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iron. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. This may well have been the original structure of all the moons. The rotation of the three inner moons, in contrast, indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above. They also reveal significant alteration of the surface. Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers. Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature, suggesting a thinner ice crust. Finally, Io, the innermost moon, has a sulfur surface, active volcanism and no sign of ice. All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to
Jupiter the hotter its interior. The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet. In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice, allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface. In Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust then formed. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space.
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whom
Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell... I think, therefore, that I shall not have done amiss if the First is called by me Io, the Second Europa, the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede, the Fourth Callisto... This fancy, and the particular names given, were suggested to me by Kepler, Imperial Astronomer, when we met at Ratisbon fair in October 1613. So if, as a jest, and in memory of our friendship then begun, I hail him as joint father of these four stars, again I shall not be doing wrong.
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explain the existing satellites. Thus there may have been several generations of
Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons would have spiraled into Jupiter, due to drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the Solar nebula. By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits. The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an
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413:"God graced me with being able, through such a singular sign, to reveal to my Lord my devotion and the desire I have that his glorious name live as equal among the stars, and since it is up to me, the first discoverer, to name these new planets, I wish, in imitation of the great sages who placed the most excellent heroes of that age among the stars, to inscribe these with the name of the Most Serene Grand Duke."
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2618:; Kamp, Lucas W; Smythe, William D; Mouginis-Mark, Peter; Kargel, Jeff; Radebaugh, Jani; Turtle, Elizabeth P; Perry, Jason; Williams, David A; Carlson, R.W; Douté, S.; the Galileo NIMS; SSI Teams (2004). "Lava lakes on Io: Observations of Io's volcanic activity from Galileo NIMS during the 2001 fly-bys".
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It has a smooth and bright surface, with a layer of water surrounding the mantle of the planet, thought to be 100 kilometers thick. The smooth surface includes a layer of ice, while the bottom of the ice is theorized to be liquid water. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the
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Map of France presented in 1684, showing the outline of a previous map (Sanson, light outline) compared to the new survey by
Cassini and Picard using the moons of Jupiter as timing reference (heavier, shaded outline). The King of France reportedly quipped that the astronomers had taken more territory
567:
Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius' names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names. The numbers run from
Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto respectively. Galileo used this system in
461:
Scarcely have the immortal graces of your soul begun to shine forth on earth than bright stars offer themselves in the heavens which, like tongues, will speak of and celebrate your most excellent virtues for all time. Behold, therefore, four stars reserved for your illustrious name ... which ... make
446:
On 12 March 1610, Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of
Tuscany, and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke, hoping to obtain the Grand Duke's support as quickly as possible. On 19 March, he sent the telescope he had used to first view Jupiter's moons to the Grand Duke, along with an
562:
Jupiter is much blamed by the poets on account of his irregular loves. Three maidens are especially mentioned as having been clandestinely courted by
Jupiter with success. Io, daughter of the River Inachus, Callisto of Lycaon, Europa of Agenor. Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros,
323:
Galileo's discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by showing that there were objects in space to be discovered that until then had remained unseen by the naked eye. More importantly, the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a blow
2745:
Porco, C. C.; West, Robert A.; McEwen, Alfred; Del Genio, Anthony D.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Thomas, Peter; Squyres, Steve; Dones, Luke; Murray, Carl D.; Johnson, Torrence V.; Burns, Joseph A.; Brahic, Andre; Neukum, Gerhard; Veverka, Joseph; Barbara, John M.; Denk, Tilmann; Evans, Michael; Ferrier,
1493:
Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from
Jupiter. Callisto, the outermost and least dense of the four, has a density intermediate between ice and rock whereas Io, the innermost and densest moon, has a density intermediate between rock and
667:
Galileo proposed determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the
Galilean moons. The times of the eclipses of the moons could be precisely calculated in advance and compared with local observations on land or on ship to determine the local time and hence longitude. Galileo applied in
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on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young. Some theories suggest that
Jupiter's gravity is causing these markings, as one side of Europa is constantly facing Jupiter. Volcanic water eruptions splitting the surface of Europa and even geysers have also been considered as causes.
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Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was processed through it. However, the disk mass of only 2% that of Jupiter is required to
276:, published in 1614. Their discovery showed the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by proving that there were objects in space that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a serious blow to the then-accepted
1312:
and water ice, and a salt-water ocean is believed to exist nearly 200 km below Ganymede's surface, sandwiched between layers of ice. The metallic core of Ganymede suggests a greater heat at some time in its past than had previously been proposed. The surface is a mix of two types of
462:
their journeys and orbits with a marvelous speed around the star of Jupiter ... like children of the same family ... Indeed, it appears the Maker of the Stars himself, by clear arguments, admonished me to call these new planets by the illustrious name of Your Highness before all others.
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terrain—highly cratered dark regions and younger, but still ancient, regions with a large array of grooves and ridges. Ganymede has a high number of craters, but many are gone or barely visible due to its icy crust forming over them. The satellite has a thin
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ensures that the ocean remains liquid and drives geological activity. Life may exist in Europa's under-ice ocean. So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there.
713:
Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal interactions with Jupiter's
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312:, with a magnifying capability of 20×, he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was previously possible. This allowed Galileo to observe in either December 1609 or January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons.
2811:
McEwen, A. S.; Keszthelyi, L.; Spencer, J. R.; Schubert, G.; Matson, D. L.; Lopes-Gautier, R.; Klaasen, K. P.; Johnson, T. V.; Head, J. W.; Geissler, P.; Fagents, S.; Davies, A. G.; Carr, M. H.; Breneman, H. H.; Belton, M. J. S. (1998).
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240:, who observed them in either December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized them as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610; they remained the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of the fifth largest moon of Jupiter
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718:, with new moons forming from the remaining debris. By the time the present generation formed, the gas in the proto-satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.
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are another noted example of observation, and he later reported observing the moons in 1609. However, because he did not publish these findings until after Galileo, there is a degree of uncertainty around his records.
1401:. Investigation revealed that Callisto may possibly have a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths less than 300 kilometres. The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto indicates that it can or could harbour
315:
On 7 January 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter's moons. At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. He continued to observe these
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in size (though not mass). Callisto is only slightly smaller than Mercury in size; the smaller ones, Io and Europa, are about the size of the Moon. The three inner moons — Io, Europa, and Ganymede — are in a 4:2:1
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which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io. Tidal dissipation in the Jovian system is still ongoing and
1243:
The reddish-brown color of the markings is theorized to be caused by sulfur, but because no data collection devices have been sent to Europa, scientists cannot yet confirm this. Europa is primarily made of
679:
The main problem with the Jovian moon technique was that it was difficult to observe the Galilean moons through a telescope on a moving ship, a problem that Galileo tried to solve with the invention of the
409:. Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter's moons to gain it. On 13 February 1610, Galileo wrote to the Grand Duke's secretary:
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1409:. Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jupiter system since it is furthest from the intense radiation of Jupiter's magnetic field.
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1386:, which makes it the least dense of the Galilean moons. It is one of the most heavily cratered satellites in the Solar System, and one major feature is a basin around 3000 km wide called
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and likely has an interior of rock and metal. Europa is thought to contain 8% ice and water by mass with the remainder rock. These moons are, in increasing order of distance from Jupiter:
3115:
Greenberg, Richard; Geissler, Paul; Hoppa, Gregory; Tufts, B.Randall; Durda, Daniel D.; Pappalardo, Robert; Head, James W.; Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Carr, Michael H. (1998).
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With over 400 active volcanos, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. Its surface is dotted with more than 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Earth's
265:
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Other models suggest that Galilean satellites formed in a proto-satellite disk, in which formation timescales were comparable to or shorter than orbital migration timescales. Io is
4827:
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Lipps, Jere H.; Delory, Gregory; Pitman, Joseph T.; Rieboldt, Sarah (2004). "Astrobiology of Jupiter's icy moons". In Hoover, Richard B; Levin, Gilbert V; Rozanov, Alexei Y (eds.).
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1149:. Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System (which have a thick coating of ice), Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core.
260:. Marius discovered the moons independently at nearly the same time as Galileo, 8 January 1610, and gave them their present individual names, after mythological characters that
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Europa (Jupiter II), the second of the four Galilean moons, is the second closest to Jupiter and the smallest at 3121.6 kilometers in diameter, which is slightly smaller than
320:
from 8 January to 2 March 1610. In these observations, he discovered a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.
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Land mapping surveys had the same problem determining longitude, though with less severe observational conditions. The method proved practical and was used by
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Although not proven, data from the Galileo orbiter indicates that Io might have its own magnetic field. Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of
38:'s four Galilean moons, in a composite image depicting part of Jupiter and their relative sizes (positions are illustrative, not actual). From top to bottom:
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The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale, and combined would only be visible at 100× magnification.
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1370:, a lover of Zeus who was a daughter of the Arkadian King Lykaon and a hunting companion of the goddess Artemis. The moon does not form part of the
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in the Solar System, and barely smaller than Mercury, though only a third of the latter's mass. It is named after the Greek mythological nymph
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Callisto (Jupiter IV) is the fourth and last Galilean moon, and is the second-largest of the four, and at 4820.6 kilometers in diameter, it is
1290:
1666:. The main difficulty in observing the moons from Earth is their proximity to Jupiter, since they are obscured by its brightness. The maximum
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Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a
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1297:– although only at about half of its mass since Ganymede is an icy world. It is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a
3857:
Alibert, Y.; Mousis, O.; Benz, W. (2005). "Modeling the Jovian subnebula I. Thermodynamic conditions and migration of proto-satellites".
2265:
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3458:
Musotto, S; Varadi, Ferenc; Moore, William; Schubert, Gerald (2002). "Numerical Simulations of the Orbits of the Galilean Satellites".
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328:, which held that Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it. Galileo's 13 March 1610,
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with a lifetime pension of 2,000 a year, and almost two decades later for the Dutch prize, but by then he was under house arrest for
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1952:
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457:) that, following the secretary's advice, named the four moons the Medician Stars. In his dedicatory introduction, Galileo wrote:
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Galilean moons compared with moons of other planets (and with Earth; the scale is changed to 1 pixel = 94 km at this resolution).
3000:
1160:). If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future, it would have to be extremely tough (similar to the
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Galileo's discovery had practical applications. Safe navigation required accurately determining a ship's position at sea. While
58:
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Joseph J.; Geissler, Paul; Helfenstein, Paul; Roatsch, Thomas; Throop, Henry; Tiscareno, Matthew; Vasavada, Ashwin R. (2003).
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Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter; with a diameter of 3642 kilometers, it is the
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158:; though their closeness to bright Jupiter makes naked-eye observation very difficult, they are readily seen with common
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Carlson, R.W.; M.S. Anderson (2005). "Distribution of hydrate on Europa: Further evidence for sulfuric acid hydrate".
1650:, if only they could appear farther away from Jupiter. (They are, however, easily distinguished with even low-powered
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1678:. Ganymede and Callisto, at their maximum separation, are the likeliest targets for potential naked-eye observation.
572:) were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius' names became widely used.
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was so important that large prizes were offered for its solution at various times by Spain, Holland, and Britain.
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2100:. Translated and prefaced by Albert Van Helden. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press 1989, 14–16
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d'Angelo, Gennaro; Podolak, Morris (2015). "Capture and Evolution of Planetesimals in Circumjovian Disks".
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1625:. They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.
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required knowledge of the time of each observation synchronized to the time at a reference longitude. The
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550:, who discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo: he named them at the suggestion of
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since humans have started tracking the classical planets, and the first objects to be found to orbit any
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2003:
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1142:. It was referred to as "Jupiter I", or "The first satellite of Jupiter" until the mid-20th century.
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1994:
Pasachoff, Jay M. (2015). "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow".
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Jupiter and all of the Galilean moons as seen through a 25 cm (10 in) amateur telescope (
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421:("Cosimo's stars"), in honour of Cosimo alone. Cosimo's secretary suggested to change the name to
373:
189:
147:
3423:
Eviatar, Aharon; m. Vasyliūnas, Vytenis; a. Gurnett, Donald (2001). "The ionosphere of Ganymede".
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may have been Ganymede. If true, this might predate Galileo's discovery by around two millennia.
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Anderson, J. D.; et al. (1996). "Galileo Gravity Results and the Internal Structure of Io".
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2019:
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will likely be captured into the resonance in about 1.5 billion years, creating a 1:2:4:8 chain.
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353:, has claimed that a "small reddish star" observed near Jupiter in 364 BCE by Chinese astronomer
144:
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2264:. L'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique. 1879. p. 263.
1764:
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GIF animations depicting the Galilean moon orbits and the resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede
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hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably serve as an abode for
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Jupiter is about 750 times brighter than Ganymede and about 2000 times brighter than Callisto.
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3644:"Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations"
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Liang, Mao-Chang; Lane, Benjamin F.; Pappalardo, Robert T.; Allen, Mark; Yung, Yuk L. (2005).
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Marazzini, C. (2005). "The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius".
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397:: an apparatus from the mid-18th century for demonstrating the orbits of Jupiter's satellites
338:), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not explicitly mention
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in the Solar System at 5262.4 kilometers in diameter, which makes it larger than the planet
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216:. The largest, Ganymede, is the largest moon in the Solar System and surpasses the planet
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4805:
3117:"Tectonic Processes on Europa: Tidal Stresses, Mechanical Response, and Visible Features"
2877:
Fanale, F. P.; Johnson, T. V.; Matson, D. L. (1974). "Io: A Surface Evaporite Deposit?".
2290:
2229:
3912:"Long-term evolution of the Galilean satellites: the capture of Callisto into resonance"
3710:
3662:
3610:
3538:
3471:
3399:
3306:
3185:
3135:
2890:
2832:
2766:
2707:
2670:
2631:
2531:
2446:
2298:
The Newsletter of the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society
2007:
898:
8062:
7905:
7586:
7371:
7366:
7356:
7157:
7084:
7045:
6966:
6939:
6663:
6634:
6612:
6602:
6592:
6545:
6164:
6001:
5808:
5766:
5616:
5512:
5451:
5441:
5411:
5401:
5386:
5276:
5221:
5085:
4931:
4738:
4718:
4655:
4586:
4467:
4438:
4383:
4358:
4348:
4261:
1394:
1379:
1235:
1153:
1131:
784:
768:
673:
588:
539:
3797:
3444:
3034:
2929:
2539:
1730:
views of a rare triple transit of Jupiter by Europa, Callisto and Io (24 January 2015)
1374:
that affects three inner Galilean satellites and thus does not experience appreciable
8340:
8113:
8068:
7685:
7665:
7245:
6978:
6961:
6782:
6705:
6668:
6639:
6629:
6597:
6575:
6555:
6518:
6491:
6486:
6481:
5736:
5710:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5426:
5406:
5396:
5381:
5376:
5282:
5193:
5150:
5127:
5048:
4984:
4979:
4864:
4723:
4689:
4591:
4566:
4541:
4536:
4460:
4448:
4408:
4268:
4235:
4194:
3953:
3726:
3004:
2653:
Schenk, Paul; Hargitai, Henrik; Wilson, Ronda; McEwen, Alfred; Thomas, Peter (2001).
2547:
2481:
2233:
2112:
2066:
2023:
1675:
1558:
1406:
1375:
1298:
1239:
1219:
1177:
1146:
887:
346:
at the center of the universe. Nevertheless, Galileo accepted the Copernican theory.
205:
132:
43:
2856:
2790:
2731:
1915:
8328:
8074:
7763:
7749:
7540:
7495:
7152:
7035:
6929:
6869:
6852:
6678:
6656:
6607:
6565:
6550:
6535:
6401:
6360:
6325:
6145:
5928:
5756:
5746:
5687:
5672:
5537:
5532:
5446:
5421:
5416:
5356:
5290:
5227:
5092:
5040:
5004:
4998:
4926:
4840:
4733:
4625:
4605:
4598:
4581:
4571:
4516:
4423:
4378:
4339:
4311:
4278:
4168:
4153:
3896:
3628:
3332:
3207:
3151:
2615:
1597:
1580:
1168:
landers) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter.
1115:
547:
361:
257:
213:
201:
197:
166:
3945:
3085:
2914:
2655:"The mountains of Io: Global and geological perspectives from Voyager and Galileo"
293:
4081:
NASA's Stunning Discoveries on Jupiter's Largest Moons | Our Solar System's Moons
3888:
3556:
3193:
2898:
2715:
2639:
1277:
Ganymede (Jupiter III), the third Galilean moon, is named after the mythological
8016:
7945:
7804:
7798:
7581:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7515:
7490:
7485:
7460:
7455:
7403:
7398:
7223:
7137:
7096:
7057:
6934:
6793:
6765:
6688:
6651:
6540:
5761:
5391:
5253:
5246:
5240:
5172:
5122:
5117:
5034:
4753:
4748:
4728:
4674:
4645:
4610:
4561:
4526:
4487:
4477:
4433:
4388:
4373:
4368:
4249:
4244:
2840:
2424:
1691:
1566:
779:
692:
177:
enabled the discovery of the moons in 1610. Through this, they became the first
8299:
4087:
4043:
2964:
Chapter 18: Ages and Interiors: the Cratering Record of the Galilean Satellites
1947:
Drake, Stillman (1978). Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1046:
974:
7823:
7770:
7510:
7089:
6673:
5947:
5940:
5507:
5207:
5177:
5158:
5100:
5065:
4684:
4679:
4640:
4635:
4620:
4615:
4546:
4521:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4453:
4428:
4413:
4403:
4363:
4353:
4304:
4288:
4283:
4254:
4080:
3059:
1651:
1552:
1317:
1302:
1111:
656:
could be measured well enough by local astronomical observations, determining
159:
17:
2177:
The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo
2037:
Van Helden, Albert (March 1974). "The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century".
2015:
229:'s remaining moons have irregular forms because they are too small for their
7784:
7777:
7206:
7172:
7003:
6924:
6847:
6842:
6560:
6513:
6382:
6365:
6039:
6019:
5975:
5968:
5705:
5436:
5366:
5079:
5053:
4990:
4894:
4713:
4187:
4020:
2010-Sep-19: 656.7 (Callisto angular separation arcsec) − 24.9 (jup angular
3323:
3261:
2981:
2966:, in Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; and McKinnon, William B., editors;
2774:
1889:
1707:
1662:
with the Sun, and are about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in
1646:
All four Galilean moons are bright enough to be viewed from Earth without a
1544:
1530:
1421:
Surface features of the four members at different levels of zoom in each row
1417:
1195:
1106:
800:
722:
657:
503:
350:
309:
174:
163:
128:
39:
5461:
5296:
3680:
3479:
3314:
3143:
2906:
2782:
1538:
905:
568:
his notebooks but never actually published it. The numbered names (Jupiter
4906:
4007:
Callisto: (5th root of 100)^(5.5 Callisto APmag − (−2.8 Jup APmag)) = 2089
3572:
2848:
2723:
1758:
of Io, Europa and Ganymede (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)
383:(the 'starry messenger'), 1610. The moons are drawn in changing positions.
7940:
7837:
7675:
7294:
7142:
6998:
6983:
6724:
6431:
6279:
4576:
4531:
3975:
3871:
3619:
3594:
2679:
2654:
2200:
1309:
1244:
1210:, though the name did not become widely used until the mid-20th century.
681:
653:
393:
1865:
1859:
7079:
7067:
6993:
6392:
6370:
6245:
6230:
5584:
5144:
4556:
1526:
818:
554:
after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter), in his
406:
226:
35:
3718:
3564:
2058:
7520:
6813:
6808:
6717:
6712:
6426:
6421:
6387:
6375:
6320:
6272:
6265:
6240:
6235:
4941:
4708:
4630:
4093:
4021:
1314:
1252:
1165:
696:
440:
354:
182:
151:
3382:
Hall, D. T.; Feldman, P. D.; McGrath, M. A.; Strobel, D. F. (1998).
2595:
8323:
8224:
Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love
4099:
3928:
3408:
3383:
2522:
2050:
1393:
Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of
1234:
The prominent markings that criss-cross the moon seem to be mainly
627:
Callisto (leftmost) with Eros and other nymphs, with Artemis seated
7855:
6837:
6416:
6348:
6343:
6258:
6213:
6208:
5456:
4017:
2437:
1612:
1501:
1416:
1349:
1329:
1268:
1225:
1207:
1181:
1110:
669:
642:
443:
in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.
386:
372:
292:
57:
29:
3762:"Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration(HOPE)"
6469:
6353:
6218:
5371:
4859:
3520:"A Tenuous Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere on Jupiter's Moon Callisto"
2937:
2748:"Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings"
1286:
1248:
1203:
1191:
1161:
1139:
1135:
1127:
261:
225:
with each other. While the Galilean moons are spherical, all of
209:
62:"Family portrait" of Jupiter and the Galilean moons captured by
7859:
6118:
6114:
5557:
4809:
4103:
280:, a geocentric theory in which everything orbits around Earth.
6198:
4074:
Interactive 3D visualisation of Jupiter and the Galilean moons
3642:
Zimmer, C; Khurana, Krishan K.; Kivelson, Margaret G. (2000).
772:
401:
In 1605, Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for
343:
4096:. With a chart of the current position of the Galilean moons.
6154:
3910:
Lari, Giacomo; Saillenfest, Melaine; Fenucci, Marco (2020).
3384:"The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede"
2130:
On the seventh day of January in this present date 1610....
429:"), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco,
108:
102:
5553:
4069:
Sky & Telescope utility for identifying Galilean moons
3288:"The Permanent and Inductive Magnetic Moments of Ganymede"
2814:"High-Temperature Silicate Volcanism on Jupiter's Moon Io"
2962:
Schenk, P. M.; Chapman, C. R.; Zahnle, K.; Moore, J. M.;
1378:. Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of
256:, but the names that eventually prevailed were chosen by
93:
87:
84:
3703:
Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII
1251:
core. It has a tenuous atmosphere composed primarily of
1126:
in the Solar System, and is only marginally larger than
3354:"Solar System's largest moon likely has a hidden ocean"
4140:
Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter
684:. Others suggested improvements, but without success.
8252:
3796:. California State University, Fresno. Archived from
111:
81:
99:
90:
8175:
8084:
8043:
7954:
7893:
7658:
7595:
7345:
7181:
7111:
6822:
6764:
6457:
6319:
6061:
6012:
5987:
5899:
5881:
5867:
5830:
5807:
5786:
5779:
5729:
5696:
5665:
5656:
5604:
5332:
4965:
4914:
4847:
4762:
4654:
4486:
4338:
4322:
4297:
4234:
4218:
4177:
4146:
3286:Kivelson, M.G.; Khurana, K.K.; Volwerk, M. (2002).
1674:from Jupiter, which is close to the limit of human
546:The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by
433:, and Lorenzo). The discovery was announced in the
244:in 1892. Galileo initially named his discovery the
96:
3086:"Hubble sees recurring plume erupting from Europa"
2111:
1914:
3003:. Milwaukee School of Engineering. Archived from
2968:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
2367:Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude
1595:Jupiter and Galilean moons circa 2007, imaged by
405:. In 1609, Cosimo became Grand Duke Cosimo II of
1238:, which emphasize low topography. There are few
502:, a disciple of Galileo and author of the first
8025:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
6158:
3836:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 59–83.
3830:"Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites"
1405:. However, this is less likely than on nearby
7871:
6130:
5569:
4821:
4115:
2369:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, 12.
2291:"Naming the Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn"
2261:Annuaire de l'Observatoire royal de Bruxelles
603:Europa on the back of Zeus turned into a bull
8:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
2429:Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites
2419:
2417:
2415:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
212:, are larger than any of the Solar System's
4036:"Naked-Eye Observations of Jupiter's Moons"
3828:Canup, Robert M.; Ward, William R. (2009).
3794:"SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)"
3792:Ringwald, Frederick A. (29 February 2000).
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
2477:"Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons"
2431:. University of Arizona Press. p. 59.
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
417:Galileo initially called his discovery the
105:
7878:
7864:
7856:
7108:
6316:
6312:
6137:
6123:
6115:
5878:
5783:
5662:
5576:
5562:
5554:
4828:
4814:
4806:
4122:
4108:
4100:
4001:Ganymede: (5th root of 100)^(4.4 Ganymede
2201:"The Discovery of the Galilean Satellites"
727:
3976:"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters"
3927:
3870:
3670:
3618:
3546:
3407:
3322:
2678:
2521:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2436:
2284:
2282:
668:1616 for the Spanish prize of 6,000 gold
7650:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2659:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1706:Jupiter with the Galilean moons and the
1425:
615:Ganymede (left) abducted by Zeus (right)
8259:
7846:) may be read as "within" or "part of".
6874:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets
3760:Trautman, Pat; Bethke, Kristen (2003).
1906:
1851:
1680:
1658:between 4.6 and 5.6 when Jupiter is in
739:
736:
574:
3742:
3732:
2343:
2341:
1863:is the Italian form of the Greek name
7995:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
4088:A Beginner's Guide to Jupiter's Moons
3268:from the original on February 8, 2012
3264:. nineplanets.org. October 31, 1997.
3066:from the original on 11 December 2011
2944:from the original on 14 November 2015
2195:
2193:
2157:from the original on 11 February 2012
1887:is the plural form of the Latin noun
1273:Ancient tectonic features on Ganymede
1230:Recurring plume erupting from Europa.
7:
2562:IAU-MPC Satellites Ephemeris Service
2349:"Solving Longitude: Jupiter's Moons"
1996:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1935:participating institution membership
1358:in enhanced color as seen by Voyager
1770:The Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter
474:(for the "prince" of Tuscany), II.
439:("Starry Messenger"), published in
236:The Galilean moons are named after
3096:from the original on 25 April 2017
2970:, Cambridge University Press, 2004
2489:from the original on 23 March 2009
2289:Van Helden, Albert (August 1994).
2240:from the original on 16 April 2015
2181:Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics
1670:of the moons are between 2 and 10
1308:Ganymede is composed primarily of
349:A Chinese historian of astronomy,
300:, the discoverer of the four moons
25:
3974:Yeomans, Donald K. (2006-07-13).
2427:; Ward, William R. (2008-12-30).
2408:. Philip Wilson. pp. 26, 31.
1840:Colonization of the Jovian System
1194:. The name comes from a mythical
466:Other names put forward include:
8322:
8310:
8298:
8286:
8274:
8262:
7931:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment
7737:
7725:
7713:
6097:
6087:
6086:
5647:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4788:
4787:
4024:arcsec) = 631 arcsec = 10 arcmin
3690:from the original on 2009-03-27.
2988:from the original on 2012-01-24.
2800:from the original on 2017-09-22.
2406:Greenwich Time and the Longitude
1763:
1747:
1719:
1699:
1683:
1601:during flyby. (greyscale colour)
1579:
1565:
1551:
1537:
1519:
1138:who became one of the lovers of
1045:
1038:
973:
966:
904:
897:
817:
810:
620:
608:
596:
580:
77:
7613:Gravitationally rounded objects
4034:Dutton, Denis (December 1976).
3982:from the original on 2010-05-27
3599:Journal of Geophysical Research
3500:from the original on 2021-12-20
3364:from the original on 2012-01-17
3243:from the original on 2012-02-11
3214:from the original on 2020-02-26
3001:"Possibility of Life on Europa"
2268:from the original on 2016-04-29
2211:from the original on 2019-11-19
1976:from the original on 2019-08-25
179:Solar System objects discovered
5794:Jupiter-crossing minor planets
3705:. Vol. 5555. p. 78.
2934:NASA, Solar system Exploration
2475:Chown, Marcus (7 March 2009).
1:
3978:. JPL Solar System Dynamics.
3445:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00154-9
2940:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1970:NASA Solar System Exploration
1305:within the liquid iron core.
576:The Galilean moons' namesakes
27:Four largest moons of Jupiter
7987:Letter to Benedetto Castelli
3916:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3859:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3557:10.1126/science.283.5403.820
3194:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.026
2899:10.1126/science.186.4167.922
2716:10.1126/science.272.5262.709
2640:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.013
1289:'s beloved. Ganymede is the
304:As a result of improvements
8367:Moons with a prograde orbit
7708:Outline of the Solar System
7471:Interplanetary medium/space
3946:10.1051/0004-6361/202037445
3425:Planetary and Space Science
2841:10.1126/science.281.5373.87
2540:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/203
2383:. Qxford University Press.
1164:-like bodies of the Soviet
342:, a theory that placed the
233:to pull them into spheres.
8383:
8160:Galileo National Telescope
7424:Extraterrestrial materials
5995:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
4775:Jupiter's moons in fiction
3889:10.1051/0004-6361:20052841
2999:Tritt, Charles S. (2002).
1835:Jupiter's moons in fiction
1343:
1262:
1175:
1104:
706:
648:from him than his enemies.
636:
633:Determination of longitude
538:, meaning "escorts") – by
500:Giovanni Battista Hodierna
377:The Medician stars in the
268:, which were suggested by
7744:Earth sciences portal
7703:
7466:Interplanetary dust cloud
6310:
6152:
6082:
5855:2016 Jupiter impact event
5850:2010 Jupiter impact event
5845:2009 Jupiter impact event
5645:
5591:
5498:
4891:
4783:
4137:
4005:− (−2.8 Jup APmag)) = 758
3388:The Astrophysical Journal
3358:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2510:The Astrophysical Journal
2110:Galilei, Galileo (1610).
1922:Oxford English Dictionary
1301:, likely created through
1291:largest natural satellite
1186:Closeup of Europan lineae
689:Giovanni Domenico Cassini
8124:Galileo's objective lens
7757:Local Interstellar Cloud
6475:other near-Earth objects
5350:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths
3595:"Atmosphere of Callisto"
2928:Hefler, Michael (2001).
2016:10.1177/0021828615585493
1206:and became the queen of
591:(right) on Hera's orders
340:Copernican heliocentrism
8155:Galileo Galilei Airport
7926:Galilean transformation
7901:Observational astronomy
7720:Solar System portal
7446:Giant-impact hypothesis
7053:Trans-Neptunian objects
6104:Solar System portal
4042:: 482–4. Archived from
3938:2020A&A...639A..40L
3881:2005A&A...439.1205A
3518:Carlson, R. W. (1999).
3437:2001P&SS...49..327E
3233:"Satellites of Jupiter"
2982:"Jupiter's Moon Europa"
2775:10.1126/science.1079462
2353:Royal Museums Greenwich
2143:"Satellites of Jupiter"
1927:Oxford University Press
1247:rock and likely has an
508:Medicaeorum Ephemerides
200:. All four, along with
173:. The invention of the
123:, are the four largest
8002:Discourse on the Tides
7608:Possible dwarf planets
7451:Gravitational collapse
7389:Circumstellar envelope
6194:
5840:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
3767:. NASA. Archived from
3681:10.1006/icar.2000.6456
3480:10.1006/icar.2002.6939
3315:10.1006/icar.2002.6834
3208:"The moons of Jupiter"
3144:10.1006/icar.1998.5986
3090:www.spacetelescope.org
1893:"star, constellation".
1728:Hubble Space Telescope
1618:
1507:
1422:
1364:the third largest moon
1359:
1356:Valhalla impact crater
1274:
1231:
1187:
1119:
649:
565:
464:
415:
398:
384:
326:Ptolemaic world system
301:
278:Ptolemaic world system
68:
55:
8357:Copernican Revolution
7817:Laniakea Supercluster
7434:Sample-return mission
6193:
3494:"Galilean Satellites"
3058:(28 September 2006).
2404:Howse, Derek (1997).
2379:Edwin Danson (2006).
1966:"In Depth | Amalthea"
1869:itself deriving from
1616:
1505:
1420:
1413:Comparative structure
1353:
1272:
1229:
1216:extraterrestrial life
1202:, who was courted by
1185:
1130:. It was named after
1114:
707:Further information:
646:
587:Io (left) watched by
560:
558:, published in 1614:
496:Ferdinando de' Medici
480:Vittoria della Rovere
459:
411:
390:
376:
324:to the then-accepted
296:
154:, the dimmest of the
61:
33:
8166:Astronomers Monument
8119:Galileo's telescopes
8057:Michelagnolo Galilei
7911:Galileo's escapement
7732:Astronomy portal
7633:Solar System objects
7379:Circumplanetary disk
5639:Jupiter's South Pole
5634:Jupiter's North Pole
5523:Planetary-mass moons
4094:The Moons of Jupiter
3620:10.1029/2004JE002322
3360:. NASA. 2000-12-16.
2680:10.1029/2000JE001408
2114:The Starry Messenger
1609:Origin and evolution
716:proto-satellite disk
639:History of longitude
536:satelles, satellitis
455:The Starry Messenger
360:The observations of
190:planetary-mass moons
148:Solar System objects
143:. They are the most
8136:Galileo thermometer
8009:Discourse on Comets
7979:Letters on Sunspots
7916:Galilean invariance
7831:Observable universe
7628:Solar System models
7558:Protoplanetary disk
7481:Interstellar medium
7441:Frost/Ice/Snow line
6034:Io Volcano Observer
4046:on 12 November 2020
4040:Sky & Telescope
3711:2004SPIE.5555...78L
3663:2000Icar..147..329Z
3611:2005JGRE..110.2003L
3539:1999Sci...283..820C
3472:2002Icar..159..500M
3400:1998ApJ...499..475H
3307:2002Icar..157..507K
3237:The Galileo Project
3186:2005Icar..177..461C
3136:1998Icar..135...64G
2891:1974Sci...186..922F
2833:1998Sci...281...87M
2767:2003Sci...299.1541P
2708:1996Sci...272..709A
2671:2001JGR...10633201S
2632:2004Icar..169..140L
2560:Computed using the
2532:2015ApJ...806..203D
2447:2009euro.book...59C
2147:The Galileo Project
2008:2015AAS...22521505P
1925:(Online ed.).
1668:angular separations
1656:apparent magnitudes
1623:protoplanetary disk
1428:
1281:, cupbearer of the
1218:. Heat energy from
1124:fourth-largest moon
729:
121:Galilean satellites
8281:History of science
8176:In popular culture
8131:Tribune of Galileo
7963:De motu antiquiora
7811:Virgo Supercluster
7792:Milky Way subgroup
7623:Natural satellites
7506:Nebular hypothesis
7486:Interstellar space
7476:Interstellar cloud
7384:Circumstellar disc
6974:Near-Earth objects
6858:names and meanings
6195:
5596:Outline of Jupiter
5503:Discovery timeline
4837:Natural satellites
2930:"Europa: In Depth"
2601:2011-08-07 at the
2579:2017-06-08 at the
2381:Weighing the World
2355:. 16 October 2014.
2094:Galilei, Galileo,
1619:
1508:
1426:
1423:
1360:
1320:that includes O, O
1275:
1232:
1188:
1120:
775:) (relative to Io)
740:Model of interior
728:
650:
514:Circulatores Jovis
399:
385:
302:
69:
56:
8250:
8249:
8104:Galileo's paradox
8099:Villa Il Gioiello
7894:Scientific career
7853:
7852:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7671:Lagrangian points
7643:by discovery date
7241:Human spaceflight
7212:historical models
7105:
7104:
6730:S/2015 (136472) 1
6112:
6111:
6057:
6056:
5863:
5862:
5775:
5774:
5551:
5550:
5351:
4803:
4802:
3843:978-0-8165-2844-8
3719:10.1117/12.560356
3060:"Time for Europa"
3056:Phillips, Cynthia
2702:(5262): 709–712.
2665:(E12): 33201–22.
2616:Lopes, Rosaly M.C
2456:978-0-8165-2844-8
2187:(1981), 242–243 .
2125:978-0-374-37191-3
1933:(Subscription or
1879:plural adjective
1756:Laplace resonance
1631:orbital resonance
1490:
1489:
1427:Jovian radiation
1372:orbital resonance
1134:, a priestess of
1098:
1097:
794:
776:
764:
662:longitude problem
522:Johannes Hevelius
488:Cosimo de' Medici
447:official copy of
403:Cosimo de' Medici
223:orbital resonance
156:classical planets
16:(Redirected from
8374:
8362:Moons of Jupiter
8327:
8326:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8303:
8302:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8258:
8216:Starry Messenger
8192:Lamp At Midnight
8093:And yet it moves
8051:Vincenzo Galilei
8033:Two New Sciences
7971:Sidereus Nuncius
7880:
7873:
7866:
7857:
7847:
7845:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7718:
7717:
7716:
7419:Exozodiacal dust
7109:
7075:Detached objects
6317:
6313:
6157:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6116:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6090:
6089:
5997:(2023, en route)
5879:
5784:
5663:
5651:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5555:
5346:
5325:
5313:
5299:
5285:
5268:
5256:
5249:
5230:
5216:
5202:
5167:
5153:
5139:
5134:
5112:
5107:
5095:
5088:
5074:
5060:
5043:
5026:
5016:
5007:
4993:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4791:
4790:
4770:Rings of Jupiter
4131:Moons of Jupiter
4124:
4117:
4110:
4101:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4031:
4025:
4014:
4008:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3931:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3874:
3872:astro-ph/0505367
3854:
3848:
3847:
3825:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3789:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3674:
3648:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3575:. Archived from
3550:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3335:. Archived from
3326:
3324:2060/20020044825
3292:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3154:. Archived from
3121:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3033:. Archived from
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2980:Hamilton, C. J.
2977:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2859:. Archived from
2818:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2761:(5612): 1541–7.
2752:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2612:
2606:
2596:IAG Travaux 2001
2592:
2586:
2574:Moons of Jupiter
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2525:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2472:
2461:
2460:
2440:
2421:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2328:Lettere Italiana
2323:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2197:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2097:Sidereus Nuncius
2092:
2071:
2070:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1918:
1911:
1894:
1856:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1751:
1736:Orbit animations
1723:
1714:on 10 April 2017
1703:
1687:
1583:
1569:
1555:
1541:
1523:
1429:
1399:molecular oxygen
1324:, and possibly O
1083:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1011:
1010:
1007:
997:
996:
994:
986:
984:
977:
970:
939:
938:
928:
927:
925:
917:
915:
908:
901:
870:
869:
862:
857:
856:
854:
846:
844:
838:
836:
830:
828:
821:
814:
790:
767:
758:
730:
709:Moons of Jupiter
624:
612:
600:
584:
534:(from the Latin
450:Sidereus Nuncius
436:Sidereus Nuncius
380:Sidereus Nuncius
336:Starry Messenger
331:Sidereus Nuncius
231:self-gravitation
125:moons of Jupiter
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
21:
8382:
8381:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8321:
8311:
8309:
8297:
8287:
8285:
8275:
8273:
8263:
8261:
8253:
8251:
8246:
8240:Galileo's Dream
8232:Galileo Galilei
8184:Life of Galileo
8171:
8143:Galileo project
8080:
8039:
7950:
7936:Phases of Venus
7889:
7887:Galileo Galilei
7884:
7854:
7849:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7738:
7736:
7726:
7724:
7714:
7712:
7699:
7690:
7654:
7591:
7575:vs. Hill sphere
7501:Molecular cloud
7429:Sample curation
7409:Detached object
7348:
7341:
7185:
7177:
7114:
7101:
7046:Neptune trojans
6829:
6827:
6825:
6818:
6760:
6453:
6324:
6306:
6192:
6155:
6148:
6143:
6113:
6108:
6098:
6096:
6078:
6053:
6008:
5983:
5963:Voyager program
5935:Pioneer program
5914:Galileo project
5908:Cassini–Huygens
5895:
5874:
5872:
5859:
5826:
5803:
5771:
5725:
5692:
5652:
5643:
5600:
5587:
5582:
5552:
5547:
5513:Irregular moons
5494:
5334:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5309:
5295:
5281:
5266:
5261:
5252:
5245:
5226:
5212:
5198:
5190:Jupiter trojans
5163:
5149:
5137:
5132:
5110:
5105:
5091:
5084:
5070:
5058:
5039:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5003:
4989:
4968:
4961:
4917:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4889:
4850:
4843:
4834:
4804:
4799:
4779:
4758:
4650:
4482:
4334:
4318:
4298:Carpo group (2)
4293:
4230:
4214:
4173:
4142:
4133:
4128:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3827:
3826:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3800:on 25 July 2008
3791:
3790:
3779:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3741:
3731:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3672:10.1.1.366.7700
3646:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3548:10.1.1.620.9273
3533:(5403): 820–1.
3522:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3431:(3–4): 327–36.
3422:
3421:
3417:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3031:geology.asu.edu
3027:"Tidal Heating"
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2885:(4167): 922–5.
2876:
2875:
2871:
2863:
2827:(5373): 87–90.
2816:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2603:Wayback Machine
2593:
2589:
2581:Wayback Machine
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2425:Canup, Robin M.
2423:
2422:
2413:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2365:Howse, Derek.
2364:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2151:Rice University
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2093:
2074:
2036:
2035:
2031:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1715:
1710:as seen around
1704:
1695:
1688:
1644:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1415:
1348:
1346:Callisto (moon)
1342:
1334:atomic hydrogen
1327:
1323:
1267:
1265:Ganymede (moon)
1261:
1236:albedo features
1180:
1174:
1159:
1109:
1103:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1032:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1003:
992:
990:
989:
982:
980:
960:
943:
936:
934:
923:
921:
920:
913:
911:
891:
874:
867:
865:
860:
852:
850:
849:
842:
840:
839:
834:
832:
831:
826:
824:
804:
782:
762:
760:Semi-major axis
754:
749:
744:
734:
711:
705:
674:possible heresy
641:
635:
628:
625:
616:
613:
604:
601:
592:
585:
556:Mundus Jovialis
552:Johannes Kepler
371:
306:Galileo Galilei
298:Galileo Galilei
291:
286:
274:Mundus Jovialis
270:Johannes Kepler
238:Galileo Galilei
194:largest objects
171:light pollution
145:readily visible
80:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8380:
8378:
8370:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8352:Galilean moons
8349:
8339:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8319:
8307:
8295:
8283:
8271:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8236:
8228:
8220:
8212:
8204:
8196:
8188:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8072:
8066:
8063:Vincenzo Gamba
8060:
8054:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8029:
8021:
8013:
8005:
7998:
7991:
7983:
7975:
7967:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7921:Galilean moons
7918:
7913:
7908:
7906:Galileo affair
7903:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7875:
7868:
7860:
7851:
7850:
7747:
7746:
7734:
7722:
7710:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7589:
7587:Scattered disc
7584:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7567:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7372:Excretion disk
7367:Accretion disk
7364:
7359:
7357:Star formation
7353:
7351:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7246:space stations
7238:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7199:
7193:
7191:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7085:Scattered disc
7082:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6776:
6770:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6330:
6328:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6094:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6023:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6002:Europa Clipper
5998:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5972:
5960:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5932:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5911:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5885:
5883:
5876:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5799:Solar eclipses
5796:
5790:
5788:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5767:Pasiphae group
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5617:Great Red Spot
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5305:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
5302:
5301:
5300:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5008:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4971:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4656:Pasiphae group
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Jupiter LXVIII
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4181:
4179:Galilean moons
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4092:Dominic Ford:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4063:External links
4061:
4058:
4057:
4026:
4009:
3992:
3966:
3902:
3865:(3): 1205–13.
3849:
3842:
3811:
3777:
3774:on 2012-01-19.
3752:
3743:|journal=
3693:
3634:
3605:(E2): E02003.
3585:
3582:on 2008-10-03.
3510:
3485:
3450:
3415:
3409:10.1086/305604
3394:(1): 475–481.
3374:
3345:
3342:on 2020-04-12.
3278:
3253:
3224:
3199:
3180:(2): 461–471.
3164:
3161:on 2020-04-12.
3107:
3077:
3047:
3018:
3007:on 9 June 2007
2991:
2972:
2955:
2920:
2869:
2866:on 2020-09-23.
2803:
2737:
2686:
2645:
2607:
2594:Computed from
2587:
2566:
2553:
2500:
2462:
2455:
2411:
2396:
2389:
2371:
2358:
2337:
2311:
2278:
2251:
2221:
2205:solarviews.com
2189:
2168:
2134:
2124:
2102:
2072:
2051:10.1086/351216
2029:
2002:(2): 218–234.
1986:
1957:
1940:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1820: Callisto
1809: Ganymede
1769:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1643:
1640:
1610:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1395:carbon dioxide
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1263:Main article:
1260:
1257:
1176:Main article:
1173:
1170:
1157:
1154:sulfur dioxide
1105:Main article:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1001:
998:
987:
978:
971:
964:
952:
951:
948:
945:
940:
932:
929:
918:
909:
902:
895:
883:
882:
879:
876:
871:
863:
858:
847:
822:
815:
808:
796:
795:
788:
777:
769:Orbital period
765:
756:
751:
746:
741:
738:
735:
704:
701:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
619:
617:
614:
607:
605:
602:
595:
593:
589:Argus Panoptes
586:
579:
577:
544:
543:
540:Jacques Ozanam
525:
511:
427:Medician stars
423:Medicea Sidera
419:Cosmica Sidera
370:
367:
318:celestial orbs
290:
287:
285:
282:
254:Medicean Stars
252:'s stars") or
246:Cosmica Sidera
208:, and Earth's
192:and among the
185:beyond Earth.
73:Galilean moons
26:
24:
18:Galilean Moons
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8379:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8318:
8308:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8294:
8284:
8282:
8272:
8270:
8260:
8256:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8114:Museo Galileo
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8069:Maria Celeste
8067:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7881:
7876:
7874:
7869:
7867:
7862:
7861:
7858:
7848:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7745:
7735:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7702:
7687:
7686:Tidal locking
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7666:Double planet
7664:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7618:Minor planets
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7594:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7551:Merging stars
7549:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7153:Subsatellites
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7113:Hypothetical
7110:
7107:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6979:Asteroid belt
6977:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6854:
6853:Minor planets
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6105:
6095:
6093:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:Himalia group
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Magnetosphere
5622:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Regular moons
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4796:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Jupiter LXVII
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Philophrosyne
4663:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4592:Jupiter LXXII
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Jupiter LXIII
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:Himalia group
4233:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4016:Jupiter near
4013:
4010:
4004:
3996:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3736:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:(2): 329–47.
3656:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:(2): 507–22.
3300:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3065:
3062:. Space.com.
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3037:on 2006-03-29
3036:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:(1): 140–74.
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2482:New Scientist
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2390:0-19-518169-7
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:(3): 391–407.
2333:
2329:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2239:
2235:
2234:Museo Galileo
2231:
2225:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:Zezong, Xi, "
2172:
2169:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:0-226-16226-5
1950:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1814:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1776: Jupiter
1766:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1676:visual acuity
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:.) They have
1653:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:and probably
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:tidal heating
1373:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1310:silicate rock
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:magnetosphere
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:tidal flexing
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1178:Europa (moon)
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1147:Mount Everest
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1002:
999:
988:
979:
976:
972:
969:
965:
963:
959:
958:
954:
953:
949:
946:
941:
933:
930:
919:
910:
907:
903:
900:
896:
894:
890:
889:
885:
884:
880:
877:
872:
864:
859:
848:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
807:
803:
802:
798:
797:
793:
789:
786:
781:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
747:
742:
732:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
677:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
645:
640:
632:
623:
618:
611:
606:
599:
594:
590:
583:
578:
575:
573:
571:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
541:
537:
533:
529:
526:
523:
519:
518:Jovis Comites
515:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:
444:
442:
438:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
414:
410:
408:
404:
396:
395:
389:
382:
381:
375:
368:
366:
363:
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
321:
319:
313:
311:
307:
299:
295:
288:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
214:dwarf planets
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:, even under
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
116:
74:
67:
66:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
8347:Solar System
8334:
8293:Solar System
8242:(2009 novel)
8239:
8234:(2002 opera)
8231:
8223:
8215:
8207:
8199:
8191:
8183:
8164:
8075:Marina Gamba
8031:
8023:
8015:
8007:
7985:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7920:
7842:Each arrow (
7764:Local Bubble
7750:Solar System
7748:
7541:Planetesimal
7496:Kuiper cliff
7224:Space probes
7197:Colonization
7036:Kirkwood gap
6957:Saturn Moons
6870:Planetesimal
6334:Terrestrials
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6223:
6146:Solar System
6045:
6025:
6000:
5974:
5967:
5955:
5946:
5939:
5929:New Horizons
5927:
5918:
5906:
5888:
5757:Ananke group
5697:
5543:Trojan moons
5533:Subsatellite
5347:
5072:Petit-Prince
4967:Minor-planet
4916:Dwarf planet
4841:Solar System
4792:
4700:
4699:
4626:Jupiter LXVI
4597:
4596:
4517:Jupiter LXIX
4459:
4458:
4424:Jupiter LXIV
4340:Ananke group
4310:
4309:
4260:
4259:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4178:
4139:
4048:. Retrieved
4044:the original
4039:
4029:
4012:
3995:
3984:. Retrieved
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3919:
3915:
3905:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3833:
3802:. Retrieved
3798:the original
3769:the original
3755:
3702:
3696:
3654:
3650:
3637:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3577:the original
3530:
3526:
3513:
3502:. Retrieved
3488:
3466:(2): 500–4.
3463:
3459:
3453:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3366:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3337:the original
3298:
3294:
3281:
3270:. Retrieved
3256:
3245:. Retrieved
3236:
3227:
3216:. Retrieved
3202:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3156:the original
3130:(1): 64–78.
3127:
3123:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3089:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3050:
3039:. Retrieved
3035:the original
3030:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:the original
2994:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2933:
2923:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2861:the original
2824:
2820:
2806:
2758:
2754:
2740:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2590:
2583:
2569:
2556:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2480:
2428:
2405:
2399:
2380:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2331:
2327:
2302:. Retrieved
2297:
2270:. Retrieved
2260:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2129:
2113:
2105:
2095:
2045:(1): 38–58.
2042:
2038:
2032:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1943:
1920:
1909:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:(whence the
1870:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1812:
1801:
1798: Europa
1790:
1779:
1739:
1645:
1627:
1620:
1598:New Horizons
1596:
1511:Latest flyby
1492:
1392:
1361:
1332:), and some
1307:
1276:
1233:
1212:
1198:noblewoman,
1192:Earth's Moon
1189:
1151:
1144:
1128:Earth's moon
1121:
1116:Tupan Patera
1033:
1027:
961:
955:
892:
886:
805:
799:
792:Eccentricity
720:
712:
686:
678:
666:
651:
569:
566:
561:
555:
548:Simon Marius
545:
535:
531:
527:
517:
513:
507:
494:(after Duke
491:
483:
476:Victripharus
475:
472:Principharus
471:
465:
460:
454:
448:
445:
434:
426:
422:
418:
416:
412:
400:
392:
378:
362:Simon Marius
359:
348:
335:
329:
322:
314:
308:made to the
303:
273:
258:Simon Marius
253:
245:
235:
198:Solar System
187:
120:
72:
70:
64:
8317:Outer space
8226:(1999 book)
8218:(1996 book)
8210:(1975 film)
8202:(1968 film)
8194:(1947 play)
8186:(1943 play)
8017:The Assayer
7966:(1589–1592)
7946:Thermoscope
7805:Local Sheet
7799:Local Group
7582:Rubble pile
7570:Roche limit
7565:Ring system
7516:Outer space
7491:Kuiper belt
7461:Hill sphere
7456:Hills cloud
7404:Debris disk
7399:Cosmic dust
7183:Exploration
7138:Planet Nine
7123:Fifth giant
7097:Hills cloud
7058:Kuiper belt
7029:exceptional
6945:Trojan camp
5869:Exploration
5822:Trojan camp
5762:Carme group
5508:Inner moons
5214:Skamandrios
4749:S/2003 J 23
4729:Jupiter LIX
4675:Jupiter LVI
4646:S/2003 J 10
4611:Jupiter LXI
4527:S/2003 J 24
4488:Carme group
4478:Jupiter LXX
4434:S/2003 J 12
4389:S/2003 J 16
4374:Jupiter LIV
4369:Jupiter LII
4147:Inner moons
1712:conjunction
1692:Meade LX200
1664:conjunction
1483:Earth (Avg)
1475:Earth (Max)
1354:Callisto's
962:Jupiter III
780:Inclination
693:Jean Picard
504:ephemerides
492:Fernipharus
484:Cosmipharus
264:seduced or
34:Montage of
8341:Categories
8148:spacecraft
8077:(mistress)
8071:(daughter)
7824:Local Hole
7771:Gould Belt
7511:Oort cloud
7347:Formation,
7337:Deep space
7173:Vulcanoids
7090:Oort cloud
7014:first 1000
6950:Greek camp
6848:Meteoroids
6843:Damocloids
6789:Charikloan
5948:Pioneer 11
5941:Pioneer 10
5817:Greek camp
5612:Atmosphere
5272:Sila–Nunam
5138:Cleoselene
5133:Alexhelios
5111:Gorgoneion
5049:Euphrosyne
4976:Near-Earth
4918:satellites
4851:satellites
4744:Callirrhoe
4685:S/2016 J 4
4680:S/2003 J 4
4641:S/2021 J 5
4636:S/2018 J 3
4621:S/2003 J 9
4616:Jupiter LI
4552:Kallichore
4547:S/2021 J 4
4522:S/2021 J 6
4507:S/2016 J 3
4502:S/2022 J 2
4497:S/2022 J 1
4454:S/2003 J 2
4429:S/2021 J 1
4414:S/2021 J 2
4404:S/2022 J 3
4364:S/2021 J 3
4354:Jupiter LV
4305:S/2018 J 4
4284:S/2011 J 3
4255:S/2018 J 2
4018:perihelion
3986:2008-08-23
3929:2001.01106
3565:2014/16785
3504:2022-02-20
3368:2008-01-11
3272:2008-02-27
3262:"Ganymede"
3247:2007-11-24
3218:2020-02-26
3041:2007-10-20
2523:1504.04364
2516:(2): 203.
2272:2016-03-03
2230:"Jovilabe"
2215:2019-11-17
2118:. Venice.
1980:2019-11-17
1937:required.)
1916:"Galilean"
1901:References
1672:arcminutes
1660:opposition
1652:binoculars
1642:Visibility
1318:atmosphere
1303:convection
1283:Greek gods
1196:Phoenician
1034:Jupiter IV
893:Jupiter II
695:to re-map
532:Satellites
490:) and IV.
167:conditions
160:binoculars
8305:Volcanoes
8269:Astronomy
8059:(brother)
7785:Milky Way
7778:Orion Arm
7546:Formation
7531:Migration
7526:Disrupted
7394:Coatlicue
7362:Accretion
7349:evolution
7295:Asteroids
7207:astronomy
7202:Discovery
7063:Cubewanos
6984:Asteroids
6814:Quaoarian
6804:Neptunian
6794:Chironean
6779:Saturnian
6561:Enceladus
6074:Mythology
6040:Tianwen-4
6020:Laplace-P
5976:Voyager 2
5969:Voyager 1
5780:Astronomy
5730:Irregular
5605:Geography
5437:Enceladus
5311:Gǃòʼé ǃHú
5222:Eurybates
5200:Menoetius
5194:Patroclus
5183:Dinkinesh
5128:Kleopatra
5031:Main belt
4991:Dimorphos
4849:Planetary
4714:Megaclite
4444:Thelxinoe
4419:Praxidike
4394:Harpalyke
3954:209862163
3804:5 January
3745:ignored (
3735:cite book
3727:140590649
3667:CiteSeerX
3543:CiteSeerX
3070:5 January
3011:10 August
2548:119216797
2438:0812.4995
2067:224838258
2024:120470649
1708:full Moon
1648:telescope
1107:Io (moon)
841:× 3
833:× 3
806:Jupiter I
723:anhydrous
658:longitude
351:Xi Zezong
310:telescope
289:Discovery
188:They are
175:telescope
164:night sky
8053:(father)
8004:" (1616)
7997:" (1615)
7941:Celatone
7838:Universe
7676:Moonlets
7256:programs
7229:timeline
7217:timeline
7148:Planet X
7143:Planet V
7080:Sednoids
7068:Plutinos
7041:Centaurs
7019:families
6754:Dysnomia
6742:Xiangliu
6737:Gonggong
6725:Makemake
6684:Kerberos
6571:Hyperion
6509:Callisto
6504:Ganymede
6437:Gonggong
6432:Makemake
6287:Gonggong
6280:Makemake
6092:Category
6013:Proposed
5875:missions
5752:Valetudo
5742:Themisto
5721:Callisto
5716:Ganymede
5698:Galilean
5683:Amalthea
5678:Adrastea
5482:Hyperion
5432:Dysnomia
5362:Callisto
5342:Ganymede
5165:Olympias
5035:Kalliope
5005:Squannit
4980:Florence
4952:Gonggong
4947:Makemake
4794:Category
4763:See also
4702:Pasiphae
4695:Hegemone
4670:Eurydome
4577:Eukelade
4532:Chaldene
4512:Pasithee
4473:Hermippe
4399:Orthosie
4330:Valetudo
4323:Valetudo
4274:Lysithea
4226:Themisto
4219:Themisto
4209:Callisto
4202:Ganymede
4164:Amalthea
4159:Adrastea
4050:1 August
3980:Archived
3959:1 August
3685:Archived
3498:Archived
3362:Archived
3266:Archived
3241:Archived
3212:Archived
3100:24 April
3094:Archived
3064:Archived
2986:Archived
2948:9 August
2942:Archived
2907:17730914
2857:28222050
2795:Archived
2791:20150275
2783:12624258
2732:24373080
2599:Archived
2577:Archived
2493:18 March
2487:Archived
2304:10 March
2266:Archived
2244:15 April
2238:Archived
2209:Archived
2161:9 August
2155:Archived
2153:. 1995.
1974:Archived
1829:See also
1787: Io
1636:Callisto
1587:Callisto
1573:Ganymede
1467:Callisto
1459:Ganymede
1388:Valhalla
1368:Callisto
1340:Callisto
1279:Ganymede
1259:Ganymede
1245:silicate
1029:Callisto
957:Ganymede
743:Diameter
682:celatone
654:latitude
510:, 1656);
482:), III.
394:Jovilabe
266:abducted
242:Amalthea
169:of high
141:Callisto
137:Ganymede
52:Callisto
48:Ganymede
8255:Portals
8208:Galileo
8200:Galileo
8085:Related
7659:Related
7638:by size
7327:Neptune
7312:Jupiter
7263:Mercury
7188:outline
7133:Phaeton
7128:Nemesis
7115:objects
6967:Neptune
6940:Jupiter
6920:Trojans
6913:Neptune
6898:Jupiter
6878:Mercury
6809:Haumean
6799:Uranian
6781: (
6701:Hiʻiaka
6635:Proteus
6625:Neptune
6613:Miranda
6603:Umbriel
6593:Titania
6581:all 146
6546:Iapetus
6499:Jupiter
6393:Neptune
6371:Jupiter
6339:Mercury
6321:Planets
6246:Neptune
6231:Jupiter
6204:Mercury
6069:Fiction
6062:Related
6027:Shensuo
5957:Ulysses
5920:Galileo
5882:Current
5873:orbital
5832:Impacts
5809:Trojans
5787:General
5585:Jupiter
5472:Hiʻiaka
5452:Proteus
5442:Miranda
5412:Umbriel
5402:Iapetus
5387:Titania
5348:largest
5335:by size
5320:2013 FY
5277:Salacia
5263:2002 UX
5185:(Selam)
5173:Pulcova
5123:Elektra
5118:Camilla
5101:Minerva
5086:Romulus
5066:Eugenia
5059:Peneius
5021:2001 SN
5014:1994 CC
4985:Didymos
4885:Neptune
4870:Jupiter
4839:of the
4739:Autonoe
4719:Cyllene
4587:Taygete
4557:Erinome
4468:Iocaste
4384:Euanthe
4359:Eupheme
4349:Euporie
4262:Himalia
3934:Bibcode
3922:: A40.
3897:2260100
3877:Bibcode
3707:Bibcode
3659:Bibcode
3629:8162816
3607:Bibcode
3573:9933159
3535:Bibcode
3527:Science
3468:Bibcode
3433:Bibcode
3396:Bibcode
3333:7482644
3303:Bibcode
3182:Bibcode
3152:7444898
3132:Bibcode
2887:Bibcode
2879:Science
2849:9651251
2829:Bibcode
2821:Science
2763:Bibcode
2755:Science
2724:8662566
2704:Bibcode
2696:Science
2667:Bibcode
2628:Bibcode
2564:μ value
2528:Bibcode
2443:Bibcode
2004:Bibcode
1881:cosmica
1527:Jupiter
1486:0.0007
1295:Mercury
1240:craters
1094:0.0074
1086:16.689
1022:0.0011
950:0.0094
881:0.0041
755:(g/cm)
753:Density
703:Members
498:) – by
486:(after
478:(after
407:Tuscany
284:History
272:in his
227:Jupiter
218:Mercury
196:in the
36:Jupiter
8109:Sector
8044:Family
8036:(1638)
8028:(1632)
8020:(1623)
8012:(1619)
7990:(1613)
7982:(1613)
7974:(1610)
7833:
7826:
7819:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7681:Syzygy
7603:Comets
7536:System
7521:Planet
7414:EXCEDE
7322:Uranus
7317:Saturn
7307:Comets
7300:mining
7278:mining
7168:Vulcan
7009:active
7004:Hygiea
6999:Pallas
6962:Uranus
6908:Uranus
6903:Saturn
6838:Comets
6830:bodies
6828:System
6774:Jovian
6718:Weywot
6713:Quaoar
6706:Namaka
6696:Haumea
6669:Charon
6645:all 16
6640:Nereid
6630:Triton
6618:all 28
6598:Oberon
6588:Uranus
6576:Phoebe
6556:Tethys
6531:Saturn
6524:all 95
6519:Europa
6492:Deimos
6487:Phobos
6466:Earth
6427:Quaoar
6422:Haumea
6402:Dwarfs
6388:Uranus
6376:Saturn
6361:Giants
6326:dwarfs
6273:Quaoar
6266:Haumea
6241:Uranus
6236:Saturn
6050:(2030)
6042:(2029)
6036:(2026)
6030:(2024)
6022:(2023)
6005:(2024)
5988:Future
5711:Europa
5528:Naming
5487:Phoebe
5477:Actaea
5467:Nereid
5462:Ilmarë
5427:Tethys
5407:Charon
5397:Oberon
5382:Triton
5377:Europa
5333:Ranked
5297:Ilmarë
5283:Actaea
5208:Hektor
5159:Roxane
5151:Dactyl
5080:Sylvia
5054:Daphne
4999:Moshup
4942:Quaoar
4937:Haumea
4880:Uranus
4875:Saturn
4724:Sinope
4709:Sponde
4631:Kalyke
4567:Eirene
4542:Isonoe
4461:Ananke
4449:Thyone
4409:Helike
4269:Pandia
4195:Europa
4022:radius
3952:
3895:
3840:
3834:Europa
3725:
3669:
3651:Icarus
3627:
3571:
3545:
3460:Icarus
3331:
3295:Icarus
3174:Icarus
3150:
3124:Icarus
2915:205532
2913:
2905:
2855:
2847:
2789:
2781:
2730:
2722:
2620:Icarus
2546:
2453:
2387:
2122:
2065:
2059:228880
2057:
2022:
1951:
1885:Sidera
1877:neuter
1872:cosmos
1866:Cosmas
1860:Cosimo
1818:
1813:·
1811:
1807:
1802:·
1800:
1796:
1791:·
1789:
1785:
1780:·
1778:
1774:
1559:Europa
1451:Europa
1407:Europa
1315:oxygen
1253:oxygen
1200:Europa
1172:Europa
1166:Venera
1091:0.205
1088:(9.4)
1072:1.834
1019:0.204
1016:(4.0)
1014:7.155
1000:1.942
947:0.471
944:(2.0)
942:3.551
931:3.014
888:Europa
878:0.050
873:1.769
737:Image
697:France
670:ducats
528:Gardes
441:Venice
425:("the
355:Gan De
250:Cosimo
206:Triton
183:planet
152:Saturn
150:after
139:, and
133:Europa
119:), or
44:Europa
8329:Stars
8065:(son)
7955:Works
7596:Lists
7332:Pluto
7290:Ceres
7268:Venus
7163:Tyche
7158:Theia
6994:Vesta
6989:Ceres
6930:Earth
6925:Venus
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