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to join a company of fur trappers. However, he never went but was hired by Robert Fisher a trader for Bent & St. Vrain and journeyed down the Front Range of the
Rockies to Bent's Fort where he learned the basics of trading with the Indians. Fisher was his principle associate in establishing Fort
386:
laborers hired for construction and other work. Mexican workmen built permanent adobe forts and trading posts as far north and west as Idaho and were a major part of the frontier workforce forming the foundation of the bi-cultural population of
Southern Colorado. The trading post operated until some
349:
of the United States: "They knew the easiest routes through the high mountains, which rivers could lead a party to safety and which were likely to lead to tragedy. They could tell you what you could expect to find to eat or drink and what weather or wildlife might be encountered. Much of this wealth
233:
of 1819 established the border between
Spanish Mexico and the United States in Colorado. Spanish territory was south of the Arkansas river and U.S. territory was north of the River. The government of New Mexico attempted to counter growing U.S. influence in its territory by giving large land grants
541:
described Pueblo as "a small square fort of adobe with circular bastions at the corners, no part of the walls being more than eight feet high, and round the inside of the yard or corral are built some half-dozen little rooms inhabited by as many Indian traders,
301:
spent a month living at the future site of Pueblo becoming the first residents, albeit temporary, of the
Arkansas River valley in Colorado. The American interest in the region in the 1820s and 1830s was two-fold: trade with New Mexico via the Santa Fe Trail and
521:. The course of the Arkansas has changed by floods and the ford is gone, as is all surface evidence of the buildings at the fort. The builders of Fort Pueblo included George Simpson, son of a wealthy St. Louis merchant, who at 23 had set out in May 1841 on the
270:
expedition of 1806 followed the
Arkansas River upstream to explore for the United States the newly acquired Louisiana territory. Pike and his men strayed into Spanish territory and were arrested and imprisoned. In 1811 Ezekial Williams (not to be confused with
508:
The fur trade collapsed about 1840 due to over-trapping and changing fashions. Former trappers were forced to seek alternative occupations which led to the establishment of trading and agricultural settlements in the
Arkansas River valley of Colorado.
187:
The
Spanish settled in New Mexico called the Arkansas River in Colorado the Rio Napestle. In 1644, Juan de Archuleta led the first known Spanish expedition to the Arkansas River valley in Colorado. Archuleta's objective was to find and force
158:, however, survived by moving from the Arkansas River to the Colorado/New Mexico border area and cultivating friendly relations with the Spanish colonists in New Mexico. During the first half of the 19th century, some factions of the
213:
about 8 mi (13 km) east of present day Pueblo. The Jupes were a
Comanche sub-tribe and the purpose of the settlement was to encourage the Comanches to become sedentary Christians. San Carlos failed within a year.
234:
to prominent citizens and encouraging settlement of the land grants. The Vigil and St. Vrain grant of 1843 spanned most of eastern
Colorado south of the Arkansas. However, in 1848, the U.S. and Mexico signed the
166:
people moved southward into the
Arkansas River Valley, becoming allies of the Comanche. Author Hämäläinen postulated a Comanche proto-empire in the early 19th century with an important trading emporium in the
204:
led an expedition of more than 600 Spaniards and Indians north into Colorado to punish the Comanche who were raiding the Spanish colonies. De Anza defeated the Comanches south of the Arkansas River near
440:
in 1835 with Charles' younger brother William as manager. William Bent, as well as younger brothers George and Robert later became partners. Marcellin St. Vrain, Ceran's younger brother, who managed
196:, a vaguely defined region from the Arkansas River northward. He found the runaway Pueblos near present day Las Animas. (Some sources state that this expedition took place in 1664.) In 1706,
378:
trading at Gantt's Fort, killing a few and driving them away. Gantt abandoned his fort that winter. The Bents left their stockade and built Bent's Fort about 70 miles down the Arkansas. The
362:
in 1832 by John Gantt (also Gannt) and Jefferson Blackwell. It operated as a trading post until some time in 1834. Fort Cass was then built near the present-day city of
444:
for the firm on the South Platte, was never a partner. In addition to Bent's Fort on the Arkansas and Fort St. Vrain on the South Platte the firm maintained a store in
517:
of the Arkansas about half a mile west of the Fountain River. The exact location of the site is somewhat uncertain but is near First Street and Santa Fe Avenue in
258:(Pursley) is the first American known to visit the Arkansas River in Colorado. In 1805, he traversed the upper Arkansas with a large band of Paducah (perhaps
1238:
1223:
614:
Quote from source: By 1842 Bent's Fort reigned supreme in the Arkansas Valley. Competing posts were so short lived that almost no records of them remain.
525:
with a mule-drawn wagon. Simpson received a yearly remittance from his father throughout his life. Simpson was side-tracked from his westward journey at
497:
81:
948:
323:
200:
led another expedition to El Quartelejo, to recapture runaway Pueblos, crossing the Arkansas River in Colorado. In 1779, New Mexico Governor
1157:
769:
1186:
753:
728:
297:, southwest to New Mexico. Wagon trains with trade goods followed this route until 1880. In 1822 Jacob Fowler and a few men of the
908:
366:
by John Gantt, a former Army officer. It was built in May 1834 on the north side of the Arkansas River, about 6 miles below
513:, also called Fort Pueblo, was an adobe settlement and trading post built in 1842 by a group of independent traders at the
510:
417:
255:
210:
97:
209:. in 1787, the Spanish established a settlement called San Carlos de los Jupes at the junction of the Arkansas and the
461:
406:
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421:
383:
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1045:
221:
The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 established the border between the U.S. and Mexico at the Arkansas River in Colorado.
1248:
560:
555:
488:
105:
794:
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Quote from source: Pueblo, Hardscrabble, and Greenhorn were among the very first white settlements in Colorado
109:
677:
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1228:
298:
605:
Quote from source: John Gantt was the first to make a business of trading with the Indians on the Arkansas.
74:
62:
42:
31:
874:
201:
964:
570:
359:
229:
in 1803 gave the U.S. ownership of a large, but undefined, portion of the Arkansas River Valley. The
147:
476:
was only briefly maintained; however, later, two battles were fought at its ruins, by then known as
281:
opened trade between the United States and newly-independent Mexico in 1821 when he established the
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113:
941:
The Forgotten Expedition, 1804–1805: The Louisiana Purchase Journals of Dunbar and Hunter
342:
was the base for many of the mountain men who trapped and explored the Arkansas Valley.
17:
465:
437:
433:
411:
399:
367:
282:
93:
85:
46:
37:
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from St. Louis. In 1832 they entered the Indian trade as licensed traders, completing
1217:
538:
319:
259:
193:
189:
125:
66:
678:"BLM Cultural Resource Series: Colorado-Cultural Resources Series No. 2 (Chapter 2)"
638:
565:
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522:
469:
425:
371:
311:
267:
241:
139:
58:
1204:
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84:, Colorado saw a number of trading posts and small settlements established in the
168:
358:
Gantt's Picket Post, also known as Fort Gantt, was built near the present-day
131:
457:
238:
by which New Mexico and southern Colorado became part of the United States.
217:
134:
occupied the upper Arkansas River valley, roughly upstream from present day
101:
61:
of European descent came to the region. Prior to that, Colorado was home to
473:
335:
303:
286:
163:
30:
For the even earlier history of this region (i.e. pre-1858 history), see
293:, then turned southwest and followed the Arkansas River tributary, the
159:
989:
307:
154:
who had begun to dominate the Arkansas River valley in Colorado. The
143:
1181:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 1–354.
850:"Land of Contrasts: A History of Southeastern Colorado, Chapter 3"
748:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 33–41, 168, 350–361.
487:
405:
394:
379:
315:
263:
240:
216:
116:
began to arrive in Colorado. Colorado achieved statehood in 1876.
108:(1846–48). The early history of the Arkansas valley ends with the
104:, was ceded in 1848 to the United States following the end of the
150:. By the 1730s most of the Apache were driven southward by the
1179:
Pueblo, Hardscrabble, Greenhorn: The Upper Arkansas, 1832-1856
130:
From prehistoric times until the 19th century, bands of the
1016:"Colorado's Early Adventurers, the Fur Trappers, 1810-1840"
660:
658:
1067:
1065:
939:
Berry, Trey; Beasley, Pam; Clements, Jeanne, eds. (2006).
903:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 368–369.
57:
began in the 1600s and to the early 1800s when explorers,
770:"Spanish Exploration in Southeastern Colorado, 1590-1790"
334:
to trap beaver whose pelts were used to make fashionable
285:. Becknell's pack train followed the Arkansas River from
844:
842:
723:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 78–81.
823:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 15.
142:and along the Arkansas lived the semi-agricultural
965:"The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture"
943:. Louisiana State University Press. p. xi.
928:. New York: Francis P. Harper. pp. 757–758.
821:A History of New Mexican-Plains Indian Relations
55:early history of the Arkansas Valley in Colorado
1033:Colorado, the Story of a Western Commonwealth.
795:"Colorado Hispanic/Latino Historical Overview"
492:The fort was believed to have looked like the
350:of knowledge was passed on by word of mouth."
633:
631:
456:was cemented by the marriage of William with
8:
1159:Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains
460:, daughter of White Thunder, Keeper of the
245:1845 Santa Fe Trail and native tribal lands
27:17th to 19th century history of the valley
345:Trappers played an important role in the
1206:History of the Arkansas Valley, Colorado
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1046:"A look back at the area's Mountain Men"
664:
275:) trapped in the upper Arkansas valley.
100:. Southern Colorado, previously part of
36:
990:"Jacob Fowler Lookout -- Fountain City"
627:
589:
192:from Taos who had fled Spanish rule to
82:westward expansion of the United States
833:
179:downstream to near the Kansas border.
7:
374:of St. Vrain & Company attacked
1239:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico
1162:. London: John Murray. p. 220.
1031:From the 1933 book by Hafen titled
175:forest bordering the Arkansas from
25:
1224:Pre-statehood history of Colorado
875:"Mexican Land Grants in Colorado"
75:Late prehistoric Native Americans
1209:. Chicago: O.L. Baskin & Co.
452:. The firm's relations with the
1044:Cochran, Sue (April 15, 2019).
926:The Expeditions of Zebulon Pike
410:Train of covered wagons on the
994:The Historical Marker Database
314:, Americans, including men of
59:hunters, trappers, and traders
1:
1203:O.L. Baskin & Co (1881).
462:Sacred Arrows of the Cheyenne
418:Bent, St. Vrain & Company
391:Bent, St. Vrain & Company
420:was a partnership formed in
969:Oklahoma Historical Society
819:Kenner, Charles L. (1969).
236:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1265:
1156:Ruxton, George F. (1849).
744:Hamalainen, Pekka (2008).
310:. This was the era of the
123:
110:Colorado Gold Rush of 1858
29:
899:Kessell, John L. (2002).
721:War of a Thousand Deserts
561:List of forts in Colorado
556:John Brown (mountain man)
1177:Lecompte, Janet (1978).
330:descent, who roamed the
138:. East of Pueblo on the
18:Gantt's Picket Post
1134:, pp. 83, 265–267.
1050:Canon City Daily Record
924:Coues, Elliott (1895).
529:when he was invited by
299:Glenn-Fowler Expedition
901:Spain in the Southwest
505:
502:The Old Santa Fe Trail
464:. A post built on the
414:
403:
246:
222:
112:when large numbers of
50:
32:Prehistory of Colorado
879:Colorado Encyclopedia
854:National Park Service
774:Colorado Encyclopedia
719:DeLay, Brian (2008).
706:Colorado Encyclopedia
546:, and mountain men."
491:
409:
398:
244:
220:
202:Juan Bautista de Anza
40:
1146:, pp. 3–12, 35.
571:List of mountain men
466:South Canadian River
382:forts were built by
306:for furs, primarily
289:to near present-day
183:New Spain and Mexico
148:Dismal River Culture
106:Mexican–American War
746:The Comanche Empire
708:. History Colorado.
531:William S. Williams
71:Ancestral Puebloans
506:
468:to trade with the
415:
404:
347:westward expansion
291:La Junta, Colorado
247:
227:Louisiana Purchase
223:
207:Greenhorn Mountain
92:valleys including
63:prehistoric people
51:
41:The confluence of
1244:Forts in Colorado
1122:, pp. 35–44.
1098:, pp. 14–17.
1086:, pp. 10–12.
950:978-0-8071-3165-7
836:, pp. 50–51.
667:, pp. 1–354.
578:Teresita Sandoval
544:coureurs des bois
432:, traders on the
273:Old Bill Williams
231:Adams-Onis Treaty
211:St. Charles River
16:(Redirected from
1256:
1249:Pueblo, Colorado
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799:History Colorado
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702:"Arkansas River"
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519:Pueblo, Colorado
450:Charles Beaubien
376:Shoshone Indians
364:Pueblo, Colorado
340:Taos, New Mexico
328:African-American
295:Purgatoire River
279:William Becknell
198:Juan de Ulibarri
156:Jicarilla Apache
136:Pueblo, Colorado
120:Native Americans
21:
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1197:Further reading
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1020:Salt of America
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552:
500:, published in
486:
430:Ceran St. Vrain
393:
356:
332:Rocky Mountains
324:American Indian
252:
185:
146:peoples of the
128:
122:
114:Anglo-Americans
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1234:Eastern Plains
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1229:Arkansas River
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1074:, p. PT9.
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1014:Hafen, Leroy.
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442:Fort St. Vrain
434:Santa Fe Trail
412:Santa Fe Trail
392:
389:
387:time in 1835.
368:Fountain Creek
355:
352:
283:Santa Fe Trail
251:
248:
190:Pueblo Indians
184:
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121:
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47:Arkansas River
26:
24:
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1188:0-8061-1462-2
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1144:Lecompte 1978
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1132:Lecompte 1978
1128:
1125:
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1120:Lecompte 1978
1116:
1113:
1110:, p. 51.
1109:
1108:Lecompte 1978
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1101:
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1096:Lecompte 1978
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1084:Lecompte 1978
1080:
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1072:Lecompte 1978
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755:9780300126549
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730:9780300119329
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665:Lecompte 1978
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539:George Ruxton
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494:Mexican Ranch
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266:Indians. The
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260:Plains Apache
257:
256:James Purcell
250:The Americans
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194:El Quartelejo
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126:El Cuartelejo
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67:Paleo-Indians
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1053:. Retrieved
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1023:. Retrieved
1019:
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997:. Retrieved
993:
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972:. Retrieved
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882:. Retrieved
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857:. Retrieved
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802:. Retrieved
798:
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777:. Retrieved
773:
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714:
705:
696:
685:. Retrieved
681:
672:
646:. Retrieved
642:
610:
601:
592:
566:Mountain man
543:
536:
527:Fort Laramie
523:Oregon Trail
507:
501:
493:
426:Charles Bent
416:
372:William Bent
357:
344:
312:mountain men
277:
268:Zebulon Pike
253:
224:
186:
140:Great Plains
129:
90:South Platte
79:
65:, including
54:
52:
49:in Colorado.
834:Kenner 1969
682:www.nps.gov
498:Henry Inman
496:by Colonel
478:Adobe Walls
448:managed by
438:Bent's Fort
400:Bent's Fort
254:Kentuckian
169:Big Timbers
94:Bent's Fort
43:Grape Creek
1218:Categories
1055:2021-10-24
1025:28 October
999:29 October
974:26 October
910:0806134070
884:26 October
859:26 October
804:24 October
779:26 October
687:2021-10-24
648:2021-10-23
639:"Colorado"
622:References
422:New Mexico
360:Las Animas
354:John Gantt
173:cottonwood
132:Ute people
124:See also:
537:In 1847,
511:El Pueblo
484:El Pueblo
458:Owl Woman
102:New Spain
98:El Pueblo
550:See also
534:Pueblo.
474:Comanche
454:Cheyenne
336:top hats
304:trapping
287:Missouri
177:La Junta
164:Cheyenne
152:Comanche
86:Arkansas
45:and the
1171:Sources
643:HISTORY
402:in 1848
384:Mexican
160:Arapaho
1185:
947:
907:
752:
727:
504:, 1897
320:French
308:beaver
262:) and
144:Apache
73:, and
584:Notes
470:Kiowa
380:adobe
316:Anglo
264:Kiowa
80:With
1183:ISBN
1027:2022
1001:2022
976:2022
945:ISBN
905:ISBN
886:2022
861:2022
806:2022
781:2022
750:ISBN
725:ISBN
515:ford
472:and
446:Taos
428:and
326:and
225:The
171:, a
162:and
96:and
88:and
53:The
424:by
1220::
1064:^
1048:.
1018:.
992:.
967:.
877:.
852:.
841:^
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680:.
657:^
641:.
630:^
480:.
370:.
338:.
322:,
318:,
77:.
69:,
1191:.
1058:.
1029:.
1003:.
978:.
953:.
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34:.
20:)
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