Game design - Knowledge

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elements in the game. However, due to a lack of unified and standardized teaching and understanding of narrative elements in games, individual interpretations, methods, and terminology vary wildly. Because of this, most narrative elements in games are created unconsciously and intuitively. However, as a general rule, game narratives increase in complexity and scale as player choice or game mechanics increase in complexity and scale. One example of removing a player's ability to directly affect the plot for a limited time. This lack of player choice necessitates an increase in mechanical complexity and could be used as a metaphor to symbolize depression that is felt by a character in the narrative.

102: 45: 1841: 1733: 1264:" (also known as "Eurogames" or "designer games"). The design emphasis of these board games is to give players meaningful choices. This is manifested by eliminating elements like randomness and luck to be replaced by skill, strategy, and resource competition, by removing the potential for players to fall irreversibly behind in the early stages of a game, and by reducing the number of rules and possible player options to produce what 1915: 1810: 1688: 1562: 222: 6294: 567:"What makes a game good?" "Good" can be taken to mean many different things, including providing an entertaining and engaging experience, being easy to learn and play, and being innovative, and having novel experiences. Different approaches to studying this problem have included looking at describing how to design games and extracting guidelines and rules of thumb for making better games 1405: 498: 1929: 1474: 1106:

design has remained relatively unexplored. It is known that game design has clear benefits from prototyping, such as exploring new game design possibilities and technologies, the field of game design has different characteristics than other types of software industries that consider prototyping in game design in a different category and need a new perspective

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goal of board game design. To achieve this, board game designers emphasize different aspects such as social interaction, strategy, and competition, and target players of differing needs by providing for short versus long-play, and luck versus skill. Beyond this, board game design reflects the culture in which the board game is produced.

555:. As the video game revolution took off in the early 1980s, so did academic interest in games, resulting in a field that draws on diverse methodologies and schools of thought. These influences may be characterized broadly in three ways: the social science approach, the humanities approach, and the industry and engineering approach. 1257:), were rooted in educational efforts to explain political concepts to the masses. By the 1930s and 1940s, board game design began to emphasize amusement over education, and characters from comic strips, radio programmes, and (in the 1950s) television shows began to be featured in board game adaptations. 1453:, whereas the odds of a given card being drawn are affected by all the previous cards drawn or revealed from a deck. Dice game design often centers around forming scoring combinations and managing re-rolls, either by limiting their number, as in Yahtzee or by introducing a press-your-luck element, as in 986:

where the teacher pays attention to specific elements of the play activity and provides encouragement and feedback on children's learning. When children engage in real-life and imaginary activities, play can be challenging in children's thinking. To extend the learning process, sensitive intervention

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required to engage in new experiences and environments. Key ways that young children learn include playing, being with other people, being active, exploring and new experiences, talking to themselves, communicating with others, meeting physical and mental challenges, being shown how to do new things,

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As cards are typically shuffled and revealed gradually during play, most card games involve randomness, either initially or during play, and hidden information, such as the cards in a player's hand. This is in contrast to many board games, in which most of the game's current state is visible to all

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Many games described as "single-player" or "cooperative" could alternatively be described as puzzles or recreations, in that they do not involve strategic behavior (as defined by game theory), in which the expected reaction of an opponent to a possible move becomes a factor in choosing which move to

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Most games require multiple players. Single-player games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a single-player game is against an element of the environment, against one's own

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From an industry perspective, a lot of game studies research can be seen as the academic response to the videogame industry's questions regarding the products it creates and sells. The main question this approach deals with can be summarized as "How can we create better games?" with the accompanying

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design is the development of rules and presentational aspects of a board game. When a player takes part in a game, it is the player's self-subjection to the rules that create a sense of purpose for the duration of the game. Maintaining the players' interest throughout the gameplay experience is the

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Game testing is a major part of game development. During testing, players play the game and provide feedback on its gameplay, the usability of its components or screen elements, the clarity of its goals and rules, ease of learning, and enjoyment to the game developer. The developer then revises the

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In general terms, the humanities approach has concerned itself with the question of "What meanings are made through games?" Using tools and methods such as interviews, ethnographies, and participant observation, researchers have investigated the various roles that videogames play in people's lives

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Broadly speaking, the social scientific approach has concerned itself with "What do games do to people?" Using tools and methods such as surveys, controlled laboratory experiments, and ethnography researchers have investigated both the positive and negative impacts that playing games could have on

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A game prototype is a draft version of a game used for testing. Typically, creating a prototype marks the shift from game design to game development and testing. Although prototyping in regards to human-computer interaction and interaction design are both studied, the use of prototyping in game

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Stories told in games may focus on narrative elements that can be communicated through the use of mechanics and player choice. Narrative plots in games generally have a clearly defined and simplistic structure. Mechanical choices on the part of the designer(s) often drastically affect narrative

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During design, a game concept is fleshed out. Mechanisms are specified in terms of components (boards, cards, on-screen entities, etc.) and rules. The play sequence and possible player actions are defined, as well as how the game starts, ends, and what is its winning condition. In video games,

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phase of video game development. In the video game industry, game design describes the creation of the content and rules of a video game. The goal of this process for the game designer is to provide players with the opportunity to make meaningful decisions in relation to playing the game.

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do not utilise any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an

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To maximise player entertainment, casino games are designed with simple easy-to-learn rules that emphasize winning (i.e. whose rules enumerate many victory conditions and few loss conditions), and that provide players with a variety of different gameplay postures (e.g.

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Game studies or gaming theory is a discipline that deals with the critical study of games, game design, players, and their role in society and culture. Prior to the late-twentieth century, the academic study of games was rare and limited to fields such as history and

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Often, the game designer also invents the game's title and, if the game is not abstract, its theme. Sometimes these activities are done by the game publisher, not the designer, or maybe dictated by a licensed property (such as when designing a game based on a film).

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Rules generally determine turn order, the rights and responsibilities of the players, each player's goals, and how game components interact with each other to produce changes in a game's state. Player rights may include when they may spend resources or move tokens.

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After the rise of commercial game publishing in the late 19th century, many games that had formerly evolved via folk processes became commercial properties, often with custom scoring pads or preprepared material. For example, the similar public domain games

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includes specific design elements developed during the prototype phase. Prototypes are very common in the later stages of board game design, and "prototype circles" in many cities today provide an opportunity for designers to play and critique each other's

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Many graphic elements of games are created by the designer when producing a prototype of the game, revised by the developer based on testing, and then further refined by the artist and combined with artwork as a game is prepared for publication or release.

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people. More sociologically informed research has sought to move away from simplistic ideas of gaming as either 'negative' or 'positive', but rather seeking to understand its role and location in the complexities of everyday life.

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rules provide a framework within which players will operate, while the addition of narrative structures provide players with a reason to care about playing the game. To establish the rules and narrative, an internally consistent

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Often the game designer is also its developer, although some publishers do extensive development of games to suit their particular target audience after licensing a game from a designer. For larger games, such as

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Whitebread, D., Coltman, P., Jameson, H. & Lander, R. (2009). Play, cognition, and self-regulation: What exactly are children learning when they learn through play? Educational & Child Psychology, 26(2),

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Play develops children's content knowledge and provides children the opportunity to develop social skills, competencies, and disposition to learn. Play-based learning is based on a Vygotskian model of

3270: 769:, enough change in the rules usually results in a "new" game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their rules, but even then, there are often immutable 600:, such that one person's gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant or participants. Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and has developed into an 1233:

Traditional board games date from the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Whereas ancient board game design was primarily focused on rules alone, traditional board games were often influenced by

1392:, rules limiting communication between players on the same team become an important part of the game design. This idea of limited communication has been extended to cooperative card games, such as 2406:

Martlew, J., Stephen, C. & Ellis, J. (2011). Play in the primary school classroom? The experience of teachers supporting children's learning through a new pedagogy. Early Years, 31(1), 71–83.

121:. Games can be created for entertainment, education, exercise or experimental purposes. Additionally, elements and principles of game design can be applied to other interactions, in the form of 1671:. GNS Theory has been abandoned by its creator, partly because it neglects emotional investment, and partly because it just did not work properly. There are techniques that people use (such as 1786:" (and sometimes an even broader scope "game bible" document) provides overall contextual guidance on ambient mood, appropriate tone, and other less tangible aspects of the game world. 680:). In places where the use of leather is well established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as 1080:

to intellectual property in other media may solicit game concepts from several designers before picking one to design a game, typically paying the designer in advance against future

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Konzack, Lars (2007). "Rhetorics of Computer and Video Game Research" in Williams & Smith (ed.) The Players' Realm: Studies on the Culture of Video Games and gaming. McFarland.

1369:, involve playing cards to form a "tableau", a spatial layout or board. Many board games, in turn, uses specialized cards to provide random events, such as the Chance cards of 478:. Later games will often exploit the distinctive properties of a new medium. Adapting older games and creating original games for new media are both examples of game design. 636:

for each player such that, when these strategies are employed, no player can profit by unilaterally deviating from their strategy. These equilibrium strategies determine an

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How players play their cards, revealing information and interacting with previous plays as they do so, is central to card game design. In partnership card games, such as

1548:) and that they must mathematically favor the house winning. Shackleford suggests that the optimum casino game design should give the house an edge of smaller than 5%. 2182: 1675:) to better create the game they want – but with no consistent goal or agreement for what makes for a good game there's no overarching theory generally agreed on. 4830: 1514:

Unlike the majority of other games which are designed primarily in the interest of the player, one of the central aims of casino game design is to optimize the

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of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers". An alternative term suggested "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is

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A game developer is the person who fleshes out the details of a game's design, oversees its testing, and revises the game in response to player feedback.

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for each outcome. (Rasmusen refers to these four "essential elements" by the acronym "PAPI".) A game theorist typically uses these elements, along with a

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include games with cards that are custom-tailored to the game, as in many modern games, as well as those whose design is constricted by the type of the

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has noted that it is much more common for casino game designers today to make successful variations than entirely new casino games. Gambling columnist

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The two most fundamental rules of casino game design are that the games must be non-fraudable (including being as nearly as possible immune from

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design can entail the creation of an entirely new casino game, the creation of a variation on an existing casino game, or the creation of a new

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participants, even though players may also have a small amount of private information, such as the letter tiles on each player's rack during

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The games studied in game theory are well-defined mathematical objects. To be fully defined, a game must specify the following elements: the

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The line between dice and board games is not clear-cut, as dice are often used as randomization devices in board games, such as Monopoly or

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assumes that people want one of three things out of the game – a better, more interestingly challenging game, to create a more interesting

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Johnson, Bruce E. "Board games: affordable and abundant, boxed amusements from the 1930s and '40s recall the cultural climate of an era."

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studies strategic decision making (primarily in non-game situations). Games have historically inspired seminal research in the fields of

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Whigfield, Nick. "Video Hasn't Killed Interest in Board Games; New Technologies Have Contributed to Revival of Tabletop Entertainment".

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A game concept is an idea for a game, briefly describing its core play mechanisms, who the players represent, and how they win or lose.

125:. Game designer and developer Robert Zubek defines game design by breaking it down into its elements, which he says are the following: 4848: 3643: 3330: 3311: 3259: 3239: 3219: 3200: 3161: 3122: 3103: 3084: 3065: 3046: 3027: 3008: 2899: 2874: 2846: 2821: 5607: 5592: 5539: 4858: 3351: 3280: 2274: 2004: 1609: 1260:

Recent developments in modern board game design can be traced to the 1980s in Germany, and have led to the increased popularity of "

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meant that early American game designers eschewed their use in board games entirely. Even traditional games that did use dice, like

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in character and their design is primarily focused on a core set of simple rules. Of those that are still played today, games like

1774:. The amount of work that is required to accomplish this often demands the use of a design team which may be divided into smaller 5089: 4708: 3382: 704:. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of 3304:

The Game Inventor's Guidebook: How to Invent and Sell Board Games, Card Games, Role-Playing Games, & Everything in Between!

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theory because different people want such different things out of the games. Probably the most famous category of RPG theory,

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mores. Academic (e.g. history and geography) and moral didacticism were important design features for traditional games, and

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A game artist is an artist who creates art for one or more types of games. Game artists are often vital to and credited in

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process, with repeated phases of testing and revision. During revision, additional design or re-design may be needed.

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Game design is part of a game's development from concept to its final form. Typically, the development process is an

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and most video games, a team is used and the designer and developer roles are usually split among multiple people.

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Games can be characterized by "what the player does" and what the player experiences. This is often referred to as

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Wood, E. and J. Attfield. (2005). Play, learning, and the early childhood curriculum. 2nd ed. London: Paul Chapman

1522:. Successful casino game design works to provide entertainment for the player and revenue for the gambling house. 640:

to the game—a stable state in which either one outcome occurs, or a set of outcomes occur with known probability.

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A game designer (or inventor) is the person who invents a game's concept, its central mechanisms, and its rules.

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are among the oldest known games and have often been associated with gambling. Non-gambling dice games, such as

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facilitating the production of game pieces and board game prototypes. A modern adaptation of figure games are

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Neyfakh, Leon. "Quest for fun; Sometimes the most addictive new technology comes in a simple cardboard box".

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differ from other single-player games in that the algorithms used usually do incorporate strategic behavior.

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Whereas games are often characterized by their tools, they are often defined by their rules. While rules are

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is left to the players. Likewise, the progression of a role-playing game is determined in large part by the

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are known, respectively, to have existed for at least nine thousand, six thousand, and four thousand years.

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Modern technological advances have had a democratizing effect on board game production, with services like

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design, its components, presentation, and rules before testing it again. Later testing may take place with

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involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as

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has described as "elegant game design". The concept of elegant game design has been identified by

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with custom boards. Inexpensive (hollow) lead figurine casting contributed to the development of

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are developed constantly, to focus on certain aspects of the game, or just for variation's sake.

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in the 19th century to train staff officers. They are also played as a hobby for entertainment.

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Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board,

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Wadley, Carma. "Rules of the game: Do you have what it takes to invent the next 'Monopoly'?"

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Learning, playing, and interacting. Good practice in the early years foundation stage. Page 9

1144:(aka bugs). Interactive entertainment software testing is a highly technical field requiring 6162: 6114: 5995: 5786: 5642: 5632: 5602: 5469: 5464: 5381: 5376: 5166: 5131: 5106: 4819: 4793: 4755: 4561: 4497: 4445: 4350: 4340: 4320: 4196: 4114: 4067: 4037: 4012: 3980: 3940: 3880: 3811: 3650: 2425: 2319: 2297: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2174: 1880: 1767: 1749: 1741: 1629: 1366: 1300: 1270: 1133: 629: 519: 330:. Given this, these games are not considered to have had a designer or been the result of a 1732: 1140:

of video games. The primary function of game testing is the discovery and documentation of

377:. Adapting traditional games to become commercial properties is an example of game design. 6241: 5836: 5796: 5748: 5738: 5667: 5564: 5431: 5391: 5350: 5340: 5156: 5136: 5116: 5111: 5101: 4996: 4631: 4621: 4606: 4566: 4531: 4524: 4455: 4415: 4184: 4057: 4047: 3955: 3912: 3892: 3621: 3572: 3368: 2732: 2693: 2685:

Lubin, Dan. "Casino Game Design: From Cocktail Napkin Sketch to Casino Floor". Available:

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in the mid-1990s, for example, as a successful variation on an existing casino game type.

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A game concept may be "pitched" to a game publisher in a similar manner as film ideas are

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Common win conditions are being first to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in

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The most ancient board games known today are over 5000 years old. They are frequently

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To maximise success for the gambling house, casino games are designed to be easy for

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In Asian cultures, special sets of tiles can serve the same function as cards, as in

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The line between card and board games is not clear-cut, as many card games, such as

793:), some relationship of one's game tokens to those of one's opponent (as in chess's 6099: 5990: 5906: 5901: 5454: 5421: 5325: 5303: 5069: 5046: 5016: 5001: 4290: 3907: 3848: 3660: 3611: 3562: 3537: 3489: 3482: 2573: 2553: 1942: 1920: 1892: 1771: 1508: 1482: 1324: 1265: 1141: 1129: 1116: 705: 552: 487: 475: 464: 460: 419:. Cheap bookbinding (printed labels wrapped around cardboard) led to mass-produced 358: 327: 298:

Tabletop games played today whose descent can be traced from ancient times include

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may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of its game pieces.

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Human growth and the development of personality, Jack Kahn, Susan Elinor Wright,

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games are believed to have developed from Asian tile games in the 18th century.

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combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most

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can be provided with adult support when necessary during play-based learning.

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Technological advances have provided new media for games throughout history.

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is the process of creating and shaping the mechanics, systems and rules of a

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is created, requiring visual, audio, and programming development for world,

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Proceedings of Hci 2011 - 25th BCS Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

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expertise, analytic competence, critical evaluation skills, and endurance.

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to potential film producers. Alternatively, game publishers holding a game

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The first games in a new medium are frequently adaptations of older games.

132:, which is the interaction between the player and the mechanics and systems 1473: 810:, in which multiple players share a common goal and win or lose together. 6226: 6058: 6033: 6020: 5985: 5964: 5926: 5871: 5617: 5307: 4360: 3407: 1758: 1534: 1493: 1382: 1347: 905: 869: 756: 660:

Games are often classified by the components required to play them (e.g.

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Player experience, which is how users feel when they are playing the game

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to describe how a child can learn to make sense of the world around them

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Dice games differ from card games in that each throw of the dice is an

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A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy,

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A paper prototype made as part of the design process of the video game

3323:

Eurogames: The Design, Culture and Play of Modern European Board Games

789:), having the greatest number of tokens at the end of the game (as in 5831: 5622: 5574: 4740: 3391: 1477:

All casino games are designed to mathematically favor the house. The

885: 697: 331: 27:

Game development process of designing the content and rules of a game

1283:" from his 1990 book, "Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience". 923:

Most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example,

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created during the pre-production design phase are often used as a

1648:

whose individual campaign design may be directed by one of several

6256: 3452: 1839: 1731: 1667:, or a better simulation – in other words better rules to support 1472: 1420: 1403: 1343: 1332: 1320: 1290:

providing designers with essential startup capital and tools like

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issues may be identified, requiring changes to the game's design.

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Sports games have the same rules as the sport they are based on.

563:

and activities and the meaning they assign to their experiences.

6204: 4492: 2752:"The Designer's Notebook: Designing and Developing Sports Games" 2160:"Violent video games and aggression: A review of the literature" 1900: 1438:, while serving as the central drivers of play in games such as 917: 839: 471: 204:. Applying game design to itself is a current research topic in 118: 6177: 5260: 4945: 4648: 4093: 3420: 3364: 1628:

The design of role-playing games requires the establishment of

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The Games We Played: The Golden Age of Board & Table Games

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skills, against time, or against chance. This is also true of

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Game Design Theory: A New Philosophy for Understanding Games

1156:

Different types of games pose different game design issues.

927:

and baseball involve both physical skill and strategy while

842:, or a combination thereof, and are classified accordingly. 474:, one of the first widely disseminated video games, adapted 2619:

Hesse, Monica. "Rolling the dice on a jolly good pastime".

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Von Neumann, Morgenstern, and the Creation of Game Theory

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for the implementation of new rules or gameplay features.

969:

By learning through play children can develop social and

622:

available to each player at each decision point, and the

2950:"Wie preußische Militärs den Rollenspiel-Ahnen erfanden" 2917:"Video Game Values – Play as Human-Computer Interaction" 2314: • R. Aumann and S. Hart, ed. (1992, 2002). 138:

and systems, which are the rules and objects in the game

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Video game design is a process that takes place in the

1699: 1373:, or as the central mechanism driving play, as in many 1327:

Latin decks. Card games can be played for fun, such as

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aspects of game development that call for visual art

892:, and often require special equipment to play them. 6133: 6072: 6019: 5973: 5940: 5762: 5676: 5573: 5445: 5359: 5318: 4882: 4841: 4784: 4674: 3926: 3845: 3761: 3669: 3551: 3431: 3096:

Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture

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The Ultimate Guide to Video Game Writing and Design

3272:Game Audio Programming 2: Principles and Practices 2316:Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications 1057:Video game artists are responsible for all of the 632:of their choosing, to deduce a set of equilibrium 181:games benefit from the principles of game design. 978:practicing and repeating skills, and having fun. 2723:". Wizardofodds.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014. 719:, or an intangible item such as a point scored. 411:tiles, to be mass-produced, leading to many new 2892:Level Up!: The Guide to Great Video Game Design 2667:". Wizardofodds.com. Retrieved 9 December 2013. 1119:to test consumer reactions before publication. 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 6189: 5272: 3376: 2804: 2802: 2457:Manker, Jon; Arvola, Mattias (January 2011). 8: 2076:Social And Cultural History Of Ancient India 735:can be radically different depending on the 2984:(2nd ed.). Thomson Course Technology. 1789:Important aspects of video game design are 1590:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1507:points to the emergence of community-style 380:Similarly, many sports, such as soccer and 250:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6293: 6196: 6182: 6174: 5279: 5265: 5257: 4942: 4671: 4645: 4090: 3428: 3417: 3383: 3369: 3361: 3133:Moore, Michael E.; Novak, Jeannie (2010). 2585: 2583: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2438:Gamespot UK – So You Want To Be An: Artist 2198:Rollings and Morris, 2000; Rouse III, 2001 1485:can range widely between 2 and 15 percent. 916:; most require equipment such as cards or 604:for the logical side of decision science. 2894:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 57–81. 2567: 2565: 2563: 1757:such as the establishment of fundamental 1610:Learn how and when to remove this message 973:skills, mature emotionally, and gain the 848:include games of physical skill, such as 538:Learn how and when to remove this message 270:Learn how and when to remove this message 89:Learn how and when to remove this message 4900:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art) 3252:The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2402: 2400: 2269:, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2249:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2207:Fabricatore et al., 2002; Falstein, 2004 1431:became popular in the mid-20th century. 1163: 52:This article includes a list of general 3232:Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals 1985: 1963: 817:Games against opponents simulated with 509:not related to the topic of the article 2188:from the original on 26 November 2013. 2029: 2019: 1871:Modern war games are designed to test 451:, leading to the wide availability of 357:Today, many commercial games, such as 4905:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum) 2816:. Charles River Media. pp. 2–5. 184:Academically, game design is part of 7: 3001:Complete Kobold Guide to Game Design 2841:. Cengage Learning. pp. 43–45. 2782:"Fundamentals of Sports Game Design" 2246:2008). "game theory", Introduction, 1588:adding citations to reliable sources 868:, and games of mental skill such as 585:. Specifically, it is "the study of 581:Game theory is a study of strategic 403:The printing press allowed packs of 248:adding citations to reliable sources 3113:Kankaanranta, Marja Helena (2009). 2721:Ten Commandments for Game Inventors 2665:House Edge of casino games compared 2426:Exhibitions: The Art of Video Games 1624:List of role-playing game designers 1097:and screen mockups may be created. 4849:American Institute of Graphic Arts 2307:Game Theory and Economic Modelling 2223:Harvard University Press, p. 2221:Game Theory: Analysis of Conflict, 1362:(or "trading card game") in 1993. 1241:associations between dice and the 58:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 5593:Dynamic game difficulty balancing 5540:Real-time vs. turn-based gameplay 4859:Design and Industries Association 3269:Somberg, Guy (6 September 2018). 3079:. Princeton Architectural Press. 2794:from the original on 13 May 2015. 767:subject to variations and changes 743:course, even with the same cars. 447:contributed to the popularity of 373:, are descended from traditional 6292: 2948:Lischka, Konrad (22 June 2009). 2869:. Lone Eagle. pp. 137–149. 2636:"First modern trading card game" 1993:Zubek, Robert (18 August 2020). 1927: 1913: 1808: 1686: 1560: 1331:, or as gambling games, such as 496: 220: 43: 3115:Design and Use of Serious Games 2837:Lecky-Thompson, Guy W. (2008). 2754:. Gamasutra. 24 September 1999. 2167:Aggression and Violent Behavior 463:have led to a proliferation of 4854:Chartered Society of Designers 3230:Salen Tekinbad, Katie (2003). 2796:Retrieved on 15 December 2014. 2756:Retrieved on 15 December 2014. 596:. The subject first addressed 1: 4925:Prince Philip Designers Prize 3568:Architectural lighting design 3340:Zubek, Robert (August 2020). 3154:The Design of Everyday Things 2865:; Platten, John Zuur (2007). 2814:Challenges for Game Designers 2771:Retrieved on 14 December 2014 2696:. Retrieved 13 December 2014. 2342:Chris Crawford on Game Design 2227:. Chapter-preview links, pp. 2179:10.1016/S1359-1789(97)00055-4 1970:a term used in education and 1883:in full scale exercises with 1755:Elements of video game design 1655:There is no central core for 1275:s Leon Neyfakh as related to 1220: 1209: 1198: 518:or discuss this issue on the 4731:Electronic design automation 4714:Virtual home design software 3686:Automotive suspension design 3193:The Game Inventor's Handbook 3137:. Delmar: Cengage Learning. 3056:Elias, George Skaff (2012). 2447:– Accessed 17 November 2012. 2428:– Accessed 17 November 2012. 1496:on an existing casino game. 5648:Role-playing battle systems 3590:Environmental impact design 3306:. Morgan James Publishing. 2767:"Game Design: Sports Games" 2530: 2506: 1638:gameplay rules or mechanics 1499:Casino game mathematician, 427:. Cheap custom dice led to 350:led to the commercial game 30:For video game design, see 6343: 4869:International Forum Design 4239:Engineering design process 3152:Norman, Donald A. (2002). 3135:Game Industry Career Guide 2839:Video Game Design Revealed 2738:The Press of Atlantic City 2518: 2494: 2482: 1791:human-computer interaction 1725: 1657:tabletop role-playing game 1650:role-playing game theories 1621: 1518:and maximize revenue from 1466: 962: 750: 574: 485: 29: 6290: 6212: 5530:Player versus environment 5292: 5204: 4952: 4941: 4670: 4644: 4100: 4089: 3991:Integrated circuit design 3913:Stage/set lighting design 3802:Hardware interface design 3718:Hardware interface design 3427: 3416: 3398: 2812:; Schreiber, Ian (2009). 2443:12 September 2013 at the 880:include checkers, chess, 571:Strategic decision making 4826:Industrial design rights 4814:Fashion design copyright 4726:Design quality indicator 4175:Creative problem-solving 3966:Electrical system design 3822:Sonic interaction design 3733:Photographic lens design 3607:Healthy community design 3094:Huizinga, Johan (1971). 3075:Hofer, Margaret (2003). 3058:Characteristics of Games 3037:Costikyan, Greg (2013). 3022:. A K Peters/CRC Press. 2692:4 September 2012 at the 2288:• Eric Rasmusen (2007). 2265:Leonard, Robert (2010), 1780:software design document 1262:German-style board games 1122:During testing, various 896:include gambling games ( 6080:Artificial Intelligence 5022:New product development 4987:Enterprise architecture 4915:IF Product Design Award 4874:Design Research Society 4426:Reliability engineering 3343:Elements of Game Design 3321:Woods, Stewart (2012). 3302:Tinsman, Brian (2008). 2999:Baur, Wolfgang (2012). 2100:Soubeyrand, Catherine. 1996:Elements of Game Design 1776:game design disciplines 1277:Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 959:Use as educational tool 819:artificial intelligence 198:artificial intelligence 108:Diamond Trust of London 73:more precise citations. 5912:Tool-assisted speedrun 5427:Six degrees of freedom 4478:Top-down and bottom-up 3827:User experience design 3728:Packaging and labeling 3701:Electric guitar design 3639:Landscape architecture 3250:Schell, Jesse (2008). 3210:Peterson, Jon (2012). 3172:Oxland, Kevin (2004). 3018:Burgun, Keith (2012). 2890:Rogers, Scott (2010). 2640:Guinness World Records 2158:Griffiths, M. (1999). 1853: 1745: 1486: 1413: 1179: 1048:collectible card games 1032:collectible card games 708:. Other games such as 388:, invented in 1891 by 111: 5474:Cooperative gameplay 5294:Subjects relating to 5007:Innovation management 4890:European Design Award 4656:Intellectual property 4473:Theory of constraints 4436:Responsibility-driven 4276:For manufacturability 4180:Creativity techniques 4018:Nuclear weapon design 3832:User interface design 3696:Corrugated box design 3617:Interior architecture 3191:Peek, Steven (1993). 2290:Games and Information 1843: 1735: 1476: 1407: 1360:collectible card game 1167: 965:Learning through play 963:Further information: 914:rock, paper, scissors 801:Single or multiplayer 761:balance (game design) 507:may contain material 334:in the modern sense. 104: 6105:Non-player character 5535:Player versus player 5287:Game design elements 5052:Unintelligent design 5032:Philosophy of design 4746:Design specification 4699:Comprehensive layout 4271:For behaviour change 4244:Probabilistic design 4006:Power network design 3543:Visual merchandising 3500:Instructional design 3478:Postage stamp design 3212:Playing at the World 3039:Uncertainty in Games 2769:. stevevincent.info. 2717:Shackleford, Michael 2661:Shackleford, Michael 2138:. London: Routledge. 2073:Bose, M. L. (1998). 1784:game design document 1584:improve this section 1375:card-driven wargames 1355:Magic: The Gathering 908:, etc.), as well as 516:improve this section 244:improve this section 6298:List of game genres 5417:Probability of kill 4972:Creative industries 4895:German Design Award 4804:Design infringement 4689:Architectural model 4028:Organization design 4023:Nucleic acid design 3971:Experimental design 3524:Traffic sign design 3195:. Betterway Books. 3174:Gameplay and design 3003:. Open Design LLC. 2980:Bates, Bob (2004). 2929:on 27 February 2013 2622:The Washington Post 2577:. 18 November 2008. 2102:"The Game of Senet" 1887:at venues like the 1864:, were designed in 1856:The first military 1537:to operate and for 1501:Michael Shackleford 1279:'s the concept of " 1254:The Landlord's Game 1251:(based on the 1906 1171:'s 1935 patent for 991:Development process 587:mathematical models 453:video game consoles 425:miniature wargaming 202:optimization theory 6327:Leisure activities 5772:Actions per minute 5613:Monster infighting 5583:Character creation 5525:Nonlinear gameplay 5412:Point of no return 5397:Kingmaker scenario 5037:Process simulation 5012:Intelligent design 4336:Intelligence-based 4331:Integrated topside 4261:Framework-oriented 3946:Behavioural design 3817:Information design 3495:Information design 3275:. CRC Press 2019. 3214:. Unreason Press. 3176:. Addison Wesley. 2810:Brathwaite, Brenda 2595:. 1 December 1997. 1935:Video games portal 1854: 1820:. You can help by 1746: 1698:. You can help by 1642:character creation 1552:Role-playing games 1546:advantage gambling 1487: 1414: 1296:miniature wargames 1180: 1130:Video game testing 1044:role-playing games 941:trick-taking games 910:snakes and ladders 825:Storyline and plot 781:Victory conditions 674:a board and pieces 445:Personal computers 354:in the mid-1950s. 163:role-playing games 112: 6304: 6303: 6171: 6170: 6001:Damage per second 5862:Sequence breaking 5510:Last man standing 5300:video game design 5254: 5253: 5200: 5199: 4967:Conceptual design 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4920:James Dyson Award 4776:Website wireframe 4766:Technical drawing 4640: 4639: 4488:Transgenerational 4229:Ecological design 4105:Activity-centered 4085: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4063:Spacecraft design 3857:Public art design 3795:Video game design 3773:Experience design 3743:Production design 3723:Motorcycle design 3681:Automotive design 3585:Ecological design 3463:Film title design 3346:. The MIT Press. 3234:. The MIT Press. 3183:978-0-321-20467-7 3144:978-1-4283-7647-2 2991:978-1-59200-493-5 2741:. 28 August 2013. 2625:. 29 August 2011. 2495:Moore, Novak 2010 2375:978-1-59486-068-3 2352:978-0-88134-117-1 2086:978-81-7022-598-0 1999:. The MIT Press. 1953:Video game design 1838: 1837: 1728:Video game design 1716: 1715: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1451:independent event 1050:and video games. 949:Settlers of Catan 925:American football 878:Games of strategy 834:Luck and strategy 808:cooperative games 787:Settlers of Catan 548: 547: 540: 286:), gambling, and 284:history of sports 280: 279: 272: 200:, economics, and 99: 98: 91: 32:Video game design 16:(Redirected from 6334: 6296: 6295: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6175: 6163:Persistent world 6115:Player character 5996:Damage over time 5643:Random encounter 5633:Quick time event 5608:Leveled gameplay 5603:Instance dungeon 5505:King of the hill 5470:Capture the flag 5382:Experience point 5377:Difficulty level 5281: 5274: 5267: 5258: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 4943: 4820:Geschmacksmuster 4794:Community design 4672: 4646: 4406:Process-centered 4202:Design–bid–build 4170:Cradle-to-cradle 4150:Concept-oriented 4091: 4068:Strategic design 4038:Processor design 4013:Mechanism design 3981:Geometric design 3941:Algorithm design 3881:Jewellery design 3812:Immersive design 3706:Furniture design 3651:Landscape design 3429: 3418: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3357: 3336: 3317: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3285:. Archived from 3265: 3245: 3225: 3206: 3187: 3167: 3148: 3128: 3109: 3098:. Beacon Press. 3090: 3071: 3052: 3033: 3014: 2995: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2922:. Archived from 2921: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2733:Grochowski, John 2730: 2724: 2714: 2697: 2683: 2668: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2558: 2549: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2333: 2327: 2298:chapter-preview. 2286: 2280: 2279: 2262: 2256: 2238: 2232: 2217:Roger B. Myerson 2214: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2164: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2050:. Archived from 2044: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1990: 1975: 1968: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1833: 1830: 1812: 1805: 1742:proof of concept 1711: 1708: 1690: 1683: 1615: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1564: 1556: 1301:Warhammer 40,000 1271:The Boston Globe 1225: 1222: 1214: 1211: 1203: 1200: 1142:software defects 1134:software testing 1003:Development team 747:Rule development 630:solution concept 543: 536: 532: 529: 523: 500: 499: 492: 275: 268: 264: 261: 255: 224: 216: 94: 87: 83: 80: 74: 69:this article by 60:inline citations 47: 46: 39: 21: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6286: 6208: 6202: 6172: 6167: 6129: 6068: 6015: 5969: 5936: 5837:Online creation 5797:Circle strafing 5758: 5749:Twitch gameplay 5739:Syntax guessing 5719:Micromanagement 5714:Macromanagement 5672: 5668:Virtual economy 5569: 5565:Turn-based game 5441: 5432:Technology tree 5355: 5351:Meaningful play 5341:Lusory attitude 5314: 5288: 5285: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5196: 4997:Futures studies 4948: 4929: 4878: 4837: 4786: 4780: 4666: 4665: 4636: 4542:Value sensitive 4532:User innovation 4411:Public interest 4376:Object-oriented 4096: 4077: 4058:Software design 4048:Research design 4001:Physical design 3956:Database design 3930: 3928: 3922: 3898:Property design 3893:Game art design 3847: 3841: 3764: 3757: 3672: 3665: 3622:Interior design 3573:Building design 3554: 3547: 3434: 3423: 3412: 3394: 3389: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3320: 3314: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3289:on 9 April 2022 3283: 3268: 3262: 3249: 3242: 3229: 3222: 3209: 3203: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3164: 3156:. 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23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6340: 6338: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:Invisible wall 6139: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5887:Strafe-jumping 5884: 5882:Spray and pray 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:Rocket jumping 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5777:Button mashing 5774: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5734:Special attack 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5694:Finishing move 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5638:Random dungeon 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5312:game mechanics 5293: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5064: 5062:Wicked problem 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947:Related topics 4946: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4864:Design Council 4861: 4856: 4851: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4831:European Union 4823: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4512: 4510:Usage-centered 4507: 4506: 4505: 4503:Design for All 4495: 4490: 4485: 4483:Transformation 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4431:Research-based 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4396:Platform-based 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4346:KISS principle 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4256:Fault-tolerant 4253: 4251:Error-tolerant 4248: 4247: 4246: 4236: 4234:Energy neutral 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4190:Design fiction 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4073:Systems design 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4043:Protein design 4040: 4035: 4033:Process design 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3996:Circuit design 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3918:Textile design 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3876:Costume design 3871:Fashion design 3868: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3769: 3767: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3753:Service design 3750: 3748:Sensory design 3745: 3740: 3738:Product design 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3656:Spatial design 3653: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3634:Keyline design 3631: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3600:Computer-aided 3592: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3468:Graphic design 3465: 3460: 3458:Exhibit design 3455: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3437: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3337: 3332:978-0786467976 3331: 3318: 3313:978-1600374470 3312: 3299: 3281: 3266: 3261:978-0123694966 3260: 3247: 3241:978-0262240451 3240: 3227: 3221:978-0615642048 3220: 3207: 3202:978-1558703155 3201: 3188: 3182: 3169: 3163:978-0465067107 3162: 3149: 3143: 3130: 3124:978-9048181414 3123: 3110: 3105:978-0807046814 3104: 3091: 3086:978-1568983974 3085: 3072: 3067:978-0262017138 3066: 3053: 3048:978-0262018968 3047: 3034: 3029:978-1466554207 3028: 3015: 3010:978-1936781065 3009: 2996: 2990: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2969: 2940: 2915:Barr, Pippin. 2907: 2901:978-0470970928 2900: 2882: 2876:978-1580650663 2875: 2854: 2848:978-1584506072 2847: 2829: 2823:978-1584505808 2822: 2798: 2773: 2758: 2743: 2725: 2698: 2669: 2653: 2627: 2612: 2610:. 12 May 2014. 2597: 2592:Country Living 2579: 2559: 2535: 2523: 2521:, pp. 178, 180 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2449: 2430: 2418: 2408: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2367:Pergamon Press 2358: 2351: 2345:. New Riders. 2328: 2303:David M. Kreps 2281: 2275: 2257: 2233: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2173:(2): 203–212. 2150: 2148:Consalvo, 2007 2141: 2123: 2114: 2092: 2085: 2065: 2039: 2030:|website= 2005: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1924: 1908: 1905: 1836: 1835: 1815: 1813: 1802: 1799: 1750:pre-production 1726:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1693: 1691: 1680: 1677: 1618: 1617: 1568: 1566: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1464: 1461: 1412:and a dice cup 1401: 1398: 1358:was the first 1309: 1306: 1169:Charles Darrow 1161: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1066: 1063: 1039: 1036: 1023: 1022:Game developer 1020: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1001: 992: 989: 960: 957: 846:Games of skill 835: 832: 826: 823: 802: 799: 782: 779: 753:Game mechanics 748: 745: 722:Games such as 657: 654: 645: 642: 598:zero-sum games 575:Main article: 572: 569: 546: 545: 504: 502: 495: 486:Main article: 483: 480: 449:computer games 397: 394: 390:James Naismith 332:design process 324:pick-up sticks 295: 292: 278: 277: 228: 226: 219: 213: 210: 145:Games such as 143: 142: 139: 133: 97: 96: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6339: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6299: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153:Line of sight 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6011:Status effect 6009: 6007: 6006:Splash damage 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892:Straferunning 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Kill stealing 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5802:Crowd control 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782:Bunny hopping 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5588:Dialogue tree 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5545:Single-player 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520:New Game Plus 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Interactivity 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:specification 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:architectural 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5057:Visualization 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:Cultural icon 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842:Organizations 4840: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Design patent 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:Design around 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4659:Organizations 4658: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4520:User-centered 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4468:Tableless web 4466: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4391:Participatory 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:For Six Sigma 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4224:Domain-driven 4222: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4212:architect-led 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155:Configuration 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4120:Brainstorming 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4092: 4088: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Social design 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3976:Filter design 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3951:Boiler design 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3903:Scenic design 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Floral design 3886: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3595:Garden design 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3578:Passive solar 3576: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3553:Environmental 3550: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3515:Retail design 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3433:Communication 3430: 3426: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3355: 3353:9780262043915 3349: 3345: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325:. McFarland. 3324: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3288: 3284: 3282:9781138068919 3278: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3254:. CRC Press. 3253: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3060:. MIT Press. 3059: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041:. MIT Press. 3040: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2941: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2485:, pp. 176–180 2484: 2479: 2476: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2276:9780521562669 2272: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2103: 2096: 2093: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2069: 2066: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2023: 2008: 2006:9780262043915 2002: 1998: 1997: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1852: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1816:This section 1814: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1707:December 2014 1701: 1697: 1694:This section 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669:worldbuilding 1666: 1662: 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Retrieved 1995: 1988: 1966: 1943:Gamification 1921:Games portal 1899:, involving 1870: 1855: 1848: 1826: 1822:adding to it 1817: 1788: 1782:known as a " 1772:level design 1747: 1717: 1704: 1700:adding to it 1695: 1654: 1636:, and basic 1627: 1606: 1597: 1582:Please help 1570: 1543: 1541:to oversee. 1539:pit managers 1532: 1524: 1513: 1498: 1488: 1483:slot machine 1463:Casino games 1454: 1448: 1433: 1415: 1387: 1379: 1364: 1353: 1352: 1337: 1311: 1299: 1285: 1269: 1266:Alan R. 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