Galilean moons - Knowledge (XXG)

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iron. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. This may well have been the original structure of all the moons. The rotation of the three inner moons, in contrast, indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above. They also reveal significant alteration of the surface. Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers. Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature, suggesting a thinner ice crust. Finally, Io, the innermost moon, has a sulfur surface, active volcanism and no sign of ice. All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior. The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet. In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice, allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface. In Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust then formed. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space.

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whom Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell... I think, therefore, that I shall not have done amiss if the First is called by me Io, the Second Europa, the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede, the Fourth Callisto... This fancy, and the particular names given, were suggested to me by Kepler, Imperial Astronomer, when we met at Ratisbon fair in October 1613. So if, as a jest, and in memory of our friendship then begun, I hail him as joint father of these four stars, again I shall not be doing wrong.

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explain the existing satellites. Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons would have spiraled into Jupiter, due to drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the Solar nebula. By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits. The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an

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It has a smooth and bright surface, with a layer of water surrounding the mantle of the planet, thought to be 100 kilometers thick. The smooth surface includes a layer of ice, while the bottom of the ice is theorized to be liquid water. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the

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Map of France presented in 1684, showing the outline of a previous map (Sanson, light outline) compared to the new survey by Cassini and Picard using the moons of Jupiter as timing reference (heavier, shaded outline). The King of France reportedly quipped that the astronomers had taken more territory

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Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius' names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names. The numbers run from Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto respectively. Galileo used this system in

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Scarcely have the immortal graces of your soul begun to shine forth on earth than bright stars offer themselves in the heavens which, like tongues, will speak of and celebrate your most excellent virtues for all time. Behold, therefore, four stars reserved for your illustrious name ... which ... make

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On 12 March 1610, Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of Tuscany, and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke, hoping to obtain the Grand Duke's support as quickly as possible. On 19 March, he sent the telescope he had used to first view Jupiter's moons to the Grand Duke, along with an

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Jupiter is much blamed by the poets on account of his irregular loves. Three maidens are especially mentioned as having been clandestinely courted by Jupiter with success. Io, daughter of the River Inachus, Callisto of Lycaon, Europa of Agenor. Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros,

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Galileo's discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by showing that there were objects in space to be discovered that until then had remained unseen by the naked eye. More importantly, the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a blow

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Porco, C. C.; West, Robert A.; McEwen, Alfred; Del Genio, Anthony D.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Thomas, Peter; Squyres, Steve; Dones, Luke; Murray, Carl D.; Johnson, Torrence V.; Burns, Joseph A.; Brahic, Andre; Neukum, Gerhard; Veverka, Joseph; Barbara, John M.; Denk, Tilmann; Evans, Michael; Ferrier,

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Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter. Callisto, the outermost and least dense of the four, has a density intermediate between ice and rock whereas Io, the innermost and densest moon, has a density intermediate between rock and

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Galileo proposed determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons. The times of the eclipses of the moons could be precisely calculated in advance and compared with local observations on land or on ship to determine the local time and hence longitude. Galileo applied in

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on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young. Some theories suggest that Jupiter's gravity is causing these markings, as one side of Europa is constantly facing Jupiter. Volcanic water eruptions splitting the surface of Europa and even geysers have also been considered as causes.

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Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was processed through it. However, the disk mass of only 2% that of Jupiter is required to

265:, published in 1614. Their discovery showed the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by proving that there were objects in space that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a serious blow to the then-accepted 1301:

and water ice, and a salt-water ocean is believed to exist nearly 200 km below Ganymede's surface, sandwiched between layers of ice. The metallic core of Ganymede suggests a greater heat at some time in its past than had previously been proposed. The surface is a mix of two types of

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their journeys and orbits with a marvelous speed around the star of Jupiter ... like children of the same family ... Indeed, it appears the Maker of the Stars himself, by clear arguments, admonished me to call these new planets by the illustrious name of Your Highness before all others.

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terrain—highly cratered dark regions and younger, but still ancient, regions with a large array of grooves and ridges. Ganymede has a high number of craters, but many are gone or barely visible due to its icy crust forming over them. The satellite has a thin

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ensures that the ocean remains liquid and drives geological activity. Life may exist in Europa's under-ice ocean. So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there.

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Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal interactions with Jupiter's

1709: 610: 301:, with a magnifying capability of 20×, he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was previously possible. This allowed Galileo to observe in either December 1609 or January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons. 2800:

McEwen, A. S.; Keszthelyi, L.; Spencer, J. R.; Schubert, G.; Matson, D. L.; Lopes-Gautier, R.; Klaasen, K. P.; Johnson, T. V.; Head, J. W.; Geissler, P.; Fagents, S.; Davies, A. G.; Carr, M. H.; Breneman, H. H.; Belton, M. J. S. (1998).

1689: 229:, who observed them in either December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized them as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610; they remained the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of the fifth largest moon of Jupiter 586: 707:, with new moons forming from the remaining debris. By the time the present generation formed, the gas in the proto-satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits. 353:

are another noted example of observation, and he later reported observing the moons in 1609. However, because he did not publish these findings until after Galileo, there is a degree of uncertainty around his records.

1390:. Investigation revealed that Callisto may possibly have a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths less than 300 kilometres. The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto indicates that it can or could harbour 304:

On 7 January 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter's moons. At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. He continued to observe these

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in size (though not mass). Callisto is only slightly smaller than Mercury in size; the smaller ones, Io and Europa, are about the size of the Moon. The three inner moons — Io, Europa, and Ganymede — are in a 4:2:1

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which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io. Tidal dissipation in the Jovian system is still ongoing and

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The reddish-brown color of the markings is theorized to be caused by sulfur, but because no data collection devices have been sent to Europa, scientists cannot yet confirm this. Europa is primarily made of

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The main problem with the Jovian moon technique was that it was difficult to observe the Galilean moons through a telescope on a moving ship, a problem that Galileo tried to solve with the invention of the

398:. Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter's moons to gain it. On 13 February 1610, Galileo wrote to the Grand Duke's secretary: 598: 1398:. Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jupiter system since it is furthest from the intense radiation of Jupiter's magnetic field. 7631: 7205: 5491: 167: 1673: 7601: 1375:, which makes it the least dense of the Galilean moons. It is one of the most heavily cratered satellites in the Solar System, and one major feature is a basin around 3000 km wide called 7402: 714:

and likely has an interior of rock and metal. Europa is thought to contain 8% ice and water by mass with the remainder rock. These moons are, in increasing order of distance from Jupiter:

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Greenberg, Richard; Geissler, Paul; Hoppa, Gregory; Tufts, B.Randall; Durda, Daniel D.; Pappalardo, Robert; Head, James W.; Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Carr, Michael H. (1998).

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With over 400 active volcanos, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. Its surface is dotted with more than 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Earth's

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Other models suggest that Galilean satellites formed in a proto-satellite disk, in which formation timescales were comparable to or shorter than orbital migration timescales. Io is

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Lipps, Jere H.; Delory, Gregory; Pitman, Joseph T.; Rieboldt, Sarah (2004). "Astrobiology of Jupiter's icy moons". In Hoover, Richard B; Levin, Gilbert V; Rozanov, Alexei Y (eds.).

376: 1138:. Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System (which have a thick coating of ice), Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core. 249:. Marius discovered the moons independently at nearly the same time as Galileo, 8 January 1610, and gave them their present individual names, after mythological characters that 2475: 1179:

Europa (Jupiter II), the second of the four Galilean moons, is the second closest to Jupiter and the smallest at 3121.6 kilometers in diameter, which is slightly smaller than

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from 8 January to 2 March 1610. In these observations, he discovered a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter.

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Land mapping surveys had the same problem determining longitude, though with less severe observational conditions. The method proved practical and was used by

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Although not proven, data from the Galileo orbiter indicates that Io might have its own magnetic field. Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of

27:'s four Galilean moons, in a composite image depicting part of Jupiter and their relative sizes (positions are illustrative, not actual). From top to bottom: 3276: 3105: 2802: 2565: 7335: 1606:

The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale, and combined would only be visible at 100× magnification.

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in the Solar System, and barely smaller than Mercury, though only a third of the latter's mass. It is named after the Greek mythological nymph

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Callisto (Jupiter IV) is the fourth and last Galilean moon, and is the second-largest of the four, and at 4820.6 kilometers in diameter, it is

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Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a

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Alibert, Y.; Mousis, O.; Benz, W. (2005). "Modeling the Jovian subnebula I. Thermodynamic conditions and migration of proto-satellites".

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Musotto, S; Varadi, Ferenc; Moore, William; Schubert, Gerald (2002). "Numerical Simulations of the Orbits of the Galilean Satellites".

6156: 317:, which held that Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it. Galileo's 13 March 1610, 7002: 3486: 2465: 661:

with a lifetime pension of 2,000 a year, and almost two decades later for the Dutch prize, but by then he was under house arrest for

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Galilean moons compared with moons of other planets (and with Earth; the scale is changed to 1 pixel = 94 km at this resolution).

2989: 1149:). If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future, it would have to be extremely tough (similar to the 641:

Galileo's discovery had practical applications. Safe navigation required accurately determining a ship's position at sea. While

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Joseph J.; Geissler, Paul; Helfenstein, Paul; Roatsch, Thomas; Throop, Henry; Tiscareno, Matthew; Vasavada, Ashwin R. (2003).

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Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter; with a diameter of 3642 kilometers, it is the

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Carlson, R.W.; M.S. Anderson (2005). "Distribution of hydrate on Europa: Further evidence for sulfuric acid hydrate".

1639:, if only they could appear farther away from Jupiter. (They are, however, easily distinguished with even low-powered 8112: 6170: 5828: 1667:. Ganymede and Callisto, at their maximum separation, are the likeliest targets for potential naked-eye observation. 561:) were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius' names became widely used. 5299: 3968: 1860: 8148: 8143: 7611: 7412: 7295: 7244: 6180: 6118: 5983: 5506: 4904: 4837: 3254: 2197: 1737: 653:

was so important that large prizes were offered for its solution at various times by Spain, Holland, and Britain.

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d'Angelo, Gennaro; Podolak, Morris (2015). "Capture and Evolution of Planetesimals in Circumjovian Disks".

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required knowledge of the time of each observation synchronized to the time at a reference longitude. The

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since humans have started tracking the classical planets, and the first objects to be found to orbit any

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Pasachoff, Jay M. (2015). "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow".

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Jupiter and all of the Galilean moons as seen through a 25 cm (10 in) amateur telescope (

1611: 410:("Cosimo's stars"), in honour of Cosimo alone. Cosimo's secretary suggested to change the name to 362: 178: 136: 3412:

Eviatar, Aharon; m. Vasyliūnas, Vytenis; a. Gurnett, Donald (2001). "The ionosphere of Ganymede".

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may have been Ganymede. If true, this might predate Galileo's discovery by around two millennia.

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Anderson, J. D.; et al. (1996). "Galileo Gravity Results and the Internal Structure of Io".

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will likely be captured into the resonance in about 1.5 billion years, creating a 1:2:4:8 chain.

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GIF animations depicting the Galilean moon orbits and the resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede

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hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably serve as an abode for

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Jupiter is about 750 times brighter than Ganymede and about 2000 times brighter than Callisto.

3826: 3633:"Subsurface Oceans on Europa and Callisto: Constraints from Galileo Magnetometer Observations" 3582:

Liang, Mao-Chang; Lane, Benjamin F.; Pappalardo, Robert T.; Allen, Mark; Yung, Yuk L. (2005).

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Marazzini, C. (2005). "The names of the satellites of Jupiter: from Galileo to Simon Marius".

2248: 2108: 1937: 1744: 1636: 1619: 1376: 1360: 1344: 1339: 510: 306: 211: 52: 3818: 3757: 1923: 386:: an apparatus from the mid-18th century for demonstrating the orbits of Jupiter's satellites 327:), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not explicitly mention 8293: 8257: 8179: 8081: 8039: 8021: 7959: 7720: 7524: 7514: 7407: 7382: 6792: 6762: 6633: 6613: 6512: 6487: 6327: 6192: 6080: 5646: 5617: 5550: 5188: 5171: 5002: 4873: 4858: 4758: 4432: 4407: 4382: 4119: 3930: 3926: 3873: 3869: 3703: 3665: 3603: 3549: 3541: 3464: 3429: 3425: 3392: 3307: 3299: 3178: 3128: 2883: 2825: 2759: 2700: 2663: 2624: 2524: 2085: 2035: 2000: 1656: 1387: 1283: 1282:

in the Solar System at 5262.4 kilometers in diameter, which makes it larger than the planet

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Fanale, F. P.; Johnson, T. V.; Matson, D. L. (1974). "Io: A Surface Evaporite Deposit?".

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The Newsletter of the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society

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views of a rare triple transit of Jupiter by Europa, Callisto and Io (24 January 2015)

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that affects three inner Galilean satellites and thus does not experience appreciable

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Schenk, Paul; Hargitai, Henrik; Wilson, Ronda; McEwen, Alfred; Thomas, Peter (2001).

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at the center of the universe. Nevertheless, Galileo accepted the Copernican theory.

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landers) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter.

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NASA's Stunning Discoveries on Jupiter's Largest Moons | Our Solar System's Moons

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Ganymede (Jupiter III), the third Galilean moon, is named after the mythological

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enabled the discovery of the moons in 1610. Through this, they became the first

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Chapter 18: Ages and Interiors: the Cratering Record of the Galilean Satellites

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Drake, Stillman (1978). Galileo At Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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could be measured well enough by local astronomical observations, determining

148: 2166:

The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo

2026:

Van Helden, Albert (March 1974). "The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century".

2004: 218:'s remaining moons have irregular forms because they are too small for their 7773: 7766: 7195: 7161: 6992: 6913: 6836: 6831: 6549: 6502: 6371: 6354: 6028: 6008: 5964: 5957: 5694: 5425: 5355: 5068: 5042: 4979: 4883: 4702: 4176: 4009:

2010-Sep-19: 656.7 (Callisto angular separation arcsec) − 24.9 (jup angular

3312: 3250: 2970: 2955:, in Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; and McKinnon, William B., editors; 2763: 1878: 1696: 1651:

with the Sun, and are about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in

1635:

All four Galilean moons are bright enough to be viewed from Earth without a

1533: 1519: 1410:

Surface features of the four members at different levels of zoom in each row

1406: 1184: 1095: 789: 711: 646: 492: 339: 298: 163: 152: 117: 28: 5450: 5285: 3669: 3468: 3303: 3132: 2895: 2771: 1527: 894: 557:

his notebooks but never actually published it. The numbered names (Jupiter

4895: 3996:

Callisto: (5th root of 100)^(5.5 Callisto APmag − (−2.8 Jup APmag)) = 2089

3561: 2837: 2712: 1747:

of Io, Europa and Ganymede (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes)

372:(the 'starry messenger'), 1610. The moons are drawn in changing positions. 7929: 7826: 7664: 7283: 7131: 6987: 6972: 6713: 6420: 6268: 4565: 4520: 3964: 3860: 3608: 3583: 2668: 2643: 2189: 1298: 1233: 1199:, though the name did not become widely used until the mid-20th century. 670: 642: 382: 1854: 1848: 7068: 7056: 6982: 6381: 6359: 6234: 6219: 5573: 5133: 4545: 1515: 807: 543:

after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter), in his

395: 215: 24: 3707: 3553: 2047: 7509: 6802: 6797: 6706: 6701: 6415: 6410: 6376: 6364: 6309: 6261: 6254: 6229: 6224: 4930: 4697: 4619: 4082: 4010: 1303: 1241: 1154: 685: 429: 343: 171: 140: 3371:

Hall, D. T.; Feldman, P. D.; McGrath, M. A.; Strobel, D. F. (1998).

2584: 8312: 8213:

Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love

4088: 3917: 3397: 3372: 2511: 2039: 1382:

Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of

1223:

The prominent markings that criss-cross the moon seem to be mainly

616:

Callisto (leftmost) with Eros and other nymphs, with Artemis seated

7844: 6826: 6405: 6337: 6332: 6247: 6202: 6197: 5445: 4006: 2426: 1601: 1490: 1405: 1338: 1318: 1257: 1214: 1196: 1170: 1099: 658: 631: 432:

in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.

375: 361: 281: 46: 18: 3751:"Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration(HOPE)" 6458: 6342: 6207: 5360: 4848: 3509:"A Tenuous Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere on Jupiter's Moon Callisto" 2926: 2737:"Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings" 1275: 1237: 1192: 1180: 1150: 1128: 1124: 1116: 250: 214:

with each other. While the Galilean moons are spherical, all of

198: 51:"Family portrait" of Jupiter and the Galilean moons captured by 7848: 6107: 6103: 5546: 4798: 4092: 269:, a geocentric theory in which everything orbits around Earth. 6187: 4063:

Interactive 3D visualisation of Jupiter and the Galilean moons

3631:

Zimmer, C; Khurana, Krishan K.; Kivelson, Margaret G. (2000).

761: 390:

In 1605, Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for

332: 4085:. With a chart of the current position of the Galilean moons. 6143: 3899:

Lari, Giacomo; Saillenfest, Melaine; Fenucci, Marco (2020).

3373:"The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede" 2119:

On the seventh day of January in this present date 1610....

418:"), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, 97: 91: 5542: 4058:

Sky & Telescope utility for identifying Galilean moons

3277:"The Permanent and Inductive Magnetic Moments of Ganymede" 2803:"High-Temperature Silicate Volcanism on Jupiter's Moon Io" 2951:

Schenk, P. M.; Chapman, C. R.; Zahnle, K.; Moore, J. M.;

1367:. Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of 245:, but the names that eventually prevailed were chosen by 82: 76: 73: 3692:

Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology VIII

1240:

core. It has a tenuous atmosphere composed primarily of

1115:

in the Solar System, and is only marginally larger than

3343:"Solar System's largest moon likely has a hidden ocean" 4129:

Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter

673:. Others suggested improvements, but without success. 8241: 3785:. California State University, Fresno. Archived from 100: 70: 88: 79: 8164: 8073: 8032: 7943: 7882: 7647: 7584: 7334: 7170: 7100: 6811: 6753: 6446: 6308: 6050: 6001: 5976: 5888: 5870: 5856: 5819: 5796: 5775: 5768: 5718: 5685: 5654: 5645: 5593: 5321: 4954: 4903: 4836: 4751: 4643: 4475: 4327: 4311: 4286: 4223: 4207: 4166: 4135: 3275:Kivelson, M.G.; Khurana, K.K.; Volwerk, M. (2002). 1663:from Jupiter, which is close to the limit of human 535:The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by 422:, and Lorenzo). The discovery was announced in the 233:in 1892. Galileo initially named his discovery the 85: 3075:"Hubble sees recurring plume erupting from Europa" 2100: 1903: 2992:. Milwaukee School of Engineering. Archived from 2957:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere 2356:Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude 1584:Jupiter and Galilean moons circa 2007, imaged by 394:. In 1609, Cosimo became Grand Duke Cosimo II of 1227:, which emphasize low topography. There are few 491:, a disciple of Galileo and author of the first 8014:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 6147: 3825:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 59–83. 3819:"Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites" 1394:. However, this is less likely than on nearby 7860: 6119: 5558: 4810: 4104: 2358:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980, 12. 2280:"Naming the Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn" 2250:Annuaire de l'Observatoire royal de Bruxelles 592:Europa on the back of Zeus turned into a bull 8: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 2418:Origin of Europa and the Galilean Satellites 2408: 2406: 2404: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 201:, are larger than any of the Solar System's 4025:"Naked-Eye Observations of Jupiter's Moons" 3817:Canup, Robert M.; Ward, William R. (2009). 3783:"SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)" 3781:Ringwald, Frederick A. (29 February 2000). 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 2466:"Cannibalistic Jupiter ate its early moons" 2420:. University of Arizona Press. p. 59. 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 406:Galileo initially called his discovery the 94: 7867: 7853: 7845: 7097: 6305: 6301: 6126: 6112: 6104: 5867: 5772: 5651: 5565: 5551: 5543: 4817: 4803: 4795: 4111: 4097: 4089: 3990:Ganymede: (5th root of 100)^(4.4 Ganymede 2190:"The Discovery of the Galilean Satellites" 716: 3965:"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters" 3916: 3859: 3659: 3607: 3535: 3396: 3311: 2667: 2510: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2425: 2273: 2271: 657:1616 for the Spanish prize of 6,000 gold 7639:Interstellar and circumstellar molecules 2648:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 1695:Jupiter with the Galilean moons and the 1414: 604:Ganymede (left) abducted by Zeus (right) 8248: 7835:) may be read as "within" or "part of". 6863:Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets 3749:Trautman, Pat; Bethke, Kristen (2003). 1895: 1840: 1669: 1647:between 4.6 and 5.6 when Jupiter is in 728: 725: 563: 3731: 3721: 2332: 2330: 1852:is the Italian form of the Greek name 7984:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina 4077:A Beginner's Guide to Jupiter's Moons 3257:from the original on February 8, 2012 3253:. nineplanets.org. October 31, 1997. 3055:from the original on 11 December 2011 2933:from the original on 14 November 2015 2184: 2182: 2146:from the original on 11 February 2012 1876:is the plural form of the Latin noun 1262:Ancient tectonic features on Ganymede 1219:Recurring plume erupting from Europa. 7: 2551:IAU-MPC Satellites Ephemeris Service 2338:"Solving Longitude: Jupiter's Moons" 1985:Journal for the History of Astronomy 1924:participating institution membership 1347:in enhanced color as seen by Voyager 1759:The Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter 463:(for the "prince" of Tuscany), II. 428:("Starry Messenger"), published in 225:The Galilean moons are named after 3085:from the original on 25 April 2017 2959:, Cambridge University Press, 2004 2478:from the original on 23 March 2009 2278:Van Helden, Albert (August 1994). 2229:from the original on 16 April 2015 2170:Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics 1659:of the moons are between 2 and 10 1297:Ganymede is composed primarily of 338:A Chinese historian of astronomy, 289:, the discoverer of the four moons 14: 3963:Yeomans, Donald K. (2006-07-13). 2416:; Ward, William R. (2008-12-30). 2397:. Philip Wilson. pp. 26, 31. 1829:Colonization of the Jovian System 1183:. The name comes from a mythical 455:Other names put forward include: 8311: 8299: 8287: 8275: 8263: 8251: 7920:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment 7726: 7714: 7702: 6086: 6076: 6075: 5636: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4777: 4776: 4013:arcsec) = 631 arcsec = 10 arcmin 3679:from the original on 2009-03-27. 2977:from the original on 2012-01-24. 2789:from the original on 2017-09-22. 2395:Greenwich Time and the Longitude 1752: 1736: 1708: 1688: 1672: 1590:during flyby. (greyscale colour) 1568: 1554: 1540: 1526: 1508: 1127:who became one of the lovers of 1034: 1027: 962: 955: 893: 886: 806: 799: 609: 597: 585: 569: 66: 7602:Gravitationally rounded objects 4023:Dutton, Denis (December 1976). 3971:from the original on 2010-05-27 3588:Journal of Geophysical Research 3489:from the original on 2021-12-20 3353:from the original on 2012-01-17 3232:from the original on 2012-02-11 3203:from the original on 2020-02-26 2990:"Possibility of Life on Europa" 2257:from the original on 2016-04-29 2200:from the original on 2019-11-19 1965:from the original on 2019-08-25 168:Solar System objects discovered 5783:Jupiter-crossing minor planets 3694:. Vol. 5555. p. 78. 2923:NASA, Solar system Exploration 2464:Chown, Marcus (7 March 2009). 1: 3967:. JPL Solar System Dynamics. 3434:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00154-9 2929:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 1959:NASA Solar System Exploration 1294:within the liquid iron core. 565:The Galilean moons' namesakes 16:Four largest moons of Jupiter 7976:Letter to Benedetto Castelli 3905:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3848:Astronomy & Astrophysics 3546:10.1126/science.283.5403.820 3183:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.026 2888:10.1126/science.186.4167.922 2705:10.1126/science.272.5262.709 2629:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.013 1278:'s beloved. Ganymede is the 293:As a result of improvements 8356:Moons with a prograde orbit 7697:Outline of the Solar System 7460:Interplanetary medium/space 3935:10.1051/0004-6361/202037445 3414:Planetary and Space Science 2830:10.1126/science.281.5373.87 2529:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/203 2372:. Qxford University Press. 1153:-like bodies of the Soviet 331:, a theory that placed the 222:to pull them into spheres. 8372: 8149:Galileo National Telescope 7413:Extraterrestrial materials 5984:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 4764:Jupiter's moons in fiction 3878:10.1051/0004-6361:20052841 2988:Tritt, Charles S. (2002). 1824:Jupiter's moons in fiction 1332: 1251: 1164: 1093: 695: 637:from him than his enemies. 625: 622:Determination of longitude 527:, meaning "escorts") – by 489:Giovanni Battista Hodierna 366:The Medician stars in the 257:, which were suggested by 7733:Earth sciences portal 7692: 7455:Interplanetary dust cloud 6299: 6141: 6071: 5844:2016 Jupiter impact event 5839:2010 Jupiter impact event 5834:2009 Jupiter impact event 5634: 5580: 5487: 4880: 4772: 4126: 3994:− (−2.8 Jup APmag)) = 758 3377:The Astrophysical Journal 3347:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2499:The Astrophysical Journal 2099:Galilei, Galileo (1610). 1911:Oxford English Dictionary 1290:, likely created through 1280:largest natural satellite 1175:Closeup of Europan lineae 678:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 8113:Galileo's objective lens 7746:Local Interstellar Cloud 6464:other near-Earth objects 5339:: 5268 km / 0.413 Earths 3584:"Atmosphere of Callisto" 2917:Hefler, Michael (2001). 2005:10.1177/0021828615585493 1195:and became the queen of 580:(right) on Hera's orders 329:Copernican heliocentrism 8144:Galileo Galilei Airport 7915:Galilean transformation 7890:Observational astronomy 7709:Solar System portal 7435:Giant-impact hypothesis 7042:Trans-Neptunian objects 6093:Solar System portal 4031:: 482–4. Archived from 3927:2020A&A...639A..40L 3870:2005A&A...439.1205A 3507:Carlson, R. W. (1999). 3426:2001P&SS...49..327E 3222:"Satellites of Jupiter" 2971:"Jupiter's Moon Europa" 2764:10.1126/science.1079462 2342:Royal Museums Greenwich 2132:"Satellites of Jupiter" 1916:Oxford University Press 1236:rock and likely has an 497:Medicaeorum Ephemerides 189:. All four, along with 162:. The invention of the 112:, are the four largest 7991:Discourse on the Tides 7597:Possible dwarf planets 7440:Gravitational collapse 7378:Circumstellar envelope 6183: 5829:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 3756:. NASA. Archived from 3670:10.1006/icar.2000.6456 3469:10.1006/icar.2002.6939 3304:10.1006/icar.2002.6834 3197:"The moons of Jupiter" 3133:10.1006/icar.1998.5986 3079:www.spacetelescope.org 1882:"star, constellation". 1717:Hubble Space Telescope 1607: 1496: 1411: 1353:the third largest moon 1348: 1345:Valhalla impact crater 1263: 1220: 1176: 1108: 638: 554: 453: 404: 387: 373: 315:Ptolemaic world system 290: 267:Ptolemaic world system 57: 44: 8346:Copernican Revolution 7806:Laniakea Supercluster 7423:Sample-return mission 6182: 3483:"Galilean Satellites" 3047:(28 September 2006). 2393:Howse, Derek (1997). 2368:Edwin Danson (2006). 1955:"In Depth | Amalthea" 1858:itself deriving from 1605: 1494: 1409: 1402:Comparative structure 1342: 1261: 1218: 1205:extraterrestrial life 1191:, who was courted by 1174: 1119:. It was named after 1103: 696:Further information: 635: 576:Io (left) watched by 549: 547:, published in 1614: 485:Ferdinando de' Medici 469:Vittoria della Rovere 448: 400: 379: 365: 313:to the then-accepted 285: 143:, the dimmest of the 50: 22: 8155:Astronomers Monument 8108:Galileo's telescopes 8046:Michelagnolo Galilei 7900:Galileo's escapement 7721:Astronomy portal 7622:Solar System objects 7368:Circumplanetary disk 5628:Jupiter's South Pole 5623:Jupiter's North Pole 5512:Planetary-mass moons 4083:The Moons of Jupiter 3609:10.1029/2004JE002322 3349:. NASA. 2000-12-16. 2669:10.1029/2000JE001408 2103:The Starry Messenger 1598:Origin and evolution 705:proto-satellite disk 628:History of longitude 525:satelles, satellitis 444:The Starry Messenger 349:The observations of 179:planetary-mass moons 137:Solar System objects 132:. They are the most 8125:Galileo thermometer 7998:Discourse on Comets 7968:Letters on Sunspots 7905:Galilean invariance 7820:Observable universe 7617:Solar System models 7547:Protoplanetary disk 7470:Interstellar medium 7430:Frost/Ice/Snow line 6023:Io Volcano Observer 4035:on 12 November 2020 4029:Sky & Telescope 3700:2004SPIE.5555...78L 3652:2000Icar..147..329Z 3600:2005JGRE..110.2003L 3528:1999Sci...283..820C 3461:2002Icar..159..500M 3389:1998ApJ...499..475H 3296:2002Icar..157..507K 3226:The Galileo Project 3175:2005Icar..177..461C 3125:1998Icar..135...64G 2880:1974Sci...186..922F 2822:1998Sci...281...87M 2756:2003Sci...299.1541P 2697:1996Sci...272..709A 2660:2001JGR...10633201S 2621:2004Icar..169..140L 2549:Computed using the 2521:2015ApJ...806..203D 2436:2009euro.book...59C 2136:The Galileo Project 1997:2015AAS...22521505P 1914:(Online ed.). 1657:angular separations 1645:apparent magnitudes 1612:protoplanetary disk 1417: 1270:, cupbearer of the 1207:. Heat energy from 1113:fourth-largest moon 718: 110:Galilean satellites 8270:History of science 8165:In popular culture 8120:Tribune of Galileo 7952:De motu antiquiora 7800:Virgo Supercluster 7781:Milky Way subgroup 7612:Natural satellites 7495:Nebular hypothesis 7475:Interstellar space 7465:Interstellar cloud 7373:Circumstellar disc 6963:Near-Earth objects 6847:names and meanings 6184: 5585:Outline of Jupiter 5492:Discovery timeline 4826:Natural satellites 2919:"Europa: In Depth" 2590:2011-08-07 at the 2568:2017-06-08 at the 2370:Weighing the World 2344:. 16 October 2014. 2083:Galilei, Galileo, 1608: 1497: 1415: 1412: 1349: 1309:that includes O, O 1264: 1221: 1177: 1109: 764:) (relative to Io) 729:Model of interior 717: 639: 503:Circulatores Jovis 388: 374: 291: 58: 45: 8239: 8238: 8093:Galileo's paradox 8088:Villa Il Gioiello 7883:Scientific career 7842: 7841: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7660:Lagrangian points 7632:by discovery date 7230:Human spaceflight 7201:historical models 7094: 7093: 6719:S/2015 (136472) 1 6101: 6100: 6046: 6045: 5852: 5851: 5764: 5763: 5540: 5539: 5340: 4792: 4791: 3832:978-0-8165-2844-8 3708:10.1117/12.560356 3049:"Time for Europa" 3045:Phillips, Cynthia 2691:(5262): 709–712. 2654:(E12): 33201–22. 2605:Lopes, Rosaly M.C 2445:978-0-8165-2844-8 2176:(1981), 242–243 . 2114:978-0-374-37191-3 1922:(Subscription or 1868:plural adjective 1745:Laplace resonance 1620:orbital resonance 1479: 1478: 1416:Jovian radiation 1361:orbital resonance 1123:, a priestess of 1087: 1086: 783: 765: 753: 651:longitude problem 511:Johannes Hevelius 477:Cosimo de' Medici 436:official copy of 392:Cosimo de' Medici 212:orbital resonance 145:classical planets 8363: 8351:Moons of Jupiter 8316: 8315: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8291: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8247: 8205:Starry Messenger 8181:Lamp At Midnight 8082:And yet it moves 8040:Vincenzo Galilei 8022:Two New Sciences 7960:Sidereus Nuncius 7869: 7862: 7855: 7846: 7836: 7834: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7408:Exozodiacal dust 7098: 7064:Detached objects 6306: 6302: 6146: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6079: 6078: 5986:(2023, en route) 5868: 5773: 5652: 5640: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5544: 5335: 5314: 5302: 5288: 5274: 5257: 5245: 5238: 5219: 5205: 5191: 5156: 5142: 5128: 5123: 5101: 5096: 5084: 5077: 5063: 5049: 5032: 5015: 5005: 4996: 4982: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4819: 4812: 4805: 4796: 4780: 4779: 4759:Rings of Jupiter 4120:Moons of Jupiter 4113: 4106: 4099: 4090: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4020: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3920: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3863: 3861:astro-ph/0505367 3843: 3837: 3836: 3814: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3755: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3663: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3564:. Archived from 3539: 3513: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3324:. Archived from 3315: 3313:2060/20020044825 3281: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3143:. Archived from 3110: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3022:. Archived from 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2969:Hamilton, C. J. 2966: 2960: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2848:. Archived from 2807: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2750:(5612): 1541–7. 2741: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2601: 2595: 2585:IAG Travaux 2001 2581: 2575: 2563:Moons of Jupiter 2560: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2514: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2461: 2450: 2449: 2429: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2317:Lettere Italiana 2312: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2186: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2106: 2096: 2090: 2086:Sidereus Nuncius 2081: 2060: 2059: 2023: 2017: 2016: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1951: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1919: 1907: 1900: 1883: 1845: 1810: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1756: 1740: 1725:Orbit animations 1712: 1703:on 10 April 2017 1692: 1676: 1572: 1558: 1544: 1530: 1512: 1418: 1388:molecular oxygen 1313:, and possibly O 1072: 1071: 1068: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1047: 1045: 1038: 1031: 1000: 999: 996: 986: 985: 983: 975: 973: 966: 959: 928: 927: 917: 916: 914: 906: 904: 897: 890: 859: 858: 851: 846: 845: 843: 835: 833: 827: 825: 819: 817: 810: 803: 779: 756: 747: 719: 698:Moons of Jupiter 613: 601: 589: 573: 523:(from the Latin 439:Sidereus Nuncius 425:Sidereus Nuncius 369:Sidereus Nuncius 325:Starry Messenger 320:Sidereus Nuncius 220:self-gravitation 114:moons of Jupiter 107: 106: 103: 102: 99: 96: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 72: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8286: 8276: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8252: 8250: 8242: 8240: 8235: 8229:Galileo's Dream 8221:Galileo Galilei 8173:Life of Galileo 8160: 8132:Galileo project 8069: 8028: 7939: 7925:Phases of Venus 7878: 7876:Galileo Galilei 7873: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7727: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7688: 7679: 7643: 7580: 7564:vs. Hill sphere 7490:Molecular cloud 7418:Sample curation 7398:Detached object 7337: 7330: 7174: 7166: 7103: 7090: 7035:Neptune trojans 6818: 6816: 6814: 6807: 6749: 6442: 6313: 6295: 6181: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6102: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6067: 6042: 5997: 5972: 5952:Voyager program 5924:Pioneer program 5903:Galileo project 5897:Cassini–Huygens 5884: 5863: 5861: 5848: 5815: 5792: 5760: 5714: 5681: 5641: 5632: 5589: 5576: 5571: 5541: 5536: 5502:Irregular moons 5483: 5323: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5298: 5284: 5270: 5255: 5250: 5241: 5234: 5215: 5201: 5187: 5179:Jupiter trojans 5152: 5138: 5126: 5121: 5099: 5094: 5080: 5073: 5059: 5047: 5028: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4992: 4978: 4957: 4950: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4878: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4793: 4788: 4768: 4747: 4639: 4471: 4323: 4307: 4287:Carpo group (2) 4282: 4219: 4203: 4162: 4131: 4122: 4117: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3972: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3816: 3815: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3789:on 25 July 2008 3780: 3779: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3730: 3720: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3661:10.1.1.366.7700 3635: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3537:10.1.1.620.9273 3522:(5403): 820–1. 3511: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3420:(3–4): 327–36. 3411: 3410: 3406: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3235: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3020:geology.asu.edu 3016:"Tidal Heating" 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2874:(4167): 922–5. 2865: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2816:(5373): 87–90. 2805: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2592:Wayback Machine 2582: 2578: 2570:Wayback Machine 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2463: 2462: 2453: 2446: 2414:Canup, Robin M. 2412: 2411: 2402: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2354:Howse, Derek. 2353: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2314: 2313: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2140:Rice University 2130: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2082: 2063: 2025: 2024: 2020: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1772: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1704: 1699:as seen around 1693: 1684: 1677: 1633: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1513: 1502: 1489: 1480: 1404: 1337: 1335:Callisto (moon) 1331: 1323:atomic hydrogen 1316: 1312: 1256: 1254:Ganymede (moon) 1250: 1225:albedo features 1169: 1163: 1148: 1098: 1092: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1021: 1004: 997: 994: 992: 981: 979: 978: 971: 969: 949: 932: 925: 923: 912: 910: 909: 902: 900: 880: 863: 856: 854: 849: 841: 839: 838: 831: 829: 828: 823: 821: 820: 815: 813: 793: 771: 751: 749:Semi-major axis 743: 738: 733: 723: 700: 694: 663:possible heresy 630: 624: 617: 614: 605: 602: 593: 590: 581: 574: 545:Mundus Jovialis 541:Johannes Kepler 360: 295:Galileo Galilei 287:Galileo Galilei 280: 275: 263:Mundus Jovialis 259:Johannes Kepler 227:Galileo Galilei 183:largest objects 160:light pollution 134:readily visible 69: 65: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8369: 8367: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8341:Galilean moons 8338: 8328: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8308: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8260: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8217: 8209: 8201: 8193: 8185: 8177: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8077: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8052:Vincenzo Gamba 8049: 8043: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7972: 7964: 7956: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7910:Galilean moons 7907: 7902: 7897: 7895:Galileo affair 7892: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7849: 7840: 7839: 7736: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7699: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7576:Scattered disc 7573: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7361:Excretion disk 7356:Accretion disk 7353: 7348: 7346:Star formation 7342: 7340: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7235:space stations 7227: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7074:Scattered disc 7071: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6765: 6759: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6319: 6317: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6083: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6012: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5991:Europa Clipper 5987: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5949: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5921: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5900: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5874: 5872: 5865: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5788:Solar eclipses 5785: 5779: 5777: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5756:Pasiphae group 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5606:Great Red Spot 5597: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5327: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5294:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà 5291: 5290: 5289: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5078: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4648: 4645:Pasiphae group 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4428:Jupiter LXVIII 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4170: 4168:Galilean moons 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4081:Dominic Ford: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4052:External links 4050: 4047: 4046: 4015: 3998: 3981: 3955: 3891: 3854:(3): 1205–13. 3838: 3831: 3800: 3766: 3763:on 2012-01-19. 3741: 3732:|journal= 3682: 3623: 3594:(E2): E02003. 3574: 3571:on 2008-10-03. 3499: 3474: 3439: 3404: 3398:10.1086/305604 3383:(1): 475–481. 3363: 3334: 3331:on 2020-04-12. 3267: 3242: 3213: 3188: 3169:(2): 461–471. 3153: 3150:on 2020-04-12. 3096: 3066: 3036: 3007: 2996:on 9 June 2007 2980: 2961: 2944: 2909: 2858: 2855:on 2020-09-23. 2792: 2726: 2675: 2634: 2596: 2583:Computed from 2576: 2555: 2542: 2489: 2451: 2444: 2400: 2385: 2378: 2360: 2347: 2326: 2300: 2267: 2240: 2210: 2194:solarviews.com 2178: 2157: 2123: 2113: 2091: 2061: 2040:10.1086/351216 2018: 1991:(2): 218–234. 1975: 1946: 1929: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1809: Callisto 1798: Ganymede 1758: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1678: 1671: 1632: 1629: 1599: 1596: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1488: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1413: 1403: 1400: 1384:carbon dioxide 1333:Main article: 1330: 1327: 1314: 1310: 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1165:Main article: 1162: 1159: 1146: 1143:sulfur dioxide 1094:Main article: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1062: 1059: 1048: 1039: 1032: 1025: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1001: 990: 987: 976: 967: 960: 953: 941: 940: 937: 934: 929: 921: 918: 907: 898: 891: 884: 872: 871: 868: 865: 860: 852: 847: 836: 811: 804: 797: 785: 784: 777: 766: 758:Orbital period 754: 745: 740: 735: 730: 727: 724: 693: 690: 626:Main article: 623: 620: 619: 618: 615: 608: 606: 603: 596: 594: 591: 584: 582: 578:Argus Panoptes 575: 568: 566: 533: 532: 529:Jacques Ozanam 514: 500: 416:Medician stars 412:Medicea Sidera 408:Cosmica Sidera 359: 356: 307:celestial orbs 279: 276: 274: 271: 243:Medicean Stars 241:'s stars") or 235:Cosmica Sidera 197:, and Earth's 181:and among the 174:beyond Earth. 62:Galilean moons 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8368: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8261: 8259: 8249: 8245: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8103:Museo Galileo 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8058:Maria Celeste 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7856: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7837: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7676: 7675:Tidal locking 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Double planet 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7607:Minor planets 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7540:Merging stars 7538: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7142:Subsatellites 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7102:Hypothetical 7099: 7096: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6968:Asteroid belt 6966: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6842:Minor planets 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6106: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Himalia group 5724: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Magnetosphere 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5527:Regular moons 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4785: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679:Jupiter LXVII 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4654:Philophrosyne 4652: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4581:Jupiter LXXII 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4526:Jupiter LXIII 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225:Himalia group 4222: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4005:Jupiter near 4002: 3999: 3993: 3985: 3982: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3956: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646:(2): 329–47. 3645: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3290:(2): 507–22. 3289: 3285: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3054: 3051:. Space.com. 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3026:on 2006-03-29 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3008: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2796: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615:(1): 140–74. 2614: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2490: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2471:New Scientist 2467: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2379:0-19-518169-7 2375: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323:(3): 391–407. 2322: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2228: 2224: 2223:Museo Galileo 2220: 2214: 2211: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2164:Zezong, Xi, " 2161: 2158: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942:0-226-16226-5 1939: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1803: 1792: 1781: 1770: 1765: Jupiter 1755: 1746: 1739: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1665:visual acuity 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643:.) They have 1642: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1604: 1597: 1589: 1588: 1577: 1571: 1563: 1557: 1549: 1543: 1535: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386:and probably 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:tidal heating 1362: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1299:silicate rock 1295: 1293: 1289: 1288:magnetosphere 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1209:tidal flexing 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1173: 1168: 1167:Europa (moon) 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1136:Mount Everest 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1089: 1082: 1079: 1074: 1063: 1060: 1049: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1002: 991: 988: 977: 968: 965: 961: 958: 954: 952: 948: 947: 943: 942: 938: 935: 930: 922: 919: 908: 899: 896: 892: 889: 885: 883: 879: 878: 874: 873: 869: 866: 861: 853: 848: 837: 812: 809: 805: 802: 798: 796: 792: 791: 787: 786: 782: 778: 775: 770: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 746: 741: 736: 731: 721: 720: 715: 713: 708: 706: 699: 691: 689: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 666: 664: 660: 654: 652: 648: 644: 634: 629: 621: 612: 607: 600: 595: 588: 583: 579: 572: 567: 564: 562: 560: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 530: 526: 522: 518: 515: 512: 508: 507:Jovis Comites 504: 501: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 440: 433: 431: 427: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 403: 399: 397: 393: 385: 384: 378: 371: 370: 364: 357: 355: 352: 347: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321: 316: 310: 308: 302: 300: 296: 288: 284: 277: 272: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 217: 213: 208: 204: 203:dwarf planets 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 151:, even under 150: 146: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 105: 63: 56: 55: 49: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 21: 8336:Solar System 8323: 8282:Solar System 8231:(2009 novel) 8228: 8223:(2002 opera) 8220: 8212: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8172: 8153: 8064:Marina Gamba 8020: 8012: 8004: 7996: 7974: 7966: 7958: 7950: 7909: 7831:Each arrow ( 7753:Local Bubble 7739:Solar System 7737: 7530:Planetesimal 7485:Kuiper cliff 7213:Space probes 7186:Colonization 7025:Kirkwood gap 6946:Saturn Moons 6859:Planetesimal 6323:Terrestrials 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6212: 6135:Solar System 6034: 6014: 5989: 5963: 5956: 5944: 5935: 5928: 5918:New Horizons 5916: 5907: 5895: 5877: 5746:Ananke group 5686: 5532:Trojan moons 5522:Subsatellite 5336: 5061:Petit-Prince 4956:Minor-planet 4905:Dwarf planet 4830:Solar System 4781: 4689: 4688: 4615:Jupiter LXVI 4586: 4585: 4506:Jupiter LXIX 4448: 4447: 4413:Jupiter LXIV 4329:Ananke group 4299: 4298: 4249: 4248: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4128: 4037:. 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