Knowledge (XXG)

Gangneung Oval

Source 📝

142: 562: 1399: 1280: 634: 598: 526: 376: 340: 306: 270: 234: 1811: 1685: 422: 198: 1876: 1817: 27: 680: 490: 115:. The building of the oval was started in September 2013. The venue consists of a double track 400 metre rink and has a capacity of 8000 seats. It has three floors above ground and two underground levels. The original plan was to build the venue at the 611: 575: 389: 353: 1219: 1023: 834: 1183: 1091: 1055: 906: 870: 693: 647: 539: 503: 435: 283: 247: 211: 1494: 1860: 135: 77: 1226: 1030: 845: 1194: 1102: 1066: 917: 881: 1269: 1917: 1283: 1956: 800: 1487: 768: 717: 134:
Construction of the facility was started on 29 October 2014. The speed skating rink was delivered by January 2017, in time for the first event in February:
1966: 1951: 1853: 1320: 1315: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 112: 81: 1976: 1971: 1480: 1262: 1771: 742: 1910: 1629: 1539: 1503: 1444: 1941: 1936: 1846: 1946: 119:, but because there was limited space due to the number of local businesses taking the opportunity to relocate, the oval was built in the 1981: 1961: 1748: 1255: 1903: 1584: 821: 1753: 1338: 190: 1620: 1593: 1325: 1557: 1530: 1521: 1364: 1357: 1160: 1132: 1000: 972: 1730: 668: 775: 721: 1450: 1422: 664: 1331: 1427: 1379: 128: 116: 1656: 1611: 1602: 1417: 1346: 120: 1721: 1247: 746: 414: 141: 942: 1398: 1287: 410: 1432: 1384: 124: 104: 406: 1703: 1887: 1830: 1351: 1279: 41: 1883: 1566: 1155: 1127: 995: 967: 554: 518: 94: 1684: 1638: 1930: 1712: 1575: 590: 567: 1810: 1757: 1665: 1647: 626: 1472: 1826: 1300: 1291: 672: 639: 603: 531: 482: 381: 368: 345: 332: 311: 298: 275: 239: 108: 1816: 1548: 262: 226: 1786: 1773: 1407: 26: 1875: 1310: 1674: 1156:"ISU World Single Distances Championships 2017 – Result 3000m Ladies" 1128:"ISU World Single Distances Championships 2017 – Result 1500m Ladies" 427: 203: 996:"ISU World Single Distances Championships 2017 – Result 10000m Men" 968:"ISU World Single Distances Championships 2017 – Result 5000m Men" 685: 495: 801:"Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies" 1476: 1251: 822:
Ground broken on new speed skating rink for PyeongChang 2018
1024:"Speed Skating – Men's Team Pursuit – Semifinals Results" 1891: 1834: 1220:"Speed Skating – Ladies' Team Pursuit – Finals Results" 1029:. pyeongchang2018.com. 21 February 2018. Archived from 136:
2017 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships
113:
speed skating competitions at the 2018 Winter Olympics
78:
2017 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships
1692: 1510: 1406: 1299: 71: 63: 55: 50: 40: 824:- International Olympic Committee - 29/10/2014 1911: 1854: 1488: 1263: 8: 98: 19: 1918: 1904: 1861: 1847: 1495: 1481: 1473: 1371: 1270: 1256: 1248: 25: 18: 1957:Venues of the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics 1184:"Speed Skating – Ladies' 5,000m Results" 1092:"Speed Skating – Ladies' 1,000m Results" 743:"General Overview of Competition Venues" 449: 157: 140: 709: 1056:"Speed Skating – Ladies' 500m Results" 907:"Speed Skating – Men's 1,500m Results" 871:"Speed Skating – Men's 1,000m Results" 835:"Speed Skating – Men's 500m – Results" 718:"Artificial image of the coming arena" 1825:This article about a sports venue in 1630:James B. Sheffield Speed Skating Oval 943:"Test Competition – 3000m Men Result" 7: 1872: 1870: 1806: 1804: 1749:Beijing National Speed Skating Oval 612:World Single Distance Championships 576:World Single Distance Championships 390:World Single Distance Championships 354:World Single Distance Championships 1967:2017 establishments in South Korea 1952:Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics 1890:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 1833:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 1225:. 21 February 2018. Archived from 1193:. 16 February 2018. Archived from 1101:. 14 February 2018. Archived from 1065:. 18 February 2018. Archived from 916:. 13 February 2018. Archived from 880:. 23 February 2018. Archived from 844:. 19 February 2018. Archived from 16:Speed skating venue in South Korea 14: 1585:Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink 31:Aerial view of the Gangneung Oval 1874: 1815: 1809: 1683: 1465:indicate non-competition venues. 1397: 1278: 678: 632: 596: 560: 524: 488: 420: 374: 338: 304: 268: 232: 196: 1977:South Korean sports venue stubs 1972:Sports venues completed in 2017 1504:Olympic venues in speed skating 99: 1: 774:. Newhorizons. Archived from 745:. 6 July 2012. Archived from 1942:Olympic speed skating venues 1937:Indoor arenas in South Korea 1621:Eisschnelllaufbahn Innsbruck 1612:Makomanai Speed Skating Rink 1594:Eisschnelllaufbahn Innsbruck 1947:Indoor speed skating venues 1531:St. Moritz Olympic Ice Rink 1522:Stade Olympique de Chamonix 1365:Pyeongchang Olympic Village 1358:Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium 660: 622: 586: 550: 514: 478: 402: 364: 328: 294: 258: 222: 191:Håvard Holmefjord Lorentzen 186: 1998: 1982:Winter Olympic venue stubs 1962:Sports venues in Gangneung 1869: 1803: 1731:Adler Arena Skating Center 1378:Stand-alone venues : 1681: 1460: 1451:Gangneung Olympic Village 1395: 1374: 467: 464: 461: 458: 452: 175: 172: 169: 166: 160: 123:, in the vicinity of the 111:, which was used for the 76: 36: 24: 1423:Gangneung Curling Centre 470: 455: 178: 163: 1787:37.778825°N 128.90011°E 1428:Gangneung Hockey Centre 1380:Jeongseon Alpine Centre 1352:Yongpyong Alpine Centre 947:speedskatingresults.com 129:Gangneung Hockey Centre 1445:Kwandong Hockey Centre 1418:Gangneung Olympic Park 1347:Olympic Sliding Centre 769:"Pyeongchang Volume 2" 145: 121:Gangneung Olympic Park 117:Gangneung Science Park 1882:This article about a 1722:Richmond Olympic Oval 415:Sverre Lunde Pedersen 144: 1792:37.778825; 128.90011 1576:La pista di Misurina 1321:Cross-Country Centre 1288:2018 Winter Olympics 411:Simen Spieler Nilsen 82:2018 Winter Olympics 1783: /  1657:L'anneau de vitesse 1603:L'Anneau de Vitesse 1433:Gangneung Ice Arena 1232:on 22 February 2018 1200:on 16 February 2018 1191:pyeongchang2018.com 1108:on 15 February 2018 1099:pyeongchang2018.com 1072:on 18 February 2018 1063:pyeongchang2018.com 1036:on 21 February 2018 923:on 14 February 2018 914:pyeongchang2018.com 887:on 23 February 2018 878:pyeongchang2018.com 851:on 18 February 2018 842:pyeongchang2018.com 125:Gangneung Ice Arena 21: 1666:Hamar Olympic Hall 1326:Ski Jumping Centre 1164:. 12 February 2017 1136:. 12 February 2017 1004:. 12 February 2017 976:. 12 February 2017 146: 105:speed skating oval 1899: 1898: 1842: 1841: 1766: 1765: 1704:Utah Olympic Oval 1693:21st century 1511:20th century 1470: 1469: 1393: 1392: 1385:Phoenix Snow Park 1332:Convention Centre 749:on 21 August 2012 701: 700: 690:21 February 2018 644:16 February 2018 572:12 February 2017 536:14 February 2018 500:18 February 2018 443: 442: 432:21 February 2018 386:11 February 2017 319:Test Competition 280:13 February 2018 244:23 February 2018 208:19 February 2018 87: 86: 1989: 1920: 1913: 1906: 1878: 1871: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1813: 1805: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1758:Fiera Milano Rho 1687: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1474: 1401: 1372: 1304:Mountain Cluster 1282: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1249: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1224: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1199: 1188: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1107: 1096: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1071: 1060: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1035: 1028: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1009: 992: 986: 985: 983: 981: 964: 958: 957: 955: 953: 939: 933: 932: 930: 928: 922: 911: 903: 897: 896: 894: 892: 886: 875: 867: 861: 860: 858: 856: 850: 839: 831: 825: 819: 813: 812: 810: 808: 797: 791: 790: 788: 786: 781:on 18 March 2012 780: 773: 765: 759: 758: 756: 754: 739: 733: 732: 730: 729: 720:. Archived from 714: 684: 682: 681: 638: 636: 635: 608:9 February 2017 602: 600: 599: 566: 564: 563: 530: 528: 527: 494: 492: 491: 450: 426: 424: 423: 380: 378: 377: 350:9 February 2017 344: 342: 341: 316:5 February 2018 310: 308: 307: 274: 272: 271: 238: 236: 235: 202: 200: 199: 158: 102: 101: 29: 22: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1884:Winter Olympics 1868: 1867: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1688: 1679: 1567:Bislett Stadium 1558:Olympic Stadium 1540:Olympic Stadium 1506: 1501: 1471: 1466: 1456: 1411:Coastal Cluster 1410: 1402: 1389: 1370: 1316:Biathlon Centre 1303: 1295: 1276: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1007: 1005: 994: 993: 989: 979: 977: 966: 965: 961: 951: 949: 941: 940: 936: 926: 924: 920: 909: 905: 904: 900: 890: 888: 884: 873: 869: 868: 864: 854: 852: 848: 837: 833: 832: 828: 820: 816: 806: 804: 799: 798: 794: 784: 782: 778: 771: 767: 766: 762: 752: 750: 741: 740: 736: 727: 725: 716: 715: 711: 706: 679: 677: 671: 667: 657: 633: 631: 597: 595: 561: 559: 555:Heather Bergsma 525: 523: 519:Jorien ter Mors 489: 487: 448: 421: 419: 413: 409: 399: 375: 373: 339: 337: 305: 303: 269: 267: 233: 231: 197: 195: 156: 151: 100:강릉 스피드 스케이팅 경기장 80: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1879: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1822: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1740:Gangneung Oval 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1641: 1639:Zetra Ice Rink 1632: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1438:Gangneung Oval 1435: 1430: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1307: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1243: 1211: 1175: 1147: 1119: 1083: 1047: 1015: 987: 959: 934: 898: 862: 826: 814: 792: 760: 734: 708: 707: 705: 702: 699: 698: 696: 691: 688: 675: 662: 659: 653: 652: 650: 645: 642: 629: 624: 621: 617: 616: 614: 609: 606: 593: 588: 585: 581: 580: 578: 573: 570: 557: 552: 549: 545: 544: 542: 537: 534: 521: 516: 513: 509: 508: 506: 501: 498: 485: 480: 477: 473: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 447: 444: 441: 440: 438: 433: 430: 417: 404: 401: 395: 394: 392: 387: 384: 371: 366: 363: 359: 358: 356: 351: 348: 335: 330: 327: 323: 322: 320: 317: 314: 301: 296: 293: 289: 288: 286: 281: 278: 265: 260: 257: 253: 252: 250: 245: 242: 229: 224: 221: 217: 216: 214: 209: 206: 193: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 155: 152: 150: 147: 91:Gangneung Oval 85: 84: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 59:September 2013 57: 53: 52: 48: 47: 44: 38: 37: 34: 33: 30: 20:Gangneung Oval 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1994: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713:Oval Lingotto 1710: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1228: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1068: 1064: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1032: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1003: 1002: 997: 991: 988: 975: 974: 969: 963: 960: 948: 944: 938: 935: 919: 915: 908: 902: 899: 883: 879: 872: 866: 863: 847: 843: 836: 830: 827: 823: 818: 815: 803:. 6 July 2012 802: 796: 793: 777: 770: 764: 761: 748: 744: 738: 735: 724:on 2016-04-22 723: 719: 713: 710: 703: 697: 695: 694:Olympic Games 692: 689: 687: 676: 674: 670: 666: 663: 655: 654: 651: 649: 648:Olympic Games 646: 643: 641: 630: 628: 625: 619: 618: 615: 613: 610: 607: 605: 594: 592: 589: 583: 582: 579: 577: 574: 571: 569: 568:United States 558: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 541: 540:Olympic Games 538: 535: 533: 522: 520: 517: 511: 510: 507: 505: 504:Olympic Games 502: 499: 497: 486: 484: 481: 475: 474: 451: 445: 439: 437: 436:Olympic Games 434: 431: 429: 418: 416: 412: 408: 405: 397: 396: 393: 391: 388: 385: 383: 372: 370: 367: 362:10000 metres 361: 360: 357: 355: 352: 349: 347: 336: 334: 331: 325: 324: 321: 318: 315: 313: 302: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 285: 284:Olympic Games 282: 279: 277: 266: 264: 261: 255: 254: 251: 249: 248:Olympic Games 246: 243: 241: 230: 228: 225: 219: 218: 215: 213: 212:Olympic Games 210: 207: 205: 194: 192: 189: 183: 182: 159: 153: 149:Track records 148: 143: 139: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 96: 92: 83: 79: 75: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 43: 39: 35: 28: 23: 1892:expanding it 1881: 1835:expanding it 1824: 1800: 1768: 1739: 1648:Olympic Oval 1462: 1449: 1437: 1363: 1356: 1337: 1330: 1234:. Retrieved 1227:the original 1214: 1202:. Retrieved 1195:the original 1190: 1178: 1166:. Retrieved 1159: 1150: 1138:. Retrieved 1131: 1122: 1110:. Retrieved 1103:the original 1098: 1086: 1074:. Retrieved 1067:the original 1062: 1050: 1038:. Retrieved 1031:the original 1018: 1006:. Retrieved 999: 990: 978:. Retrieved 971: 962: 950:. Retrieved 946: 937: 925:. Retrieved 918:the original 913: 901: 889:. Retrieved 882:the original 877: 865: 853:. Retrieved 846:the original 841: 829: 817: 805:. Retrieved 795: 783:. Retrieved 776:the original 763: 751:. Retrieved 747:the original 737: 726:. Retrieved 722:the original 712: 656:Team pursuit 627:Esmee Visser 620:5000 metres 584:3000 metres 548:1500 metres 512:1000 metres 407:Håvard Bøkko 398:Team pursuit 326:5000 metres 292:3000 metres 256:1500 metres 220:1000 metres 133: 90: 88: 67:January 2017 56:Broke ground 51:Construction 1886:venue is a 1827:South Korea 1790: / 1778:128°54′00″E 1301:Pyeongchang 1292:Pyeongchang 1236:21 February 1204:16 February 1168:14 February 1140:14 February 1112:14 February 1076:18 February 1040:21 February 1008:14 February 980:14 February 952:14 February 927:14 February 891:23 February 855:19 February 753:12 November 673:Nana Takagi 669:Miho Takagi 640:Netherlands 604:Netherlands 532:Netherlands 483:Nao Kodaira 476:500 metres 382:Netherlands 369:Sven Kramer 346:Netherlands 333:Sven Kramer 312:Netherlands 299:Sven Kramer 276:Netherlands 240:Netherlands 184:500 metres 109:South Korea 97::  46:8,000 seats 1931:Categories 1775:37°46′44″N 1549:Riessersee 728:2016-04-09 704:References 665:Ayano Sato 591:Ireen Wüst 263:Kjeld Nuis 227:Kjeld Nuis 1408:Gangneung 807:28 August 785:5 October 658:(6 laps) 400:(8 laps) 365:12:38.89 1311:Alpensia 661:2:53.89 623:6:50.23 587:3:59.05 551:1:54.08 515:1:13.56 462:Country 403:3:37.08 329:6:06.82 295:3:38.64 259:1:44.01 223:1:07.95 170:Country 42:Capacity 1463:Italics 1286:of the 103:) is a 72:Tenants 1675:M-Wave 1284:Venues 683:  637:  601:  565:  529:  493:  479:36.94 453:Event 428:Norway 425:  379:  343:  309:  273:  237:  204:Norway 201:  187:34.41 161:Event 95:Korean 64:Opened 1829:is a 1230:(PDF) 1223:(PDF) 1198:(PDF) 1187:(PDF) 1106:(PDF) 1095:(PDF) 1070:(PDF) 1059:(PDF) 1034:(PDF) 1027:(PDF) 921:(PDF) 910:(PDF) 885:(PDF) 874:(PDF) 849:(PDF) 838:(PDF) 779:(PDF) 772:(PDF) 686:Japan 496:Japan 468:Meet 465:Date 459:Name 456:Time 446:Women 176:Meet 173:Date 167:Name 164:Time 1888:stub 1831:stub 1754:2026 1745:2022 1736:2018 1727:2014 1718:2010 1709:2006 1700:2002 1671:1998 1662:1994 1653:1992 1644:1988 1635:1984 1626:1980 1617:1976 1608:1972 1599:1968 1590:1964 1581:1960 1572:1956 1563:1952 1554:1948 1545:1936 1536:1932 1527:1928 1518:1924 1238:2018 1206:2018 1170:2018 1142:2018 1114:2018 1078:2018 1042:2018 1010:2018 982:2018 954:2018 929:2018 893:2018 857:2018 809:2012 787:2012 755:2012 471:Ref 179:Ref 127:and 89:The 1339:IBC 1161:ISU 1133:ISU 1001:ISU 973:ISU 154:Men 107:in 1933:: 1756:: 1747:: 1738:: 1729:: 1720:: 1711:: 1702:: 1673:: 1664:: 1655:: 1646:: 1637:: 1628:: 1619:: 1610:: 1601:: 1592:: 1583:: 1574:: 1565:: 1556:: 1547:: 1538:: 1529:: 1520:: 1189:. 1158:. 1130:. 1097:. 1061:. 998:. 970:. 945:. 912:. 876:. 840:. 138:. 131:. 1919:e 1912:t 1905:v 1894:. 1862:e 1855:t 1848:v 1837:. 1496:e 1489:t 1482:v 1294:) 1290:( 1271:e 1264:t 1257:v 1240:. 1208:. 1172:. 1144:. 1116:. 1080:. 1044:. 1012:. 984:. 956:. 931:. 895:. 859:. 811:. 789:. 757:. 731:. 93:(

Index


Capacity
2017 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships
2018 Winter Olympics
Korean
speed skating oval
South Korea
speed skating competitions at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Gangneung Science Park
Gangneung Olympic Park
Gangneung Ice Arena
Gangneung Hockey Centre
2017 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships

Håvard Holmefjord Lorentzen
Norway
Olympic Games
Kjeld Nuis
Netherlands
Olympic Games
Kjeld Nuis
Netherlands
Olympic Games
Sven Kramer
Netherlands
Sven Kramer
Netherlands
World Single Distance Championships
Sven Kramer
Netherlands

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.