215:
92:
24:
435:, galactogen is confined to the albumen gland, showing a large variation in content during the year and reaching a higher peak in the reproductive season. During the reproductive season, this polysaccharide is rapidly restored in the albumen gland after being transferred to the eggs, decreasing its total amount only after repeated ovipositions. In
445:, as a main limiting factor of reproduction. This polysaccharide has been identified in the Golgi zone of the secretory cells from the albumen gland in the form of discrete granules 200 Å in diameter. The appearance of galactogen granules within the secretory globules suggests that this is the site of biosynthesis of the polysaccharide.
2028:
organized by
Marcelo Hermes-Lima (Brazil) and co-edited by Carlos Navas (Brazil), Rene Beleboni (Brazil), Rodrigo Stabeli (Brazil), Tania Zenteno-Savín (Mexico) and the Editors of CBP - This issue is dedicated to the memory of two exceptional men, Peter L. Lutz, one of the pioneers of comparative and
659:
Besides being a source of energy, few other functions have been described for galactogen in the snail eggs, and all of them are related to embryo defense and protection. Given that carbohydrates retain water, the high amount of this polysaccharide would protect the eggs from desiccation from those
643:
are digested and contribute glucose to the pathways of intermediary metabolism. Galactogen consumption begins at the gastrula stage and continues throughout development. Up to 46-78 % of egg galactogen disappears during embryo development. The remainder is used up within the first days after
541:
were estimated in 4x10 and 2.2x10, respectively. In these snails galactogen contains only D-galactose. Depending upon the origin of the galactogen, apart from D-galactose, L-galactose, L-fucose, D-glucose, L-glucose and phosphate residues may also be present; for instance, the galactogen from
606:
accumulates in autumn as a general energy storage for hibernation, whereas galactogen is synthesized during spring in preparation of egg-laying. It is commonly accepted that galactogen production is restricted to embryo nutrition and therefore is mainly transferred to eggs.
1376:
Catalán M, Dreon MS, Heras H, Pollero RJ, Fernández SN, Winik B (June 2006). "Pallial oviduct of
Pomacea canaliculata (Gastropoda): ultrastructural studies of the parenchymal cellular types involved in the metabolism of perivitellins".
624:. This enzyme catalyzes the transfer of D-galactose to a (1→6) linkage and is dependent upon the presence of acceptor galactogen. Similarly, a β-(1→3)-galactosyltransferase activity has been detected in albumen gland extracts from
1858:
Joziasse DH, Damen HC, de Jong-Brink M, Edzes HT, Van den
Eijnden DH (August 1987). "Identification of a UDP-Gal:beta-galactoside beta 1----3-galactosyltransferase in the albumen gland of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis".
238:
monomer: InChI=1S/C18H32O16/c19-1-4-7(21)10(24)12(26)17(32-4)30-3-6-9(23)15(14(28)16(29)31-6)34-18-13(27)11(25)8(22)5(2-20)33-18/h4-29H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6-,7+,8+,9+,10+,11+,12-,13-,14-,15+,16-,17-,18+/m1/s1
1246:
Cadierno MP, Saveanu L, Dreon MS, Martín PR, Heras H (August 2018). "Biosynthesis in the
Albumen Gland-Capsule Gland Complex Limits Reproductive Effort in the Invasive Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata".
590:
as a common precursor and its conversion to activated galactose is catalyzed by UDP-glucose 4-epimerase and galactose-1-P uridyl-transferase. This enables glucose to be the common precursor for both
1208:
Wijsman TC, van Wijck-Batenburg H (1987-09-01). "Biochemical
Composition of the Eggs of the Freshwater Snail Lymnaea stagnalis and Oviposition-induced Restoration of Albumen Gland Secretion".
631:
In embryos and fasting newly hatched snails, galactogen is most likely an important donor (via galactose) of metabolic intermediates. In feeding snails, the primary diet is glucose-containing
1117:
Heras H, Garin CF, Pollero RJ (1998). "Biochemical composition and energy sources during embryo development and in early juveniles of the snail
Pomacea canaliculata (Mollusca: Gastropoda)".
578:
Galactogen is synthesized by secretory cells in the albumen gland of adult female snails and later transferred to the egg. This process is under neurohormonal control, notably by the brain
1823:
Goudsmit EM, Ketchum PA, Grossens MK, Blake DA (September 1989). "Biosynthesis of galactogen: identification of a beta-(1----6)-D-galactosyltransferase in Helix pomatia albumen glands".
679:, specific biochemical adaptations are needed to exploit it as a nutrient, such as specific glycosidases. However, apart from snail embryos and hatchlings, no animal seems to be able to
552:
eggs consist in 68% of D-galactose and 32% of D-glucose. Phosphate-substituted galactose residues are found in the galactogen of individual species from various snail genera such as
1732:
Goudsmit EM, Ram JL (January 1982). "Stimulation of Helix pomatia albumen gland galactogen synthesis by putative neurohormone (galactogenin) and by cyclic AMP analogues".
321:
in juveniles and adults. The advantage of accumulating galactogen instead of glycogen in eggs remains unclear, although some hypotheses have been proposed (see below).
1974:
Dreon MS, Heras H, Pollero RJ (July 2004). "Characterization of the major egg glycolipoproteins from the perivitellin fluid of the apple snail
Pomacea canaliculata".
488:) is highly branched with only 5-8 % of the sugar residues in linear sections, and β(1→3) and β(1→6) bonds alternate more-or-Iess regularly. In the terrestrial
254:
310:. This polysaccharide is exclusive of the reproduction and is only found in the albumen gland from the female snail reproductive system and in the
472:, the D-galactose are predominantly β (1→3) and β (1→6) linked; however some species also have β (1→2) and β (1→4). The galactogen of the aquatic
570:. Therefore, current knowledge indicates it could be considered either a homopolysaccharide of or a heteropolysaccharide dominated by galactose.
1079:
Duarte JH, Jones JK (February 1971). "Some structural studies on the galactan from the albumen glands of the snail, Strophocheilus oblongus".
651:
may be important in the release of galactose from galactogen; however, most of the catabolic pathway of this polysaccharide is still unknown.
1784:
772:
2020:
Heras H, Dreon MS, Ituarte S, Pollero RJ (2007-07-01). "Egg carotenoproteins in neotropical
Ampullariidae (Gastropoda: Arquitaenioglossa)".
813:
Horstmann HJ (1965). "Studies on the galactogen metabolism in the snail (Helix pomatia L.). 3. Catabolism of galactogen in young animals".
1130:
1689:
Goudsmit EM (August 1978). "Calcium-dependent release of a neurochemical messenger from the brain of the land snail, Helix pomatia".
1044:
Corrêa JB, Dmytraczenko A, Duarte JH (February 1967). "Structure of a galactan found in the albumen gland of
Biomphalaria glabrata".
520:
species has an unusually large proportion of linearly arranged sugars, with 5% β(1→3), 26% β(1→6), and 10% β(1→2). Other analyses in
229:
944:
Goudsmit EM (January 1976). "Galactogen catabolism by embryos of the freshwater snails, Bulimnaea megasoma and
Lymnaea stagnalis".
1605:
Feijó ML, Duarte JH (1975-11-01). "Some structural studies on the fucogalactan from egg masses of the snail ampullarius sp".
647:
Only snail embryos and hatchlings are able to degrade galactogen, whereas other animals and even adult snails do not. β-
193:
1017:
Meenakshi VR (September 1954). "Galactogen in some common south Indian gastropods with special reference to Pila".
279:
1516:
840:
Rigby JE (2009-08-20). "Alimentary and Reproductive Systems of Oxychilus Cellarius (Müller) (Stylommatophora)".
2066:
1561:
684:
602:
are found in the same secretory cells of the albumen gland and are subject to independent seasonal variations.
1562:"[Research on metabolism in air-breathing snails. III. Galactogen in the eggs of Lymnaea stagnalis L]"
1338:
Nieland ML, Goudsmit EM (October 1969). "Ultrastructure of galactogen in the albumen gland of Helix pomatia".
1161:"The eggs of the apple snail Pomacea maculata are defended by indigestible polysaccharides and toxic proteins"
711:
Goudsmit EM (1972). "Carbohydrates and carbohydrate metabolism in Mollusca.". In Florkin M, Scheer BT (eds.).
979:
Meenakshi VR, Scheer BT (May 1969). "Regulation of galactogen synthesis in the slug Ariolimax columbianus".
660:
snails that have aerial oviposition. Besides, the high viscosity that the polysaccharide may confer to the
2071:
902:
McMAHON P, Von Brand T, Nolan MO (October 1957). "Observations on the polysaccharides of aquatic snails".
399:
317:
Galactogen serves as an energy reserve for developing embryos and hatchlings, which is later replaced by
615:
393:
381:
375:
40:
687:
defense system exclusive of gastropods, deterring predators by lowering the nutritional value of eggs.
1448:
437:
417:
595:
210:
661:
449:
363:
351:
330:
311:
56:
579:
1999:
1884:
1714:
1671:
1429:
1402:
1282:
1026:
526:
suggested a dichotomous structure, where each galactopyranose unit bears a branch or side chain.
405:
1422:
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section B: Biological, Geological, and Chemical Science
2042:
1991:
1950:
1911:
1876:
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1622:
1581:
1536:
1497:
1464:
1394:
1355:
1317:
1274:
1225:
1190:
1134:
1096:
1061:
996:
961:
919:
884:
822:
768:
560:
537:
494:
345:
134:
2034:
1983:
1942:
1868:
1832:
1772:
1741:
1698:
1653:
1614:
1573:
1528:
1456:
1386:
1347:
1309:
1264:
1256:
1217:
1180:
1172:
1126:
1088:
1053:
988:
953:
911:
876:
849:
760:
729:
May F (1932). "Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Glykogen und Galaktogengehaltes bei Helix pomatia".
548:
424:
67:
2029:
integrative physiology, and Cicero Lima, journalist, science lover and Hermes-Lima's dad.
1420:
O'Colla P (January 1952). "The application of the Barry degradation to snail galactogen".
489:
357:
307:
214:
1449:"278. A preliminary investigation of galactogen from the albumin glands of Helix pomatia"
113:
1776:
880:
853:
683:
galactogen, including adult snails. This fact led to consider galactogen as part of an
668:
648:
599:
473:
469:
295:
273:
1618:
1351:
1092:
1057:
2060:
1872:
1836:
1745:
1702:
992:
957:
676:
620:
531:
522:
442:
339:
181:
2003:
1888:
1718:
1406:
1286:
1675:
1300:
Grainger JN, Shilitoe AJ (March 1952). "Histochemical observations on galactogen".
1221:
591:
554:
484:
448:
Apart from the albumen gland, galactogen is also found as a major component of the
369:
1532:
452:
from the snail eggs, comprising the main energy source for the developing embryo.
1577:
1517:"Über das native Galaktogen aus den Eiern der Schlammschnecke Lymnaea stagnalis"
1160:
764:
546:
sp. contains 98% of D-galacotose and 2% of L- fucose, and the one isolated from
2038:
1930:
1642:"Structural Studies on the Galactan from the Albumin Gland of Achatina fulica"
1390:
1313:
680:
432:
387:
124:
1954:
1809:
1753:
1667:
1658:
1641:
1626:
1540:
1468:
1229:
1194:
1138:
1100:
1065:
1000:
888:
516:) up to 20% of the sugar residues are linear β(1→3) bound. The galactogen of
672:
636:
465:
411:
334:
303:
299:
2046:
1995:
1931:"A Survey of the Enzymes from the Gastro-Intestinal Tract of Helix Pomatia"
1915:
1585:
1501:
1398:
1321:
1278:
1131:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19980415)280:6<375::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-K
923:
915:
1880:
1844:
1359:
1176:
826:
1946:
1460:
603:
583:
529:
Molecular weight determinations in galactogen extracted from the eggs of
512:
318:
1734:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry
1710:
1433:
1269:
1030:
965:
791:
May F (1932). "Ober den Galactogengehalt der Eier von Heilix pomatia".
640:
587:
500:
478:
461:
167:
23:
2022:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology
1987:
1185:
867:
Ghose KC (1963). "Reproductive System of the Snail Achatina Fulica".
715:. Vol. VII Mollusca. New York: Academic Press. pp. 219–244.
632:
611:
566:
506:
946:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry
272:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1260:
155:
44:
beta-D-galacto-hexopyranosyl-(1->3)--beta-D-galacto-hexopyranose
2026:
The Face of Latin American Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
1210:
International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development
103:
91:
80:
403:. This polysaccharide was also identified in the Caenogastropoda
262:
monomer: C(1((((O1)OC2((((O2)O)O)O3((((O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O
145:
198:
1159:
Giglio ML, Ituarte S, Pasquevich MY, Heras H (2016-09-12).
1560:
Horstmann HJ, Geldmacher-Mallinckrodt M (September 1961).
664:
has been suggested as a potential antimicrobial defense.
1802:
Chemische und biologische Untersuchungen über Galaktogen
586:
and galactogen synthesis are closely related. Both use
1640:
Holst O, Mayer H, Okotore RO, König WA (1984-12-01).
468:
with species-specific structural variations. In this
1566:
Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie
610:Little is known about the galactogen-synthesizing
29:General structure of the polysaccharide galactogen
1769:Metabolic Biochemistry and Molecular Biomechanics
180:
869:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
842:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
66:
904:Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology
8:
759:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–8.
441:snails, galactogen would act, together with
2024:. Fourth Special Issue of CBP dedicated to
213:
133:
15:
1657:
1453:Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed)
1268:
1184:
981:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
696:
259:
234:
209:
2015:
2013:
1976:Molecular Reproduction and Development
1371:
1369:
1333:
1331:
618:was described in the albumen gland of
1929:Myers FL, Northcote DH (1958-09-01).
1515:Fleitz H, Horstmann HJ (1967-01-01).
1241:
1239:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1112:
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241:Key: KJZMZIMBDAXZCX-FKZYWASWSA-N
112:
7:
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937:
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808:
806:
786:
784:
750:
748:
746:
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724:
722:
706:
704:
702:
700:
329:Galactogen has been reported in the
302:that functions as energy storage in
1767:Livingstone DR, De Zwaan A (1983).
170:
154:
1777:10.1016/b978-0-12-751401-7.50012-0
1488:Horstmann HJ (November 1964). "".
1340:Journal of Ultrastructure Research
881:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1963.tb01993.x
854:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1963.tb01615.x
14:
1447:Baldwin E, Bell DJ (1938-01-01).
1646:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C
1428:. Royal Irish Academy: 165–170.
22:
1935:Journal of Experimental Biology
1119:Journal of Experimental Zoology
757:Comparative Animal Biochemistry
667:Since galactogen is a β-linked
582:. The biochemical pathways for
276:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1771:. Elsevier. pp. 177–242.
1222:10.1080/01688170.1987.10510317
1:
1825:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
1619:10.1016/S0008-6215(00)84167-1
1533:10.1515/bchm2.1967.348.1.1301
1352:10.1016/s0022-5320(69)80059-6
1093:10.1016/s0008-6215(00)81168-4
1058:10.1016/s0008-6215(00)81676-6
1873:10.1016/0014-5793(87)80368-x
1837:10.1016/0304-4165(89)90087-1
1746:10.1016/0305-0491(82)90403-5
1703:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90900-9
1578:10.1515/bchm2.1961.325.1.251
993:10.1016/0010-406x(69)91636-3
958:10.1016/0305-0491(76)90194-2
1165:Canadian Journal of Zoology
765:10.1007/978-3-662-06303-3_1
325:Occurrence and distribution
2088:
2039:10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.10.013
1527:(Jahresband): 1301–1306.
1391:10.1007/s00441-005-0132-x
1314:10.3109/10520295209105064
270:
250:
225:
49:
39:
34:
21:
1904:Biochemische Zeitschrift
1659:10.1515/znc-1984-11-1211
1490:Biochemische Zeitschrift
1379:Cell and Tissue Research
1902:Weinland H (1953). "".
1249:The Biological Bulletin
400:Strophochelius oblongus
916:10.1002/jcp.1030500206
1607:Carbohydrate Research
1572:(Jahresband): 251–9.
1177:10.1139/cjz-2016-0049
1081:Carbohydrate Research
1046:Carbohydrate Research
616:galactosyltransferase
394:Biomphalaria glabrata
382:Ariolimax columbianis
1947:10.1242/jeb.35.3.639
1652:(11–12): 1063–1065.
1521:Biological Chemistry
1461:10.1039/JR9380001461
438:Pomacea canaliculata
418:Pomacea canaliculata
662:perivitelline fluid
450:perivitelline fluid
352:Oxychilus cellarius
312:perivitelline fluid
18:
376:Bulimnaea megasoma
280:Infobox references
16:
1988:10.1002/mrd.20078
1786:978-0-12-751401-7
774:978-3-642-08181-1
626:Limnaea stagnalis
598:. In fact, both
538:Limnaea stagnalis
346:Limnaea stagnalis
288:Chemical compound
286:
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194:CompTox Dashboard
93:Interactive image
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755:Urich K (1994).
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549:Pomacea maculata
460:Galactogen is a
425:Pomacea maculata
306:snails and some
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2067:Polysaccharides
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2033:(1–2): 158–67.
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1800:May FJ (1934).
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1171:(11): 777–785.
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600:polysaccharides
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490:Stylommatophora
458:
358:Achatina fulica
337:snails such as
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308:Caenogastropoda
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1691:Brain Research
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1261:10.1086/699200
1235:
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1200:
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1125:(6): 375–383.
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1087:(2): 327–335.
1071:
1052:(4): 445–452.
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987:(2): 841–845.
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875:(4): 681–695.
859:
848:(2): 311–359.
832:
821:(2): 133–155.
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677:hemicelluloses
669:polysaccharide
656:
653:
596:galactogenesis
575:
572:
518:Ampullarius sp
474:Basommatophora
470:polysaccharide
457:
454:
326:
323:
296:polysaccharide
287:
284:
283:
278:
274:standard state
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
261:
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
228:
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222:
220:
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211:DTXSID20392999
206:
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192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
179:monomer:
176:
174:
166:
163:
162:
160:
159:
153:monomer:
150:
148:
142:
141:
139:
138:
132:monomer:
129:
127:
121:
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118:
117:
111:monomer:
108:
106:
100:
99:
97:
96:
90:monomer:
87:
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78:
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72:
71:
65:monomer:
62:
60:
55:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
37:
36:
32:
31:
28:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2084:
2073:
2072:Carbohydrates
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:(3): 359–64.
1981:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:(1): 139–44.
1866:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:(3): 289–97.
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
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1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:(2): 418–23.
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
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1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:: 1461–1465.
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:(3): 523–33.
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
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1315:
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1307:
1303:
1296:
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1227:
1223:
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1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
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1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:(4): 439–42.
951:
947:
940:
938:
936:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:(2): 219–40.
909:
905:
898:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
863:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
833:
828:
824:
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787:
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770:
766:
762:
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749:
747:
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741:
736:
732:
725:
723:
719:
714:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
690:
688:
686:
685:antipredation
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
654:
652:
650:
649:galactosidase
645:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
622:
621:Helix pomatia
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
571:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:Helix pomatia
527:
525:
524:
523:Helix pomatia
519:
515:
514:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
446:
444:
443:perivitellins
440:
439:
434:
429:
427:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:
408:
407:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
365:
364:Aplexa nitens
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
341:
340:Helix pomatia
336:
332:
331:albumen gland
324:
322:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
281:
275:
269:
260:
256:
249:
235:
231:
224:
216:
212:
208:
207:
205:
195:
191:
190:
183:
178:
177:
175:
169:
165:
164:
157:
152:
151:
149:
147:
144:
143:
136:
131:
130:
128:
126:
123:
122:
115:
110:
109:
107:
105:
102:
101:
94:
89:
88:
86:
82:
77:
76:
69:
64:
63:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
42:
38:
33:
25:
20:
2030:
2025:
2021:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1958:. Retrieved
1938:
1934:
1924:
1910:(1): 19–31.
1907:
1903:
1897:
1864:
1861:FEBS Letters
1860:
1853:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1801:
1795:
1768:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1569:
1565:
1555:
1544:. Retrieved
1524:
1520:
1510:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1472:. Retrieved
1452:
1442:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1382:
1378:
1343:
1339:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1270:11336/101954
1252:
1248:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1168:
1164:
1122:
1118:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1025:(9): 301–2.
1022:
1018:
984:
980:
974:
949:
945:
907:
903:
897:
872:
868:
862:
845:
841:
835:
818:
814:
796:
792:
756:
734:
730:
712:
666:
658:
646:
630:
625:
619:
609:
592:glycogenesis
580:galactogenin
577:
565:
559:
555:Biomphalaria
553:
547:
543:
536:
530:
528:
521:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
485:Biomphalaria
483:
477:
459:
447:
436:
430:
423:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
370:Otala lactea
368:
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
328:
316:
291:
290:
50:Identifiers
1804:. Lehmann.
1308:(2): 81–5.
1255:(1): 1–11.
544:Ampullarius
406:Pila virens
114:CHEBI:16883
68:121123-33-9
17:Galactogen
2061:Categories
1960:2020-08-17
1591:2020-08-17
1546:2020-08-17
1496:: 548–51.
1474:2020-08-17
1186:1807/74381
799:: 325–330.
737:: 319–324.
691:References
681:catabolize
671:, such as
644:hatching.
574:Metabolism
433:gastropods
388:Ariophanta
292:Galactogen
125:ChemSpider
79:3D model (
57:CAS Number
41:IUPAC name
1955:0022-0949
1810:256810367
1754:0305-0491
1668:1865-7125
1627:0008-6215
1541:1437-4315
1469:0368-1769
1230:0168-8170
1195:0008-4301
1139:1097-010X
1101:0008-6215
1066:0008-6215
1001:0010-406X
889:1469-7998
673:cellulose
637:cellulose
466:galactose
456:Structure
431:In adult
412:Viviparus
335:pulmonate
314:of eggs.
304:pulmonate
300:galactose
2047:17320485
2004:22032382
1996:15112330
1916:13093716
1889:84171728
1719:37817654
1586:14449055
1502:14331584
1434:20490896
1407:30906846
1399:16453107
1322:14931082
1287:52135669
1279:30160995
1031:24054957
924:13513668
641:polymers
639:. These
604:Glycogen
584:glycogen
513:Achatina
319:glycogen
182:46173715
1881:3113997
1845:2505854
1676:6008556
1360:4310741
827:5847702
815:Z. Biol
793:Z. Biol
731:Z. Biol
612:enzymes
588:glucose
501:Arianta
479:Lymnaea
462:polymer
168:PubChem
135:2733405
2045:
2002:
1994:
1953:
1914:
1887:
1879:
1843:
1808:
1783:
1752:
1717:
1709:
1674:
1666:
1625:
1584:
1539:
1500:
1467:
1432:
1405:
1397:
1358:
1320:
1285:
1277:
1228:
1193:
1137:
1099:
1064:
1029:
999:
964:
922:
887:
825:
771:
633:starch
614:. A D-
567:Cepaea
507:Cepaea
492:(e.g.
476:(e.g.
397:, and
255:SMILES
156:C01698
35:Names
2000:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1711:28169
1672:S2CID
1430:JSTOR
1403:S2CID
1283:S2CID
1027:JSTOR
561:Helix
495:Helix
294:is a
230:InChI
104:ChEBI
81:JSmol
2043:PMID
1992:PMID
1951:ISSN
1912:PMID
1877:PMID
1841:PMID
1806:OCLC
1781:ISBN
1750:ISSN
1707:PMID
1664:ISSN
1623:ISSN
1582:PMID
1537:ISSN
1498:PMID
1465:ISSN
1395:PMID
1356:PMID
1318:PMID
1275:PMID
1226:ISSN
1191:ISSN
1135:ISSN
1097:ISSN
1062:ISSN
997:ISSN
966:4280
962:PMID
920:PMID
885:ISSN
823:PMID
769:ISBN
635:and
594:and
564:and
535:and
422:and
409:and
367:and
146:KEGG
2035:doi
2031:146
1984:doi
1943:doi
1908:324
1869:doi
1865:221
1833:doi
1829:992
1773:doi
1742:doi
1699:doi
1695:151
1654:doi
1615:doi
1574:doi
1570:325
1529:doi
1525:348
1494:340
1457:doi
1387:doi
1383:324
1348:doi
1310:doi
1265:hdl
1257:doi
1253:235
1218:doi
1181:hdl
1173:doi
1127:doi
1123:280
1089:doi
1054:doi
989:doi
954:doi
912:doi
877:doi
873:140
850:doi
846:141
819:115
761:doi
675:or
464:of
333:of
298:of
199:EPA
171:CID
2063::
2041:.
2012:^
1998:.
1990:.
1980:68
1978:.
1949:.
1939:35
1937:.
1933:.
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