935:('assigned' in advance or individually chosen) as a playing aid. The GM was likely to need copies of player-character records, being unable to glance at the originals as in normal face-to-face procedure. The format also forced the issue (particularly when participants were not personally acquainted) of whether to leave all rolling of dice to the GM (making one's own rolls is a privilege not readily surrendered by some players), or to trust all players to honestly report the results of their rolls (the
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705:: The least officially prescribed portion of GMing, and thus the part that takes people the most by surprise. The GM is typically the one to organize the game in the first place, find players, schedule sessions, and figure out a place to play, as well as acting as a mediator and having to balance the needs and desires of all participants—sometimes having to divine the real desires of indecisive or inexperienced players.
50:
693:: During the game, while each of the other players typically controls the actions of one of the player characters, the GM decides the actions of all the NPCs as they are needed. The GM may also direct a particular "NPC" that travels with the party (commonly known as a GMPC), but this may occasionally be open to abuse since the Game Master having a "pet" NPC may compromise their neutrality.
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699:: In most tabletop RPGs, the rules are supplied to resolve conflicting situations (avoiding the "Bang! you're dead!"/"No, you missed!" quandary). The GM is expected to provide any necessary interpretation of those rules in fuzzier situations. The GM may also approve or provide House Rules in order to cover these corner cases or provide a different gaming experience.
687:: The GM plans out (in the loosest sense) the plot of the story of which the player characters will become heroes (or villains, or rich, etc.); creating (or adapting, or just choosing) the setting, populating that region with villains and other NPCs, and assigning them any necessary backgrounds, motivations, plans and resources.
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to guide players along a trajectory desired by the game author. To ensure proper gamemastering can take place, four components are needed: some kind of sensory system to the game allowing the game masters to know current events, providing dynamic game information; dynamic and static game information
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to be played online), this online chat format significantly changed the balance of duties for a prospective gamemaster. Descriptive text required more preparation, if only via cut-and-paste; acting and voice skills could not be utilized to get the personality of NPCs and monsters across, increasing
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and by solving players' problems by providing general customer service. For their tasks they use special tools and characters that allow them to do things like teleport to players, summon items, and browse logs that record players' activities. Often, players who feel dissatisfied with the game will
447:
stories together, control the non-player aspects of the game, create environments in which the players can interact, and solve any player disputes. The basic role of the gamemaster is the same in almost all traditional role-playing games, although differing rule sets make the specific duties of the
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that serve as gamemasters to help users with various problems in gameplay, chat, and other things like account and billing issues. A gamemaster in this game will communicate with players through chat that has blue text and they will also have a special "GM" tag and
Blizzard logo in front of their
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Online Gaming Forum used to use volunteers selected by applications from its user base. These people were simply referred to as OGFs by other members, and their screennames were indicative of their position (i.e., OGF Moose, etc.). While membership in the Online Gaming Forum had only one real
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role that allows any player slotted in that role to place down almost any asset in the game including infantry and vehicles, objectives, intelligence, and score-keeping modules. The Zeus can also modify aspects of the world itself including time, weather, and wildlife to create dynamically
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Each gaming system has its own name for the role of the gamemaster, such as "judge", "narrator", "referee", "director", or "storyteller", and these terms not only describe the role of the gamemaster in general but also help define how the game is intended to be run. For example, the
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helps GMs and players alike keep track of all manner of game data, sometimes evolving into a home-made gaming supplement. Scripting software allows unwieldy mechanics (e.g. a complicated formula or repetitive die-rolling) to be resolved at the push of a button.
1374:"'We have an actual person with the title of Game Master': A single Helldivers 2 dev named Joel is pulling the strings on its galactic war like an all-powerful D&D dungeon master, war will become 'more and more sophisticated over time'"
440:. They are more common in co-operative games in which players work together than in competitive games in which players oppose each other. The act performed by a gamemaster is sometimes referred to as "Gamemastering" or simply "GM-ing".
734:". Gamemastering in the form found in traditional role-playing games has also been used in semi-automatic virtual worlds. However, human moderation was sometimes considered unfair or out of context in an otherwise automated world. As
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hobby. In typical play-by-mail games, players control armies or civilizations and mail their chosen actions to the GM. The GM then mails the updated game state to all players on a regular basis. Usage in a wargaming context includes
891:, a singular employee, named Joel Hakalax, functions as a game master for the playerbase. The game features many real-time events where territory is gained or lost, which are determined at the discretion of the game master.
963:
Certain sourcebooks simulate the decisions of a gamemaster by various means for either group or solo gaming. These include works such as Mythic Game Master
Emulator, which employs an oracle system to allow players to play
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lets game masters make informed decisions; decisions need to be actuated into the game, either through the game system or through manual intervention; and finally a communication structure is needed for both
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The
Dungeon Master (DM) is the one who plays the "bad guys." He knows the secrets of the dungeon, either because he has read the dungeon that the players explore or because he created that dungeon himself.
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players are no fun. It was noted, in 1997, that those who favor their left-brain such as skilled code writers usually do not make it in the ethereal gamemaster world of storytelling and verse.
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is to enforce the game's rules and provide general customer service. Also, unlike gamemasters in traditional role-playing games, gamemasters for online games in some cases are paid employees.
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A good gamemaster draws the players into the adventure, making it enjoyable for everyone. Good gamemasters have quick minds, sharp wits, and rich imaginations. Gamemasters must also maintain
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provided a solution in the form of online chat programs. Appropriately equipped gamemasters can find players online and a group can meet via chat rooms, forums, or other electronic means.
1397:
Thompson, Mark K.; Weal, Mark J.; Michaelides, Danius T.; Cruickshank, Don G.; De Roure, David C. (2003). "MUD Slinging: Virtual
Orchestration of Physical Interactions".
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requirement (that is, be a member of AOL), OGFs were given powers quite similar to AOL "Guides" and could use them at will to discipline users as they saw appropriate.
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enhances group communication through voice, video, and a shared whiteboard. The use of technology to enable online play is growing, as reflected in products like the
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Sometimes, tabletop GMs simply can not find players interested in either the same setting, product line, or play style in their local neighborhood. The advent of the
746:. A gamemaster in such a game is either an experienced volunteer player or an employee of the game's publisher. They enforce the game's rules by banishing spammers,
792:, as they are called, usually have the word "Mod" and a gold crown preceding their account names which ordinary players are not permitted to use. The game also has
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blame the GMs directly for any errors or glitches. However, this blame is misdirected as most GMs are not developers and cannot resolve those types of problems.
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The role of a gamemaster in a traditional table-top role-playing game (pencil-and-paper role-playing game) is to weave the other participants'
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calls its GM the "animator". A few games apply system- or setting-specific flavorful names to the GM, such as the Keeper of Arcane Lore (in
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who are player volunteers helping with moderation, having the ability to mute (block from chatting) other players who violate rules.
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or PCs), describes the events taking place and decides on the outcomes of players' decisions. The gamemaster also keeps track of
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or non-diegetic communication. Effective gamemastering can require specialized user interfaces that are highly game specific.
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Jonsson, Staffan; Waern, Annika; Montola, Markus; Stenros, Jaakko (2007). "Game mastering a pervasive larp. Experiences from
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656:, with the maps and history already in place; such game worlds often have pre-written adventures. Alternatively, the GM may
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Jonsson, Staffan; Waern, Annika; Montola, Markus; Stenros, Jaakko (November 2019). "Top % Games. Experiences from
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67:
31:
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This article is about roleplaying game moderators in general. For the moderator of a
Dungeons and Dragons game, see
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436:) is a person who acts as an organizer, officiant for regarding rules, arbitrator, and moderator for a multiplayer
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649:. Gamemasters can also be in charge of RPG board games making the events and setting challenges.
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The gamemaster prepares the game session for the players and the characters they play (known as
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In a role-playing game context, it was first used by Dave
Arneson while developing his game
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to assist players and perform administrative duties in-game and on the site forums. These
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1425:"From interaction to trajectories: designing coherent journeys through user experiences"
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A Survey of
Characteristic Engine Features for Technology-Sustained Pervasive Games
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However, workarounds to these challenges have only increased over time. The use of
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Call of
Cthulhu, Horror Roleplaying in the Worlds of H.P. Lovecraft, 6th Edition
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452:
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49:
1554:"How to play tabletop RPGs by yourself: A beginner's guide to solo roleplaying"
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840:, an online multiplayer platformer, has a team of volunteer moderators called
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Benford, Steve; Giannachi, Gabriella; Koleva, Boriana; Rodden, Tom (2019).
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that are played online with one player acting as a traditional gamemaster.
617:, as well as of the general state of the game world. The game session (or "
17:
1514:
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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who are experienced players that help moderate the game and interactions.
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1471:. SpringerBriefs in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing.
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Dungeons & Dragons Dungeon Master's Guide, Core Rulebook II, v.3.5
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may be strained when it is in a player's best interest to roll well).
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832:, experienced players that help moderate the game and interactions.
625:, in which the players are the lead actors, and the GM provides the
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476:
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Gamemastering, sometimes referred to as Orchestration is used in
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calls its GM the "judge". The cartoon inspired role-playing game
481:
A gamemaster (center) and players in a tabletop role-playing game
1248:
Dungeons & Dragons Player's Handbook, Core Rulebook I, v.3.5
1026:. Richmond, VA: Blacksburg Tactical Research Center. p. 1.
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43:
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represents vanity), or the most famous of such terms, the "
1271:
Cook, Monte; Tweet, Jonathan; Williams, Skip (July 2003).
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Cook, Monte; Tweet, Jonathan; Williams, Skip (July 2003).
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In contrast to standard tabletop procedure (and to games
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in 1971, although the first usage in print may have been
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expanded, gamemaster duties expanded to include being a
1372:
Morgan ParkContributions from Evan Lahti (2024-02-28).
997:
Rosenberg, Aaron; Dupuis, Ann; Houle, Melissa (2005).
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and the role associated with it could be found in the
1049:"What is a Dungeon Master? What Do the Best Ones Do?"
27:
Person who acts as an organizer in role-playing games
1250:. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, Inc. p. 4.
1800:
1724:
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1200:. San Diego, CA: Shadowstar Games, Inc. p. 2.
1145:"Dungeon Master: The Life and Legacy of Gary Gygax"
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1279:. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, Inc. p.
852:, an open-world military tactical shooter, has a
816:, anonymous volunteers who moderate the game.
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389:
8:
1604:. Wizards of the Coast, Inc. Archived from
1173:The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games
595:In traditional table-top role-playing games
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1632:
1624:
1225:. Hayward, CA: Chaosium, Inc. p. 24.
540:calls its GM the "storyteller", while the
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382:
161:
145:
1406:
784:has more than 500 moderators employed by
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1552:Contributor, Chase Carter (2020-07-27).
1527:Team, Maddie Cullen Video (2023-01-06).
1399:University of Southampton ECSTRIAM03-007
652:GMs may choose to run a game based on a
621:") can be metaphorically described as a
1303:Pendleton, Jennifer. (August 18, 1997)
989:
912:Gamemasters in online chat environments
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1309:Trends:Nice Work If You Can Master It.
1221:Peterson, Sandy; Willis, Lynn (2005).
1001:. Grey Ghost Press, Inc. p. 106.
474:games, they are called storytellers.
7:
869:Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption
641:script is built, as well as all the
72:adding citations to reliable sources
367:
1529:"5 ways to play RPGs without a GM"
448:gamemaster unique to that system.
25:
1077:Allison, Peter Ray (2020-02-06).
1047:Sargeantson, Emily (2019-01-16).
671:: hideously overpowered monsters
1772:Augmented reality tabletop games
486:History and variants of the term
366:
48:
1122:Ironclad: Civil War Naval Rules
1095:from the original on 2020-07-13
1059:from the original on 2020-05-22
860:Note that a few games, notably
740:customer service representative
451:The role of a gamemaster in an
59:needs additional citations for
1747:Live action role-playing games
1431:. ACM: 709–718. Archived from
1:
1854:Role-playing game terminology
999:The Deryni NextAdventure Game
887:, a third-person shooter by
1465:Nevelsteen, Kim JL (2015).
1170:Tresca, Michael J. (2010),
878:tabletop role-playing games
32:Gamemaster (disambiguation)
1880:
1311:Section: Business; Page 6.
1022:Porter, Greg (June 1988).
730:game masters were called "
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36:
29:
1477:10.1007/978-3-319-17632-1
1176:, McFarland, p. 63,
464:, gamemasters are called
1327:Designing Virtual Worlds
718:gamemasters served as a
1742:Alternate reality games
1196:O'Bannon, Mark (2006).
968:without a gamemaster.
824:, a smaller text-based
889:Arrowhead Game Studios
773:Blizzard Entertainment
588:Dungeons & Dragons
534:White Wolf Game Studio
521:Chivalry & Sorcery
482:
461:Dungeons & Dragons
959:Gamemaster simulation
857:progressing stories.
679:The four major "hats"
660:and script their own
658:build their own world
647:supporting characters
611:non-player characters
480:
1762:Location-based games
1701:Ubiquitous computing
1608:on November 12, 2005
654:published game world
306:Non-player character
68:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
805:Battleground Europe
551:Marvel Super Heroes
149:Part of a series on
1849:Video game culture
1602:"What Is D&D?"
1582:has generic name (
895:In pervasive games
863:Neverwinter Nights
538:storytelling games
530:Storyteller System
483:
214:Character creation
155:Role-playing games
1836:
1835:
1792:Transreality game
1706:Context awareness
1486:978-3-319-17631-4
1305:Los Angeles Times
1290:978-0-7869-1551-4
1257:978-0-7869-2886-6
1232:978-1-56882-181-8
1053:My Kind of Meeple
1008:978-1-887154-09-3
921:personal computer
808:, a medium-sized
794:Player Moderators
771:has employees of
768:World of Warcraft
615:random encounters
607:player characters
553:role-playing game
471:World of Darkness
438:role-playing game
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758:The now defunct
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1330:. New Riders.
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1808:Blast Theory
1737:Mobile games
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1669:Role-playing
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1711:Crossmedia
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1689:transmedia
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1099:2020-09-04
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874:video game
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