38:
1004:
editors who wanted to create the impression that the "rabbinic movement" began with R. Yochanan b. Zakkai and that the
Yavnean "academy" was something new, a notion that is sometimes already implicitly or explicitly suggested by some of the traditions available to them. This notion is not diminished by the occasional claim to continuity with the past which was limited to individual teachers and institutions and served to legitimize rabbinic authority.
334:
with the area, does not mention anything unique about the
Judaism practiced there in his detailed narrative set in Galilee. However, there were numerous cultural differences, and later rabbinic literature affirm traditions that Judaic religious life in Galilee was distinct in some aspects from that in Judaea. John Elliott argues that only outsiders, like Romans and Samaritans, confused the Galileans with Judeans.
1080:
438:
780:"In any case, it is now widely agreed that the so-called 'patriarchal/ancestral period' is a later 'literary' construct, not a period in the actual history of the ancient world. The same is the case for the ‘exodus’ and the 'wilderness period,' and more and more widely for the 'period of the Judges.'"
153:
Markus
Cromhout describes 1st century Galileans as descendants of Hasmonean-era Judean immigrants. However, they identified as numerous identities, including Galilean, Sepphorean and more broadly, Judean or Israelite. Whilst they all adhered to a 'common Judaism', Galileans 'had a different social,
333:
The
Galileans Jews were conscious of a mutual descent, religion and ethnicity that they shared with Judaean Jews. Few evidence exists to suggest that the people thought of themselves merely as Galileans rather than Jews, and Josephus, the only contemporary author known to have been well acquainted
1003:
We suggest that the avoidance of the title "Rabbi" for pre-70 sages may have originated with the editors of the
Mishnah. The editors attributed the title to some sages and not to others. The avoidance of the title for pre-70 sages may perhaps be seen as a deliberate program on the part of these
403:
Settlement in the area underwent a dramatic change between roughly the beginning of the first century BCE and the first half of the first century CE: many settlements were established; uninhabited or sparsely populated areas, like the eastern part of the region or hilly areas with limited
286:
rulers conquered
Galilee and added it to their kingdom. Following the Hasmonean conquest, and again after the Roman conquest, an influx of Jews settled in the Galilee, thus doubling its population and changing it from a sparsely inhabited pagan territory to one that is primarily Judaic.
679:
274:
large-scale deportation and resettlement of their conquered lands was widespread during the late 8th century BCE and remained a policy for the following several centuries.
907:
424:
professor
Menachem Mor states that the Galileans had little (if any) participation in the revolt, with the rebellion chiefly rising in the southern regions of Judaea.
230:
705:
1175:
511:
400:, Markus Cromhout proposes that the Romans intentionally offended the Judeans by crucifying Jesus as 'the King of Judeans', despite being Galiean.
510:, but no Jewish continuity in those was found in 19th and 20th century Palestine at the latest. The remaining centuries Galilean Jews had either
158:'. Other scholars disagree and attribute the conflation between Galileans and Judeans to Hellenistic-Roman culture, which grouped all 1st century
1063:
1036:
996:
919:
875:
799:
396:, causing him to lament "O Galilee, O Galilee, in the end you shall be filled with wrongdoers!" In his analysis of the biblical narrative of
1165:
1125:
485:
357:, in which Galilean religious passion is compared favorably against the minute concerns of Judaean legal scholars, see for example
392:
says that
Yohanan was assigned to a post in the Galilee during his training. In eighteen years he was asked only two questions of
574:
376:, but upon adulthood moved south into Jerusalem, as he found the Galilean attitude objectionable, decrying them for hating the
323:
295:
1170:
463:
1093:
625:, where he accuses the Galileans as being lazy, atheistic, superstitious, and their practices derivative of the Greeks.
1160:
1089:
1098:
448:
867:
Settlement and
History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee
562:
222:
467:
452:
845:
459:
420:
because
Galilee as a whole either never joined the revolt or, if there was any insurgence, it was quickly ended.
298:(which were required by Judaic dietary purity laws), secondary burials, the absence of pig bones, and the use of
31:
634:
349:, found the Galileans to be insufficiently concerned about the details of Judaic observance – for example, the
578:
1112:
914:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 596–617,
100:
815:
621:
358:
314:, demonstrates a religious similarity between the Galileans Jews and Judaean Jews during the end of the
221:, and the land was subsequently settled by foreigners during or after the time of Hiram. As part of the
234:
637:
and the tension between him and his own dynasty, who fictively claim Galilæan descent and relation to
727:
566:
542:
526:
397:
315:
267:
837:
404:
agricultural potential, experienced a wave of settlement; and the size of the settled area doubled.
952:
766:
655:
538:
421:
271:
706:"Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a `Jew' Nor a `Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature"
260:
37:
1026:
413:
365:
226:
132:
791:
361:. This was the heart of a "crosstown" rivalry existing between Galileans and Judaic Pharisees.
330:
have been uncovered in most Galilean sites, particularly around synagogues and private houses.
1059:
1032:
992:
915:
871:
795:
638:
417:
198:
186:
1083: One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
986:
569:(1st century BCE to 1st century CE) through a time period referred to as the Yavne period in
968:
761:
616:
594:
558:
319:
159:
143:
139:
56:
1133:
609:
530:
522:
248:
155:
147:
92:
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has doubted the historicity of the twelve tribes themselves since the 19th century, the
784:
630:
570:
369:
238:
194:
182:
128:
108:
865:
1154:
1084:
613:
354:
322:
of the 1st century Galilee indicates adherence to the Judaic ritual purity concerns.
604:"Galileans" was also term used by some in the Roman Empire to name the followers of
833:
626:
605:
598:
518:
507:
210:
190:
750:, by George Rawlinson 1889, "Phoenicia under the hegemony of Tyre (B.C. 1252–877)"
1053:
554:
514:
437:
282:
After some early expeditions to Galilee to save the Jews there from attack, the
1079:
906:
Goodman, Martin (1999), Sturdy, John; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.),
534:
499:
498:
Records thought the centuries attest to Galilean presence in villages such as
303:
115:) is a term that was used in classical sources to describe the inhabitants of
342:
283:
206:
42:
760:
Gottheil, Richard; Ryssel, Victor; Jastrow, Marcus; Levias, Caspar (1906).
557:'s accent gave him away as a Galilean (Matthew 26:73 and Mark 14:70). The
338:
256:
17:
1113:
Introduction to the translation of Julians text "Against the Galilæans"
650:
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218:
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171:
124:
116:
590:
389:
346:
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120:
940:
Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence
891:
Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence
217:
was awarded twenty cities in the region of Galilee, given to him by
1028:
The Bar Kokhba Syndrome: Risk and Realism in International Politics
529:
in Palestine. A few managed to stay on the land while maintaining
912:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3: The Early Roman Period
728:"Map of the Twelve Tribes of Israel | Jewish Virtual Library"
385:
377:
307:
214:
36:
988:
The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine
127:
that extends from the northern coastal plain in the west to the
154:
economic and political matrix than Jews living in Judea or the
30:
This article is about people from Galilee. For other uses, see
1115:, mentioning elder usage of the term. Transl. C.W. King, 1888.
589:"Galileans" was used to refer to members of a fanatical sect (
431:
77:
541:, whose presence is speculated to potentially go back to the
80:
680:"Were the Galileans "religious Jews" or "ethnic Judeans?""
353:. The Pharisaic criticism of Galileans is mirrored in the
229:
and resettled through the influx of foreigners due to the
942:, A&C Black, 1 May 2002, By Jonathan L. Reed, page 55
893:, A&C Black, 1 May 2002, By Jonathan L. Reed, page 56
68:
62:
59:
1055:
The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE
255:), meaning 'Galilee of the Nations' or 'Galilee of the
83:
838:"Mass deportation: the Assyrian resettlement policy"
242:
74:
65:
71:
783:
162:groups, and their related diasporas, as "Judean".
384:, Yohanan was the first to be given the title of
770:. Vol. 3. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co.
633:following Julians's goal of reestablishing the
561:referred to in the New Testament was a form of
193:, at points overlapping with the domain of the
231:resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
710:Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus
185:, the Galilee was allotted to the tribes of
8:
786:Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel
597:, who fiercely resented the taxation of the
225:, Galilee and all the land of Naphtali were
466:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
181:According to the Biblical narrative in the
565:spoken by people in Galilee from the late
553:The New Testament notes that the Apostle
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
545:, suggesting its Jews had never left.
138:Later the term was used to refer to the
1102:. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
816:"Did Israel Always Have Twelve Tribes?"
790:. Westminster John Knox Press. p.
667:
656:Musta'arabi Jews § Galilee Revival
908:"Galilean Judaism and Judaean Judaism"
416:, the Galileans were not fazed by the
901:
899:
859:
857:
855:
7:
699:
697:
673:
671:
464:adding citations to reliable sources
252:
96:
1015:Jerusalem Talmud Shabbat 16:7, 15d
870:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 333–337.
782:Paula M. McNutt (1 January 1999).
716:(2): 119–154 – via Academia.
25:
762:"Captivity, or Exile, Babylonian"
341:scholars of Judaism, centered in
290:Archaeological evidence, such as
1176:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
1130:(Translation by William Archer)"
1078:
608:, called in this context as the
436:
266:Though Biblical scholarship and
55:
41:Mosaic from the 'Nile House' of
991:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 64–.
197:and neighboring the region of
1:
619:used the term in his polemic
533:, as seen in the village of
1052:Mor, Menahem (4 May 2016).
1025:Yehoshafat Harkabi (1983).
428:Medieval and Modern periods
243:
233:during the 8th century BC (
1192:
1166:Northern District (Israel)
985:Hezser, Catherine (1997).
730:. jewishvirtuallibrary.org
563:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
169:
104:
29:
1031:. SP Books. pp. 1–.
846:University College London
678:Cromhout, Markus (2008).
32:Galilean (disambiguation)
1099:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
842:Assyrian empire builders
241:refers to the region as
690:(3) – via Scielo.
684:HTS Theological Studies
704:Elliott, John (2007).
172:Galilee § History
119:, an area of northern
112:
46:
1171:Christian terminology
864:Leibner, Uzi (2009).
629:used the term in his
622:Against the Galileans
359:Woes of the Pharisees
351:rules of Sabbath rest
40:
27:Inhabitant of Galilee
1128:Emperor and Galilean
748:History of Phoenicia
567:Second Temple period
543:Second Temple Period
460:improve this section
316:Second Temple period
268:historical criticism
45:, c. 2nd century CE.
953:Jewish Encyclopedia
767:Jewish Encyclopedia
539:Mandatory Palestine
422:University of Haifa
398:Jesus's crucifixion
394:Judaic walk of life
380:. According to the
326:are ubiquitous and
278:Classical antiquity
203:First Book of Kings
1161:History of Galilee
958:Yochanan ben Zakai
581:(2nd century CE).
414:Yehoshafat Harkabi
366:Yohanan ben Zakkai
177:Biblical narrative
160:Palestinian Jewish
142:by Roman emperors
133:Jordan Rift Valley
47:
1065:978-90-04-31463-4
1038:978-0-940646-01-8
998:978-3-16-146797-4
921:978-0-521-24377-3
877:978-3-16-151460-9
801:978-0-664-22265-9
639:Jesus of Nazareth
579:Christian history
496:
495:
488:
418:Bar Kokhba revolt
408:Bar Kokhba revolt
253:גְּלִיל הַגּוֹיִם
16:(Redirected from
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1132:. Archived from
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635:Roman religion
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571:Jewish history
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527:Ottoman period
517:and sometimes
494:
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409:
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244:g'lil ha-goyím
239:Book of Isaiah
195:Tribe of Asher
183:Book of Joshua
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170:Main article:
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129:Sea of Galilee
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101:Ancient Greek
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732:. Retrieved
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627:Henrik Ibsen
620:
606:Christianity
603:
588:
552:
519:Islamization
497:
482:
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458:Please help
446:
411:
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368:was born in
363:
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292:ritual baths
289:
281:
272:Neo-Assyrian
265:
211:King Hiram I
180:
152:
137:
50:
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1090:Wood, James
515:Arabization
500:Kafr Yassif
1155:Categories
1140:2015-08-15
975:16:8 (81b)
927:2023-03-20
734:2015-05-18
662:References
476:April 2021
261:Isaiah 9:1
207:Phoenician
1094:Galilæans
1058:. BRILL.
512:underwent
447:does not
343:Jerusalem
339:Pharisaic
302:found at
300:ossuaries
284:Hasmonean
227:dispersed
113:Galilaeos
105:Γαλιλαίων
43:Sepphoris
18:Galilaean
836:(2012).
645:See also
573:and the
523:diaspora
257:Gentiles
199:Issachar
187:Naphtali
156:Diaspora
131:and the
51:Galilean
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973:Shabbat
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614:Emperor
591:Zealots
549:Dialect
535:Peki'in
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382:Mishnah
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378:Torah
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304:Parod
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1060:ISBN
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