249:, who, in obedience to the treaty between his sovereign, now Sancho, and the caliphate, sent him as a prisoner to Ghālib at Medinaceli, who passed him along to Córdoba. There he was interviewed by the new caliph, al-Ḥakam II, in April 962 and agreed to uphold Sancho's deal if the caliph would restore him to the throne. Before this new agreement could be put into effect, Sancho I renewed his promise to hand over the ten fortresses. Following the death of Ordoño IV shortly after, Sancho reneged. He then allied with the
160:
290:
329:), although they had left empty-handed. Ghālib's fleet did not sail from Almería until the end of Ramadān, around 25 July. The fleet failed to make contact with the Vikings and returned to port a month later. A triumph was staged for Ghālib nonetheless. He was escorted into Córdoba with banners all the way to the
442:
Son-in-law and father-in-law soon had a falling-out over Ibn Abī ʿĀmir's restricting the caliph's sphere of activity to religious ceremonies. In 980, Ghālib requested a meeting with Ibn Abī ʿĀmir at his castle of
Medinaceli. According to the Arabic chroniclers, during the meeting Ghālib in anger
469:, who was the king of Navarre's brother, was killed in action. Ghālib himself died when his horse stumbled and his chest was pierced on his saddlebow. He was about eighty years old. It was for this victory over his last internal rival that Ibn Abī ʿĀmir was given the honorific
430:
After the accession of Hishām II in
October 976, Ghālib took command of the military forces of the capital and Ibn Abī ʿĀmir followed him there. In 978, the latter married Ghālib's daughter, Asmāʾ. In the capital, Ibn Abī ʿĀmir plotted with al-Muṣḥafi, to overthrow the palace
454:
and fought a series of victorious engagements with his son-in-law's forces before the latter forced him into a pitched battle. Although his own army contained
Christian mercenaries, Ibn Abī ʿĀmir declared a
92:
were celebrated with pomp and he was regarded by contemporaries as a hero. He continued to lead campaigns north into
Christian territory throughout the 960s and 970s. He also led the defence against the
717:
476:
By order of Ibn Abī ʿĀmir, Ghālib's body was skinned and his skin stuffed and exhibited on a crucifix in Córdoba. His head is given different but equally grisly treatments by different chroniclers.
931:
941:
926:
352:
back under ʿUmayyad control. They had defected under pressure to the Fāṭimids in 958. He returned to Córdoba in triumph with the deposed Idrīsid leader,
241:
to the
Leonese throne in exchange for ten border fortresses. This condition had not been fulfilled when the caliph died in October 961. Sancho's rival,
725:
439:("he of the two vizierates") from the young Hishām II. This title placed Ghālib in a position of preeminence over all the other viziers at court.
435:, and then plotted with Ghālib to overthrow al-Muṣḥafi. Ibn Abī ʿĀmir rewarded his father-in-law's cooperation by procuring for him the honorific
936:
885:
Meouak, Mohamed (1990). "La biographie de Gālib, haut fonctionnaire andalou de l'époque califale: carrière politique et titres honorifiques".
88:
Under al-Ḥakam II, who withdrew into the palace, Ghālib became the public face of the caliphate. His departure on campaign and his return to
374:
In 975, Ghālib led an expedition against the alliance of León and
Navarre. He won two major victories, defeating the allied force under
176:
330:
278:
383:
305:). On 3 July that year, he was summoned by the Caliph al-Ḥakam and put in charge of mounting a campaign by land and sea against a
246:
81:
into
Christian territory to the north, bringing back booty and prisoners. In 955, he led a punitive naval expedition against the
946:
348:(boss) of the marcher lords. He was thus at the peak of his power and influence when in 973 he was sent to Africa to bring the
257:
to attack the caliphate. Al-Ḥakam II then personally led an army to the border in the summer of 963, seizing the fortresses of
414:, were present at the ceremony where Ghālib received the honour. Establishing his headquarters at Medinaceli, Ghālib brought
333:, and a panegyric was composed in his honour. He did not, however, command the response to the Vikings the following year.
63:
Ghālib's rise coincides with the retirement of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III from active military command following his defeat at the
42:
466:
407:
353:
828:
411:
309:
fleet that had appeared off the
Atlantic coast. After making preparations, Ghālib departed on 12 July through the
266:
356:, as his captive in September 974. The Idrīsid ruler was forced to swear allegiance to the ʿUmayyads and to the
112:. His death marks the culmination of the rise of Ibn Abī ʿĀmir to a position of supremacy within the caliphate.
877:
870:
Makki, Mahmoud (1994). "The
Political History of al-Andalus (92/711–897/1492)". In Salma Khadra Jayyusi (ed.).
38:
462:
344:) were issued to the lords of the Middle March upon Ghālib's request. In them, Ghālib is described as the
180:
109:
415:
105:
647:
375:
222:(Africa). This expedition failed, but in 956 a second expedition with seventy ships captured and razed
159:
904:
Religion, Text, and
Society in Medieval Spain and Northern Europe: Essays in Honor of J. N. Hillgarth
379:
313:(Eastern Gate) in an elaborate ceremony. He was apparently too late. An Leonese embassy arrived from
184:
871:
713:
921:
254:
238:
130:, origin from a Christian family. He was owned, and later freed, by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, becoming a
122:
451:
250:
64:
192:
108:(Almanzor). Forced to ally with his former Christian enemies, Ghālib was defeated and killed in
696:
846:
419:
322:
196:
89:
82:
771:
Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad
838:
258:
227:
902:: Elvira, First Queen-Regent of León". In T. E. Burman; M. D. Meyerson; L. Shopkow (eds.).
219:
49:
858:
446:
With the conflict now in the open, Ibn Abī ʿĀmir seized Medinaceli at the head of a large
349:
98:
207:
823:
819:
769:
634:
399:
391:
314:
310:
17:
915:
842:
815:
798:
709:
68:
721:
394:, on 8 July. After these victories he was given two gilded swords and the honorific
811:
289:
203:
147:
Although many slaves destined for the palace or for provincial administration were
104:
In his final year, Ghālib became embroiled in a civil war with his own son-in-law,
358:
242:
211:
199:, bringing back many prisoners and much booty, but the border remained unchanged.
53:
403:
318:
218:. The next year (955), Ghālib led a punitive naval raid on the coast of Fāṭimid
215:
137:
72:
850:
56:
on both land and sea. For his military prowess, he was granted the honorific
274:
148:
450:
army. In order to recover his fiefdom, Ghālib allied with Castile and the
457:
270:
132:
447:
262:
223:
94:
410:
in 883. Only al-Ḥakam himself, his son Hishām and his first minister,
906:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 38–69.
398:(Lord of the Two Swords), a title which had also been granted by the
368:
363:
306:
298:
231:
136:(freedman) and, as per custom, taking his former owner's name as his
708:
The marriage of Ghālib's daughter is mentioned in numerous sources:
646:
There is possible confusion here between Santaver, well inland, and
422:
and was followed by many others drawn by word of his latest honour.
163:
The Caliphate of Córdoba around the time of Ghālib's death, showing
651:
387:
288:
158:
127:
77:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
67:
in 939. In the 940s, Ghālib consolidated ʿUmayyad control over
97:
in 971–72. His most important feat, however, was to bring the
791:
Vikings in the South: Voyages to Iberia and the Mediterranean
863:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
676:
674:
672:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
273:, led a two-pronged attack on Navarre. Ghālib captured
418:, the future ruler of Córdoba, into his employ as his
277:
from the Navarrese and al-Tujībī defeated their king,
614:
612:
473:(Victorious by God) by which is most commonly known.
461:
against Ghālib because of his Christian allies. The
443:
struck his son-in-law with his sword, injuring him.
340:(supreme commander). In 974, diplomas of authority (
101:
in North Africa back under ʿUmayyad control in 973.
633:, p. 998. This took place in 968 according to
768:
782:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain
465:took place on 10 July 981. The king of Viguera,
237:In 960, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III restored the deposed
191:) and used it as a base to harass the Christian
336:In 972, Ghālib was promoted to the new rank of
293:The remains of the castle of Medinaceli today.
630:
567:
8:
317:with news that the Vikings had gone up the
175:In 946, Ghālib was placed in charge of the
829:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
837:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 997–998.
663:
126:, a slave of eastern European, probably
680:
603:
591:
485:
775:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
579:
538:
526:
505:
27:Arabic general commander of al-Andalus
749:
737:
618:
7:
932:People from the Caliphate of Córdoba
692:
382:on 28 June and then defeating Count
942:Military personnel killed in action
927:10th-century people from al-Andalus
167:(the Middle March) and Medinaceli (
31:Ghālib ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Nāṣirī
803:Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031
195:. In 953, he attacked the Leonese
75:. In the 950s, he led a series of
37:, was a military commander in the
25:
865:. London and New York: Routledge.
179:. In this capacity, according to
876:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp.
843:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2449
810:Huici Miranda, Ambrosio (1965).
297:By 971, Ghālib held the rank of
183:, a late source, he rebuilt the
33:(c. 900 – 10 July 981), called
1:
937:Al-Andalus military personnel
412:Jaʿfar ibn ʿUthmān al-Muṣḥafi
39:ʿUmayyad caliphate of Córdoba
784:. London: Hurst and Company.
267:Yaḥyā ibn Muḥammad al-Tujībī
214:sacked the ʿUmayyad city of
142:ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Nāṣirī
426:Conflict with Ibn Abī ʿĀmir
384:García Fernández of Castile
963:
900:Dominissima, prudentissima
873:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
812:"Ghālib b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān"
406:in Baghdad to his general
247:Fernán González of Castile
60:(Lord of the Two Swords).
780:Catlos, Brian A. (2018).
767:Catlos, Brian A. (2014).
245:, had fled to the Count
206:under the orders of the
120:Ghālib was originally a
898:Pick, Lucy K. (2002). "
18:Galib ibn Abd al-Rahman
947:Slaves from al-Andalus
789:Christys, Ann (2015).
463:battle of Torrevicente
294:
172:
41:, serving the caliphs
695:, p. 60, citing
292:
162:
631:Huici Miranda (1965)
568:Huici Miranda (1965)
185:castle of Medinaceli
367:(as opposed to the
354:al-Ḥasan ibn Gannūn
255:County of Barcelona
43:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III
805:. Wiley-Blackwell.
683:, pp. 100–02.
570:, pp. 997–98.
529:, pp. 184–86.
508:, pp. 149–50.
452:Kingdom of Viguera
376:Ramiro III of León
371:of the Fāṭimids).
295:
269:, the governor of
251:Kingdom of Navarre
173:
151:, Ghālib was not.
140:surname, becoming
65:Battle of Simancas
666:, pp. 88–92.
471:al-Manṣūr bi-Llāh
437:dhu ʾl-wizāratayn
420:intendant general
285:Supreme commander
265:while Ghālib and
197:county of Castile
83:Fāṭimid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
954:
907:
894:
881:
866:
854:
806:
794:
785:
776:
774:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
706:
700:
690:
684:
678:
667:
661:
655:
644:
638:
628:
622:
616:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
542:
536:
530:
524:
509:
503:
408:Isḥāq ibn Kundāj
380:besieging Gormaz
338:al-qāʾid al-aʿlā
311:Madīnat al-Zahrā
279:García Sánchez I
204:a Sicilian fleet
165:aṯ-Ṯaḡr al-Awsaṭ
110:a pitched battle
21:
962:
961:
957:
956:
955:
953:
952:
951:
912:
911:
910:
897:
884:
869:
857:
809:
797:
788:
779:
766:
762:
757:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
707:
703:
691:
687:
679:
670:
664:Christys (2015)
662:
658:
645:
641:
629:
625:
617:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
578:
574:
566:
545:
537:
533:
525:
512:
504:
487:
482:
428:
287:
224:Marsā al-Kharaz
193:kingdom of León
157:
118:
99:Idrīsid dynasty
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
960:
958:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
914:
913:
909:
908:
895:
882:
867:
855:
807:
799:Collins, Roger
795:
786:
777:
763:
761:
758:
755:
754:
742:
730:
701:
685:
681:Kennedy (1996)
668:
656:
639:
623:
608:
604:Collins (2012)
596:
592:Kennedy (1996)
584:
572:
543:
531:
510:
484:
483:
481:
478:
427:
424:
396:Dhu ʾl-Sayfayn
286:
283:
226:and plundered
156:
153:
117:
114:
58:Dhu ʾl-Sayfayn
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
959:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
874:
868:
864:
860:
859:Kennedy, Hugh
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:. Bloomsbury.
792:
787:
783:
778:
773:
772:
765:
764:
759:
752:, p. 42.
751:
746:
743:
740:, p. 41.
739:
734:
731:
727:
726:al-Marrākushī
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
702:
698:
694:
689:
686:
682:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
660:
657:
653:
649:
643:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
621:, p. 39.
620:
615:
613:
609:
606:, p. 66.
605:
600:
597:
594:, p. 94.
593:
588:
585:
582:, p. 86.
581:
580:Catlos (2018)
576:
573:
569:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
544:
541:, p. 23.
540:
539:Catlos (2014)
535:
532:
528:
527:Catlos (2018)
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
506:Catlos (2018)
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
486:
479:
477:
474:
472:
468:
467:Ramiro Garcés
464:
460:
459:
453:
449:
444:
440:
438:
434:
425:
423:
421:
417:
416:Ibn Abī ʿĀmir
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:south of the
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
365:
361:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
284:
282:
281:, in battle.
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:Madīnat Sālim
186:
182:
178:
170:
169:Madīnat Sālim
166:
161:
154:
152:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
115:
113:
111:
107:
106:Ibn Abī ʿĀmir
102:
100:
96:
91:
86:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
40:
36:
32:
19:
903:
899:
893:(1): 95–112.
890:
886:
872:
862:
834:
827:
802:
790:
781:
770:
750:Makki (1994)
745:
738:Makki (1994)
733:
704:
688:
659:
642:
626:
619:Makki (1994)
599:
587:
575:
534:
475:
470:
456:
445:
441:
436:
432:
429:
395:
373:
362:
357:
345:
341:
337:
335:
327:Shantabarīya
326:
302:
296:
236:
201:
188:
177:Middle March
174:
168:
164:
155:Middle March
146:
141:
131:
121:
119:
103:
87:
76:
62:
57:
44:
34:
30:
29:
824:Schacht, J.
820:Pellat, Ch.
714:Ibn ʿIdhārī
693:Pick (2002)
635:Ibn Khaldūn
404:al-Muwaffaq
319:river Duero
50:al-Ḥakam II
922:981 deaths
916:Categories
887:Al-Qantara
833:Volume II:
710:Ibn Bassām
697:Ibn Ḥayyān
321:as far as
181:al-Maqqarī
138:patronymic
73:Medinaceli
35:al-Ṣiqlabī
851:495469475
816:Lewis, B.
718:al-Khaṭīb
378:that was
275:Calahorra
243:Ordoño IV
212:al-Muʿizz
149:castrated
54:Hishām II
861:(1996).
826:(eds.).
801:(2012).
722:Ibn Ḥazm
648:Santarém
433:Ṣaqāliba
400:ʿAbbāsid
350:Idrīsids
323:Santaver
271:Zaragoza
253:and the
239:Sancho I
220:Ifrīqiya
202:In 954,
45:al-Nāṣir
760:Sources
650:on the
402:regent
390:, near
342:sijilāt
331:Alcázar
315:Astorga
263:Atienza
228:Ṭabarqa
216:Almería
210:caliph
208:Fāṭimid
123:Ṣiqlabī
116:Origins
95:Vikings
90:Córdoba
78:razzias
849:
822:&
448:Berber
369:Shiism
364:madhab
359:Mālikī
307:Viking
299:vizier
259:Gormaz
128:Slavic
69:Toledo
814:. In
652:Tagus
480:Notes
458:jihād
392:Langa
388:Duero
346:zaʿīm
303:wazīr
133:mawlā
880:–87.
847:OCLC
724:and
261:and
232:Sūsa
230:and
71:and
52:and
839:doi
835:C–G
918::
891:11
889:.
845:.
831:.
818:;
720:,
716:,
712:,
671:^
611:^
546:^
513:^
488:^
234:.
171:).
144:.
85:.
48:,
878:3
853:.
841::
728:.
699:.
654:.
637:.
325:(
301:(
187:(
20:)
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