms of his tribunate and second consulship.
2208:
2166:
1245:
1225:
924:
806:
694:
108:
1196:
2306:
2281:
2187:
586:
to Rome at the Porta del popolo via the Apennine Mountains. It was able to link the regions of Etruria, Latium and Marche (
582:
The Via Flaminia was a road constructed by Flaminius during his censorship in 220 BC. The road travelled from the coast of
1964:
1355:
339:
evidence on the law. He also argues that it impossible to reconstruct factional support within the senate for the law.
32:
549:. It was circular in shape, with Varro suggesting that the shape was designed to accommodate the horse racing in the
1526:
1496:
1432:
1329:
1316:
1875:
2183:
146:(c. 275 BC – 217 BC) was a leading Roman politician in the third century BC. Flaminius served as
2218:
672:
664:
175:
127:
41:
2251:
431:
magnificently, repeated for two days to celebrate the ability of Flaminius to govern a foreign city state.
222:, in 283. It is unclear from the ancient sources why the Ager Gallicus Picenus was chosen for the project.
2256:
1580:
447:, due to his popularity among the plebs. His term was plagued by unfavourable auspices from the outset.
2175:
529:. As censor, Flaminius also commissioned the construction of the Circus Flaminius and the Via Flaminia.
514:
444:
659:
With spring approaching, Hannibal had set out from his winter quarters, and aimed to seize the town of
2126:
Public land in the Roman Republic: A social and economic history of ager publicus in Italy, 396–89 BC.
1940:
1910:
1898:
1845:
1828:
1812:
1407:
1394:
1381:
1368:
1342:
860:
Public land in the Roman republic: a social and economic history of ager publicus in Italy, 396–89 BC
639:
557:
were the only games that were held in the circus, with the majority of public spectacles held in the
203:
97:
655:
Hannibal's ambush at Lake Trasimene. From the Department of History, United States Military Academy.
617:
609:
1952:
685:
sources; Polybius states he was killed by a group of Gauls, while Livy suggests it was a specific
663:. Upon hearing this news, Flaminius hastened his army to Arretium and beat Hannibal there whilst
342:
Kramer however suggests that Flaminius was manipulating factional rivalries by aligning with the
1560:
1270:
246:
Ancient sources describe resistance from the senate to these measures including opposition from
1913:; Feig Vishnia, R. (2012), "A Case of "Bad Press"? Gaius Flaminius in Ancient Historiography",
415:. Through his position in Sicily he was tasked with ruling over the Sicilians as praetors held
2271:
304:
2110:
Feig Vishnia, R. (2012). "A Case of "Bad Press"? Gaius Flaminius in Ancient Historiography".
1977:
1944:
1927:
1871:
1858:
1832:
1816:
1787:
541:. Taylor writes that Flaminius was taking advantage of the existing association between the
493:
251:
179:
163:
1197:
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/cicero/cato_maior_de_senectute/text*.html
1065:
Feig Vishnia 1996, pp. 25-6; Develin, R. (1979), "The Political Position Of C. Flaminius",
1567:
1277:
651:
475:
422:
62:
1664:
558:
538:
497:
452:
67:
602:
Flaminius was the only senator to support the tribune Quintus Claudius in passing his
2245:
587:
550:
234:
211:
2075:
Badian, E. "Gaius Flaminius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
510:
343:
319:
278:
167:
147:
92:
87:
1458:
210:, a controversial agrarian law proposing the settlement of Roman citizens in the
604:
427:
1484:
218:
and Ariminum, made available by Rome's defeat of their previous occupants, the
2133:
Roman Voting Assemblies from the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar.
1594:
Roman Voting Assemblies from the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar,
1420:
713:
Flaminius has been traditionally judged by ancient and modern historians as a
440:
351:
1050:
786:
742:
545:
and the plebs, pointing out the advantage of having such an area outside the
698:
363:
257:
690:
686:
570:
546:
526:
518:
466:
460:
448:
417:
328:
225:
171:
37:
522:
456:
408:
359:
324:
309:
262:
240:
219:
215:
1231:; Broughton, T.R.S. and American Council of Learned Societies (1984),
834:
State, society and popular leaders in mid-Republican Rome, 241–167 B.C
702:
660:
583:
566:
562:
412:
284:
183:
155:
151:
2078:
Broughton, T.R.S. and American Council of Learned Societies (1984).
697:, notable for his consulship in 187 BC and wars fought against the
347:
261:
style leader, alienated from the senate in the tradition of the
229:
187:
2092:
Develin, R. (1979). "The Political Position Of C. Flaminius".
265:, although this narrative is challenged by modern historians.
1635:
updated ed., Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 22.
537:
The Circus Flaminius was located at the southern end of the
40:
decapitates Flaminius at the Battle of Lake Trasimene, by
2101:
State, society and popular leaders in mid-Republican Rome
459:
was running red with blood, and three moons were seen at
296:
Scholarly explanations for senatorial opposition to the
208:
Lex Flaminia de Agro Gallico et Piceno viritim dividundo
443:
secured election to the consulship in 223 BC alongside
243:
pirates as raids now directly affected Roman citizens.
162:, a land reform passed in 232, the construction of the
44:. Béziers (Languedoc-Roussillon), Musée des beaux-Arts.
2089:
Updated ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
350:
as potential allies for Hannibal, and opposed by the
496:
in 222 BC, having been appointed to serve under the
1159:
Feig Vishnia 1996, pp. 29-30; Roselaar 2010, p. 57.
484:inaccuracy or fabrication on the part of Plutarch.
123:
118:
104:
83:
75:
57:
49:
23:
525:, situated at two points on opposite sides of the
288:in this event and does not mention the subsequent
2017:; Develin 1979, p. 258; Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 25.
303:Early scholarly thinking compared Flaminius with
1596:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, p. 20.
1177:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 32; Roselaar 2010, p. 57.
862:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 314–315.
671:laid for the Roman troops on the plain between
228:suggests that the law caused problems with the
638:, who had fought and lost against Hannibal at
8:
2087:Rome and environs: an archaeological guide.
1633:Rome and environs: an archaeological guide,
714:
16:3rd century BC Roman politician and general
2149:
2138:Sherwin-White, A. and Lintott, A. (2007).
2119:Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing.
2112:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
1915:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
1620:Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing,
1508:Sherwin-White, A. and Lintott, A. (2007),
31:
20:
1514:Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World,
2302:Roman commanders of the Second Punic War
2144:Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
2135:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
650:
2292:Ancient Roman generals killed in action
734:
505:Censorship and building program, 220 BC
2080:The magistrates of the Roman Republic.
1233:The magistrates of the Roman Republic
836:, New York; London: Routledge, p. 31.
7:
625:Second consulship and death, 217 BC
616:maritime trade provoked a war with
331:despite their distance from Rome.
14:
2277:Magistri equitum (Roman Republic)
2094:Rheinisches Museum für Philologie
1965:"The Life of Fabius Maximus", 3.3
1356:"The Life of Fabius Maximus", 4.2
1317:"The Life of Marcellus", 4.2.1, 2
1067:Rheinisches Museum für Philologie
2287:Roman consuls who died in office
2128:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1235:, Chico: Scholars Press, p. 225.
513:in 220, alongside his colleague
170:, and his death at the hands of
166:in 221, the construction of the
709:Debate over political alignment
2188:Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
2096:, 122 (3/4), pp. 268–277.
1527:"The Life of Marcellus", 5.3-6
1497:"The Life of Marcellus", 5.3-6
1433:"The Life of Marcellus", 4.2.3
1330:"The Life of Marcellus", 4.2.3
875:Peter (Varro De Re Rustustica
1:
2267:3rd-century BC Roman praetors
1692:; Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 34-5.
61:24 June 217 BC, April on the
2262:3rd-century BC Roman consuls
2107:New York; London: Routledge.
1211:Feig Vishnia 1996, pp. 33-4.
1186:Feig Vishnia 1996, pp. 32-3.
1096:Feig Vishnia 1996, pp. 27-8.
647:The Battle of Lake Trasimene
455:, the river flowing through
1056:; Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 28.
978:; Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 34.
910:; Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 21.
849:; Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 18.
676:encircled and annihilated.
269:Controversy in passing the
2323:
2202:Tiberius Sempronius Longus
2146:. Oxford University Press.
2297:Roman governors of Sicily
2223:
2206:
2194:
2184:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
2180:
2164:
2152:
2099:Feig Vishnia, R. (1996).
1764:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 47.
1755:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 43.
1746:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 37.
1737:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 40.
1728:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 37.
1719:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 36.
1710:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 36.
1701:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 35.
1622:London: Batsford, p. 543.
1260:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 33.
1251:; Broughton 1984, p. 225.
1168:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 30.
1132:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 28.
1123:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 28.
1105:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 28.
1087:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 27.
1078:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 26.
897:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 20.
888:Feig Vishnia 1996, p. 20.
832:Feig Vishnia, R. (1996),
509:Flaminius was elected as
202:Flaminius was elected as
137:
133:
114:
30:
2219:Gnaeus Servilius Geminus
2198:Publius Cornelius Scipio
2131:Ross Taylor, L. (1966).
1592:Ross Taylor, L. (1966),
1516:Oxford University Press.
553:. It is likely that the
488:Magister Equitum, 222 BC
435:First consulship, 223 BC
176:Battle of Lake Trasimene
158:. He is notable for the
128:Battle of Lake Trasimene
2160:Quintus Fulvius Flaccus
2156:Titus Manlius Torquatus
2124:Roselaar, S.T. (2010).
2117:Humphrey, J.H. (1986).
1993:Broughton 1984, p. 565.
1669:Encyclopedia Britannica
1618:Humphrey, J.H. (1986),
858:Roselaar, S.T. (2010),
2227:Marcus Atilius Regulus
2082:Chico: Scholars Press.
1644:Humphrey 1986, p. 543.
1566:19 August 2018 at the
1419:Degrassi 1954, p. 101
1276:19 August 2018 at the
715:
656:
407:Flaminius was elected
366:on political grounds.
248:Quintus Fabius Maximus
2307:Tribunes of the plebs
2282:Ancient Roman censors
2176:Publius Furius Philus
2114:, 181, pp. 27–45
2085:Coarelli, F. (2014).
2062:Develin 1979, p. 277.
2053:Develin 1979, p. 274.
2044:Develin 1979, p. 273.
2035:Develin 1979, p. 270.
2026:Develin 1979, p. 258.
1631:Coarelli, F. (2014),
1483:Develin 1979, p. 274
1150:Develin 1979, p. 269.
1141:Develin 1979, p. 269.
1114:Develin 1979, p. 269.
1069:, 122 (3/4), pp. 269.
654:
515:Lucius Aemilius Papus
445:Publius Furius Philus
214:Picenus lands around
42:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre
1980:; Valerius Maximus,
1947:.; Silius Italicus,
1529:; Valerius Maximus,
994:; Valerius Maximus,
937:; Valerius Maximus,
819:; Valerius Maximus,
748:; Valerius Maximus,
492:Flaminius served as
204:tribune of the plebs
98:Tribune of the plebs
1893:Bellum Hannibalicum
1470:Heinemann in Livy,
705:in Northern Italy.
636:Tiberius Sempronius
618:Demetrius of Pharus
569:, and particularly
403:Praetorship, 227 BC
387:M. Aemilius Lepidus
178:in 217, during the
1653:Epigram vii. 93.8.
1036:Valerius Maximus,
1023:Valerius Maximus,
950:Valerius Maximus,
657:
194:Tribunate and the
2240:
2239:
2236:
2224:Succeeded by
2181:Succeeded by
2121:London: Batsford.
1665:"Gaius Flaminius"
1510:Magister Equitum.
1457:Silius Italicus,
1269:Livy, Perochiae,
305:Tiberius Gracchus
141:
140:
2314:
2230:
2195:Preceded by
2153:Preceded by
2150:
2140:Magister Equitum
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2009:Academica Priora
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1607:De Lingua Latina
1603:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1517:
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1218:
1212:
1209:
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1193:
1187:
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1160:
1157:
1151:
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1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
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1103:
1097:
1094:
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1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1005:
999:
985:
979:
970:Academica Priora
961:
955:
948:
942:
933:Academica Priora
917:
911:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
869:
863:
856:
850:
843:
837:
830:
824:
815:Academica Priora
799:
793:
783:
777:
763:
757:
739:
722:magister equitum
718:
680:Death and legacy
594:Support for the
533:Circus Flaminius
494:magister equitum
378:Support for the
252:Valerius Maximus
180:Second Punic War
164:Circus Flaminius
119:Military service
35:
21:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2186:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2072:
2067:
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2048:
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2021:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
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1971:
1962:
1958:
1938:
1934:
1925:
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1908:
1904:
1889:
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1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1687:
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1662:
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1648:
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1568:Wayback Machine
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1278:Wayback Machine
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1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
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986:
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945:
918:
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844:
840:
831:
827:
800:
796:
784:
780:
764:
760:
740:
736:
731:
711:
695:Gaius Flaminius
682:
649:
627:
600:
580:
535:
507:
490:
481:History of Rome
476:Silius Italicus
439:Flaminius as a
437:
405:
396:
383:
301:
274:
200:
144:Gaius Flaminius
109:Gaius Flaminius
96:
91:
71:
65:
63:Julian calendar
45:
26:
25:Gaius Flaminius
17:
12:
11:
5:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:270s BC births
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
1995:
1986:
1969:
1956:
1932:
1919:
1902:
1883:
1877:De Divinatione
1863:
1850:
1837:
1820:
1804:
1791:
1779:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1681:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1585:
1572:
1548:
1535:
1518:
1501:
1488:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1262:
1253:
1237:
1213:
1204:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1058:
1042:
1029:
1016:
1000:
980:
956:
943:
912:
899:
890:
881:
864:
851:
838:
825:
794:
778:
758:
733:
732:
730:
727:
710:
707:
681:
678:
673:Lake Trasimene
648:
645:
626:
623:
599:
592:
579:
576:
559:Circus Maximus
543:Prata Flaminia
539:Campus Martius
534:
531:
506:
503:
489:
486:
453:Cisalpine Gaul
436:
433:
404:
401:
395:
392:
382:
376:
300:
294:
273:
267:
199:
192:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
68:Lake Trasimene
66:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2319:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:217 BC deaths
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2235:
2234:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
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2084:
2081:
2077:
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2069:
2059:
2056:
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2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1917:, 181, p. 27.
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
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1770:
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1725:
1722:
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1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
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1682:
1670:
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1634:
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1625:
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1595:
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1234:
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1223:
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1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
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1174:
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1135:
1129:
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1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
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1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1010:De Inventione
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
990:De Inventione
984:
981:
977:
973:
971:
966:
960:
957:
953:
947:
944:
940:
936:
934:
929:
927:
922:
916:
913:
909:
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900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
855:
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848:
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839:
835:
829:
826:
822:
818:
816:
811:
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804:
798:
795:
791:
789:
782:
779:
775:
771:
769:
768:De Inventione
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
745:
738:
735:
728:
726:
723:
717:
708:
706:
704:
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692:
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644:
641:
637:
632:
624:
622:
619:
613:
611:
607:
606:
597:
593:
591:
589:
588:Ager Gallicus
585:
577:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:Taurian Games
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
499:
495:
487:
485:
482:
477:
471:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
432:
430:
429:
424:
420:
419:
414:
410:
402:
400:
394:Dating issues
393:
391:
388:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
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326:
322:
321:
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306:
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281:
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253:
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244:
242:
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235:ager publicus
231:
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217:
213:
212:Ager Gallicus
209:
205:
197:
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191:
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177:
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153:
149:
145:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
94:
90:(223, 217 BC)
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2209:Roman consul
2207:
2173:
2167:Roman consul
2165:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2105:241–167 B.C.
2104:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2008:
1998:
1989:
1972:
1959:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1914:
1905:
1897:; Polybius,
1892:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1823:
1807:
1794:
1782:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1684:
1674:16 September
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1575:
1556:
1551:
1538:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1491:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1265:
1256:
1247:De Senectute
1246:
1240:
1232:
1227:De Senectute
1226:
1216:
1207:
1200:De Senectute
1199:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1009:
1003:
989:
983:
969:
959:
946:
932:
926:De Senectute
925:
915:
902:
893:
884:
867:
859:
854:
841:
833:
828:
814:
808:De Senectute
807:
797:
787:
781:
767:
761:
743:
737:
721:
712:
683:
669:
658:
630:
628:
614:
610:Aristotelian
603:
601:
595:
581:
578:Via Flaminia
554:
542:
536:
508:
491:
480:
472:
465:
438:
426:
416:
406:
397:
384:
380:Lex Flaminia
379:
374:usefulness.
372:
368:
356:
341:
337:
333:
320:ager Romanus
318:
314:
308:
302:
298:Lex Flaminia
297:
289:
283:
277:
275:
271:Lex Flaminia
270:
256:
245:
233:
224:
207:
201:
196:Lex Flaminia
195:
174:army at the
168:Via Flaminia
160:Lex Flaminia
159:
143:
142:
124:Battles/wars
18:
2070:Works cited
1663:Badian, E.
1431:Plutarch,
631:Lex Claudia
605:Lex Claudia
596:Lex Claudia
555:Ludi Taurii
428:Ludi Romani
76:Nationality
2246:Categories
2233:as suffect
2006:; Cicero,
2002:Polybius,
1963:Plutarch,
1953:5.649-655.
1939:Polybius,
1909:Polybius,
1874:; Cicero,
1872:22.2.11-13
1859:22.2.11-13
1844:Polybius,
1827:Polybius,
1811:Polybius,
1579:Polybius,
1525:Plutarch,
1495:Plutarch,
1406:Polybius,
1393:Polybius,
1380:Polybius,
1367:Polybius,
1354:Plutarch,
1341:Polybius,
1328:Plutarch,
1315:Plutarch,
1224:; Cicero,
1220:Polybius,
967:; Cicero,
963:Polybius,
930:; Cicero,
923:; Cicero,
919:Polybius,
906:Polybius,
871:Cato, fr.
845:Polybius,
812:; Cicero,
801:Polybius,
729:References
689:horseman,
640:the Trebia
441:novus homo
172:Hannibal's
150:twice, in
1879:, 1.77–78
1557:Perochiae
1459:4.704–706
805:; Cicero
716:popularis
699:Friniates
687:Insubrian
665:Servilius
519:Placentia
364:Scipiones
258:populares
53:c. 275 BC
2272:Flaminii
2013:; Livy,
2004:2.21.7-8
1945:22.6.1-5
1943:; Livy,
1911:3.82.2-4
1890:Appian,
1846:3.80.1-5
1831:; Livy,
1829:3.77.1-3
1815:; Livy,
1813:3.77.1-3
1788:21.15.6.
1609:, 5.154.
1564:Archived
1395:2.33 7-8
1369:2.33 2-3
1343:2.32, 33
1274:Archived
1244:Cicero,
1222:2.21.7-8
1195:Cicero,
1049:Cicero,
1007:Cicero,
987:Cicero,
974:; Livy,
965:2.21.7-8
921:2.21.7-8
847:2.21.7-8
803:2.21.7-8
785:Cicero,
772:; Livy,
765:Cicero,
752:; Livy,
741:Cicero,
691:Ducarius
661:Arretium
598:, 218 BC
584:Ariminum
571:Augustus
547:pomerium
498:dictator
467:Polybius
461:Ariminum
449:Plutarch
418:imperium
329:Picentes
290:maiestas
279:maiestas
241:Illyrian
226:Polybius
198:, 232 BC
105:Children
100:(232 BC)
95:(220 BC)
38:Ducarius
1605:Varro,
1472:21.63.2
1446:21.63.7
1304:34.42.8
1291:33.42.8
523:Cremona
457:Picenum
409:praetor
360:Aemilii
344:Aemilii
325:Sabines
315:nobiles
310:nobiles
263:Gracchi
220:Senones
216:Picenum
70:, Italy
2214:217 BC
2171:223 BC
2142:. In:
2011:, 2.13
1976:Livy,
1949:Punica
1941:3.84.6
1928:22.5–6
1926:Livy,
1870:Livy.
1857:Livy,
1833:22.2.1
1798:Livy,
1786:Livy,
1773:Livy,
1688:Livy,
1555:Livy,
1542:Livy,
1444:Livy,
1408:2.33 9
1382:2.33 4
1302:Livy,
1289:Livy,
1052:Brutus
1012:, 2.52
992:, 2.52
972:, 2.13
935:, 2.13
908:2.11.1
817:, 2.13
788:Brutus
770:, 2.52
754:22.5-6
744:Brutus
703:Apuani
567:Caesar
563:Pompey
511:censor
413:Sicily
285:pietas
184:Cicero
148:consul
93:Censor
88:Consul
84:Office
2217:with
2174:with
2015:21.63
1982:1.6.6
1899:3.83.
1817:22.2.
1800:21.63
1775:21.63
1690:21.63
1544:23.23
1531:1.1.5
1038:5.4.5
1025:5.4.5
996:5.4.5
976:21.63
952:5.4.5
939:5.4.5
877:1.2.7
821:5.4.5
774:21.63
750:5.4.5
527:Padus
423:asses
352:Fabii
348:Gauls
79:Roman
1978:22.7
1895:, 10
1676:2017
1581:3.40
1512:In:
1249:, 11
1229:, 11
1054:, 57
928:, 11
810:, 11
790:, 57
746:, 57
701:and
521:and
327:and
230:Boii
188:Livy
186:and
154:and
58:Died
50:Born
2211:II
1202:, .
156:217
152:223
2248::
2103:,
1951:,
1667:.
1561:20
1559:,
1271:20
873:43
565:,
354:.
1984:.
1967:.
1930:.
1881:.
1861:.
1848:.
1835:.
1802:.
1777:.
1678:.
1583:.
1570:.
1546:.
1533:.
1499:.
1486:.
1474:.
1461:.
1448:.
1435:.
1422:.
1410:.
1397:.
1384:.
1371:.
1358:.
1345:.
1332:.
1319:.
1306:.
1293:.
1280:.
1040:.
1027:.
1014:.
998:.
954:.
941:.
823:.
792:.
776:.
756:.
362:-
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