659:
651:
29:
3214:
959:
Hartley A, Glynn SE, Barynin V, Baker PJ, Sedelnikova SE, Verhees C, de Geus D, van der Oost J, Timson DJ, Reece RJ, Rice DW (March 2004). "Substrate specificity and mechanism from the structure of
Pyrococcus furiosus galactokinase".
490:. Members of the GHMP superfamily have great three-dimensional similarity despite only ten to 20% sequence identity. These enzymes contain three well-conserved motifs (I, II, and III), the second of which is involved in
2741:
1774:
566:, or 2-deoxy-D-galactose. Moreover, the kinetic properties of galactokinase also differ across species. The sugar specificity of galactokinases from different sources has been dramatically expanded through
666:
Galactokinase is shown in green, phosphate in orange, and the residues responsible for binding the sugar ligand are shown in magenta: Arg-36, Glu-42, Asp-45, Asp-183, and Tyr-233. Arg-36 and Asp-183 of
2751:
2746:
1767:
1538:
Langenhan JM, Griffith BR, Thorson JS (November 2005). "Neoglycorandomization and chemoenzymatic glycorandomization: two complementary tools for natural product diversification".
768:. As galactose is not being catabolized to glucose due to a galactokinase mutation, galactitol accumulates. This galactitol gradient across the lens cell membrane triggers the
1262:
Yang J, Fu X, Jia Q, Shen J, Biggins JB, Jiang J, Zhao J, Schmidt JJ, Wang PG, Thorson JS (June 2003). "Studies on the substrate specificity of
Escherichia coli galactokinase".
2866:
2844:
1760:
1126:
Megarity CF, Huang M, Warnock C, Timson DJ (June 2011). "The role of the active site residues in human galactokinase: implications for the mechanisms of GHMP kinases".
2662:
238:
89:
2772:
536:. The enzyme cannot tolerate any C-4 modifications, but changes at the C-2 position of D-galactose do not interfere with enzyme function. Both human and
2667:
1883:
711:
2834:
1622:
Gantt RW, Peltier-Pain P, Thorson JS (October 2011). "Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules".
3284:
3279:
2473:
824:"The Leloir pathway: a mechanistic imperative for three enzymes to change the stereochemical configuration of a single carbon in galactose"
729:
characterized by decreased ability to metabolize galactose, can be caused by a mutation in any of the three enzymes in the Leloir pathway.
714:, and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase. Galactokinase catalyzes the first committed step of galactose catabolism, forming galactose 1-phosphate.
262:
113:
2607:
920:"Contribution of amino acid side chains to sugar binding specificity in a galactokinase, Gal1p, and a transcriptional inducer, Gal3p"
2933:
2177:
1971:
2318:
1078:
Holden HM, Thoden JB, Timson DJ, Reece RJ (October 2004). "Galactokinase: structure, function and role in type II galactosemia".
250:
101:
243:
94:
3294:
3089:
2891:
2886:
2446:
2264:
3204:
1752:
654:
The likely galactokinase mechanism. The aspartate residue is stabilized in its anionic form by a nearby arginine residue.
2756:
2644:
2612:
2597:
2279:
1938:
464:
3074:
3190:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
2877:
2855:
2830:
2805:
2725:
2333:
2293:
2238:
2215:
2187:
2155:
2021:
793:
3084:
2108:
3038:
2981:
2342:
2323:
2254:
1988:
1746:
730:
487:
303:
154:
3235:"Galactose Mutarotase: Purification, Characterization, and Investigations of Two Important Histidine Residues"
443:
Galactokinase is composed of two domains separated by a large cleft. The two regions are known as the N- and
532:
galactokinase can also phosphorylate 2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-amino-deoxy-D-galactose, 3-deoxy-D-galactose and
2986:
2200:
1887:
1789:
741:
in human galactokinase. About 20 mutations have been identified that cause galactosemia type II, the main
3239:
2654:
2427:
2337:
1851:
389:
42:
255:
106:
3007:
2926:
2508:
2463:
2165:
2150:
2086:
2066:
1964:
1450:"Structure-based engineering of E. coli galactokinase as a first step toward in vivo glycorandomization"
381:
320:
171:
3079:
1949:
2422:
2417:
2297:
2160:
2140:
2049:
1897:
1823:
1174:
1163:"Molecular and biochemical characterization of human galactokinase and its small molecule inhibitors"
3043:
2685:
2677:
2458:
2125:
2061:
2025:
658:
571:
540:
galactokinases are also able to successfully phosphorylate 2-deoxy-D-galactose. Galactokinase from
409:
876:"Purification of galactokinase mRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by indirect immunoprecipitation"
2976:
2548:
2486:
2437:
2172:
1999:
1103:
853:
726:
644:
582:
567:
475:
45:
3289:
3256:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2468:
2452:
2411:
2397:
2392:
2130:
2093:
1721:
1680:
1639:
1604:
1555:
1520:
1471:
1430:
1379:
1330:
1279:
1244:
1200:
1143:
1095:
1053:
1012:
977:
941:
897:
845:
673:
483:
479:
397:
54:
3248:
3022:
3017:
2991:
2919:
2896:
2558:
2538:
2480:
2376:
2274:
2259:
2205:
2103:
2098:
1957:
1915:
1892:
1856:
1711:
1670:
1631:
1594:
1586:
1547:
1510:
1502:
1461:
1420:
1410:
1369:
1361:
1320:
1310:
1271:
1234:
1190:
1182:
1135:
1087:
1043:
1004:
969:
931:
887:
835:
761:
315:
166:
690:
The Leloir pathway catalyzes the conversion of galactose to glucose. Galactose is found in
3069:
3053:
2966:
2819:
2809:
2631:
2602:
2228:
2135:
2120:
650:
620:
373:
343:
308:
195:
175:
159:
1742:
574:. The corresponding broadly permissive sugar anomeric kinases serve as a cornerstone for
1178:
3218:
3107:
3048:
2787:
2626:
2533:
2525:
2402:
2365:
1599:
1574:
1515:
1490:
1374:
1349:
1195:
1162:
1048:
1031:
753:
750:
734:
691:
640:
393:
324:
1425:
1398:
1325:
1298:
1008:
892:
875:
3273:
3012:
2971:
1716:
1699:
703:
624:
601:
542:
460:
857:
28:
2961:
2145:
2115:
2044:
1870:
1466:
1449:
1107:
722:
468:
1659:"Structure and function of enzymes of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism"
1139:
671:
galactokinase are analogous to Arg-37 and Asp-186 in human galactokinase. (From
643:
experiments. Both the aspartic acid and arginine active site residues are highly
546:, on the other hand, is highly specific for D-galactose and cannot phosphorylate
279:
130:
3185:
3120:
2956:
2711:
2701:
2302:
2039:
1980:
1815:
1399:"Creation of the first anomeric D/L-sugar kinase by means of directed evolution"
840:
823:
707:
612:
594:
353:
205:
3213:
1506:
1403:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2513:
2356:
2269:
2034:
1984:
1833:
1828:
1785:
1186:
1091:
973:
765:
699:
616:
597:
563:
491:
456:
452:
444:
405:
286:
137:
3260:
3234:
3159:
3133:
2792:
2705:
2242:
2008:
1866:
1798:
1491:"The impact of enzyme engineering upon natural product glycodiversification"
1415:
773:
746:
555:
478:. GHMP is an abbreviation referring to its original members: galactokinase,
401:
377:
49:
38:
1725:
1684:
1675:
1658:
1643:
1608:
1559:
1524:
1475:
1434:
1334:
1315:
1283:
1248:
1239:
1222:
1204:
1147:
1099:
981:
945:
936:
919:
639:
form and has also been proven to be essential to galactokinase function in
451:
ring of ATP binds in a hydrophobic pocket located at their interface. The
1383:
1057:
849:
2639:
2219:
1843:
1811:
1794:
1700:"Functional analysis of disease-causing mutations in human galactokinase"
1016:
901:
738:
632:
609:
385:
291:
142:
467:
beta-sheets and six alpha-helices. Galactokinase does not belong to the
2590:
2575:
2191:
1930:
1920:
1907:
1635:
769:
742:
559:
551:
547:
528:
511:
503:
499:
495:
448:
424:
34:
3252:
1590:
1575:"Recombinant E. coli prototype strains for in vivo glycorandomization"
1551:
1365:
1275:
677:
58:
3172:
2942:
2568:
2003:
1801:
710:. Three enzymes are required in the Leloir pathway: galactokinase,
695:
605:
533:
523:
522:
Galactokinases across different species display a great diversity of
507:
471:
432:
428:
413:
369:
274:
125:
474:
family, but rather to a class of ATP-dependent enzymes known as the
3146:
2585:
2580:
2432:
657:
649:
636:
628:
420:
416:
2742:
CDP-diacylglycerol—glycerol-3-phosphate 3-phosphatidyltransferase
2496:
2491:
2387:
2382:
2081:
2076:
2071:
267:
118:
2915:
1953:
1756:
757:
537:
463:, and the C-terminal domain is characterized by two layers of
2911:
1397:
Hoffmeister D, Yang J, Liu L, Thorson JS (November 2003).
1350:"Some properties of galactokinase in developing rat liver"
1573:
Williams GJ, Yang J, Zhang C, Thorson JS (January 2011).
702:, and can be produced endogenously in the breakdown of
3202:
2752:
CDP-diacylglycerol—inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase
1448:
Yang J, Fu X, Liao J, Liu L, Thorson JS (June 2005).
1161:
Tang M, Wierenga K, Elsas LJ, Lai K (December 2010).
2757:
CDP-diacylglycerol—choline O-phosphatidyltransferase
662:
Crystal structure of galactokinase active site from
3098:
3062:
3031:
3000:
2949:
2876:
2854:
2829:
2804:
2785:
2765:
2747:
CDP-diacylglycerol—serine O-phosphatidyltransferase
2734:
2724:
2694:
2676:
2653:
2625:
2524:
2364:
2355:
2332:
2292:
2237:
2214:
2186:
2020:
1996:
1929:
1906:
1865:
1842:
1810:
349:
339:
334:
314:
302:
297:
285:
273:
261:
249:
237:
229:
224:
219:
201:
191:
186:
165:
153:
148:
136:
124:
112:
100:
88:
80:
72:
67:
21:
1489:Williams GJ, Gantt RW, Thorson JS (October 2008).
392:. Galactokinase catalyzes the second step of the
1657:Holden HM, Rayment I, Thoden JB (November 2003).
623:is transferred to the sugar, and Asp-186 may be
600:in human galactokinase have become understood.
419:, galactokinase has been studied extensively in
772:uptake of water, and the swelling and eventual
608:from C1-OH of α-D-galactose, and the resulting
3233:Beebe, Jane A.; Frey, Perry A. (1998-10-01).
2927:
1965:
1768:
33:Cartoon structure of a human galactokinase 1
8:
2773:N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase
2663:UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
733:, also known as galactosemia type II, is a
2934:
2920:
2912:
2801:
2731:
2361:
2352:
2017:
1972:
1958:
1950:
1775:
1761:
1753:
1299:"Sugar recognition by human galactokinase"
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
455:domain is marked by five strands of mixed
372:(phosphotransferase) that facilitates the
331:
183:
27:
2867:serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
2845:serine/threonine-specific protein kinases
2668:Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
1884:Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
1745:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1715:
1674:
1598:
1514:
1465:
1424:
1414:
1373:
1324:
1314:
1238:
1216:
1214:
1194:
1047:
935:
891:
839:
712:galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
52:ion is visible as a green sphere. (From
3225:
3209:
785:
1223:"Molecular structure of galactokinase"
995:Foglietti MJ, Percheron F (1976). "".
216:
18:
1297:Timson DJ, Reece RJ (November 2003).
1121:
1119:
1117:
7:
1221:Thoden JB, Holden HM (August 2003).
1080:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
913:
911:
869:
867:
1663:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1495:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
1227:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1032:"Galactokinase of Vicia faba seeds"
924:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
880:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
817:
815:
813:
1698:Timson DJ, Reece RJ (April 2003).
1049:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07720.x
918:Sellick CA, Reece RJ (June 2006).
14:
2178:Glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase
874:Schell MA, Wilson DB (May 1979).
3212:
2319:Ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase
1717:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03538.x
1704:European Journal of Biochemistry
1348:Walker DG, Khan HH (June 1968).
1036:European Journal of Biochemistry
1167:Chemico-Biological Interactions
737:metabolic disorder caused by a
1467:10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.04.009
635:-37 stabilizes Asp-186 in its
1:
2892:Protein-histidine tele-kinase
2887:Protein-histidine pros-kinase
2766:Glycosyl-1-phosphotransferase
1009:10.1016/s0300-9084(76)80218-0
893:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50793-6
494:binding and has the sequence
3285:Genes on human chromosome 15
3280:Genes on human chromosome 17
2598:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
1140:10.1016/j.bioorg.2011.03.001
962:Journal of Molecular Biology
2505:RNA-directed DNA polymerase
2373:DNA-directed DNA polymerase
1939:Mannose phosphate isomerase
1540:Journal of Natural Products
841:10.1096/fasebj.10.4.8647345
3311:
2858:: protein-dual-specificity
1507:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.013
3090:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
1187:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.025
1092:10.1007/s00018-004-4160-6
974:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.043
330:
182:
26:
2982:Diffusion-limited enzyme
2835:protein-serine/threonine
2735:Phosphatidyltransferases
2324:Thiamine diphosphokinase
1747:Medical Subject Headings
745:of which is early onset
731:Galactokinase deficiency
488:phosphomevalonate kinase
412:. First isolated from
1888:UDP-glucose 4-epimerase
1790:carbohydrate metabolism
1624:Natural Product Reports
1454:Chemistry & Biology
1416:10.1073/pnas.2235011100
1354:The Biochemical Journal
1030:Dey PM (October 1983).
647:among galactokinases.
593:Recently, the roles of
524:substrate specificities
2655:Nucleotidyltransferase
2338:nucleotidyltransferase
2265:Nucleoside-diphosphate
1852:Sorbitol dehydrogenase
1676:10.1074/jbc.R300025200
1316:10.1186/1471-2091-4-16
1240:10.1074/jbc.M304789200
937:10.1074/jbc.M602086200
822:Frey PA (March 1996).
776:of lens cells ensues.
764:converts galactose to
682:
655:
384:at the expense of one
3295:Moonlighting proteins
3075:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
3008:Allosteric regulation
2509:Reverse transcriptase
661:
653:
382:galactose 1-phosphate
3085:Lineweaver–Burk plot
2298:diphosphotransferase
2280:Thiamine-diphosphate
1987:-containing groups (
1898:Galactose mutarotase
1824:Hepatic fructokinase
1579:ACS Chemical Biology
1128:Bioorganic Chemistry
570:and structure-based
408:of α-D-galactose to
3247:(42): 14989–14997.
2880:: protein-histidine
2798:; protein acceptor)
2686:mRNA capping enzyme
2678:Guanylyltransferase
1179:2010CBI...188..376T
686:Biological function
664:Lactococcus lactis.
572:protein engineering
410:glucose 1-phosphate
3044:Enzyme superfamily
2977:Enzyme promiscuity
2156:Phosphoinositide 3
2000:phosphotransferase
1636:10.1039/c1np00045d
1086:(19–20): 2471–84.
798:Medical Dictionary
727:metabolic disorder
683:
669:Lactococcus lactis
656:
583:glycorandomization
568:directed evolution
3253:10.1021/bi9816047
3200:
3199:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2781:
2780:
2720:
2719:
2621:
2620:
2534:Template-directed
2288:
2287:
2255:Phosphomevalonate
1947:
1946:
1591:10.1021/cb100267k
1552:10.1021/np0502084
1366:10.1042/bj1080169
1276:10.1021/ol034642d
718:Disease relevance
604:-186 abstracts a
518:Sugar specificity
484:mevalonate kinase
480:homoserine kinase
447:domains, and the
398:metabolic pathway
363:
362:
359:
358:
215:
214:
211:
210:
3302:
3265:
3264:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3080:Hanes–Woolf plot
3023:Enzyme activator
3018:Enzyme inhibitor
2992:Enzyme catalysis
2936:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2897:Histidine kinase
2820:tyrosine kinases
2810:protein-tyrosine
2802:
2732:
2539:RNA polymerase I
2362:
2353:
2206:Aspartate kinase
2201:Phosphoglycerate
2018:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1916:Lactose synthase
1893:Aldose reductase
1857:Aldose reductase
1777:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1546:(11): 1696–711.
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1418:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1303:BMC Biochemistry
1294:
1288:
1287:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1233:(35): 33305–11.
1218:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1027:
1021:
1020:
992:
986:
985:
956:
950:
949:
939:
915:
906:
905:
895:
871:
862:
861:
843:
819:
808:
807:
805:
804:
790:
762:aldose reductase
694:, as well as in
680:
476:GHMP superfamily
332:
217:
184:
61:
37:in complex with
31:
19:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3108:Oxidoreductases
3094:
3070:Enzyme kinetics
3058:
3054:List of enzymes
3027:
2996:
2967:Catalytic triad
2945:
2940:
2910:
2901:
2872:
2850:
2825:
2796:
2790:
2786:2.7.10-2.7.13:
2777:
2761:
2728:: miscellaneous
2716:
2690:
2672:
2649:
2632:exoribonuclease
2629:
2617:
2603:Polyadenylation
2520:
2346:
2340:
2328:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2284:
2246:
2233:
2210:
2182:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1978:
1948:
1943:
1925:
1902:
1861:
1838:
1806:
1781:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1669:(45): 43885–8.
1656:
1655:
1651:
1630:(11): 1811–53.
1621:
1620:
1616:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1409:(23): 13184–9.
1396:
1395:
1391:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1264:Organic Letters
1261:
1260:
1256:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1029:
1028:
1024:
994:
993:
989:
958:
957:
953:
930:(25): 17150–5.
917:
916:
909:
873:
872:
865:
821:
820:
811:
802:
800:
794:"galactokinase"
792:
791:
787:
782:
720:
688:
672:
621:phosphate group
591:
520:
441:
374:phosphorylation
220:Galactokinase 2
63:
53:
22:Galactokinase 1
17:
12:
11:
5:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3181:
3168:
3155:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3032:Classification
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2799:
2794:
2788:protein kinase
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2627:Phosphorolytic
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2526:RNA polymerase
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2366:DNA polymerase
2359:
2350:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2151:Diacylglycerol
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2062:Phosphofructo-
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2015:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:External links
1735:
1732:
1731:
1710:(8): 1767–74.
1690:
1649:
1614:
1565:
1530:
1481:
1440:
1389:
1340:
1289:
1270:(13): 2223–6.
1254:
1210:
1153:
1113:
1063:
1022:
1003:(5): 499–504.
987:
951:
907:
863:
809:
784:
783:
781:
778:
719:
716:
692:dairy products
687:
684:
641:point mutation
615:attacks the Îł-
590:
587:
519:
516:
440:
437:
400:found in most
394:Leloir pathway
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:
328:
327:
318:
312:
311:
306:
300:
299:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
265:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
213:
212:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
180:
179:
169:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3307:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Enzyme family
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Cooperativity
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Oxyanion hole
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:Class II PI 3
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Deoxycytidine
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:ADP-thymidine
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Galactokinase
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1743:Galactokinase
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:(1): 95–100.
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1501:(5): 556–64.
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:(6): 657–64.
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:(2): 169–75.
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:(3): 376–85.
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:(2): 387–98.
967:
963:
955:
952:
947:
943:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
889:
886:(9): 3531–6.
885:
881:
877:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
834:(4): 461–70.
833:
829:
828:FASEB Journal
825:
818:
816:
814:
810:
799:
795:
789:
786:
779:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:of the human
755:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:glycoproteins
701:
697:
693:
685:
679:
675:
670:
665:
660:
652:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
588:
586:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
543:S. cerevisiae
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
465:anti-parallel
462:
461:alpha-helices
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:α-D-galactose
375:
371:
367:
366:Galactokinase
355:
352:
348:
345:
342:
338:
333:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
317:
313:
310:
307:
305:
301:
296:
293:
290:
288:
284:
281:
278:
276:
272:
269:
266:
264:
260:
257:
254:
252:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
218:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
185:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
60:
56:
51:
47:
44:
41:(red) and an
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
3244:
3240:Biochemistry
3238:
3228:
3186:Translocases
3183:
3170:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3121:Transferases
3118:
3105:
2962:Binding site
2864:
2842:
2817:
2438:
2403:
2161:Class I PI 3
2126:Pantothenate
2056:
1997:2.7.1-2.7.4:
1981:Transferases
1878:
1871:Galactolysis
1707:
1703:
1693:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1230:
1226:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1134:(3): 120–6.
1131:
1127:
1083:
1079:
1042:(1): 155–9.
1039:
1035:
1025:
1000:
996:
990:
965:
961:
954:
927:
923:
883:
879:
831:
827:
801:. Retrieved
797:
788:
723:Galactosemia
721:
689:
668:
663:
625:deprotonated
592:
579:
575:
541:
527:
521:
442:
365:
364:
323:
174:
81:Alt. symbols
48:(orange). A
2957:Active site
2712:Transposase
2702:Recombinase
2347:-nucleoside
2173:Sphingosine
1816:Fructolysis
708:glycolipids
619:of ATP. A
613:nucleophile
595:active site
344:Swiss-model
225:Identifiers
196:Swiss-model
68:Identifiers
3274:Categories
3160:Isomerases
3134:Hydrolases
3001:Regulation
2514:Telomerase
2357:Polymerase
2131:Mevalonate
2094:Riboflavin
1985:phosphorus
1834:Triokinase
1829:Aldolase B
1786:Metabolism
803:2013-01-26
780:References
766:galactitol
700:vegetables
631:. Nearby
617:phosphorus
564:galactitol
558:, fucose,
492:nucleotide
457:beta-sheet
453:N-terminal
445:C-terminal
406:catabolism
340:Structures
335:Search for
298:Other data
192:Structures
187:Search for
149:Other data
3261:0006-2960
3039:EC number
2706:Integrase
2630:3' to 5'
2275:Guanylate
2270:Uridylate
2260:Adenylate
2104:Thymidine
2099:Shikimate
1867:Galactose
1799:galactose
997:Biochimie
774:apoptosis
747:cataracts
735:recessive
725:, a rare
645:conserved
589:Mechanism
556:arabinose
459:and five
439:Structure
414:mammalian
402:organisms
304:EC number
280:NM_002044
239:NCBI gene
155:EC number
131:NM_000154
90:NCBI gene
50:magnesium
39:galactose
3290:EC 2.7.1
3063:Kinetics
2987:Cofactor
2950:Activity
2640:RNase PH
2248:acceptor
2229:Creatine
2222:acceptor
2194:acceptor
2136:Pyruvate
2121:Glycerol
2082:Platelet
2057:Galacto-
2028:acceptor
1844:Sorbitol
1812:Fructose
1795:fructose
1726:12694189
1685:12923184
1644:21901218
1609:20886903
1560:16309329
1525:18678278
1476:15975511
1435:14612558
1335:14596685
1284:12816414
1249:12796487
1205:20696150
1148:21474160
1100:15526155
982:15003454
946:16603548
858:13857006
739:mutation
681:)
610:alkoxide
598:residues
576:in vitro
534:D-fucose
404:for the
386:molecule
354:InterPro
206:InterPro
62:)
46:analogue
3219:Biology
3173:Ligases
2943:Enzymes
2591:PrimPol
2576:Primase
2050:Hepatic
2045:Fructo-
1931:Mannose
1921:Lactase
1908:Lactose
1802:enzymes
1600:3025069
1516:4552347
1384:5665881
1375:1198790
1196:2980576
1175:Bibcode
1108:7293337
1058:6617655
850:8647345
770:osmotic
743:symptom
637:anionic
580:in vivo
560:lactose
552:mannose
548:glucose
529:E. coli
498:-X-X-X-
449:adenine
425:archaea
350:Domains
321:Chr. 15
309:2.7.1.6
287:UniProt
202:Domains
176:q23-q25
172:Chr. 17
160:2.7.1.6
138:UniProt
35:monomer
3259:
3205:Portal
3147:Lyases
2878:2.7.13
2856:2.7.12
2831:2.7.11
2806:2.7.10
2645:PNPase
2613:PNPase
2569:POLRMT
2564:ssRNAP
2077:Muscle
2040:Gluco-
2004:kinase
1749:(MeSH)
1724:
1683:
1642:
1607:
1597:
1558:
1523:
1513:
1474:
1433:
1426:263743
1423:
1382:
1372:
1333:
1326:280648
1323:
1309:: 16.
1282:
1247:
1203:
1193:
1146:
1106:
1098:
1056:
1017:182286
1015:
980:
944:
902:107173
900:
856:
848:
749:. In
696:fruits
606:proton
486:, and
472:kinase
433:humans
431:, and
429:plants
370:enzyme
368:is an
292:Q01415
275:RefSeq
268:137028
230:Symbol
143:P51570
126:RefSeq
119:604313
73:Symbol
16:Enzyme
3099:Types
2726:2.7.8
2695:Other
2334:2.7.7
2294:2.7.6
2239:2.7.4
2216:2.7.3
2188:2.7.2
2072:Liver
2035:Hexo-
2022:2.7.1
1104:S2CID
854:S2CID
754:cells
629:water
510:-Ser-
469:sugar
421:yeast
417:liver
316:Locus
233:GALK2
167:Locus
76:GALK1
3257:ISSN
3191:list
3184:EC7
3178:list
3171:EC6
3165:list
3158:EC5
3152:list
3145:EC4
3139:list
3132:EC3
3126:list
3119:EC2
3113:list
3106:EC1
2865:see
2843:see
2818:see
2192:COOH
1991:2.7)
1797:and
1722:PMID
1681:PMID
1640:PMID
1605:PMID
1556:PMID
1521:PMID
1472:PMID
1431:PMID
1380:PMID
1331:PMID
1280:PMID
1245:PMID
1201:PMID
1144:PMID
1096:PMID
1054:PMID
1013:PMID
978:PMID
942:PMID
898:PMID
846:PMID
751:lens
706:and
698:and
678:1PIE
578:and
396:, a
263:OMIM
256:4119
251:HGNC
244:2585
114:OMIM
107:4118
102:HGNC
95:2584
84:GALK
59:1WUU
3249:doi
2608:PAP
2549:III
2483:/Y
2474:TDT
2455:/X
2447:III
2439:Pfu
2414:/B
2404:Taq
2379:/A
2146:PFP
2116:NAD
1712:doi
1708:270
1671:doi
1667:278
1632:doi
1595:PMC
1587:doi
1548:doi
1511:PMC
1503:doi
1462:doi
1421:PMC
1411:doi
1407:100
1370:PMC
1362:doi
1358:108
1321:PMC
1311:doi
1272:doi
1235:doi
1231:278
1191:PMC
1183:doi
1171:188
1136:doi
1088:doi
1044:doi
1040:136
1005:doi
970:doi
966:337
932:doi
928:281
888:doi
884:254
836:doi
758:eye
674:PDB
633:Arg
627:by
602:Asp
538:rat
526:.
512:Ala
508:Ser
506:-X-
504:Leu
500:Gly
496:Pro
390:ATP
388:of
380:to
376:of
55:PDB
43:ATP
3276::
3255:.
3245:37
3243:.
3237:.
2833::
2808::
2793:PO
2554:IV
2544:II
2453:IV
2449:/C
2412:II
2398:T7
2343:PO
2336::
2296::
2243:PO
2241::
2218::
2190::
2026:OH
2024::
2009:PO
1989:EC
1983::
1869:/
1814:/
1788::
1720:.
1706:.
1702:.
1679:.
1665:.
1661:.
1638:.
1628:28
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2928:t
2921:v
2795:4
2791:(
2708:)
2704:(
2586:2
2581:1
2559:V
2497:Îş
2492:Îą
2487:η
2481:V
2469:ÎĽ
2464:λ
2459:β
2433:ζ
2428:ε
2423:δ
2418:α
2393:ν
2388:θ
2383:Îł
2377:I
2349:)
2345:4
2341:(
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2309:7
2307:O
2305:2
2303:P
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2087:2
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2011:4
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