Game - Knowledge (XXG)

1230: 40: 1683:. As processing power increased, new genres such as adventure and action games were developed that involved a player guiding a character from a third person perspective through a series of obstacles. This "real-time" element cannot be easily reproduced by a board game, which is generally limited to "turn-based" strategy; this advantage allows video games to simulate situations such as combat more realistically. Additionally, the playing of a video game does not require the same physical skill, strength or danger as a real-world representation of the game, and can provide either very realistic, exaggerated or impossible physics, allowing for elements of a fantastical nature, games involving physical violence, or simulations of sports. Lastly, a computer can, with varying degrees of success, simulate one or more human opponents in traditional table games such as 1400:, which traditionally each have two ends, each with a given number of dots, or "pips", and each combination of two possible end values as it appears on a tile is unique in the set. The games played with dominoes largely center around playing a domino from the player's "hand" onto the matching end of another domino, and the overall object could be to always be able to make a play, to make all open endpoints sum to a given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is 967: 1327: 837: 1949: 1163:, they are not games since there are no decisions to make which affect the outcome. Many other games involving a high degree of luck do not allow direct attacks between opponents; the random event simply determines a gain or loss in the standing of the current player within the game, which is independent of any other player; the "game" then is actually a "race" by definitions such as Crawford's. 3029: 441:"To play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by specific rules, where the means permitted by the rules are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole reason for accepting such limitation is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits) 99:. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is deciding who is part of their audience and who is a player. A toy and a game are not the same. Toys generally allow for unrestricted play whereas games present rules for the player to follow. 470: 934: 1787:

usually face-to-face, and keep track of the developing fiction with pen and paper. Together, the players may collaborate on a story involving those characters; create, develop, and "explore" the setting; or vicariously experience an adventure outside the bounds of everyday life. Pen-and-paper role-playing games include, for example,

1117: 1694:, a virtual environment is provided in which the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of a particular game's universe. Sometimes, there is a lack of goals or opposition, which has stirred some debate on whether these should be considered "games" or "toys". (Crawford specifically mentions 1089:

require specialized tables or other self-contained modules on which the game is played. The advent of home video game systems largely replaced some of these, such as table hockey, however air hockey, billiards, pinball and foosball remain popular fixtures in private and public game rooms. These games

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that a player must score a goal on a penalty; while it is expected the player will try, it is not required. While meeting the aims often requires a certain degree of skill and (in some cases) luck, following the rules of a game merely requires knowledge of the rules and some careful attempt to follow

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use a board with movers, normally to keep score. The differentiation between the two genres in such cases depends on which element of the game is foremost in its play; a board game using cards for random actions can usually use some other method of randomization, while Cribbage can just as easily be

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Business games can take a variety of forms, from interactive board games to interactive games involving different props (balls, ropes, hoops, etc.) and different kinds of activities. The purpose of these games is to link to some aspect of organizational performance and to generate discussions about

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Role-playing games, often abbreviated as RPGs, are a type of game in which the participants (usually) assume the roles of characters acting in a fictional setting. The original role playing games – or at least those explicitly marketed as such – are played with a handful of participants,

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who are entertained just by watching games. A community will often align itself with a local sports team that supposedly represents it (even if the team or most of its players only recently moved in); they often align themselves against their opponents or have traditional rivalries. The concept of

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as their central element. Board games often use dice for a randomization element, and thus each roll of the dice has a profound impact on the outcome of the game, however dice games are differentiated in that the dice do not determine the success or failure of some other element of the game; they

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or cards. Most games that simulate war are board games (though a large number of video games have been created to simulate strategic combat), and the board may be a map on which the players' tokens move. Virtually all board games involve "turn-based" play; one player contemplates and then makes a

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A tabletop game is a game where the elements of play are confined to a small area and require little physical exertion, usually simply placing, picking up and moving game pieces. Most of these games are played at a table around which the players are seated and on which the game's elements are

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Most games require multiple players. However, single-player games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the

1623:-controlled games. Computers can create virtual spaces for a wide variety of game types. Some video games simulate conventional game objects like cards or dice, while others can simulate environs either grounded in reality or fantastical in design, each with its own set of rules or goals. 575:

do not use any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an

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Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching a

1810:. These may be single-player games where one player experiences a programmed environment and story, or they may allow players to interact through the internet. The experience is usually quite different from traditional role-playing games. Single-player games include 608:. However, if the players decide to play with only three bases, they are arguably playing a different game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their own rules, but even then there are often immutable 1049:, are more free-form in their play and can involve physical activity such as mime. Still, these games do not require a large area in which to play them, large amounts of strength or stamina, or specialized equipment other than what comes in a box. 1151:"; the only unknown is the exact thought processes of one's opponent, not the outcome of any unknown event inherent in the game (such as a card draw or die roll). Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as 434:"At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by a procedure and rules in order to produce a disequilibrial outcome." (Elliot Avedon and 642:

aims, which are tasks that move a player toward winning. For instance, an intermediate aim in football is to score goals, because scoring goals will increase one's likelihood of winning the game, but is not alone sufficient to win the game.

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Many sports require special equipment and dedicated playing fields, leading to the involvement of a community much larger than the group of players. A city or town may set aside such resources for the organization of sports leagues.

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business improvement. Many business games focus on organizational behaviors. Some of these are computer simulations while others are simple designs for play and debriefing. Team building is a common focus of such activities.

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If cooperation between players is allowed, then the game becomes more complex; many concepts have been developed to analyze such games. While these have had some partial success in the fields of economics, politics and

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Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as: an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for money, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere with each other.

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are examples. In each, the "board" is made up of a series of tiles; in Settlers of Catan the starting layout is random but static, while in Carcassonne the game is played by "building" the board tile-by-tile.

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Students using dice to improve numeracy skills. They roll three dice, then use basic math operations to combine those into a new number which they cover on the board. The goal is to cover four squares in the

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A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without actually divulging it in text or spoken word.

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and others, as they require reflexes and coordination, are generally performed more poorly by intoxicated persons but are unlikely to result in injury because of this; as such the games are popular as

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This class of games includes any game in which the skill element involved relates to manual dexterity or hand-eye coordination, but excludes the class of video games (see below). Games such as

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move, then the next player does the same, and a player can only act on their turn. This is opposed to "real-time" play as is found in some card games, most sports and most video games.

525:). In places where the use of leather is well-established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as 444:"When you strip away the genre differences and the technological complexities, all games share four defining traits: a goal, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation." ( 1559:

is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as

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against a wall is not generally recognized as playing a game due to the lack of any formidable opposition. Many games described as "single-player" may be termed actually

859:. The term "game" in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment or a competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory. 851:

A multiplayer game is a game of several players who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyze formally using

1370:, these games usually involve a high degree of luck, which can be directed to some extent by the player through more strategic elements of play and through tenets of 2139: 616: 75:, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as 1307:

Some board games include a deck of cards as a gameplay element, normally for randomization or to keep track of game progress. Conversely, some card games such as

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Pencil and paper games require little or no specialized equipment other than writing materials, though some such games have been commercialized as board games (

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aim is winning: in this sense, checkmate is the aim of chess. Common win conditions are being first to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in

1772:. Some simpler browser games appeal to more casual game-playing demographic groups (notably older audiences) that otherwise play very few video games. 1131:

Board games use as a central tool a board on which the players' status, resources, and progress are tracked using physical tokens. Many also involve

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sets with a boxed grid and pieces are available commercially). These games vary widely, from games centering on a design being drawn such as

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card game family that uses tiles numbered in ascending rank among four colors, very similar in makeup to a 2-deck "pack" of Anglo-American

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are examples of games that were originally played with a standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Some

1186: 171:, rules, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. From this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term 2902: 1835: 876:

proved that games with several players have a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are disallowed. Nash won the

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Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not necessarily undertaken for monetary gain.

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Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent, but not attack them to interfere with their performance, the conflict is a

1147:, are entirely deterministic, relying only on the strategy element for their interest. Such games are usually described as having " 400:"A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome." ( 549:. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of 1909:

The term "game" can include simulation or re-enactment of various activities or use in "real life" for various purposes: e.g.,

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require only very portable or improvised equipment and can be played on any flat level surface, while other examples, such as

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is one popular example, where players must succeed in each of four skills: artistry, live performance, trivia, and language.

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with separate sliding drawer, from 1390 to 1353 BC, made of glazed faience, dimensions: 5.5 × 7.7 × 21 cm, in the

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have been introduced to increase the number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in a game.

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are played with a small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets.

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is perhaps the most famous example, though Liar's dice and Poker dice were originally conceived of as gambling games.

2951: 1264:, etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the popular German game 654:

for permissible action. For example, the aim of chess is to checkmate, but although it is expected that players will

2305: 1417: 1326: 966: 619:, the rights and responsibilities of the players, scoring techniques, preset boundaries, and each player's goals. 287:(Crawford notes that by his definition, (a) a toy can become a game element if the player makes up rules, and (b) 2923: 1396:

Domino games are similar in many respects to card games, but the generic device is instead a set of tiles called

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scored on paper. These elements as used are simply the traditional and easiest methods to achieve their purpose.

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of player's choices can have the effect of a contract by preventing players from profiting from what is known as

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environment (an artificial opponent), against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a

179:. As the following game definitions show, this conclusion was not a final one and today many philosophers, like 1667: 1470: 1465:

Lastly, some games use graphical tiles to form a board layout, on which other elements of the game are played.

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Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The

461:. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game. 1818: 1807: 1730: 1367: 1190: 1175: 324: 114:. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical 1478:, an abstract strategy game using tiles as moving pieces, has mechanical and strategic elements similar to 1276:

collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as

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De Schutter, Bob (March 2011). "Never Too Old to Play: The Appeal of Digital Games to an Older Audience".

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are similar in theory but are triangular and thus have three values per tile. Similarly, a game known as

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and other elements. Some board games fall into multiple groups or incorporate elements of other genres:

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into multiplayer games allows a new type of equilibrium strategy not found in traditional games. The

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instead are the central indicator of the person's standing in the game. Popular dice games include

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involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as

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were at least as widely famous for their games as for their strictly educational value. In 1958,

1663: 1371: 1156: 1086: 742: 435: 383: 176: 1482:, although it has no board; the pieces themselves both form the layout and can move within it. 560:

Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board,

2981: 2898: 2798: 2728: 2706: 2676: 2634: 2581: 2544: 2501: 2464: 2435: 2408: 2284: 2205: 1926: 1914: 1876: 1824: 1781: 1643: 1583: 1537: 1466: 1273: 1237: 1011: 782: 774: 754: 710: 627: 534: 378:, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal." ( 2225: 2790: 2755: 2669: 2626: 2573: 2493: 1998: 1962: 1722: 1631: 1503: 1291: 1269: 1265: 984: 889: 873: 844: 130: 84: 1595: 175:

to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call

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Simon C. Benjamin & Patrick M. Hayden (13 August 2001). "Multiplayer quantum games".

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The rules of a game may be distinguished from its aims. For most competitive games, the

3051: 2956: 2398: 2333: 2251: 1977: 1864: 1735: 1655: 1647: 1620: 1517: 1355: 1206: 1160: 1091: 1062: 698: 682: 634:), or some relationship of one's game tokens to those of one's opponent (as in chess's 526: 445: 405: 379: 349: 192: 1006:(pitch). Variations of many games that are traditionally played on a sports field are 3045: 3006: 2996: 2986: 2966: 2825: 2810: 2521: 2402: 2057: 2009: 1921:. The root of this meaning may originate in the human prehistory of games deduced by 1889: 1812: 1549: 1528: 1451: 1413: 1249: 1174:. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. 1039: 609: 585: 568: 522: 123: 111: 76: 68: 48: 2767: 1929:, in which children's games mimic the activities of adults to a significant degree: 1244:

Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool. These cards may be a standard

199:(1961), defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics: 1954: 1922: 1918: 1765: 1740: 1718: 1691: 1680: 1639: 1627: 1567: 1245: 1058: 1003: 1002:; an area of mowed grass (or alternately, on graded soil) generally smaller than a 550: 490: 457:

Games can be characterized by "what the player does". This is often referred to as

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may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of its game pieces.

382:) According to this definition, some "games" that do not involve choices, such as 157:

was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word

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Modern online games are played using an Internet connection; some have dedicated

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are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many board games.

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as "lawn games" for home use in a front or back yard. Common lawn games include

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having virtually no decisions to be made. By some definitions, such as that by

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combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most

753:. However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example, 3016: 2971: 2045: – Repetitive gambling despite demonstrable harm and adverse consequences 1944: 1858: 1852: 1748: 1726: 1687:, leading to simulations of such games that can be played by a single player. 1608: 1578: 1573: 1512: 1432: 1363: 1278: 1194: 1182: 1167: 1152: 1111: 1078: 1046: 1027: 949: 937: 818: 690: 605: 581: 572: 561: 546: 530: 518: 387: 119: 107: 88: 2802: 2794: 2638: 2585: 2505: 2116: 662:

checkmate the other player whenever possible. Similarly, it is not a rule of

320:(Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Video games with noticeably 2630: 2042: 2024: 1968: 1840: 1651: 1425: 1321: 1218: 1198: 1170:

requires players to decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two

1144: 1120: 1099: 1074: 1007: 995: 856: 730: 694: 686: 635: 600:, enough change in the rules usually results in a "new" game. For instance, 577: 514: 510: 321: 250: 2060: – a game with n-players, typically used in contrast to 2-player games 278:. Movies and books are cited as examples of non-interactive entertainment. 2961: 2742: 2033: 1910: 1753: 1635: 1556: 1498: 1443: 1421: 1397: 1391: 1308: 1082: 885: 758: 738: 702: 663: 601: 494: 486: 458: 289: 17: 1102:

also involve physical coordination and are popular for similar reasons.

797:"Single-player game" redirects here. For single-player video games, see 596:

Games are often characterized by their tools and rules. While rules are

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A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy,

538: 478: 397:"A game is a form of play with goals and structure." (Kevin J. Maroney) 354:

However, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game.

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If a challenge has no "active agent against whom you compete", it is a

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There are many genres of video game; the first commercial video game,

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Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the game of

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located. However, many games falling into this category, particularly

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is an easily organized, impromptu game that requires little equipment.

630:), having the greatest number of tokens at the end of the game (as in 2850: 2341: 2018: 1533: 1522: 1359: 1347: 1202: 814: 810: 718: 542: 345: 310: 115: 2577: 829:"Multiplayer game" redirects here. For multiplayer video games, see 118:, serve as a form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, 103: 2497: 371:"Voluntary effort to overcome unnecessary obstacles." Bernard Suits 327:

can be played as puzzles; these include the patterns used to evade

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has also been appropriated by the video game industry to describe

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to checkmate each other, it is not a rule of chess that a player

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defined the term in the context of computers. Using a series of

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is a domino game more similar in its play to a "trick-taking"

230:: the activity has rules that are different from everyday life 72: 1374:. Such games are thus popular as gambling games; the game of 667:

them; it rarely (if ever) requires luck or demanding skills.

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Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the Philosophy of Language

679:, or a combination thereof, and are classified accordingly. 1937:, etc. These kinds of games are preserved in modern times. 236:: it is accompanied by the awareness of a different reality 2864: 394:

are not technically games any more than a slot machine is.

167:, Wittgenstein argued that the elements of games, such as 2702:

Moral calculations: game theory, logic, and human frailty

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have been part of culture from the very earliest days of

1366:. As dice are, by their very nature, designed to produce 2699:

Laszlo Mero; Anna C. Gosi-Greguss; David Kramer (1998).

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Schwyzer, Hubert (October 1969). "Rules and Practices".

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that uses a set of tiles with card-like values and art.

206:: the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character 2071: