512:(大君) to refer to the Japanese emperor. The Koreans only used this character to refer to the Chinese emperor, and to the Koreans it implied the Japanese ruler's ceremonial superiority to the Korean monarch which would make the Korean monarch a vassal or subject of the Japanese ruler. The Japanese were however just reacting to their domestic political situation where the Shogun had been replaced by the emperor. The Koreans remained in the Sino-centric world where China was at the center of interstate relations and as a result refused to receive the envoy. The bureau of foreign affairs wanted to change these arrangements to one based on modern state-to-state relations.
45:
699:
99:
112:
2349:
527:
549:, which had been a site of violent confrontations between the Koreans and foreign forces during the previous decade. The memories of those confrontations were very fresh, and there was little question that the Korean garrison would shoot at any approaching foreign ship. Nonetheless, Commander Inoue ordered a small boat to launch and put ashore a party on Kanghwa Island to request water and provisions. The Korean forts opened fire. The
502:
government had been established and an envoy would be sent from Japan. In 1869 the envoy from the Meiji government arrived in Korea carrying a letter requesting the establishment of a goodwill mission between the two countries; the letter contained the seal of the Meiji government rather than the seals authorized by the Korean Court for the Sō family to use. It also used the character
575:
729:
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to the provincial capital of
Pyongyang, and asked permission to trade. Local officials refused to enter into trade talks and demanded the ship's departure. A Korean official was then taken hostage aboard the vessel and its crew members fired guns at enraged Korean officials and civilians onshore. The
565:
News of the incident only reached the
Japanese government eight days later on September 28, and the following day the government decided to dispatch warships to Pusan to protect Japanese residents there. There were also debates within the Japanese government as to whether or not to send a mission to
553:
brought its superior firepower to bear and silenced the Korean guns. After bombarding the Korean fortifications, the shore party torched several houses on the island and exchanged fire with Korean troops. The
Japanese were armed with modern rifles and quickly routed the Koreans who carried matchlock
321:
had already made several unsuccessful attempts to begin commerce with the Joseon dynasty during the
Daewongun's era. However, after Daewongun was removed from power, many new officials who supported the idea of opening commerce with foreigners took power. While there was political instability, Japan
357:
ascended the throne at the age of 12. However, King Gojong was too young and the new king's father, Yi Ha-ŭng, became the
Daewongun or lord of the great court and ruled Korea in his son's name. Originally the term Daewongun referred to any person who was not actually the king but whose son took the
688:
Article 10 granted Japan the right of extraterritoriality, the one feature of previous
Western treaties that was most widely resented in Asia. It not only gave foreigners a free rein to commit crimes with relative impunity, but its inclusion implied the grantor nation's system of law was either
501:
was allowed to be maintained in
Tongnae near Pusan. The traders were confined to the outpost and no Japanese were allowed to travel to the Korean capital at Seoul. During the aftermath of the Meiji restoration in late 1868, a member of the Sō daimyō informed the Korean authorities that a new
441:, causing some deaths and injuries among the Koreans they encountered. The incident prompted the Korean government to issue a ban forbidding the people of the province from having any contact with foreign vessels. In January and July 1866, ships manned by the German adventurer
744:
coming over to Joseon, demanding an apology from the Korean government and a commercial treaty between the two nations. The Korean government decided to accept the demand, in the hope of importing some technologies to defend the country from any future invasions.
631:
Article 2 stipulated that Japan and Korea would exchange envoys within fifteen months and permanently maintain diplomatic missions in each country. The
Japanese would confer with the Ministry of Rites; the Korean envoy would be received by the Foreign
1500:
748:
However, the treaty would eventually turn out to be the first of many unequal treaties signed by Korea; It gave extraterritorial rights to
Japanese citizens in Korea, and forced the Korean government to open 3 ports to Japan, specifically
2115:
401:
From the early to mid-nineteenth century
Western vessels began to make frequent appearances in Korean waters, surveying sea routes and seeking trade. The Korean government was extremely wary and referred to these vessels as
385:. The Daewongun was determined to continue Korea's traditional isolationist policy and to purge the kingdom of any foreign ideas that had infiltrated the nation. The disastrous events occurring in China, including the
1438:
468:
ran aground on a sandbar and Korean forces burned the ship and killed the ship's entire crew of 23. In 1866 after the execution of several of its Catholic missionaries and Korean Catholics, the French launched a
1428:
2132:
432:
province. The following month the Korean government filed a protest with British authorities in Guangzhou through the Chinese government. In June 1846, three French warships dropped anchor off the coast of
1443:
1413:
2167:
2193:
1433:
1881:
2070:
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and opened three ports to Japanese trade. The Treaty also granted the Japanese people many of the same rights in Korea that Westerners enjoyed in Japan, such as
1656:
2365:
1691:
1595:
2287:
1651:
1495:
1423:
1339:
1723:
1515:
2162:
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1671:
761:. With the signing of its first unequal treaty, Korea became vulnerable to the influence of imperialistic powers; and later the treaty led Korea to be
1787:
1505:
646:
Article 4 terminated Tsushima's centuries-old role as a diplomatic intermediary by abolishing all agreements then existing between Korea and Tsushima.
1703:
437:
and conveyed a letter protesting persecution of Catholics in the country. In April 1854, two armed Russian vessels sailed along the eastern coast of
2681:
2303:
2027:
1520:
685:
Article 9 guaranteed the freedom to conduct business without interference from either government and to trade without restrictions or prohibitions.
682:
Article 8 permitted Japanese merchants residence, unhindered trade, and the right to lease land and buildings for those purposes in the open ports.
2582:
2446:
2085:
1590:
1560:
848:... the initial opening of Korea's borders to the outside world came in the form of the Korea-Japan Treaty of Amity (the so-called Ganghwa Treaty)
1777:
1575:
1475:
1565:
1836:
1666:
1686:
1821:
1760:
1262:
1225:
1160:
2037:
1903:
1465:
679:
Article 7 permitted any Japanese mariner to conduct surveys and mapping operations at will in the seas off the Korean Peninsula's coastline.
2701:
2333:
1510:
1418:
790:
2032:
1470:
2147:
2042:
1953:
1646:
1634:
2671:
1908:
1750:
1641:
1614:
2110:
1580:
2567:
2095:
1831:
1525:
1308:
1244:
1206:
1184:
1141:
1115:
795:
474:
1876:
1629:
2406:
2246:
2142:
2105:
2049:
1975:
1735:
1369:
2208:
2020:
1948:
1332:
614:
1772:
1745:
1718:
1698:
1624:
1550:
1540:
2357:
2090:
2015:
1740:
1602:
896:
241:
1545:
1379:
2696:
2438:
2274:
2188:
2152:
470:
1933:
1396:
371:
China and with neighboring Japan. Foreign trade was mainly limited to China, conducted at designated locations along the
2293:
2010:
1928:
2421:
1816:
1755:
628:
Article 1 stated that Korea was a free nation, "an independent state enjoying the same sovereign rights as does Japan".
540:
532:
327:
305:, who instituted a policy of increased isolationism against the European powers, was forced into retirement by his son
2686:
1970:
1841:
1965:
1728:
1713:
1607:
1401:
1384:
1408:
44:
2323:
2137:
1990:
1943:
1918:
1325:
698:
460:
crew then landed ashore and plundered the town, killing seven Koreans in the process. The governor of the province
447:
1661:
2676:
2157:
1851:
1801:
762:
477:. Despite this, the Koreans continued to adhere to isolationism and refused to negotiate to open up the country.
326:
to open and exert influence on Korea before a European power could. In 1875, their plan was put into action: the
1391:
779:
2633:
2628:
2396:
1995:
1797:
784:
1913:
445:
appeared off the coast of Chungcheong Province, seeking trade. In August 1866, an American merchant ship, the
2000:
1985:
1619:
2401:
2391:
2386:
2297:
2075:
1888:
1681:
801:
716:
521:
1960:
372:
2691:
2666:
2661:
2511:
2411:
2370:
1898:
1555:
1448:
1364:
703:
255:
2577:
2456:
1585:
807:
1301:
Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific
2239:
1826:
1708:
1271:
Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922).
859:
Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922).
434:
314:
181:
2516:
2486:
1980:
1923:
1856:
889:
The last phase of the East Asian world order : Korea, Japan, and the Chinese Empire, 1860–1882
676:
Article 6 secured aid and support for ships stranded or wrecked along the Korea or Japanese coasts.
603:
419:
350:
310:
302:
367:
Even before the nineteenth century, the Koreans had only maintained diplomatic relations with its
2602:
2573:
2491:
1893:
1811:
1765:
1458:
1453:
407:
31:
2348:
618:
2194:
South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
1871:
1866:
1861:
1374:
1304:
1258:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1180:
1156:
1137:
1111:
902:
892:
583:
438:
415:
377:
323:
864:
861:
836:
833:
582:
Japan and Korea signed the 'Japan Korea Treaty of Amity' on 26 February 1876. Japan employed
2638:
2451:
2127:
2080:
774:
526:
452:
390:
2557:
2232:
2005:
1846:
741:
721:
666:
610:
595:
494:
386:
354:
306:
291:
104:
2282:
673:
provinces for two more suitable seaports for Japanese trade to be opened in October 1877.
358:
throne. The Daewongun initiated reforms to strengthen the monarchy at the expense of the
489:, Japan's relations and trade with Korea were conducted through intermediaries with the
2587:
2562:
2198:
1676:
1536:
US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
707:
587:
546:
393:(1856–1860), reinforced his determination to isolate Korea from the rest of the world.
2655:
2552:
2521:
2338:
1194:
1174:
1170:
1130:
456:
381:
in Pusan. By the mid-nineteenth century Westerners had come to refer to Korea as the
333:
318:
2116:
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
594:
had opened up Japan in 1853. According to the treaty, it ended Joseon's status as a
2597:
2526:
2313:
1938:
1125:
871:
843:
599:
442:
2428:
2416:
2328:
2318:
1657:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
733:
662:
591:
559:
2592:
2531:
1501:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
490:
486:
17:
1949:
Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)
2506:
1652:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
1496:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
1485:
1354:
1255:
Korea Under Siege, 1876–1945: Capital Formation and Economic Transformation.
837:
Korea Under Siege, 1876–1945: Capital Formation and Economic Transformation,
654:
461:
1724:
Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)
1516:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
906:
728:
574:
429:
1312:
1266:
406:
Consequently, several incidents took place. In June 1832, a ship from the
2178:
2060:
1276:
1153:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
670:
425:
368:
158:
2133:
Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
1286:
891:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 205–209, 228, 231.
2468:
754:
658:
360:
2536:
2501:
2496:
2461:
2255:
2203:
1439:
Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
1429:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
874:; excerpt, "Treaty between Japan and Korea, dated February 26, 1876."
758:
640:
636:
508:
473:
against Korea. Five years later in 1871, the Americans also launched
418:
seeking trade but was refused. In June 1845 another British warship,
295:
204:
117:
1317:
740:
The following year (1877) saw a Japanese fleet led by Special Envoy
1561:
Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
2607:
1778:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
1576:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
750:
650:
590:. The pact opened up Korea, as Commodore Matthew Perry's fleet of
573:
525:
218:
144:
1672:
Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
1566:
Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
1667:
Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
30:"Treaty of Kanghwa" redirects here. Not to be confused with the
2228:
1687:
Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)
1321:
464:
ordered his forces to destroy the ship. During this event, the
1761:
Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)
2168:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
2038:
Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)
1521:
Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
1466:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
1444:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
545:
began surveying the Western coast of Korea. The ship reached
1591:
Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)
1511:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
1434:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
1419:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
720:), 3 troop transports, and one liner for the embassy led by
1476:
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
1471:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
1108:
The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea
635:
Under Article 3, Japan would use the Japanese language and
539:
On the morning of September 20, 1875, the Japanese gunboat
298:
in 1876. Negotiations were concluded on February 26, 1876.
2071:
Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
1647:
Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1273:
Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament
578:
1880 Japanese painting depicting the signing of the treaty
2224:
1414:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
736:
set up in Ganghwa by Japanese troops, 1876 Kuroda mission
554:
muskets. Thirty-five Korean soldiers were left dead. The
1909:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
1642:
Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1615:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1237:
French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan 1854–95
332:, a small Japanese warship, was dispatched to present a
1783:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
1581:
Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
1571:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
186:
1072:
1070:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
336:
and survey coastal waters without Korean permission.
1877:
Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)
1630:
Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
920:
918:
916:
710:, Korea, January 16th, 1876. There were 2 warships (
260:
246:
2616:
2545:
2479:
2437:
2379:
2356:
2273:
2176:
2058:
1796:
1484:
1353:
481:
Japanese attempts to establish relations with Korea
254:
240:
235:
217:
203:
198:
180:
175:
157:
143:
138:
129:
90:
72:
54:
2106:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
1424:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
1129:
290:in Korea) was made between representatives of the
2163:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
1218:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
2624:1883 Korean special mission to the United States
2111:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
1506:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
1132:Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912
2214:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)
1275:. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
639:in diplomatic communiques, and Korea would use
2096:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
2091:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
2086:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
2016:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940)
1603:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895)
163:
149:
2240:
1333:
8:
2366:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
1822:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
1546:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
1380:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
624:The articles of the treaty were as follows:
621:, General/Minister of Joseon-dynasty Korea.
223:
209:
37:
2153:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
1976:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
2247:
2233:
2225:
2209:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
1751:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
1397:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856)
1340:
1326:
1318:
1285:. Washington: Government Printing Office.
232:
172:
43:
36:
2101:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
2011:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
1788:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
1365:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
2304:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
2028:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
1832:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
727:
697:
27:Treaty forcing Korea to open up to Japan
2583:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
2288:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
2050:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
1971:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
1904:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
1370:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
1281:United States. Dept. of State. (1919).
1136:. New York: Columbia University Press.
824:
2033:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
1837:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
1155:. New York: Indiana University Press.
1061:
126:
2121:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
1409:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
653:, Article 5 authorized the search in
558:then attacked another Korean fort on
49:The treaty on display in Japan (2011)
7:
2334:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
2189:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
2138:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
1919:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
1704:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
1088:
1076:
1049:
1030:
963:
882:
880:
791:French campaign against Korea (1866)
2148:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
1929:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
1257:New York: Oxford University Press.
1011:
999:
987:
975:
951:
924:
2158:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
2143:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
1842:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
1110:. University of California Press.
609:The chief treaty negotiators were
25:
2568:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty
1625:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
1526:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
1392:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
796:United States expedition to Korea
2407:Border Defense Council of Joseon
2347:
1996:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
1283:Catalogue of treaties: 1814–1918
649:In addition to the open port of
497:. A Japanese outpost called the
110:
97:
2682:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
1934:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
2076:Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
2001:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
1986:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
1889:Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
1817:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
1756:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
1741:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
1682:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
1620:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
1201:. Cambridge University Press.
566:Korea to settle the incident.
261:
247:
187:
1:
1991:India-Japan Agreement of 1937
1966:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
1944:India-Japan Agreement of 1934
1736:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
1714:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
1556:Convention of Tientsin (1885)
375:, and with Japan through the
1662:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
1586:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
1220:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1199:The Emergence of Meiji Japan
1179:. Harvard University Press.
615:Hokkaidō Colonization Office
586:to press Korea to sign this
562:and withdrew back to Japan.
451:, appeared off the coast of
414:, appeared off the coast of
2702:Bilateral treaties of Japan
2292:Manchu invasions of Korea (
1827:Treaty of Versailles (1919)
1709:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
689:primitive, unjust, or both.
345:Ascendancy of the Daewongun
284:Japan–Korea Treaty of Amity
130:Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity
2718:
2324:Donghak Peasant Revolution
1981:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
1924:London Naval Treaty (1930)
1914:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
1899:Klaipėda Convention (1924)
1812:Japan-China Treaty of 1915
1773:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
1746:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
1719:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1699:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
1551:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
1541:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
1531:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
1299:McDougall, Walter (1993).
1253:Chung, Young-lob. (2005).
1176:The Making of Modern Japan
831:Chung, Young-lob. (2005).
706:, in Pusan, on its way to
519:
353:died without an heir, and
280:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
38:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
29:
2345:
2262:
2204:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
1961:He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
1894:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
1852:Gongota Agreement of 1920
1454:Agreement of Paris (1864)
1216:Seth, Michael J. (2011).
272:
231:
224:
210:
171:
164:
150:
134:
42:
2634:Joseon missions to Japan
2629:Joseon missions to China
2397:Six Ministries of Joseon
2266:Korean state (1392–1897)
1872:Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
1867:Four-Power Treaty (1921)
1862:Treaty of Trianon (1921)
1375:Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
1303:. New York: Avon Books.
785:General Sherman incident
424:, surveyed the coast of
288:Treaty of Ganghwa Island
2402:Three offices of Joseon
2392:State Council of Joseon
2387:List of kings of Joseon
2128:Tokyo Convention (1963)
2081:Treaty of Taipei (1952)
1857:Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
887:Key-Hiuk., Kim (1980).
802:Ganghwa Island incident
522:Ganghwa Island incident
78:; 148 years ago
60:; 148 years ago
2512:Joseon white porcelain
2412:Secret royal inspector
2371:Korean literati purges
2006:Tripartite Pact (1940)
1847:Svalbard Treaty (1920)
1449:London Protocol (1862)
1235:Sims, Richard (1998).
737:
725:
704:Imperial Japanese Navy
579:
536:
475:an expedition to Korea
404:strange-looking ships.
76:February 26, 1876
58:February 26, 1876
2672:Japan–Korea relations
2457:Caste system in Korea
2199:Kyoto Protocol (1997)
1677:Boxer Protocol (1901)
1151:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
808:Capitulation (treaty)
731:
701:
577:
530:The Japanese gunboat
529:
455:, steaming along the
2697:February 1876 events
1239:. Psychology Press.
1106:Duus, Peter (1998).
780:Japan–Korea disputes
435:Chungcheong Province
397:Western encroachment
364:(aristocrat) class.
242:Revised Romanization
2517:Korean tea ceremony
2487:Education in Joseon
2283:Tsushima expedition
1939:Tanggu Truce (1933)
1002:, pp. 283–284.
990:, pp. 282–283.
604:extraterritoriality
471:punitive expedition
311:Empress Myeongseong
309:and Gojong's wife,
303:Heungseon Daewongun
282:(also known as the
39:
2687:Treaties of Joseon
2603:Seungjeongwon ilgi
2546:Cultural heritages
2492:Five Grand Palaces
738:
726:
613:, Director of the
580:
537:
408:East India Company
373:China–Korea border
32:Treaty of Kanagawa
2649:
2648:
2617:Foreign relations
2447:Styles and titles
2422:late 19th century
2309:Treaty of Ganghwa
2222:
2221:
1348:Treaties of Japan
1263:978-0-19-517830-2
1227:978-0-742-56715-3
1195:Jansen, Marius B.
1171:Jansen, Marius B.
1162:978-0-253-00024-8
584:gunboat diplomacy
570:Treaty provisions
439:Hamgyong Province
416:Hwanghae Province
391:Second Opium wars
349:In January 1864,
296:Kingdom of Joseon
286:in Japan and the
276:
275:
268:
267:
256:McCune–Reischauer
194:
193:
125:
124:
118:Kingdom of Joseon
16:(Redirected from
2709:
2677:Unequal treaties
2639:Joseon Tongsinsa
2452:Neo-Confucianism
2351:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2046:
2024:
1957:
1885:
1769:
1732:
1695:
1638:
1611:
1599:
1462:
1405:
1388:
1355:Bakumatsu period
1342:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1250:
1231:
1212:
1190:
1166:
1147:
1135:
1121:
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949:
928:
922:
911:
910:
884:
875:
857:
851:
829:
775:History of Korea
763:annexed by Japan
560:Yeongjong Island
516:Ganghwa incident
506:(皇) rather than
453:Pyongan Province
389:(1839–1842) and
264:
263:
262:Kanghwado Choyak
250:
249:
233:
227:
226:
213:
212:
190:
189:
188:Nitchō-shūkōjōki
173:
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127:
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21:
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1296:
1294:Further reading
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886:
885:
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865:Korea's Appeal,
858:
854:
830:
826:
821:
816:
771:
742:Kuroda Kiyotaka
722:Kuroda Kiyotaka
696:
611:Kuroda Kiyotaka
596:tributary state
572:
524:
518:
483:
466:General Sherman
448:General Sherman
443:Ernst J. Oppert
399:
347:
342:
294:and the Korean
292:Empire of Japan
248:Ganghwado Joyak
182:Revised Hepburn
111:
109:
105:Empire of Japan
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82:
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35:
28:
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15:
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2588:Hunminjeongeum
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2563:Namhansanseong
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1316:
1315:
1313:OCLC 152400671
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1267:OCLC 156412277
1251:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1185:
1167:
1161:
1148:
1142:
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1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1081:
1066:
1064:, p. 362.
1054:
1035:
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1014:, p. 284.
1004:
992:
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978:, p. 282.
968:
966:, p. 193.
956:
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929:
927:, p. 279.
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708:Ganghwa Island
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633:
629:
588:unequal treaty
571:
568:
547:Ganghwa Island
520:Main article:
517:
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479:
398:
395:
383:Hermit Kingdom
351:King Cheoljong
346:
343:
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236:Transcriptions
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176:Transcriptions
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165:にっちょうしゅうこうじょうき
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18:Ganghwa Treaty
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2714:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:1876 treaties
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2667:1876 in Korea
2665:
2663:
2662:1876 in Japan
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2640:
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2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Changdeokgung
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2522:Korean garden
2520:
2518:
2515:
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2510:
2508:
2505:
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2500:
2498:
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2339:Korean Empire
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1309:9780380724673
1306:
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1278:
1277:OCLC 12923609
1274:
1270:
1268:
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1256:
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1248:
1246:1-87341-061-1
1242:
1238:
1233:
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1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1208:0-5214-8405-7
1204:
1200:
1196:
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1188:
1186:0-6740-0334-9
1182:
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1143:0-231-12341-8
1139:
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1133:
1127:
1126:Keene, Donald
1123:
1119:
1117:0-52092-090-2
1113:
1109:
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1103:
1098:
1091:, p. 44.
1090:
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457:Taedong River
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334:show of force
331:
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319:United States
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139:Japanese name
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106:
95:
94:
93:
89:
75:
71:
57:
53:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2598:Nanjung ilgi
2572:Villages of
2527:Sungkyunkwan
2469:
2462:
2314:Imo Incident
2308:
1530:
1300:
1287:OCLC 3830508
1282:
1272:
1254:
1236:
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1175:
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1107:
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1057:
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844:Google Books
842:, p. 42, at
838:
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734:Gatling guns
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600:Qing dynasty
581:
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2429:Joseon Navy
2417:Joseon Army
2329:Gabo Reform
2319:Gapsin Coup
2064:(1945–1989)
2059:During the
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1880: [
1805:(1913–1945)
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1489:(1868–1912)
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1358:(1854–1868)
1062:Jansen 2002
663:Chungcheong
592:Black Ships
485:During the
307:King Gojong
199:Korean name
91:Signatories
2656:Categories
2593:Ilseongnok
2532:Chaekgeori
2380:Government
898:0520035569
814:References
487:Edo period
462:Pak Kyu-su
340:Background
322:developed
301:In Korea,
83:1876-02-26
65:1876-02-26
2507:Buncheong
1486:Meiji era
1089:Duus 1998
1077:Duus 1998
1050:Duus 1998
1031:Duus 1998
964:Seth 2011
819:Citations
694:Aftermath
655:Kyongsang
619:Shin Heon
491:Sō family
73:Effective
2578:Yangdong
2358:Politics
2179:Cold War
2061:Cold War
1197:(1995).
1173:(2002).
1128:(2002).
1012:Kim 2012
1000:Kim 2012
988:Kim 2012
976:Kim 2012
952:Kim 2012
925:Kim 2012
769:See also
671:Hamgyong
495:Tsushima
426:Cheju-do
421:Samarang
369:suzerain
317:and the
159:Hiragana
2558:Jongmyo
2480:Culture
2470:kisaeng
2439:Society
2275:History
2182:(1989–)
1099:Sources
907:6114963
755:Incheon
712:Nisshin
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632:Office.
598:of the
499:waegwan
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717:Moshun
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667:Cholla
641:Hanmun
637:Hanmun
617:, and
509:taikun
430:Chŏlla
410:, the
355:Gojong
324:a plan
315:France
211:강화도 조약
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151:日朝修好条規
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