226:
35:
1630:
387:-specific allergic response to some meats. While this allergic response is quite well documented, there is significant discrepancy between laboratory tests and clinical findings, indicating that much research must still be done on the alpha gal mechanism of action and related tests. Recent studies are showing increasing evidence that this allergy may be induced by the bite of the
451:
Singh, S., Thompson, J. A., Yilmaz, B., Li, H., Weis, S., Sobral, D., Truglio, M., Aires da Silva, F., Aguiar, S., Carlos, A. R., Rebelo, S., Cardoso, S., Gjini, E., Nuñez, G., & Soares, M. P. (2021). Loss of α-gal during primate evolution enhanced antibody-effector function and resistance to
383:(IgG) antibodies are some of the most common in humans. Regular stimulation from gut flora, typically initiated within the first six months of life, leads to an exceptionally high titre of around 1% of all circulating IgG. Alpha gal has also been suggested to play a role in an
820:
Mandell RB, Flick R, Staplin WR, Kaniewski LD, Carzoli AK, Manuszak RP, Wang J, Rossi GR, Vahanian NN, Link CJ (August 2009). "The αGal HyperAcute(®) Technology: enhancing immunogenicity of antiviral vaccines by exploiting the natural αGal-mediated zoonotic blockade".
676:
Hamsten C, Starkhammar M, Tran TA, Johansson M, Bengtsson U, Ahlén G, Sällberg M, Grönlund H, van Hage M (April 2013). "Identification of galactose-α-1,3-galactose in the gastrointestinal tract of the tick Ixodes ricinus; possible relationship with red meat allergy".
127:
473:
Cowan PJ, Aminian A, Barlow H, Brown AA, Chen CG, Fisicaro N, Francis DM, Goodman DJ, Han W, Kurek M, Nottle MB, Pearse MJ, Salvaris E, Shinkel TA, Stainsby GV, Stewart AB, d'Apice AJ (June 2000).
720:
Liu, QP; Yuan, H; Bennett, EP; Levery, SB; Nudelman, E; Spence, J; Pietz, G; Saunders, K; White, T; Olsson, ML; Henrissat, B; Sulzenbacher, G; Clausen, H (28 March 2008).
265:
613:
Crispell, Gary; Commins, Scott P.; Archer-Hartman, Stephanie A.; Choudhary, Shailesh; Dharmarajan, Guha; Azadi, Parastoo; Karim, Shahid (17 May 2019).
578:
Krishna, Neal; Krishna, S.; Krishna, R. (November 2017). "P112 Correlation between clinical findings and laboratory tests for alpha gal sensitivity".
894:
722:"Identification of a GH110 subfamily of alpha 1,3-galactosidases: novel enzymes for removal of the alpha 3Gal xenotransplantation antigen"
249:
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)7(17)8(18)12(22-3)23-10-6(16)4(2-14)21-11(20)9(10)19/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11?,12-/m1/s1
663:
240:
475:"Renal xenografts from triple-transgenic pigs are not hyperacutely rejected but cause coagulopathy in non-immunosuppressed baboons"
372:, including humans, who have lost the GGTA1 gene. Their immune systems recognize it as a foreign body and produce xenoreactive
337:
183:
887:
204:
516:"The Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc-R (alpha-Gal) epitope: a carbohydrate of unique evolution and clinical relevance"
954:
615:"Discovery of Alpha-Gal-Containing Antigens in North American Tick Species Believed to Induce Red Meat Allergy"
1659:
1447:
1664:
1633:
1441:
880:
410:
that efficiently removes linear alpha gal ends from molecules has been identified. It could be useful for
1435:
47:
1654:
1574:
221:
411:
85:
846:
702:
407:
34:
664:"Bad bite: Doctors see surge of sudden meat allergies caused by ticks that are spreading in US"
838:
802:
753:
694:
646:
595:
545:
496:
427:
147:
773:"Anti-Gal: an abundant human natural antibody of multiple pathogeneses and clinical benefits"
17:
1027:
867:
830:
792:
784:
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587:
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288:
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95:
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102:
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974:
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772:
748:
721:
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388:
331:
1648:
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1374:
1265:
834:
491:
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172:
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706:
1453:
1334:
1316:
964:
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361:
531:
1611:
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1471:
1382:
1130:
1125:
1065:
591:
1387:
1329:
1324:
1197:
1150:
369:
316:
138:
631:
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461:
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1392:
1359:
1344:
1165:
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1050:
432:
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757:
738:
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1562:
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1113:
933:
928:
872:
1604:
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1527:
1517:
1513:
1491:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1249:
1212:
1207:
1185:
1170:
1160:
1077:
1055:
1039:
159:
788:
690:
1594:
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1556:
1533:
1501:
1288:
1283:
1227:
1190:
1175:
1155:
1142:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1006:
959:
949:
923:
918:
365:
414:
in the future. Human reaction to alpha gal has beneficial uses as a
376:(IgM) antibodies, leading to organ rejection after transplantation.
330:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1180:
983:
126:
116:
73:
Alpha-gal; 3-α-Galactobiose; Gal(α1-3)Gal; alpha-D-Gal-(1→3)-D-Gal
876:
209:
520:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
1462:
1419:
1401:
1373:
1315:
1308:
1276:
1248:
1141:
1076:
1038:
1005:
982:
973:
942:
911:
563:Williams L (December 27, 2013). "Just one bite".
171:
101:
94:
888:
8:
1312:
979:
895:
881:
873:
580:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
462:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.017
224:
146:
26:
796:
747:
737:
640:
630:
539:
490:
191:
514:Macher, BA; Galili, U (February 2008).
444:
270:
245:
220:
252:Key: QIGJYVCQYDKYDW-SDOYDPJRSA-N
7:
726:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
368:cell membranes. It is not found in
162:
25:
418:and for enhancing wound healing.
1629:
1628:
835:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01191.x
492:10.1097/00007890-200006270-00008
300:
273:O(1(O)C(O)O(CO)1O)2O((O)(O)2O)CO
33:
334:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
306:
294:
1:
18:Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose
771:Galili, U (September 2013).
532:10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.11.003
395:) in North America and the
1681:
823:Zoonoses and Public Health
592:10.1016/j.anai.2017.08.136
28:Galactose-α-1,3-galactose
1624:
350:Galactose-α-1,3-galactose
328:
281:
261:
236:
78:
70:
46:
41:
32:
955:Cyclohexane conformation
632:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01056
567:. Australia. p. 20.
1448:Isomaltooligosaccharide
619:Frontiers in Immunology
454:Cell Host & Microbe
1442:Galactooligosaccharide
739:10.1074/jbc.M709020200
1436:Fructooligosaccharide
565:Sydney Morning Herald
48:Systematic IUPAC name
666:USNews, July 7, 2014
393:Amblyomma americanum
352:, commonly known as
412:xenotransplantation
324: g·mol
106: (alternative)
29:
452:bacterial sepsis.
338:Infobox references
60:-Galactopyranosyl-
27:
1642:
1641:
1620:
1619:
1304:
1303:
789:10.1111/imm.12110
691:10.1111/all.12128
428:Alpha-gal allergy
346:Chemical compound
344:
343:
205:CompTox Dashboard
128:Interactive image
63:
59:
16:(Redirected from
1672:
1632:
1631:
1423:oligosaccharides
1403:Tetrasaccharides
1313:
1028:Dihydroxyacetone
980:
897:
890:
883:
874:
868:GGTA1 Pseudogene
855:
854:
829:(6–7): 391–406.
817:
811:
810:
800:
768:
762:
761:
751:
741:
717:
711:
710:
673:
667:
661:
655:
654:
644:
634:
610:
604:
603:
575:
569:
568:
560:
554:
553:
543:
511:
505:
504:
494:
470:
464:
449:
416:vaccine adjuvant
397:castor bean tick
385:immunoglobulin E
381:immunoglobulin G
374:immunoglobulin M
323:
308:
302:
296:
289:Chemical formula
229:
228:
213:
211:
195:
175:
164:
150:
130:
105:
98:
64:-galactopyranose
61:
57:
37:
30:
21:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1616:
1477:Oat beta-glucan
1464:Polysaccharides
1458:
1421:
1415:
1397:
1369:
1300:
1294:Neuraminic acid
1272:
1244:
1137:
1072:
1034:
1001:
975:Monosaccharides
969:
938:
907:
901:
864:
859:
858:
819:
818:
814:
770:
769:
765:
732:(13): 8545–54.
719:
718:
714:
675:
674:
670:
662:
658:
612:
611:
607:
577:
576:
572:
562:
561:
557:
513:
512:
508:
485:(12): 2504–15.
479:Transplantation
472:
471:
467:
450:
446:
441:
424:
408:α-galactosidase
379:Anti-alpha gal
347:
340:
335:
321:
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1660:Food allergies
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1575:Levan beta 2→6
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1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:
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1375:Trisaccharides
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1261:Mannoheptulose
1254:
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1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
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1032:
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1030:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1018:Glyceraldehyde
1011:
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1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
995:Glycolaldehyde
988:
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977:
971:
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967:
962:
957:
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946:
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862:External links
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401:Ixodes ricinus
389:lone star tick
364:found in most
358:Galili antigen
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332:standard state
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1570:Hemicellulose
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1317:Disaccharides
1314:
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1295:
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1290:
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1282:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1266:Sedoheptulose
1264:
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1259:
1258:
1257:Ketoheptoses
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1236:
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1224:Deoxy sugars
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1140:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:Ketopentoses
1109:
1105:
1102:
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1097:
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1087:
1086:
1085:Aldopentoses
1084:
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1047:Aldotetroses
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1023:
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1016:
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948:
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941:
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905:carbohydrates
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731:
727:
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688:
685:(4): 549–52.
684:
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403:) in Sweden.
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55:
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31:
19:
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1540:
1522:
1454:Maltodextrin
1335:Isomaltulose
1126:Deoxy sugars
1062:Ketotetrose
965:Mutarotation
826:
822:
815:
780:
776:
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729:
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558:
526:(2): 75–88.
523:
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482:
478:
468:
457:
453:
447:
406:A bacterial
405:
400:
392:
378:
362:carbohydrate
357:
353:
349:
348:
79:Identifiers
71:Other names
53:
1655:Allergology
1612:Xanthan gum
1600:Amylopectin
1472:Beta-glucan
1383:Maltotriose
1198:Ketohexoses
1151:Aldohexoses
1131:Deoxyribose
1066:Erythrulose
1024:Ketotriose
1014:Aldotriose
783:(1): 1–11.
370:catarrhines
282:Properties
1649:Categories
1388:Melezitose
1330:Isomaltose
1325:Cellobiose
991:Aldodiose
777:Immunology
586:(5): S37.
439:References
317:Molar mass
193:XW90KQ841P
139:ChemSpider
115:3D model (
96:13168-24-6
86:CAS Number
1542:Galactose
1497:Cellulose
1487:Sizofiran
1411:Stachyose
1393:Raffinose
1360:Trehalose
1345:Lactulose
1166:Galactose
1089:Arabinose
1051:Erythrose
903:Types of
600:1081-1206
433:Galactose
366:mammalian
354:alpha gal
103:7313-98-6
1634:Category
1563:Glycogen
1546:Galactan
1524:Fructose
1509:Chitosan
1482:Lentinan
1431:Acarbose
1365:Turanose
1309:Multiple
1250:Heptoses
1238:Rhamnose
1233:Fuculose
1218:Tagatose
1203:Fructose
1119:Xylulose
1114:Ribulose
1078:Pentoses
1040:Tetroses
943:Geometry
934:Pyranose
929:Furanose
851:34171020
843:19486321
807:23578170
758:18227066
707:43353109
699:23414348
651:31156631
625:: 1056.
550:18047841
501:10910270
422:See also
356:and the
173:16219440
148:17346769
1605:Amylose
1553:Glucose
1528:Fructan
1518:Dextran
1514:Dextrin
1492:Zymosan
1355:Sucrose
1350:Maltose
1340:Lactose
1289:Nonoses
1284:Octoses
1277:Above 7
1213:Sorbose
1208:Psicose
1186:Mannose
1171:Glucose
1161:Altrose
1143:Hexoses
1056:Threose
1007:Trioses
912:General
798:3809700
749:2417185
679:Allergy
642:6533943
541:2271034
360:, is a
322:342.297
160:PubChem
1595:Starch
1590:Pectin
1585:Mannan
1580:Lignin
1557:Glucan
1534:Inulin
1502:Chitin
1228:Fucose
1191:Talose
1176:Gulose
1156:Allose
1104:Xylose
1099:Ribose
1094:Lyxose
984:Dioses
960:Epimer
950:Anomer
924:Ketose
919:Aldose
849:
841:
805:
795:
756:
746:
705:
697:
649:
639:
598:
548:
538:
499:
266:SMILES
42:Names
1450:(IMO)
1444:(GOS)
1438:(FOS)
1420:Other
1181:Idose
847:S2CID
703:S2CID
460:(3).
241:InChI
117:JSmol
839:PMID
803:PMID
754:PMID
695:PMID
647:PMID
596:ISSN
546:PMID
524:1780
497:PMID
184:UNII
831:doi
793:PMC
785:doi
781:140
744:PMC
734:doi
730:283
687:doi
637:PMC
627:doi
588:doi
584:119
536:PMC
528:doi
487:doi
210:EPA
163:CID
56:-α-
1651::
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1544:/
1526:/
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827:56
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693:.
683:68
681:.
645:.
635:.
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495:.
483:69
481:.
477:.
458:29
456:,
310:11
304:22
298:12
52:3-
896:e
889:t
882:v
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809:.
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489::
399:(
391:(
307:O
301:H
295:C
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62:D
58:D
54:O
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