456:
36:
527:
610:
in 274. According to some sources, Tetricus offered to surrender in exchange for clemency for him and his son before the battle. This detail may be later propaganda, but either way, Aurelian was victorious, and the Gallic Empire was effectively ended. In contrast with his propaganda after the recent
574:
was made
Emperor, and was recognized in Britannia and the parts of Gaul that had recognized Victorinus. Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Claudius Gothicus's
611:
defeat of
Zenobia, Aurelian did not present his recapture of Gaul as a victory over a foreign enemy, and indeed many officials who had served in the army and administration of the Gallic Empire continued their careers, including Tetricus, who was appointed to an administrative post in Italy.
479:), to keep the young heir out of danger and perhaps also as a check on Postumus' ambitions. Before long, however, Postumus besieged Colonia Agrippina and put the young heir and his guardian to death, making his revolt official. Postumus is thought to have established his capital there or at
542:, was installed as Emperor upon Postumus's death, but died very shortly after; ancient sources writing much later state that he reigned only two days, though it is more likely, based on the numismatic record, that he reigned for a few months. Subsequently, the tribune of the praetorians,
1238:
The year of
Postumus' accession was either 259 or 260. The year 259 was once favoured; however, most modern scholars consider that the summer or fall of 260 is more likely when Postumus was hailed emperor. The exact dating depends on several factors, including when the emperor
649:
secure (though lands beyond the upper Rhine and Danube had to be abandoned to the barbarians within a couple of years). In so doing, Postumus positioned himself avowedly as not only the defender and restorer of Gaul, but also as the upholder of the Roman name.
451:
in the summer of 260. In fact, Postumus defeated the
Frankish forces at Empel so decisively that there would be no further Germanic raids for ten years. This all combined to make Postumus one of the most powerful men in the western reaches of the Roman Empire.
627:
tendencies among the
Gaulish land-owning class whose support has sometimes been thought to have underpinned the strength of the Gallic Empire, and an interplay between the strength of Roman institutions and the growing importance of provincial concerns.
1216:
The regime had no distinct name or style that has survived on official monuments, inscriptions or coins; its titles and administrative structures followed the models of the central Roman government. Occasionally modern historians use the Latin phrase
653:
Similarly with the withdrawal of legions after 408, many
Britons desired a localized Roman authority rather than nationalist revolt. The desire for Roman order and institutions was entirely compatible with a degree of national or regional separatism.
498:
Postumus did not make any effort to extend his control into Italy or to depose
Gallienus. Instead, he established parallel institutions modelled on the Roman Empire's central government: his regime had its own praetorian guard, two annually elected
518:. In response, Postumus quickly retook Mogontiacum and Laelianus was killed. In the aftermath of the battle, however, Postumus was overthrown and killed by his own troops, reportedly because he did not allow them to sack the city.
546:
came to power, being recognized as
Emperor in northern Gaul and Britannia, but not in Hispania. Meanwhile, Roman Emperor Gallienus had been killed in a coup in 268, and his successor in the central Roman provinces,
747:, but there are no coins or inscriptions about them. Victorinus Junior and Postumus the Younger are both now generally considered to be fictional while Victoria’s existence was proven by the discovery of her
1829:
1824:
562:
Victorinus spent most of his reign dealing with insurgencies and attempting to recover the
Gaulish territories taken by Claudius Gothicus. He was assassinated in 271, but his mother
602:
The following year the younger
Tetricus was made co-consul with his father, but the area under their control grew weak from internal strife, including a mutiny led by the usurper
35:
506:
Postumus successfully fended off a military incursion by Gallienus in 263, and was never challenged by him again. However, in early 269 he was challenged by
666:
they minted. The political and military history of the Gallic Empire can be sketched through the careers of these emperors. Their names are as follows:
503:(not all of the names have survived), and probably its own senate. According to the numismatic evidence, Postumus held the office of consul five times.
606:. By that time Aurelian had defeated the Palmyrene Empire and had made plans to reconquer the west. He moved into Gaul and defeated Tetricus at the
559:; there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize Postumus's successors in Gaul, may have realigned with Rome then.
1283:
Aspects of the relationship between the Central and Gallic Empires in the mid to late third century AD with special reference to coinage studies.
447:, in charge at the Rhine border. An exceptional administrator, Postumus had also ably protected Germania Inferior against an invasion led by the
348:. After Postumus' assassination in 269 it lost much of its territory, but continued under a number of emperors and usurpers. It was retaken by
1839:
1834:
1780:
1182:
1243:
was captured and disgraced. Other dates cited here must be pushed back by one year if 259 is accepted as the year of Postumus' accession.
1819:
1751:
1632:
566:
took control of his troops and used her power to influence the selection of his successor. With Victoria's support, the governor of
1767:
269:
244:
1814:
97:
1809:
1192:
620:
373:
306:
607:
356:
207:
1240:
985:
736:
563:
1744:
The Gallic Empire: Separatism and Continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260-274
1625:
The Gallic Empire: Separatism and continuity in the north-western provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D. 260–274
1844:
435:
staged unsuccessful local revolts. The Emperor left for the Danube to attend to their disruption. This left
1804:
1197:
976:
760:
744:
685:
539:
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146:
1400:
1222:
515:
1065:
732:
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455:
623:. It has also been taken to represent autonomous trends in the western provinces, including proto-
552:
480:
377:
70:
1777:
1747:
1628:
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740:
632:
548:
472:
444:
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60:
510:, who was probably one of his own commanders. Laelianus was declared emperor at Mogontiacum (
1258:
580:
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425:
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91:
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392:, together with a large part of the Roman field army in the east. This left his son
1789:
1509:
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families
1476:
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families
1450:
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families
1419:
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families
298:
262:
249:
45:
1772:
526:
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1091:
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One of Postumus' primary objectives as emperor was evidently the defense of the
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409:
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459:
The Gallic Empire at its greatest territorial extent, after its creation by
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329:
294:
110:
1414:
619:
The Gallic Empire was symptomatic of the fragmentation of power during the
1729:
Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis
1591:"The Domitian II coin from Chalgrove: a Gallic emperor returns to history"
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420:; while he was nominally loyal to the Roman government, his domain was
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64:
495:) was one of the most important cities in the area under his control.
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74:
1612:
Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity
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or otherwise seize the central Roman administrative apparatus.
1372:
1370:
305:
as a separate state from 260 to 274. It originated during the
309:, when a series of Roman military leaders and aristocrats
583:, now in open revolt against Roman authority under Queen
1830:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
1354:
1352:
743: are included as leaders in the list of the
404:
gained control of a wide swath of the east, including
1229:, "Victorinus took command of the Gallic provinces".
317:
and adjacent provinces without attempting to conquer
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194:
180:
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152:
140:
128:
116:
106:
84:
53:
21:
1627:, Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GMBH, Stuttgart,
424:independent and has come to be referred to as the
1221:to refer to the state, derived from a passage in
662:The Gallic Emperors are known primarily from the
471:and the praetorian prefect Silvanus remained at
336:, and at its height included the territories of
396:in very shaky control. Shortly thereafter, the
1825:States and territories established in the 260s
1363:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 116–117.
293:are names used in modern historiography for a
1439:
1437:
1435:
587:. Tetricus established the imperial court at
534:, last emperor (271–274) of the Gallic Empire
16:Breakaway state of the Roman Empire (260–274)
8:
1725:
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1227:Victorinus postea Galliarum accepit imperium
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1610:Cancik, H.; Schneider, H.; Salazar, C.,
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635:. In 261, he repelled mixed groups of
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7:
1470:Weigel, Richard D. (June 19, 2001).
1183:Roman governors of Germania Inferior
551:, re-established Roman authority in
1503:Polfer, Michel (January 28, 2000).
591:, and in 273 he elevated his son,
14:
1413:Polfer, Michael (June 24, 1999).
380:was defeated and captured by the
1472:"Claudius II Gothicus (268–270)"
267:
242:
1778:Jona Lendering, "Gallic Empire"
1647:"Victorina, ruler of the Gauls"
1444:Polfer, Michel (June 3, 2000).
538:An officer in Postumus' army,
1:
1165:Victorinus Junior (Fictional)
579:was in the east fighting the
332:invasions and instability in
1359:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009).
755:Consuls of the Gallic Empire
715:273–274 (son of Tetricus I;
311:declared themselves emperors
1840:Crisis of the Third Century
1835:Former monarchies of Europe
1446:"Victorinus (A.D. 269–271)"
1252:Gallic emperors are called
1193:Jublains archeological site
1066:Postumus Junior (Fictional)
572:Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus
544:Marcus Piavonius Victorinus
374:Crisis of the Third Century
307:Crisis of the Third Century
44:by 262 (in blue), with the
1861:
1742:Drinkwater, J. F. (1987).
1682:Drinkwater (1987), p. 188.
910:Year and sequence unknown:
758:
1820:3rd century in Roman Gaul
1623:J. F. Drinkwater (1987).
1614:, Volume 14 (2009), p. 91
1505:"Tetricus I (AD 271–273)"
1254:adsertores Romani nominis
1129:
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376:continued as the Emperor
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28:
871:Victorinus (second time)
98:Regional/local languages
40:The Gallic Empire under
896:Tetricus (second time)
825:Postumus (fourth time)
658:List of Gallic Emperors
1746:. Stuttgart: Steiner.
1281:Bourne, R. J. (2001).
1198:Consul (Gallic Empire)
977:Marcus Aurelius Marius
904:Tetricus (third time)
796:Postumus (third time)
761:Consul (Gallic Empire)
540:Marcus Aurelius Marius
535:
464:
439:, who was governor of
328:in 260 in the wake of
1815:274 disestablishments
1790:Gallic Empire coinage
1691:Potter (2004), p. 260
1645:Alain Beyrand (ed.).
846:Postumus (fifth time)
529:
516:Legio XXII Primigenia
458:
85:Common languages
1361:The Fall of the West
1285:Archaeopress. p. 22.
733:Postumus the Younger
621:third-century crisis
313:and took control of
1415:"Marius (A.D. 269)"
1297:, pp. 126–127.
593:also named Tetricus
344:, and (for a time)
291:Gallic Roman Empire
196:• Established
1810:260 establishments
1783:2013-10-30 at the
1346:, pp. 95–106.
1219:Imperium Galliarum
643:to hold the Rhine
553:Gallia Narbonensis
536:
481:Augusta Treverorum
465:
71:Augusta Treverorum
1555:, pp. 226–7.
1543:, pp. 247–8.
1379:, pp. 24–27.
1174:
1173:
948:
947:
741:Victorinus Junior
633:Germanic frontier
608:Battle of Châlons
595:, to the rank of
549:Claudius Gothicus
473:Colonia Agrippina
441:Germania Superior
431:The governors in
357:Battle of Châlons
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61:Colonia Agrippina
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737:Empress Victoria
726:273/74, usurper)
581:Palmyrene Empire
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467:Gallienus's son
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390:Battle of Edessa
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1589:Richard Abdy.
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1648:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:3-515-04806-5
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1567:, p. 16.
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
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1378:
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1367:
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1355:
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1349:
1345:
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1337:
1334:, p. 97.
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1309:, p. 15.
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885:(first time)
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852:(first time)
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821:
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795:
792:
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788:Honoratianus
787:
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680:269, usurper)
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569:
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555:and parts of
554:
550:
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541:
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350:Roman emperor
347:
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331:
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316:
312:
308:
304:
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296:
292:
288:
287:Gallic Empire
266:
264:
261:
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69:
66:
62:
59:
58:
56:
52:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
23:Gallic Empire
20:
1743:
1736:Bibliography
1687:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1640:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1360:
1339:
1327:
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1314:
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909:
731:
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630:
618:
601:
561:
537:
505:
497:
466:
430:
421:
371:
323:
302:
299:Roman Empire
297:part of the
290:
286:
284:
263:Roman Empire
250:Roman Empire
232:Succeeded by
231:
226:
46:Roman Empire
1092:Tetricus II
951:Family tree
713:Tetricus II
699:Domitian II
694:268/69–271
625:feudalistic
227:Preceded by
142:• 269
77:) (271–274)
67:) (260–271)
1799:Categories
1656:2023-05-23
1596:29 October
1270:References
1083:Victorinus
995:Tetricus I
850:Victorinus
759:See also:
707:Tetricus I
692:Victorinus
575:successor
402:Odaenathus
372:The Roman
355:after the
171:Tetricus I
159:Victorinus
107:Government
94:(official)
1651:Pressibus
1401:Eutropius
1223:Eutropius
959:Laelianus
751:in 2012.
724:Faustinus
604:Faustinus
514:) by his
508:Laelianus
469:Saloninus
398:Palmyrene
394:Gallienus
342:Britannia
330:barbarian
295:breakaway
111:Autocracy
1781:Archived
1635:, p. 65.
1514:July 10,
1481:July 10,
1455:July 10,
1424:July 10,
1320:Postumus
1318:Polfer (
1241:Valerian
1188:Bagaudae
1177:See also
986:Victoria
968:Postumus
888:unknown
883:Tetricus
874:Sanctus
863:unknown
838:unknown
807:unknown
799:unknown
783:Postumus
673:260–269
671:Postumus
641:Alamanni
577:Aurelian
564:Victoria
532:Tetricus
530:Coin of
489:Lugdunum
461:Postumus
445:Inferior
437:Postumus
433:Pannonia
422:de facto
378:Valerian
359:in 274.
353:Aurelian
346:Hispania
340:, Gaul,
338:Germania
326:Postumus
303:de facto
135:Postumus
42:Postumus
1256:in the
1095:271–274
1086:268–271
1069:260–269
998:271–274
971:260–269
944:"Ruf."
933:Bassus
860:unknown
774:Consul
709:271–274
678:Laelian
585:Zenobia
501:consuls
477:Cologne
463:in 260.
400:leader
388:in the
368:Origins
363:History
289:or the
206:•
117:Emperor
65:Cologne
54:Capital
29:260–274
1750:
1631:
1403:9.9.1.
941:"Apr."
930:Dialis
771:Consul
717:Caesar
686:Marius
637:Franks
615:Causes
597:Caesar
449:Franks
416:, and
386:Persia
147:Marius
120:
1391:33.8.
1204:Notes
664:coins
646:limes
589:Trier
512:Mainz
485:Trier
414:Judea
410:Syria
406:Egypt
319:Italy
92:Latin
75:Trier
1748:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1598:2013
1516:2009
1483:2009
1457:2009
1426:2009
830:266
822:265
817:264
812:263
804:262
768:Year
739:and
639:and
493:Lyon
443:and
334:Rome
315:Gaul
285:The
1168:271
989:271
980:269
962:269
901:273
893:272
879:271
868:270
857:269
843:269
835:267
793:261
779:260
688:269
487:).
384:of
213:274
200:260
1801::
1696:^
1665:^
1649:.
1507:.
1491:^
1474:.
1448:.
1434:^
1417:.
1369:^
1351:^
1225::
735:,
719:)
599:.
570:,
428:.
412:,
408:,
1756:.
1659:.
1600:.
1518:.
1485:.
1459:.
1428:.
1322:)
1262:.
938:?
927:?
916:?
722:(
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491:(
483:(
475:(
73:(
63:(
48:.
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