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capability of 18 knots, up from 11 knots with the original power plant, and well in excess of the 15 knot targeted. The ship made its first transatlantic crossing with an average speed of 16.8 knots, in spite of some rough weather along the way. Suitable Bunker C fuel was only available at limited ports because the quality of the fuel was of a critical nature. The fuel oil also had to be treated on board to reduce contaminants and this was a labor-intensive process that was not suitable for automation at the time. Ultimately, the variable-pitch propeller, which was of a new and untested design, ended the trial, as three consecutive annual inspections revealed stress-cracking. This did not reflect poorly on the marine-propulsion gas-turbine concept though, and the trial was a success overall. The success of this trial opened the way for more development by GE on the use of HD gas turbines for marine use with heavy fuels. The
1640:. With the trailer, it was 29 m (96 ft) long, 4.0 m (13 ft) high, and painted crimson red. It contained the Ford-developed gas turbine engine, with output power and torque of 450 kW (600 hp) and 1,160 Nâ
m (855 lbâ
ft). The cab boasted a highway map of the continental U.S., a mini-kitchen, bathroom, and a TV for the co-driver. The fate of the truck was unknown for several decades, but it was rediscovered in early 2021 in private hands, having been restored to running order. The Chevrolet division of GM built the
33:
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2106:'s diesel powerplant features the "Hyperbar" hybrid supercharging system, where the engine's turbocharger is completely replaced with a small gas turbine which also works as an assisted diesel exhaust turbocharger, enabling engine RPM-independent boost level control and a higher peak boost pressure to be reached (than with ordinary turbochargers). This system allows a smaller displacement and lighter engine to be used as the tank's power plant and effectively removes
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1464:) are fitted with blow down turbines which are similar in design and appearance to a turbocharger except for the turbine shaft being mechanically or hydraulically connected to the engine's crankshaft instead of to a centrifugal compressor, thus providing additional power instead of boost. While the turbocharger is a pressure turbine, a power recovery turbine is a velocity one.
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sand so that in desert operations air filters have to be fitted and changed several times daily. An improperly fitted filter, or a bullet or shell fragment that punctures the filter, can damage the engine. Piston engines (especially if turbocharged) also need well-maintained filters, but they are more resilient if the filter does fail.
2821:(CFD) has contributed to substantial improvements in the performance and efficiency of gas turbine engine components through enhanced understanding of the complex viscous flow and heat transfer phenomena involved. For this reason, CFD is one of the key computational tools used in design and development of gas turbine engines.
747:
1â200 ÎŒm can decrease blade temperatures by up to 200 °C (392 °F). Bond coats are directly applied onto the surface of the substrate using pack carburization and serve the dual purpose of providing improved adherence for the TBC and oxidation resistance for the substrate. The Al from the bond coats forms Al
152:) that can be connected to a fan, propeller, or electrical generator. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the design so that the most desirable split of energy between the thrust and the shaft work is achieved. The fourth step of the Brayton cycle (cooling of the working fluid) is omitted, as gas turbines are
2682:). Reduction of fuel costs was successful using a different untested fuel in a marine gas turbine but maintenance costs increased with the fuel change. After 1981 the ships were sold and refitted with, what at the time, was more economical diesel-fueled engines but the increased engine size reduced cargo space.
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at the same sustained power output but the models installed to date are less fuel efficient than the equivalent diesel, especially at idle, requiring more fuel to achieve the same combat range. Successive models of M1 have addressed this problem with battery packs or secondary generators to power the
1484:
has secured investment from the
Technology Strategy Board to develop an Ultra Lightweight Range Extender (ULRE) for next-generation electric vehicles. The objective of the consortium, which includes luxury car maker Jaguar Land Rover and leading electrical machine company SR Drives, is to produce the
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and consequently deform by fewer modes â decreasing the creep rate. Although single crystals have lower creep at high temperatures, they have significantly lower yield stresses at room temperature where strength is determined by the Hall-Petch relationship. Care needs to be taken in order to optimize
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on the TBC-bond coat interface which provides the oxidation resistance, but also results in the formation of an undesirable interdiffusion (ID) zone between itself and the substrate. The oxidation resistance outweighs the drawbacks associated with the ID zone as it increases the lifetime of the blade
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or MCrAlY (where M is typically Fe and/or Cr) alloys. Using TBCs limits the temperature exposure of the superalloy substrate, thereby decreasing the diffusivity of the active species (typically vacancies) within the alloy and reducing dislocation and vacancy creep. It has been found that a coating of
718:
that is induced by the high temperatures and stresses that are experienced during operation. Higher operating temperatures are continuously sought in order to increase efficiency, but come at the cost of higher creep rates. Several methods have therefore been employed in an attempt to achieve optimal
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section to strike the turbine blades, spinning the disc they are attached to, thus creating useful power. Of the power produced, 60-70% is solely used to power the gas generator. The remaining power is used to power what the engine is being used for, typically an aviation application, being thrust in
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The simple-cycle efficiencies of early gas turbines were practically doubled by incorporating inter-cooling, regeneration (or recuperation), and reheating. These improvements, of course, come at the expense of increased initial and operation costs, and they cannot be justified unless the decrease in
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was on a par with steam propulsion at 0.318 kg/kW (0.523 lb/hp) per hour, and power output was higher than expected at 5,603 kW (7,514 shp) due to the ambient temperature of the North Sea route being lower than the design temperature of the gas turbine. This gave the ship a speed
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Despite the success of this early experimental voyage the gas turbine did not replace the diesel engine as the propulsion plant for large merchant ships. At constant cruising speeds the diesel engine simply had no peer in the vital area of fuel economy. The gas turbine did have more success in Royal
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has a top speed of 204 mph (328 km/h) and can go from 0 to 62 mph (0 to 100 km/h) in 3.4 seconds. It uses lithium-ion batteries to power four electric motors which combine to produce 780 bhp. It will travel 68 miles (109 km) on a single charge of the batteries, and uses
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had the engine positioned behind the seats, air intake grilles on either side of the car, and exhaust outlets on the top of the tail. During tests, the car reached top speeds of 140 km/h (87 mph), at a turbine speed of 50,000 rpm. After being shown in the United
Kingdom and the United
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Oil and gas platforms require these engines to drive compressors to inject gas into the wells to force oil up via another bore, or to compress the gas for transportation. They are also often used to provide power for the platform. These platforms do not need to use the engine in collaboration with a
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They range in size from portable mobile plants to large, complex systems weighing more than a hundred tonnes housed in purpose-built buildings. When the gas turbine is used solely for shaft power, its thermal efficiency is about 30%. However, it may be cheaper to buy electricity than to generate it.
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The smaller the engine, the higher the rotation rate of the shaft must be to attain the required blade tip speed. Blade-tip speed determines the maximum pressure ratios that can be obtained by the turbine and the compressor. This, in turn, limits the maximum power and efficiency that can be obtained
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British, German, other national and international test codes are used to standardize the procedures and definitions used to test gas turbines. Selection of the test code to be used is an agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, and has some significance to the design of the turbine and
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operated commercially as a tanker for three-and-a-half years with a dieselâelectric propulsion unit as originally commissioned, but in 1951 one of its four 824 kW (1,105 bhp) diesel engines â which were known as "Faith", "Hope", "Charity" and "Prudence" â was replaced by the world's first
2113:
A turbine is theoretically more reliable and easier to maintain than a piston engine since it has a simpler construction with fewer moving parts, but in practice, turbine parts experience a higher wear rate due to their higher working speeds. The turbine blades are highly sensitive to dust and fine
1989:
appeared in 2000 (hence the designation of Y2K Superbike by MTT) and is the first production motorcycle powered by a turbine engine â specifically, a Rolls-Royce
Allison model 250 turboshaft engine, producing about 283 kW (380 bhp). Speed-tested to 365 km/h or 227 mph (according
1840:
The first race car (in concept only) fitted with a turbine was in 1955 by a US Air Force group as a hobby project with a turbine loaned them by Boeing and a race car owned by
Firestone Tire & Rubber company. The first race car fitted with a turbine for the goal of actual racing was by Rover and
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which began evaluations in 1953. While photos of the
Firebird I may suggest that the jet turbine's thrust propelled the car like an aircraft, the turbine actually drove the rear wheels. The Firebird I was never meant as a commercial passenger car and was built solely for testing & evaluation as
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vehicles, as the driving electric motors are mechanically detached from the electricity generating engine, the responsiveness, poor performance at low speed and low efficiency at low output problems are much less important. The turbine can be run at optimum speed for its power output, and batteries
874:
engine is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller using a reduction gear to translate high turbine section operating speed (often in the 10s of thousands) into low thousands necessary for efficient propeller operation. The benefit of using the turboprop engine is to take advantage of the
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has produced several performance test codes on gas turbines. This includes ASME PTC 22â2014. These ASME performance test codes have gained international recognition and acceptance for testing gas turbines. The single most important and differentiating characteristic of ASME performance test codes,
1970:
in New
Zealand (and later the United States). AVS turbine hybrids were plagued with reliability and quality control problems, resulting in liquidation of AVS in 2003. The most successful design by Designline is now operated in 5 cities in 6 countries, with over 30 buses in operation worldwide, and
1508:
The first serious investigation of using a gas turbine in cars was in 1946 when two engineers, Robert Kafka and Robert
Engerstein of Carney Associates, a New York engineering firm, came up with the concept where a unique compact turbine engine design would provide power for a rear wheel drive car.
139:
is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so that the combustion generates a high-temperature flow; this high-temperature pressurized gas enters a turbine, producing a shaft work output in the process, used to drive the compressor; the unused energy comes out in the exhaust gases
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and other Navies. While interest in the gas turbine for marine purposes, both naval and mercantile, continued to increase, the lack of availability of the results of operating experience on early gas turbine projects limited the number of new ventures on seagoing commercial vessels being embarked
1198:
One modern development seeks to improve efficiency in another way, by separating the compressor and the turbine with a compressed air store. In a conventional turbine, up to half the generated power is used driving the compressor. In a compressed air energy storage configuration, power is used to
1179:
Industrial gas turbines that are used solely for mechanical drive or used in collaboration with a recovery steam generator differ from power generating sets in that they are often smaller and feature a dual shaft design as opposed to a single shaft. The power range varies from 1 megawatt up to 50
1434:
Turbines have historically been more expensive to produce than piston engines, though this is partly because piston engines have been mass-produced in huge quantities for decades, while small gas turbine engines are rarities; however, turbines are mass-produced in the closely related form of the
990:
In its most straightforward form, these are commercial turbines acquired through military surplus or scrapyard sales, then operated for display as part of the hobby of engine collecting. In its most extreme form, amateurs have even rebuilt engines beyond professional repair and then used them to
103:
Additional components have to be added to the gas generator to suit its application. Common to all is an air inlet but with different configurations to suit the requirements of marine use, land use or flight at speeds varying from stationary to supersonic. A propelling nozzle is added to produce
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FT 4C-1 DLF turbines, generating 55,000 kW (74,000 shp) and propelling the ship to a speed of 31 knots. However, the
Finnjet also illustrated the shortcomings of gas turbine propulsion in commercial craft, as high fuel prices made operating her unprofitable. After four years of
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Moreover, to reach optimum performance in modern gas turbine power plants the gas needs to be prepared to exact fuel specifications. Fuel gas conditioning systems treat the natural gas to reach the exact fuel specification prior to entering the turbine in terms of pressure, temperature, gas
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or combined cycle power plants) may have 2 or 3 shafts (spools), hundreds of compressor and turbine blades, movable stator blades, and extensive external tubing for fuel, oil and air systems; they use temperature resistant alloys, and are made with tight specifications requiring precision
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fuel costs offsets the increase in other costs. The relatively low fuel prices, the general desire in the industry to minimize installation costs, and the tremendous increase in the simple-cycle efficiency to about 40 percent left little desire for opting for these modifications.
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If the engine has a power turbine added to drive an industrial generator or a helicopter rotor, the exit pressure will be as close to the entry pressure as possible with only enough energy left to overcome the pressure losses in the exhaust ducting and expel the exhaust. For a
283:, built the first gas turbine that was able to produce more power than needed to run its own components, which was considered an achievement in a time when knowledge about aerodynamics was limited. Using rotary compressors and turbines it produced 8 kW (11 hp).
2328:, each delivering 3,210 kW (4,300 shp). They were later joined by 12 upgraded Norrköping class ships, still with the same engines. With their aft torpedo tubes replaced by antishipping missiles they served as missile boats until the last was retired in 2005.
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Another significant advantage is their ability to be turned on and off within minutes, supplying power during peak, or unscheduled, demand. Since single cycle (gas turbine only) power plants are less efficient than combined cycle plants, they are usually used as
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after 44 days at sea, successfully completing her historic trans-Atlantic crossing. During this time at sea the gas turbine burnt diesel fuel and operated without an involuntary stop or mechanical difficulty of any kind. She subsequently visited
Swansea, Hull,
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Gas turbine technology has steadily advanced since its inception and continues to evolve. Development is actively producing both smaller gas turbines and more powerful and efficient engines. Aiding in these advances are computer-based design (specifically
2524:'s 21st birthday in 1947, the ship was designed with an engine room layout that would allow for the experimental use of heavy fuel in one of its high-speed engines, as well as the future substitution of one of its diesel engines by a gas turbine. The
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megawatts. These engines are connected directly or via a gearbox to either a pump or compressor assembly. The majority of installations are used within the oil and gas industries. Mechanical drive applications increase efficiency by around 2%.
550:
of the gas increases, accompanied by a slight loss in pressure. During expansion through the stator and rotor passages in the turbine, irreversible energy transformation once again occurs. Fresh air is taken in, in place of the heat rejection.
958:
Aeroderivatives are used in electrical power generation due to their ability to be shut down and handle load changes more quickly than industrial machines. They are also used in the marine industry to reduce weight. Common types include the
1346:
When external combustion is used, it is possible to use exhaust air from the turbine as the primary combustion air. This effectively reduces global heat losses, although heat losses associated with the combustion exhaust remain inevitable.
1864:. It averaged 107.8 mph (173.5 km/h) and had a top speed of 142 mph (229 km/h). American Ray Heppenstall joined Howmet Corporation and McKee Engineering together to develop their own gas turbine sports car in 1968, the
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tank's systems while stationary, saving fuel by reducing the need to idle the main turbine. T-80s can mount three large external fuel drums to extend their range. Russia has stopped production of the T-80 in favor of the diesel-powered
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On the emissions side, the challenge is to increase turbine inlet temperatures while at the same time reducing peak flame temperature in order to achieve lower NOx emissions and meet the latest emission regulations. In May 2011,
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Marine
Proteus Gas Turbines also rated at 9,510 kW (12,750 shp), same as the SĂžlĂžven-class boats, and 2 General Motors Diesel Engines, rated at 600 kW (800 shp), also for improved fuel economy at slow speeds.
1012:
Several small companies now manufacture small turbines and parts for the amateur. Most turbojet-powered model aircraft are now using these commercial and semi-commercial microturbines, rather than a Schreckling-like home-build.
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design. In the combustor section, roughly 70% of the air from the compressor is ducted around the combustor itself for cooling purposes. The remaining roughly 30% the air is mixed with fuel and ignited by the already burning
1417:
Gas turbines offer a high-powered engine in a very small and light package. However, they are not as responsive and efficient as small piston engines over the wide range of RPMs and powers needed in vehicle applications. In
676:
The primary advantage of a gas turbine engine is its power to weight ratio. Since significant useful work can be generated by a relatively lightweight engine, gas turbines are perfectly suited for aircraft propulsion.
1990:
to some stories, the testing team ran out of road during the test), it holds the Guinness World Record for most powerful production motorcycle and most expensive production motorcycle, with a price tag of US$ 185,000.
792:
resistance, strength, and creep resistance. The development of single crystal superalloys has led to significant improvements in creep resistance as well. Due to the lack of grain boundaries, single crystals eliminate
2678:(OPEC) price increases of the mid-1970s, operations were constrained by rising fuel costs. Some modification of the engine systems on those ships was undertaken to permit the burning of a lower grade of fuel (i.e.,
644:. Simple turbines might have one main moving part, the compressor/shaft/turbine rotor assembly, with other moving parts in the fuel system. This, in turn, can translate into price. For instance, costing 10,000
2484:, is to be the Navy's first amphibious assault ship powered by gas turbines. The marine gas turbine operates in a more corrosive atmosphere due to the presence of sea salt in air and fuel and use of cheaper fuels.
1166:
capacity or with low fuel costs, a gas turbine powerplant may regularly operate most hours of the day. A large single-cycle gas turbine typically produces 100 to 400 megawatts of electric power and has 35â40%
624:
only enough pressure and energy is extracted from the flow to drive the compressor and other components. The remaining high-pressure gases are accelerated through a nozzle to provide a jet to propel an aircraft.
2308:
Diesel engines, rated at 340 kW (460 shp), for better fuel economy at slower speeds. And they also produced 10 Willemoes Class Torpedo / Guided Missile boats (in service from 1974 to 2000) which had 3
2267:
propulsion system. Those vessels used 4 M8E gas turbines, which generated 54,000â72,000 kW (72,000â96,000 hp). Those ships were the first large ships in the world to be powered solely by gas turbines.
2848:
were commercially introduced to gas turbines in the 1990s. These can withstand over a hundred thousand start/stop cycles and have eliminated the need for an oil system. The application of microelectronics and
1224:. A separately spinning power-turbine is usually used to drive the rotor on helicopters. Allowing the gas generator and power turbine/rotor to spin at their own speeds allows more flexibility in their design.
1107:
Industrial gas turbines differ from aeronautical designs in that the frames, bearings, and blading are of heavier construction. They are also much more closely integrated with the devices they powerâoften an
771:
gamma-prime (Îł') phases. The finely dispersed Îł' precipitates impede dislocation motion and introduce a threshold stress, increasing the stress required for the onset of creep. Furthermore, Îł' is an ordered
312:(pulse combustion) achieves an output of 150 kW (200 hp). Planned output of the machine was 750 kW (1,000 hp) and its efficiency of 8% is below that of contemporary reciprocating engines.
2042:(Army Ordnance Board), studied a number of gas turbine engine designs for use in tanks starting in mid-1944. The first gas turbine engine design intended for use in armored fighting vehicle propulsion, the
2653:
service between ports on the eastern seaboard of the United States and ports in northwest Europe across the North Atlantic with four container ships of 26,000 tonnes DWT. Those ships were powered by twin
2508:(DWT) was used to obtain operating experience with a main propulsion gas turbine under service conditions at sea and so became the first ocean-going merchant ship to be powered by a gas turbine. Built by
5089:
1162:, which operate anywhere from several hours per day to a few dozen hours per yearâdepending on the electricity demand and the generating capacity of the region. In areas with a shortage of base-load and
1142:
Aeroderivative gas turbines can also be used in combined cycles, leading to a higher efficiency, but it will not be as high as a specifically designed industrial gas turbine. They can also be run in a
538:
In a real gas turbine, mechanical energy is changed irreversibly (due to internal friction and turbulence) into pressure and thermal energy when the gas is compressed (in either a centrifugal or axial
4075:
Latief, F. H.; Kakehi, K. (2013) "Effects of Re content and crystallographic orientation on creep behavior of aluminized Ni-based single crystal superalloys". Materials & Design 49 : 485â492
1216:
engines are used to drive compressors in gas pumping stations and natural gas liquefaction plants. They are also used in aviation to power all but the smallest modern helicopters, and function as an
1184:
CHP system due to getting the gas at an extremely reduced cost (often free from burn off gas). The same companies use pump sets to drive the fluids to land and across pipelines in various intervals.
1446:. The centripetal turbine wheel drives a centrifugal compressor wheel through a common rotating shaft. This wheel supercharges the engine air intake to a degree that can be controlled by means of a
1343:
is lower in the indirect type of external combustion; however, the turbine blades are not subjected to combustion products and much lower quality (and therefore cheaper) fuels are able to be used.
5656:
1135:
9HA achieved a 62.22% efficiency rate with temperatures as high as 1,540 °C (2,800 °F). For 2018, GE offers its 826 MW HA at over 64% efficiency in combined cycle due to advances in
2492:
Up to the late 1940s, much of the progress on marine gas turbines all over the world took place in design offices and engine builder's workshops and development work was led by the British
1534:
States in 1950, JET1 was further developed, and was subjected to speed trials on the Jabbeke highway in Belgium in June 1952, where it exceeded 240 km/h (150 mph). The car ran on
1633:. This vehicle, looking like an aircraft with wheels, used a unique combination of both jet thrust and the engine driving the wheels. Speeds of 282 km/h (175 mph) were claimed.
1139:
and combustion breakthroughs, up from 63.7% in 2017 orders and on track to achieve 65% by the early 2020s. In March 2018, GE Power achieved a 63.08% gross efficiency for its 7HA turbine.
190:). It most likely served no practical purpose, and was rather more of a curiosity; nonetheless, it demonstrated an important principle of physics that all modern turbine engines rely on.
112:) to reduce fuel consumption (by increasing propulsive efficiency) at subsonic flight speeds. An extra turbine is also required to drive a helicopter rotor or land-vehicle transmission (
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to be powered by both gas and steam turbines. The ship featured two General Electric LM2500 gas turbine generators whose exhaust heat was used to operate a steam turbine generator in a
209:. When the lamp is lit, the heated airflow rises and drives an impeller with horse-riding figures attached on it, whose shadows are then projected onto the outer screen of the lantern.
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then had all of its power plants replaced with a 3,910 kW (5,250 shp) directly coupled gas turbine to become the first civilian ship to operate solely on gas turbine power.
4372:
3314:
UK patent no. 1833 â Obtaining and Applying Motive Power, & c. A Method of Rising Inflammable Air for the Purposes of Procuring Motion, and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations
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helicopter carrying destroyers first commissioned in 1972. They used 2 ft-4 main propulsion engines, 2 ft-12 cruise engines and 3 Solar Saturn 750 kW generators.
3414:
1877:
1324:
Most gas turbines are internal combustion engines but it is also possible to manufacture an external combustion gas turbine which is, effectively, a turbine version of a
2675:
723:. These technologies work by limiting deformation that occurs by mechanisms that can be broadly classified as dislocation glide, dislocation climb and diffusional flow.
222:: Hot air from a fire rises through a single-stage axial turbine rotor mounted in the exhaust duct of the fireplace and turns the roasting spit by gear-chain connection.
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marine diesels for slower speeds. They were the fastest vessels in the Finnish Navy; they regularly achieved speeds of 35 knots, and 37.3 knots during sea trials. The
5495:
Chrystie, R; Burns, I; Kaminski, C (2013). "Temperature Response of an Acoustically Forced Turbulent Lean Premixed Flame: A Quantitative Experimental Determination".
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1966:
has led to several hybrid bus designs, starting with HEV-1 by AVS of Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1999, and closely followed by Ebus and ISE Research in California, and
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229:, an Englishman, for the first true gas turbine. His invention had most of the elements present in the modern day gas turbines. The turbine was designed to power a
5850:
1480:. More recently, there has been some interest in the use of turbine engines for hybrid electric cars. For instance, a consortium led by micro gas turbine company
843:
or (rarely) fan-jets. These engines produce nearly 80% of their thrust by the ducted fan, which can be seen from the front of the engine. They come in two types,
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1702:
were powered by a small Williams regenerative gas turbine weighing 250 lb (113 kg) and producing 80 hp (60 kW; 81 PS) at 4450 rpm.
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5113:
4702:
851:, the difference being the amount of air moved by the fan, called "bypass air". These engines offer the benefit of more thrust without extra fuel consumption.
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1927:
gas turbine. Chapman had a reputation of building radical championship-winning cars, but had to abandon the project because there were too many problems with
3831:
1907:
powered turbine car was almost a lap ahead of the second place car when a gearbox bearing failed just three laps from the finish line. The next year the STP
788:
can be added in solid solution to improve creep strength. The addition of these elements reduces the diffusion of the gamma prime phase, thus preserving the
425:, and was intended to power a Hungarian twin-engine heavy fighter, the RMI-1. Work on the Cs-1 stopped in 1941 without the type having powered any aircraft.
315:
1920s The practical theory of gas flow through passages was developed into the more formal (and applicable to turbines) theory of gas flow past airfoils by
5703:
R. M. "Fred" Klaass and Christopher DellaCorte, "The Quest for Oil-Free Gas Turbine Engines," SAE Technical Papers, No. 2006-01-3055, available at sae.org
2968:
Core engine costs can be high due to the use of exotic materials, especially in applications where high reliability is required (e.g. aircraft propulsion)
5825:
4757:
4150:. International Conference on Opportunities and Advances in International Electric Power Generation (Conf. Publ. No. 419). Durham, UK. pp. 104â110.
79:. The main parts common to all gas turbine engines form the power-producing part (known as the gas generator or core) and are, in the direction of flow:
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service, additional diesel engines were installed on the ship to reduce running costs during the off-season. The Finnjet was also the first ship with a
290:, based on his earlier 1873 patent application, is built and tested in Berlin. The Stolze gas turbine was too inefficient to sustain its own operation.
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4959:
3090:
2937:
Waste heat is dissipated almost entirely in the exhaust. This results in a high-temperature exhaust stream that is very usable for boiling water in a
3122:
including PTC 22, is that the test uncertainty of the measurement indicates the quality of the test and is not to be used as a commercial tolerance.
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3996:
Hazel, Brian; Rigney, Joe; Gorman, Mark; Boutwell, Brett; Darolia, Ram (2008). "Development of Improved Bond Coat for Enhanced Turbine Durability".
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1414:
ones â is irrelevant in most automobile applications. Their power-to-weight advantage, though less critical than for aircraft, is still important.
955:
Aeroderivative gas turbines are generally based on existing aircraft gas turbine engines and are smaller and lighter than industrial gas turbines.
5463:
2417:, a cutter commissioned in 1961 that was powered by two 750 kW (1,000 shp) turbines utilizing controllable-pitch propellers. The larger
4169:
2853:
technology have enabled the development of commercially viable electricity generation by microturbines for distribution and vehicle propulsion.
2765:(combined gas electric and steam) configuration. Propulsion was provided by two electrically driven Rolls-Royce Mermaid azimuth pods. The liner
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Eckardt, D. and Rufli, P. "Advanced Gas Turbine Technology â ABB/ BBC Historical Firsts", ASME J. Eng. Gas Turb. Power, 2002, p. 124, 542â549
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1709:
powered by a gas turbine using pulverised coal dust. This was considered for the United States and the western world to reduce dependence on
1579:
well as public relation purposes. Additional Firebird concept cars, each powered by gas turbines, were developed for the 1953, 1956 and 1959
1454:). It mainly serves as a power recovery device which converts a great deal of otherwise wasted thermal and kinetic energy into engine boost.
5565:
4383:
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2698:
1485:
world's first commercially viable â and environmentally friendly â gas turbine generator designed specifically for automotive applications.
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2951:
High shaft speeds in smaller "free turbine units", although larger gas turbines employed in power generation operate at synchronous speeds.
5732:
2931:
Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines results in lower maintenance cost and higher reliability/availability over its service life.
1674:
Amendments of 1970, research was funded into developing automotive gas turbine technology. Design concepts and vehicles were conducted by
839:
engine due to the turbojet's low fuel efficiency, and high noise. Those that generate thrust with the addition of a ducted fan are called
1116:
Therefore, many engines are used in CHP (Combined Heat and Power) configurations that can be small enough to be integrated into portable
4451:
656:, and needed only 375 hours of lower-skill labor to complete (including manufacture, assembly, and shipping), compared to 1,400 for the
879:
to drive a propeller, thus allowing a more powerful, but also smaller engine to be used. Turboprop engines are used on a wide range of
6019:
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Bakken, Lars E et al., p.83-88. "Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output: A Tribute to Ăgidius Elling". ASME. 2004
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1428:
440:
5546:"MHI Achieves 1,600 °C Turbine Inlet Temperature in Test Operation of World's Highest Thermal Efficiency "J-Series" Gas Turbine"
4357:
819:, sectioned for display. Flow is left to right, multistage compressor on left, combustion chambers center, two-stage turbine on right
633:
must double. For example, large jet engines operate around 10,000â25,000 rpm, while micro turbines spin as fast as 500,000 rpm.
5726:
5712:
5677:
5666:
5381:
5194:
5148:
5090:"Bus Stop Classics: General Motors (GM) Turbo Cruiser I, II and III Urban Transit Coaches â Maverick (Top Gun), Your Bus is Here..."
5062:
3422:
3376:
3250:
3220:
3195:
2980:
Characteristic whine can be hard to suppress. The exhaust (particularly on turbojets) can also produce a distinctive roaring sound.
2590:
2574:
2438:
2061:
The second use of a gas turbine in an armored fighting vehicle was in 1954 when a unit, PU2979, specifically developed for tanks by
3653:
1220:
in large commercial aircraft. A primary shaft carries the compressor and its turbine which, together with a combustor, is called a
1001:
More sophisticated turbojets are also built, where their thrust and light weight are sufficient to power large model aircraft. The
915:
strategic bomber. While military turboprop engines can vary, in the civilian market there are two primary engines to be found: the
5781:
3105:
3075:
660:. This, however, also translated into poor efficiency and reliability. More advanced gas turbines (such as those found in modern
620:
engine there will be a particular balance between propeller power and jet thrust which gives the most economical operation. In a
5545:
1944:
1381:
2833:
achieved a turbine inlet temperature of 1,600 °C (2,900 °F) on a 320 megawatt gas turbine, and 460 MW in gas turbine
2570:
Navy ships and the other naval fleets of the world where sudden and rapid changes of speed are required by warships in action.
1071:
324:
5702:
763:. The gamma (Îł) FCC nickel is alloyed with aluminum and titanium in order to precipitate a uniform dispersion of the coherent
4473:
1614:
in 1963 and conducted the only consumer trial of gas turbine-powered cars. Each of their turbines employed a unique rotating
1451:
5811:
3737:
2884:
2102:), while Ukraine has developed the diesel-powered T-80UD and T-84 with nearly the power of the gas-turbine tank. The French
835:. While still in service with many militaries and civilian operators, turbojets have mostly been phased out in favor of the
3833:
Rotordynamic behaviour of a micro-turbine rotor on air bearings: modelling techniques and experimental verification, p. 182
2960:
Very low toxic emissions of CO and HC due to excess air, complete combustion and no "quench" of the flame on cold surfaces.
3070:
2517:
2451:
1671:
1193:
916:
368:
1936: The first constant flow industrial gas turbine is commissioned by the Brown Boveri Company and goes into service at
5833:
1911:
turbine car won the Indianapolis 500 pole position even though new rules restricted the air intake dramatically. In 1971
831:
connected to the gas turbines. Jet engines that produce thrust from the direct impulse of exhaust gases are often called
5036:
4841:
Verrelli, L. D.; Andary, C. J. (May 1972). "Exhaust Emission Analysis of the Williams Research Gas Turbine AMC Hornet".
2818:
2789:
2297:
1442:
The turbocharger is basically a compact and simple free shaft radial gas turbine which is driven by the piston engine's
1377:
1358:
294:
153:
5014:
5847:
3955:
3000:
2830:
2509:
1817:
1427:
can supply power as needed, with the engine cycled on and off to run it only at high efficiency. The emergence of the
484:
5269:
1328:. Those systems are usually indicated as EFGT (Externally Fired Gas Turbine) or IFGT (Indirectly Fired Gas Turbine).
5842:
5117:
699:
are used in some small machines such as micro turbines and also have strong potential for use in small gas turbines/
297:
tested in France. This was a relatively large machine which included a 25 stage centrifugal compressor designed by
6059:
5983:
5874:
4194:
3393:
2424:
1873:
1411:
1163:
1127:
from the turbine is recovered by a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to power a conventional steam turbine in a
1067:
998:
as the core component. A combustion chamber is fabricated and plumbed between the compressor and turbine sections.
900:
719:
performance while limiting creep, with the most successful ones being high performance coatings and single crystal
448:
76:
73:
4542:
3840:
665:
manufacture. All this often makes the construction of a simple gas turbine more complicated than a piston engine.
3065:
3030:
3020:
2458:
2428:
2409:
2062:
2005:
1659:
1151:
968:
523:(constant pressure) combustion, an isentropic expansion and isobaric heat rejection. Together, these make up the
373:
5291:
4313:
1546:
oil, but fuel consumption problems proved insurmountable for a production car. JET1 is on display at the London
5941:
3131:
2808:
2468:
2445:
2385:
2175:
1869:
1853:
1800:
a pair of Bladon Micro Gas Turbines to re-charge the batteries extending the range to 560 miles (900 km).
1607:
1410:
for airplane propulsion â their superior performance at high altitude compared to piston engines, particularly
1350:
1168:
1094:
535:, in that all the processes (compression, ignition combustion, exhaust), occur at the same time, continuously.
463:
237:
3324:
403:
5672:"Gas Turbine Theory" by H.I.H. Saravanamuttoo, G.F.C. Rogers and H. Cohen, Pearson Education, 2001, 5th ed.,
5438:"GE â Aviation: GE Goes from Installation to Optimized Reliability for Cruise Ship Gas Turbine Installations"
4987:
4031:
2110:. This special gas turbine/turbocharger can also work independently from the main engine as an ordinary APU.
1977:
is using serial hybrid buses powered by microturbines on routes through the historical sections of the city.
759:
Nickel-based superalloys boast improved strength and creep resistance due to their composition and resultant
629:
by the engine. In order for tip speed to remain constant, if the diameter of a rotor is reduced by half, the
5371:
3704:
2793:
2729:
2530:
2481:
2464:
2243:
2186:
2033:
1747:
1575:
1568:
1558:
1547:
964:
960:
920:
692:
591:. This expansion of the mixture then leaves the combustor section and has its velocity increased across the
5803:
4173:
2796:) and the development of advanced materials: Base materials with superior high-temperature strength (e.g.,
1644:
series of concept trucks with turbine motors as analogs of the Firebird concepts, including Turbo Titan I (
798:
the design parameters to limit high temperature creep while not decreasing low temperature yield strength.
357:
tubes are arranged within the gas turbine combustion chamber; the first Velox plant is erected at a French
159:
Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas compressors, and
3161:
3136:
2804:
2706:
2336:
2276:
2254:
2239:
2211:
1999:
1967:
1924:
1904:
1766:
1695:
1636:
In the 1960s, Ford and GM also were developing gas turbine semi-trucks. Ford displayed the Big Red at the
1136:
1063:
1006:
972:
563:
261:
226:
117:
2732:
plus GE LM1600 power for a total of 68,000 kW (91,000 shp). The slightly smaller HSS 900-class
2073:
was developed in the 1950s and was the first mass-produced main battle tank to use a turbine engine, the
6049:
5867:
5441:
3930:
3671:
2919:
2418:
2149:
1986:
1842:
1785:
1599:
1457:
1102:
1074:
876:
309:
254:
206:
32:
4084:
Caron P., Khan T. "Evolution of Ni-based superalloys for single crystal gas turbine blade applications"
2229:
1662:(1965, GT-309 engine); in addition, the GM Bison gas turbine truck was shown at the 1964 World's Fair.
1262:
of thrust, and can be built by most mechanically minded people with basic engineering tools, such as a
1243:
480:
technology into their production models, allowing higher operating temperatures and greater efficiency.
305:. The gas turbine could sustain its own air compression but was too inefficient to produce useful work.
5470:
5063:"The history of the Howmet TX turbine car of 1968, still the world's only turbine powered race winner"
402:
1939: The First 4 MW utility power generation gas turbine is built by the Brown Boveri Company for an
5936:
5752:
Advanced Technologies for Gas Turbines (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2020.
5186:
4208:
3005:
2722:
2650:
2589:
4,900 kW (6,600 shp) HD gas turbine with exhaust-gas regeneration, reduction gearing and a
2412:
2264:
2203:
2171:
2078:
1952:
1637:
1611:
1603:
1285:
1217:
1117:
1022:
816:
700:
641:
455:
433:
422:
362:
342:
316:
302:
5739:
3960:. ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. pp. V001T04A006.
1730:
in 1985. No production vehicles were made. The GT24 engine was exhibited in 1977 without a vehicle.
1054:
electrical, hydraulic and other power-transmission sources to consuming devices remote from the APU.
6030:
5956:
5931:
4212:
2534:
2529:
marine gas turbine engine, a 890 kW (1,200 bhp) open-cycle gas turbo-alternator built by
2354:
2304:(later RR Proteus) Marine Gas Turbines rated at 9,510 kW (12,750 shp) combined, plus two
1940:
1888:
1868:, which ran several American and European events, including two wins, and also participated in the
1719:
1706:
1159:
928:
844:
715:
383:
1937: Working proof-of-concept prototype turbojet engine runs in UK (Frank Whittle's) and Germany (
269:
4973:
4314:"Here's Why The Latest Guinness World Record Will Keep France Lit Up Long After Soccer Fans Leave"
4298:
287:
5901:
5512:
4728:
4599:
4117:
3911:
3476:
2838:
2542:
2505:
2435:
2215:
1774:
1762:
1687:
1683:
1461:
1340:
1258:, produced one of the world's first Micro-Turbines, the FD3/67. This engine can produce up to 22
1147:
1109:
932:
896:
855:
789:
727:
230:
181:
5567:
Evolution and Future Trend of Large Frame Gas Turbines: A New 1600 Degree C, J Class Gas Turbine
5563:
Hada, Satoshi; Yuri, Masanori; Masada, Junichiro; Ito, Eisaku; Tsukagoshi, Keizo (9 July 2013).
5423:
5235:
3025:
2934:
Greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained high power output is required.
2811:
that protect the structural material from ever-higher temperatures. These advances allow higher
2693:
2655:
2394:
2004:
Several locomotive classes have been powered by gas turbines, the most recent incarnation being
1821:
1590:
1199:
drive the compressor, and the compressed air is released to operate the turbine when required.
862:
to permit the use of lightweight, low-pressure tanks, reducing the empty weight of the rocket.
451:, Switzerland the first commercial reheated/recuperated unit generating 27 MW was commissioned.
5761:
5742:
5740:
Gas Turbine Performance, 2nd Edition" by Philip Walsh and Paul Fletcher, Wiley-Blackwell, 2004
5722:
5708:
5689:
5673:
5662:
5610:
5377:
5215:
5190:
5144:
4846:
4703:"We Found Ford's Incredible Turbine-Powered Semi-Truck 'Big Red' That's Been Lost for Decades"
4672:
4620:
4582:
Turunen, W.A.; Collman, J.S. (1966). "The General Motors Research GT-309 Gas Turbine Engine".
4514:
4438:
4273:
4248:
4011:
3969:
3810:
3781:
3603:
3583:
3556:
3526:
3506:
3449:
3372:
3293:
3273:
3267:
3246:
3216:
3191:
3095:
2815:
and turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient combustion and better cooling of engine parts.
2812:
2752:
2737:
2679:
2399:
2126:
2025:
2020:
1884:
1723:
1339:
is used and only clean air with no combustion products travels through the power turbine. The
1305:
1038:
976:
888:
880:
739:
571:
280:
219:
171:
5792:
4941:
4918:
4560:
4504:
4048:
A. W. James et al. "Gas turbines: operating conditions, components and material requirements"
742:-based ceramics and oxidation/corrosion resistant coatings (bond coats) typically consist of
6054:
5753:
5661:"Aircraft Gas Turbine Technology" by Irwin E. Treager, McGraw-Hill, Glencoe Division, 1979,
5657:
Stationary Combustion Gas Turbines including Oil & Over-Speed Control System description
5572:
5504:
5353:
5316:
4814:
4591:
4317:
4151:
4006:
4001:
3961:
3903:
3050:
3045:
3010:
2726:
2586:
2322:
2189:
2117:
Like most modern diesel engines used in tanks, gas turbines are usually multi-fuel engines.
1963:
1956:
1900:
1255:
1132:
1112:âand the secondary-energy equipment that is used to recover residual energy (largely heat).
1002:
924:
811:
684:
649:
630:
584:
559:
520:
429:
346:
265:
194:
5180:
2136:
1361:
also hold promise for use with future high temperature solar and nuclear power generation.
5978:
5906:
5854:
5837:
5815:
3146:
3100:
3060:
2928:
Smooth rotation of the main shaft produces far less vibration than a reciprocating engine.
2850:
2609:
2598:
2513:
2325:
2310:
2301:
2039:
1948:
1892:
1691:
1554:
1332:
908:
892:
621:
547:
473:
becomes the first manufacturer of large electricity producing gas turbines to incorporate
414:
145:
5066:
2381:
serves as a floating machine shop and training ship for Satakunta Polytechnical College.
3888:
3646:
3551:
Eckardt, Dietrich (2022). "Early Turbojet Developments in the USA and Other Countries".
1085:
943:
5916:
5357:
5165:
4895:
4758:"Ford's Giant Turbine Semi-Truck 'Big Red' Is Lost Somewhere in the American Southeast"
3085:
3035:
3015:
2990:
2938:
2834:
2797:
2646:
2358:
2305:
2179:
2070:
2066:
1896:
1861:
1758:
1754:
1710:
1679:
1424:
1369:
1336:
1325:
1233:
1128:
1090:
1005:
design constructs the entire engine from raw materials, including the fabrication of a
760:
711:
680:
539:
512:
488:
474:
444:
407:
384:
335:
298:
84:
2185:
was converted to Rolls-Royce gas turbines in 1952 and operated as such from 1953. The
1312:, 20 to 30% with one and they can reach 85% combined thermal-electrical efficiency in
6043:
5988:
5966:
5951:
5549:
4813:. Division of Policy Research and Analysis, National Science Foundation. p. 49.
3156:
2701:
propulsion. Another example of commercial use of gas turbines in a passenger ship is
2578:
2427:, was the first class of larger cutters to utilize gas turbines, the first of which (
2160:
2090:
1916:
1553:
A French turbine-powered car, the SOCEMA-Grégoire, was displayed at the October 1952
1526:
1522:
1501:
1488:
The common turbocharger for gasoline or diesel engines is also a turbine derivative.
1419:
1259:
912:
884:
688:
575:
555:
528:
524:
505:
477:
459:
458:
G1 (Gatric) becomes the first marine gas turbine when it completes sea trials on the
388:
331:
241:
132:
128:
5516:
3915:
2199:
built in 1953 were the first ships created specifically for gas turbine propulsion.
2028:
multi-fuel turbine back into an M1 Abrams tank at Camp Coyote, Kuwait, February 2003
6001:
5961:
4057:
Tamarin, Y. Protective Coatings for Turbine Blades. 2002. ASM International. pp 3â5
4000:. Superalloys. US: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. pp. 753â760.
3839:. ISMA. International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering. Archived from
3166:
2942:
2845:
2766:
2521:
2332:
2318:
2145:
2103:
2051:
1792:
1630:
1436:
1313:
1301:
1293:
1281:
1275:
1143:
995:
987:
Increasing numbers of gas turbines are being used or even constructed by amateurs.
904:
756:
and limits the efficiency losses caused by a buildup on the outside of the blades.
696:
432:
engine enters full production, powering the first German military jets such as the
392:
377:
350:
273:
53:
4730:" Big Red " Experimental Gas Turbine Semi Truck 1964 New York World's Fair XD10344
1698:). Long-term tests were conducted to evaluate comparable cost efficiency. Several
443:
formed from Power Jets and the RAE turbine division to bring together Whittle and
323:. Working testbed designs of axial turbines suitable for driving a propeller were
135:: atmospheric air flows through the compressor that brings it to higher pressure;
5848:
An online handbook on stationary gas turbine technologies compiled by the US DOE.
5808:
5508:
4508:
2202:
The first large-scale, partially gas-turbine powered ships were the Royal Navy's
1610:-powered cars from the early 1950s through the early 1980s. Chrysler built fifty
6006:
5926:
5890:
5631:
3647:
The Marine Gas Turbine-The UK Provides a Case Study in Technological Development
2758:
2686:
2639:
2370:
2289:
2250:
2225:
1857:
1845:
1828:
1788:
1626:
1615:
1584:
1543:
1481:
1443:
1335:
or finely ground biomass (such as sawdust) as a fuel. In the indirect system, a
1309:
1263:
1078:
948:
848:
794:
670:
579:
354:
338:. The first successful test run of his engine occurred in England in April 1937.
121:
4409:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
3241:
Eckardt, Dietrich (2014). "3.2 Early Attempts with the Gas Turbine Principle".
2977:
Less responsive to changes in power demand compared with reciprocating engines.
5946:
5921:
5830:
5373:
Future Ship Powering Options: Exploring alternative methods of ship propulsion
5304:
4734:
4144:
3907:
2800:
2776:
2702:
2635:
2493:
2156:
2074:
1912:
1770:
1727:
1699:
1583:
auto shows. The GM Research gas turbine engine also was fitted to a series of
1530:
1473:
1396:
1392:
1289:
1213:
1208:
1124:
1045:
1030:
828:
824:
777:
720:
653:
645:
605:
532:
516:
421:
engine, made its first bench run. The Cs-1 was designed by Hungarian engineer
358:
214:
113:
45:
4809:
Linden, Lawrence H.; Kumar, Subramanyam; Samuelson, Paul R. (December 1977).
4426:
3525:
John Golley. 1996. "Jet: Frank Whittle and the invention of the jet engine".
2152:
and their ships' resulting acceleration and ability to get underway quickly.
1150:
for cooling the inlet air and increase the power output, technology known as
827:
are gas turbines optimized to produce thrust from the exhaust gases, or from
5971:
3055:
2632:
2555:
2550:
2282:
2260:
2107:
2086:
2055:
1928:
1865:
1849:
1833:
1743:
1447:
1407:
1146:
configuration: the exhaust is used for space or water heating, or drives an
871:
859:
785:
743:
735:
731:
617:
609:
567:
543:
418:
186:
105:
90:
41:
4811:
Issues in Federally Supported Research on Advanced Automotive Power Systems
4650:
3830:
Waumans, T.; Vleugels, P.; Peirs, J.; Al-Bender, F.; Reynaerts, D. (2006).
3579:
Making Jet Engines in World War II: Britain, Germany, and the United States
2748:
was withdrawn from service in 2007, another victim of too high fuel costs.
2271:
1971:
order for several hundred being delivered to Baltimore, and New York City.
500:
17:
4155:
3887:
Nalepa, Krzysztof; Pietkiewicz2, PaweĆ; Ć»ywica, Grzegorz (November 2009).
1769:
40 kW turbine drove an alternator which powered the batteryâelectric
1247:
Scale jet engines are scaled down versions of this early full scale engine
5576:
3151:
2628:
2618:
2594:
2342:
2009:
1920:
1908:
1796:
1778:
1675:
1580:
1539:
1529:
unveiled the first car powered with a gas turbine engine. The two-seater
1477:
1373:
1297:
1026:
840:
836:
832:
661:
601:
597:
272:. While there, he applied some of his concepts in the development of the
264:
submitted a thesis on gas turbines. In 1903, Moss became an engineer for
246:
109:
49:
37:
4818:
4603:
2658:
gas turbines of the FT 4 series. The four ships in the class were named
2353:, in 1968. They were equipped with one 16,410 kW (22,000 shp)
2321:
produced 6 Spica-class torpedo boats between 1966 and 1967 powered by 3
1808:
1025:(APUs) to supply auxiliary power to larger, mobile, machines such as an
994:
The simplest form of self-constructed gas turbine employs an automotive
5114:"Serial Hybrid Busses for a Public Transport scheme in Brescia (Italy)"
4546:
4513:(revised ed.). Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. 84â87.
2995:
2911:
The following are advantages and disadvantages of gas-turbine engines:
2546:
2235:
2207:
2043:
1974:
1773:. The turbine design included a recuperator. In 2006, GM went into the
1496:
1051:
mechanical (shaft) power to a gearbox to drive shafted accessories, and
781:
657:
592:
588:
470:
96:
5826:
California Distributed Energy Resource guide â Microturbine generators
4850:
3965:
2948:
Lower peak combustion pressures than reciprocating engines in general.
2581:, and heavy-duty gas turbines were one of those selected. In 1956 the
1564:
776:
phase that makes it harder for dislocations to shear past it. Further
566:
design, or a combination of the two. This air is then ducted into the
5785:
4344:"HA technology now available at industry-first 64 percent efficiency"
4321:
3040:
2624:
2047:
1715:
1535:
1472:
A number of experiments have been conducted with gas turbine powered
1354:
369:
141:
140:
that can be repurposed for external work, such as directly producing
136:
116:), marine propeller or electrical generator (power turbine). Greater
1450:
or by dynamically modifying the turbine housing's geometry (as in a
5757:
4595:
4371:
Ratliff, Phil; Garbett, Paul; Fischer, Willibald (September 2007).
2744:
GT35 turbines rated at 34,000 kW (46,000 shp) gross. The
1718:
demonstrated several gas turbine powered concept cars, such as the
436:. This marks the beginning of the reign of gas turbines in the sky.
349:
and turbine turbosets as part of the turbocharged steam generating
104:
thrust for flight. An extra turbine is added to drive a propeller (
5831:
Introduction to how a gas turbine works from "how stuff works.com"
5571:(Technical report). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
4991:
4373:"The New Siemens Gas Turbine SGT5-8000H for More Customer Benefit"
4146:
Power generation using high efficiency aeroderivative gas turbines
3080:
2762:
2608:
2537:. Following successful sea trials off the Northumbrian coast, the
2516:, UK, in accordance with plans and specifications drawn up by the
2393:
2374:
2270:
2135:
2019:
1827:
1807:
1739:
1589:
1563:
1495:
1368:
1242:
1084:
1062:
942:
810:
499:
170:
31:
5599:"ANALYSIS: GE opens five-year development effort for 777X engine"
4358:"GE's HA Gas Turbine Delivers Second World Record for Efficiency"
3774:
8083 Aviation Maintenance Technician HandbookâPowerplant Volume 1
2925:
Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating.
738:
resistance. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are often stabilized
5686:
The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines
4785:"The story of Turbo Titan - Chevy's long-lost gas turbine truck"
4459:
3118:
2857:
2741:
2559:
2099:
2095:
2082:
1622:
1400:
1388:
160:
5863:
5859:
3698:"Test Results of the World's First 1,600C J-series Gas Turbine"
2562:
and Southampton covering a total of 13,211 nautical miles. The
4960:"This Oldsmobile was powered by a coal-burning turbine engine"
2867:
2775:
In marine racing applications the 2010 C5000 Mystic catamaran
2434:) was commissioned in 1967. Since then, they have powered the
2384:
The next series of major naval vessels were the four Canadian
5721:, Second Edition by Jack L. Kerrebrock, The MIT Press, 1992,
1943:
to several prototype buses in the 1950s and 1960s, including
1077:
in California, uses two GE 7F.04 combustion turbines to burn
1009:
wheel from plywood, epoxy and wrapped carbon fibre strands.
462:. The Gatric was an aeroderivative gas turbine based on the
5400:(1978) Naval Education and Training Support Command, pp. 3.
1403:, and to a lesser extent, on cars, buses, and motorcycles.
1331:
External combustion has been used for the purpose of using
205:) was used by the Chinese at lantern fairs as early as the
5548:. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. 26 May 2011. Archived from
5413:(1979) Maritime Transportation Research Board, pp. 127â131
5376:. Royal Academy of Engineering Prince Philip House. 2013.
5344:"Operation of a Marine Gas Turbine Under Sea Conditions".
5065:. Pete Stowe Motorsport History. June 2006. Archived from
3394:"Farnborough and the Beginnings of Gas Turbine Propulsion"
1651:, shares GT-304 engine with Firebird II), Turbo Titan II (
1618:, referred to as a regenerator that increased efficiency.
330:
1930: Having found no interest from the RAF for his idea,
5141:
German jet engine and gas turbine development 1930 â 1945
4439:"Chrysler Corp., Exner Concept Cars 1940 to 1961" undated
2856:
In 2013, General Electric started the development of the
410:, the world's first jet aircraft, makes its first flight.
395:
secures UK government funding for further development of
5396:
Naval Education and Training Program Development Center
2971:
Less efficient than reciprocating engines at idle speed.
2541:
set sail from Hebburn-on-Tyne in October 1951 bound for
2296:-class torpedo boats (the export version of the British
2081:
in some tanks and as main powerplants in Soviet/Russian
2058:
was fitted with one of the aforementioned gas turbines.
148:, or rotating a second, independent turbine (known as a
5843:
Aircraft gas turbine simulator for interactive learning
3868:(The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press, 2013), p.74.
3505:(4 ed.). Solar Turbines Incorporated. p. 15.
3294:"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gas Turbine Lab"
2891:
2685:
The first passenger ferry to use a gas turbine was the
2089:
tanks, among others. They are lighter and smaller than
4427:"History of Chrysler Corporation Gas Turbine Vehicles"
2779:
uses two Lycoming T-55 turbines for its power system.
1836:, the only turbine-powered race car to have won a race
1574:
The first turbine-powered car built in the US was the
903:, and large aircraft (typically military) such as the
491:
gas turbine (the M501J) at its Takasago, HyĆgo, works.
334:
patented the design for a centrifugal gas turbine for
4193:. Internal Fire Museum of Power. 1999. Archived from
3470:"University of Bochum "In Touch Magazine 2005", p. 5"
3269:
A History of Chinese Science and Technology: Volume 3
1513:, there was no further work, beyond the paper stage.
4898:(November 1971). "Williams Turbine Takes the Road".
2077:. Since then, gas turbine engines have been used as
1254:
With this in mind the pioneer of modern Micro-Jets,
1251:
Also known as miniature gas turbines or micro-jets.
710:
A major challenge facing turbine design, especially
648:
for materials, the Jumo 004 proved cheaper than the
175:
Sketch of John Barber's gas turbine, from his patent
5534:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 510.
5346:
Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers
4615:
4613:
3998:
Superalloys 2008 (Eleventh International Symposium)
3266:Zhang, B. (14 December 2014). Lu, Yongxiang (ed.).
2593:. It operated for 9,700 hours using residual fuel (
2155:The first gas-turbine-powered naval vessel was the
1941:
GT-30x series of gas turbines (branded "Whirlfire")
5684:Leyes II, Richard A.; Fleming, William A. (1999).
5564:
4143:
3730:"Gas Turbines breaking the 60% efficiency barrier"
3652:(Report). US Office of Naval Research. p. 5.
1951:(1964, GT-309); Turbo-Cruiser III (1968, GT-309);
5286:Willemoes class torpedo/guided missile boat, 1974
5214:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 25.
5015:"The Electric Cat: Jaguar C-X75 Concept Supercar"
3935:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2676:Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
2638:, in April 1974. Those ships were powered by two
1852:, a gas turbine powered coupe, which entered the
1594:Engine compartment of a Chrysler 1963 Turbine car
404:emergency power station in NeuchĂątel, Switzerland
353:. Following the gas turbine principle, the steam
325:developed by the Royal Aeronautical Establishment
27:Type of internal and continuous combustion engine
3272:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 308â310.
2408:The first U.S. gas-turbine powered ship was the
1468:Passenger road vehicles (cars, bikes, and buses)
1123:Gas turbines can be particularly efficient when
587:, which then expands producing power across the
257:patented the first gas turbine engine in the US.
5733:"Forensic Investigation of a Gas Turbine Event"
4990:. Greencar.com. 31 October 2007. Archived from
3448:(Second ed.). US: CRC Press. p. 222.
1658:, shares GT-305 engine with Firebird III), and
1521:In 1950, designer F.R. Bell and Chief Engineer
1431:may also alleviate the responsiveness problem.
250:, easily the fastest vessel afloat at the time.
120:for flight is achieved with the addition of an
48:(shown as electric generator), (4) high-bypass
5469:. HCL Technologies. April 2011. Archived from
4942:"Coal in Your Stocking? Fuel up the Cadillac!"
4590:. Society of Automotive Engineering: 357â377.
3780:. USA: Federal Aviation Administration. 2018.
3211:Sonntag, Richard E.; Borgnakke, Claus (2006).
2772:uses a combined diesel and gas configuration.
240:patented the idea of propelling a ship with a
5875:
5530:Ăengel, Yunus A.; Boles., Michael A. (2011).
4917:Norbye, Jan P.; Dunne, Jim (September 1973).
4866:"Tiny 80-HP gas turbine to power compact car"
4621:"Turbo Plymouth Threatens Future of Standard"
3957:Foil Air/Gas Bearing Technology â An Overview
3555:. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer. p. 399.
2837:power generation applications in which gross
1891:fielded by racing and entrepreneurial legend
1880:land speed records for turbine-powered cars.
1587:, starting with the Turbo-Cruiser I of 1953.
1089:GE H series power generation gas turbine: in
815:typical axial-flow gas turbine turbojet, the
8:
5532:9-8. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
3889:"Development of the foil bearing technology"
3602:Eckardt, D. "Gas Turbine Powerhouse". 2014.
2300:) in service from 1965 to 1990, which had 3
1175:Industrial gas turbines for mechanical drive
1059:Industrial gas turbines for power generation
511:In an ideal gas turbine, gases undergo four
127:The basic operation of the gas turbine is a
36:Examples of gas turbine configurations: (1)
5688:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
5615:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5597:Trimble2013-03-22T16:05:00+00:00, Stephen.
5317:"US Coast Guard Historian's website, USCGC
4346:(Press release). GE Power. 4 December 2017.
3734:Cogeneration & On-Site Power Production
3325:"History â Biographies, Landmarks, Patents"
2894:into consolidated sections based on topics.
1757:developed a gas turbine powered EV1 series
5882:
5868:
5860:
4733:. Ford Motor Company. 1966. Archived from
4505:"III – Gas-Turbines and the Jet Era"
4416:. National Institute of Building Sciences.
4382:. Siemens Power Generation. Archived from
4094:Dick, Erik (2015). "Thrust Gas Turbines".
3939:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3446:The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering
3213:Introduction to engineering thermodynamics
3117:associated systems. In the United States,
2974:Longer startup than reciprocating engines.
687:are a critical part of a design. They are
554:Air is taken in by a compressor, called a
5440:. Geae.com. 16 March 2004. Archived from
5210:Walsh, Philip P.; Fletcher, Paul (2004).
4429:published by the Engineering Section 1979
4360:(Press release). GE Power. 27 March 2018.
4005:
2954:Low lubricating oil cost and consumption.
2065:, was installed and trialed in a British
1557:. It was designed by the French engineer
1044:compressed air start-up power for larger
858:, where gas turbines are used to power a
5242:. Scienceandsociety.co.uk. 23 April 2008
4408:Capehart, Barney L. (22 December 2016).
2577:were looking for options to update WWII
2500:In 1951, the dieselâelectric oil tanker
766:
608:, and gear reduction and propeller of a
244:, and built a demonstration vessel, the
5424:"Jetfoil/hydrofoil Historical Snapshot"
4974:"GM made a coal-powered car in the 80s"
4111:
4109:
3344:
3342:
3190:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 141.
3178:
2606:was scrapped in 1972 at Portsmouth PA.
2549:in the southern Caribbean returning to
2148:, where they are valued for their high
2024:Marines from 1st Tank Battalion load a
1876:gas turbines, which eventually set six
1795:concept car. This electrically powered
1041:style air conditioning and ventilation,
895:, and small cargo aircraft such as the
321:An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design
319:resulting in the publishing in 1926 of
286:1904: A gas turbine engine designed by
5608:
4843:National Technical Information Service
4066:A. Nowotnik "Nickel-Based Superalloys"
3928:
3767:
3415:"Welcome to the Frank Whittle Website"
3236:
3234:
3232:
2627:launched its first passenger-carrying
1666:Emissions and fuel economy (1970s/80s)
5804:Technology Speed of Civil Jet Engines
4122:Turbomachinery International Magazine
4007:10.7449/2008/Superalloys_2008_753_760
3801:
3799:
3797:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3576:Giffard, Hermione (10 October 2016).
2253:commissioned in 1962 the first of 25
2178:jet engine with a power turbine. The
967:, and aeroderivative versions of the
652:piston engine, which was 35,000
7:
5791:Armagnac, Alden P. (December 1939).
5707:"Model Jet Engines" by Thomas Kamps
5185:. Jane's Information Group. p.
4919:"Gas turbine car: it's now or never"
3670:Langston, Lee S. (6 February 2017).
2050:, was meant for installation in the
5735:by John Molloy, M&M Engineering
5411:Innovation in the Maritime Industry
5398:Introduction to Marine Gas Turbines
5116:. Draft.fgm-amor.at. Archived from
5037:"Turbine Drives Retired Racing Car"
4756:Holderith, Peter (19 August 2020).
4673:"Italy's Turbo Car Hits 175 m.p.h."
4651:"Chrysler turbine engines and cars"
4541:Depreux, Stephane (February 2005).
3659:from the original on 19 April 2021.
3645:Nunn, Robert H (25 February 1977).
2957:Can run on a wide variety of fuels.
2692:, built in 1977 and powered by two
2585:was lengthened and equipped with a
991:compete for the land speed record.
931:engine (formerly designated as the
854:Gas turbines are also used in many
487:tests the first >60% efficiency
6020:Timeline of heat engine technology
5358:10.1111/j.1559-3584.1954.tb03976.x
5238:The first marine gas turbine, 1947
4783:Dnistran, Iulian (20 April 2021).
4701:Holderith, Peter (24 March 2021).
3503:Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory
3501:Brun, Klaus; Kurz, Rainer (2019).
3142:Gas turbine modular helium reactor
2922:compared to reciprocating engines.
2860:with a compression ratio of 61:1.
2709:fastcraft ferries. HSS 1500-class
2242:gas turbines in the world's first
1848:team joined forces to produce the
1429:continuously variable transmission
640:be considerably less complex than
441:National Gas Turbine Establishment
25:
5793:"New Era In Power To Turn Wheels"
5719:Aircraft Engines and Gas Turbines
5497:Combustion Science and Technology
5409:National Research Council (U.S.)
3620:"Post War Advances in Propulsion"
2575:United States Maritime Commission
2054:. Towards the end of the war, a
1598:Starting in 1954 with a modified
193:1000: The "Trotting Horse Lamp" (
5630:Brain, Marshall (1 April 2000).
5179:Ogorkiewicz, Richard M. (1991).
3954:Agrawal, Giri L. (2 June 1997).
3809:(3rd ed.). Jeppeson. 2011.
3736:. 5 January 2010. Archived from
2872:
2699:combined dieselâelectric and gas
2531:British Thompson-Houston Company
1746:which was a gas turbine powered
1705:In 1982, General Motors used an
1602:, the American car manufacturer
1304:. Microturbines have around 15%
156:that do not reuse the same air.
68:, or also known by its old name
5264:SĂžlĂžven class torpedoboat, 1965
4312:Kellner, Tomas (17 June 2016).
4245:Gas Turbines for Model Aircraft
3582:. University of Chicago Press.
3401:Journal of Aeronautical History
3215:(Second ed.). John Wiley.
2365:s were decommissioned in 2002.
1525:from British car manufacturers
1387:Gas turbines are often used on
1021:Small gas turbines are used as
531:. It is distinguished from the
268:'s Steam Turbine Department in
5632:"How Gas Turbine Engines Work"
5013:Nagy, Chris (1 October 2010).
4586:. SAE Technical Paper Series.
4545:. Classics.com. Archived from
4293:Langston, Lee S. (July 2012).
4116:Robb, Drew (1 December 2017).
3866:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes
2144:Gas turbines are used in many
1820:Hall of Fame Museum, with the
1629:with a turbine engine, called
1452:variable geometry turbocharger
917:Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6
460:Royal Navy's M.G.B 2009 vessel
345:of Switzerland starts selling
1:
4864:Norbye, Jan P. (March 1971).
4118:"Aeroderivative gas turbines"
4096:Fundamentals of Turbomachines
4036:www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk
4032:"Coatings for Turbine Blades"
3910:(inactive 1 September 2024).
3672:"Each Blade a Single Crystal"
3403:. Royal Aeronautical Society.
3296:. Web.mit.edu. 27 August 1939
3245:. Oldenbourg Verlag Munchen.
2518:Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company
2140:The Gas turbine from MGB 2009
2038:'s development division, the
1724:Sports 800 Gas Turbine Hybrid
1652:
1645:
1509:After an article appeared in
1194:Compressed air energy storage
1188:Compressed air energy storage
669:composition, and the related
5509:10.1080/00102202.2012.714020
2864:Advantages and disadvantages
2819:Computational fluid dynamics
2790:computational fluid dynamics
2298:Brave class fast patrol boat
1925:Pratt & Whitney STN 6/76
1406:A key advantage of jets and
1378:transporter erector launcher
1359:supercritical carbon dioxide
726:Protective coatings provide
308:1910: The first operational
295:Armengaud-Lemale gas turbine
225:1791: A patent was given to
5634:. Science.howstuffworks.com
5088:Brophy, Jim (2 June 2018).
4940:Roy, Rex (2 January 2009).
4441:, retrieved on 11 May 2008.
4414:Whole Building Design Guide
4295:"Efficiency by the Numbers"
3807:A&P Powerplant Textbook
3696:Hada, Satoshi; et al.
3444:Kreith, Frank, ed. (1998).
3001:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
2831:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
2613:Boeing Jetfoil 929-100-007
2275:Project 61 large ASW ship,
1905:Pratt & Whitney ST6B-62
1818:Indianapolis Motor Speedway
1711:middle east oil at the time
1460:(actually employed on some
1382:turbineâelectric powertrain
1280:Evolved from piston engine
1093:configuration, its highest
947:An LM6000 in an electrical
939:Aeroderivative gas turbines
636:Mechanically, gas turbines
485:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
70:internal combustion turbine
6076:
5809:MIT Gas Turbine Laboratory
4503:Bobbitt, Malcolm (2007) .
4243:Schreckling, Kurt (1994).
4191:"Bristol Siddeley Proteus"
3626:. 15 June 1953. p. 20
3367:Eckardt, Dietrich (2022).
2357:TM1 gas turbine and three
2221:was commissioned in 1961.
2124:
1997:
1939:General Motors fitted the
1720:Century gas turbine hybrid
1517:Early concepts (1950s/60s)
1273:
1231:
1206:
1191:
1164:load following power plant
1131:configuration. The 605 MW
1100:
1068:Gateway Generating Station
969:Pratt & Whitney PW4000
901:De Havilland Canada Dash 8
604:, rotor or accessory of a
570:section which can be of a
77:internal combustion engine
6028:
6015:
5997:
5897:
5821:MIT Microturbine research
3908:10.2478/v10022-009-0019-2
3066:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
2674:. Following the dramatic
2520:and launched on the UK's
2398:An LM2500 gas turbine on
2063:C. A. Parsons and Company
1814:STP Oil Treatment Special
1351:Closed-cycle gas turbines
1152:turbine inlet air cooling
689:hydrodynamic oil bearings
529:"constant pressure cycle"
198:
5164:Fletcher, David (2017).
4474:"Gas Turbines For Autos"
4272:. Traplet Publications.
4247:. Traplet Publications.
3371:. Springer. p. 27.
3188:A Dictionary of Aviation
3186:Wragg, David W. (1973).
3132:List of aircraft engines
2809:thermal barrier coatings
2591:variable-pitch propeller
2214:powerplants. The first,
1870:1968 24 Hours of Le Mans
1854:1963 24 Hours of Le Mans
1670:As a result of the U.S.
1169:thermodynamic efficiency
1095:thermodynamic efficiency
693:rolling-element bearings
542:). Heat is added in the
180:50: Earliest records of
5212:Gas Turbine Performance
5166:"Gas Turbine Jagdtiger"
5139:Kay, Antony L. (2002).
3392:Armstrong, F.W (2020).
2964:Disadvantages include:
2794:finite element analysis
2645:Between 1971 and 1981,
2482:amphibious assault ship
2465:guided missile cruisers
2263:with 4 gas turbines in
2244:combined diesel and gas
2240:Brown, Boveri & Cie
1887:, 1967's revolutionary
1761:âas a prototype of the
1748:hybrid electric vehicle
1686:(in collaboration with
1300:turbines the size of a
1075:gas-fired power station
973:Pratt & Whitney FT4
965:General Electric LM6000
961:General Electric LM2500
921:free-turbine turboshaft
730:of the blade and offer
600:, driving the fan of a
464:Metropolitan Vickers F2
406:. The turbojet powered
167:Timeline of development
5464:"CFD for Aero Engines"
4988:"Article in Green Car"
4268:Kamps, Thomas (2005).
3419:www.frankwhittle.co.uk
3243:Gas Turbine Powerhouse
3162:Turbine engine failure
3137:Centrifugal compressor
2805:yield strength anomaly
2783:Advances in technology
2621:
2425:High Endurance Cutters
2405:
2285:
2212:combined steam and gas
2141:
2029:
2000:Gas turbine locomotive
1968:DesignLine Corporation
1837:
1825:
1767:Williams International
1595:
1571:
1505:
1458:Turbo-compound engines
1384:
1248:
1137:additive manufacturing
1098:
1082:
1007:centrifugal compressor
952:
820:
508:
262:Sanford Alexander Moss
176:
118:thrust-to-weight ratio
57:
5962:Steam (reciprocating)
4142:Smith, R. P. (1996).
3740:on 30 September 2013.
3327:. ASME. 10 March 1905
2920:power-to-weight ratio
2649:operated a scheduled
2612:
2397:
2326:Proteus 1282 turbines
2274:
2170:) converted in 1947.
2150:power-to-weight ratio
2139:
2079:auxiliary power units
2023:
1987:MTT Turbine Superbike
1923:F1 car, powered by a
1831:
1811:
1786:2010 Paris Motor Show
1694:(in conjunction with
1612:Chrysler Turbine Cars
1608:prototype gas turbine
1606:demonstrated several
1593:
1567:
1499:
1372:
1246:
1103:Gas-fired power plant
1088:
1066:
1033:design. They supply:
1023:auxiliary power units
1017:Auxiliary power units
946:
877:power-to-weight ratio
875:turbine engines high
814:
701:auxiliary power units
642:Reciprocating engines
503:
310:Holzwarth gas turbine
255:Charles Gordon Curtis
207:Northern Song dynasty
174:
95:a compressor-driving
35:
5836:16 June 2008 at the
5814:21 July 2010 at the
5715:Traplet Publications
5577:10.1115/GT2012-68574
5552:on 13 November 2013.
5352:(2): 457â466. 2009.
5272:on 15 November 2011.
4745:– via YouTube.
4571:(3): 90. March 1954.
4549:on 16 December 2018.
4456:Bladon Micro Turbine
4217:. Season 6. UK. 2003
4170:"Vulcan APU startup"
2914:Advantages include:
2723:combined gas and gas
2265:combined gas and gas
2172:Metropolitan-Vickers
1955:(1968, GT-309); and
1738:In the early 1990s,
1559:Jean-Albert Grégoire
1218:auxiliary power unit
1160:peaking power plants
983:Amateur gas turbines
911:and the 60-year-old
527:, also known as the
456:Metropolitan Vickers
434:Messerschmitt Me 262
363:Mondeville, Calvados
343:Brown Boveri Company
303:Brown Boveri Company
6031:Thermodynamic cycle
5942:Pistonless (Rotary)
5932:Photo-Carnot engine
5853:1 July 2017 at the
5182:Technology of Tanks
4682:(1): 120. July 1954
4631:(1): 102. July 1954
4301:on 7 February 2013.
4214:Scrapheap Challenge
4197:on 18 January 2009.
4156:10.1049/cp:19960128
3864:Christopher, John.
3846:on 25 February 2013
3425:on 13 February 2012
3026:Pratt & Whitney
2985:Major manufacturers
2694:Pratt & Whitney
2656:Pratt & Whitney
2597:) for 7,000 hours.
2545:in the US and then
2440:Oliver Hazard Perry
2355:Rolls-Royce Olympus
2246:propulsion system.
2228:launched the first
2121:Marine applications
1962:The arrival of the
1889:STP-Paxton Turbocar
1822:Pratt & Whitney
1707:Oldsmobile Delta 88
1540:paraffin (kerosene)
1462:semi-trailer trucks
1412:naturally aspirated
1365:In surface vehicles
1320:External combustion
1228:Radial gas turbines
1037:compressed air for
856:liquid-fuel rockets
845:low-bypass turbofan
496:Theory of operation
279:1903: A Norwegian,
270:Lynn, Massachusetts
5294:on 20 August 2011.
4962:. 16 January 2017.
4946:The New York Times
4737:on 30 October 2021
4561:"Gas Turbine Auto"
4543:"RĂ©tromobile 2005"
4484:(8): 121. May 1946
3896:Technical Sciences
3877:Christopher, p.75.
3710:on 16 October 2015
3676:American Scientist
2839:thermal efficiency
2813:compression ratios
2751:In July 2000, the
2642:-KF gas turbines.
2622:
2522:Princess Elizabeth
2506:deadweight tonnage
2410:U.S. Coast Guard's
2406:
2286:
2142:
2030:
1838:
1826:
1816:on display at the
1775:EcoJet concept car
1763:General Motors EV1
1596:
1572:
1506:
1385:
1341:thermal efficiency
1249:
1203:Turboshaft engines
1148:absorption chiller
1110:electric generator
1099:
1083:
953:
933:Garrett AiResearch
897:Cessna 208 Caravan
821:
728:thermal insulation
714:, is reducing the
544:combustion chamber
509:
231:horseless carriage
177:
66:gas turbine engine
58:
6060:Marine propulsion
6037:
6036:
5767:978-0-309-66422-6
5747:978-0-632-06434-2
5695:978-1-56347-332-6
5305:Fast missile boat
5221:978-0-632-06434-2
5168:. tankmuseum.org.
4994:on 13 August 2012
4676:Popular Mechanics
4565:Popular Mechanics
4520:978-1-903706-57-2
4462:on 13 March 2012.
4389:on 13 August 2011
4316:(Press release).
4279:978-1-900371-91-9
4270:Model Jet Engines
4254:978-0-9510589-1-6
4179:on 13 April 2013.
4017:978-0-87339-728-5
3975:978-0-7918-7868-2
3966:10.1115/97-GT-347
3608:978-3-11-035962-6
3589:978-0-226-38859-5
3562:978-3-658-38531-6
3531:978-1-907472-00-8
3512:978-0-578-48386-3
3455:978-0-8493-9418-8
3348:Leyes, p.231-232.
3096:Shanghai Electric
2909:
2908:
2757:became the first
2488:Civilian maritime
2335:commissioned two
2190:Fast Patrol Boats
2127:Marine propulsion
2026:Honeywell AGT1500
1885:open wheel racing
1824:gas turbine shown
1791:demonstrated its
1734:Later development
1696:Williams Research
1638:1964 World's Fair
1476:, the largest by
1239:Scale jet engines
1039:air cycle machine
977:Rolls-Royce RB211
889:commuter aircraft
881:business aircraft
866:Turboprop engines
780:elements such as
740:zirconium dioxide
558:, with either an
423:György Jendrassik
301:and built by the
220:Leonardo da Vinci
108:) or ducted fan (
52:, (5) low-bypass
16:(Redirected from
6067:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5861:
5800:
5771:
5699:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5606:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5570:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5444:on 16 April 2011
5434:
5428:
5427:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5401:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5313:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5290:. Archived from
5280:
5274:
5273:
5268:. Archived from
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5120:on 16 March 2012
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5093:Curbside Classic
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5017:. Automoblog.net
5010:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4976:. 20 March 2018.
4970:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4838:
4832:
4831:Linden, page 53.
4829:
4823:
4822:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4458:. Archived from
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4377:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4320:. Archived from
4318:General Electric
4309:
4303:
4302:
4297:. Archived from
4290:
4284:
4283:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4240:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4172:. Archived from
4166:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4009:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3893:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3803:
3792:
3791:
3779:
3769:
3742:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3703:. Archived from
3702:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3533:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3482:on 13 March 2012
3481:
3475:. Archived from
3474:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3421:. Archived from
3411:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3238:
3227:
3226:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3183:
3051:MTU Aero Engines
3046:Zorya-Mashproekt
3011:General Electric
2904:
2901:
2895:
2885:pro and con list
2876:
2875:
2868:
2587:General Electric
2457:destroyers, and
2323:Bristol Siddeley
2032:The Third Reich
1964:Capstone Turbine
1949:Turbo-Cruiser II
1947:(1953, GT-300);
1901:Indianapolis 500
1872:. The cars used
1726:in 1979 and the
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1256:Kurt Schreckling
1133:General Electric
1120:configurations.
925:Honeywell TPE331
923:engine, and the
770:
685:journal bearings
631:rotational speed
585:air-fuel mixture
519:compression, an
430:Junkers Jumo 004
347:axial compressor
266:General Electric
200:
131:with air as the
21:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6024:
6011:
5993:
5893:
5888:
5855:Wayback Machine
5838:Wayback Machine
5816:Wayback Machine
5797:Popular Science
5790:
5778:
5768:
5751:
5696:
5683:
5653:
5651:Further reading
5648:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5607:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5544:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5408:
5404:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5299:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5070:
5069:on 2 March 2008
5061:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5043:: 89. June 1955
5041:Popular Science
5035:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4923:Popular Science
4916:
4915:
4911:
4896:Ludvigsen, Karl
4894:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4870:Popular Science
4863:
4862:
4858:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4826:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4710:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4625:Popular Science
4619:
4618:
4611:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4510:Rover P4 Series
4502:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4478:Popular Science
4472:
4471:
4467:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4410:"Microturbines"
4407:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4375:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4324:on 16 June 2017
4311:
4310:
4306:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4242:
4241:
4230:
4220:
4218:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4018:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3745:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3230:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3147:Pneumatic motor
3128:
3114:
3101:Harbin Electric
3061:IHI Corporation
2987:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2851:power switching
2785:
2746:Stena Discovery
2725:setups of twin
2719:Stena Discovery
2599:Fuel efficiency
2514:Hebburn-on-Tyne
2510:Hawthorn Leslie
2490:
2442:-class frigates
2302:Bristol Proteus
2238:in 1961 with 2
2206:(Tribal class)
2197:Bold Pathfinder
2134:
2129:
2123:
2040:Heereswaffenamt
2018:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1945:Turbo-Cruiser I
1937:
1919:introduced the
1899:nearly won the
1893:Andy Granatelli
1806:
1742:introduced the
1692:American Motors
1660:Turbo Titan III
1655:
1648:
1555:Paris Auto Show
1511:Popular Science
1494:
1470:
1425:ultracapacitors
1367:
1333:pulverized coal
1322:
1278:
1272:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1177:
1105:
1061:
1019:
985:
941:
909:Lockheed AC-130
893:Beechcraft 1900
868:
809:
804:
775:
768:
764:
754:
750:
708:
681:Thrust bearings
622:turbojet engine
548:specific volume
498:
415:Jendrassik Cs-1
238:Charles Parsons
169:
146:turbojet engine
74:continuous flow
72:, is a type of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6073:
6071:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6042:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5984:Thermoacoustic
5981:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5845:
5840:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5806:
5801:
5788:
5777:
5776:External links
5774:
5773:
5772:
5766:
5758:10.17226/25630
5749:
5736:
5730:
5716:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5681:
5670:
5659:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5622:
5589:
5555:
5537:
5522:
5487:
5476:on 9 July 2017
5455:
5429:
5415:
5402:
5389:
5382:
5363:
5336:
5319:Point Thatcher
5308:
5297:
5275:
5253:
5227:
5220:
5202:
5195:
5171:
5156:
5149:
5131:
5105:
5080:
5054:
5028:
5005:
4979:
4965:
4951:
4932:
4909:
4887:
4856:
4833:
4824:
4801:
4775:
4748:
4720:
4693:
4664:
4642:
4609:
4596:10.4271/650714
4574:
4552:
4533:
4519:
4495:
4465:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4400:
4363:
4349:
4335:
4304:
4285:
4278:
4260:
4253:
4228:
4200:
4182:
4161:
4134:
4105:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4023:
4016:
3988:
3974:
3946:
3879:
3870:
3857:
3822:
3816:978-0884873389
3815:
3793:
3787:978-0983865810
3786:
3743:
3721:
3688:
3662:
3637:
3611:
3595:
3588:
3568:
3561:
3543:
3534:
3518:
3511:
3493:
3461:
3454:
3436:
3406:
3384:
3377:
3359:
3350:
3338:
3316:
3307:
3285:
3279:978-3662441626
3278:
3258:
3251:
3228:
3221:
3203:
3196:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Solar Turbines
3033:
3031:P&W Canada
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Siemens Energy
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2939:combined cycle
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2907:
2906:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2835:combined-cycle
2798:single-crystal
2784:
2781:
2711:Stena Explorer
2647:Seatrain Lines
2489:
2486:
2414:Point Thatcher
2306:General Motors
2180:Steam Gun Boat
2133:
2130:
2125:Main article:
2122:
2119:
2098:(based on the
2091:diesel engines
2071:Stridsvagn 103
2067:Conqueror tank
2035:Wehrmacht Heer
2017:
2014:
1998:Main article:
1995:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1936:
1933:
1897:Parnelli Jones
1895:and driven by
1862:Richie Ginther
1805:
1802:
1755:General Motors
1736:
1735:
1680:General Motors
1668:
1667:
1548:Science Museum
1519:
1518:
1493:
1490:
1469:
1466:
1366:
1363:
1337:heat exchanger
1326:hot air engine
1321:
1318:
1296:are 25 to 500
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1240:
1237:
1234:Radial turbine
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1129:combined cycle
1091:combined cycle
1072:combined-cycle
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1042:
1018:
1015:
984:
981:
940:
937:
867:
864:
808:
805:
803:
800:
773:
761:microstructure
752:
748:
712:turbine blades
707:
704:
691:or oil-cooled
515:processes: an
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:combined cycle
481:
475:single crystal
467:
452:
445:Hayne Constant
437:
426:
411:
408:Heinkel He 178
400:
385:Hans von Ohain
381:
366:
339:
336:jet propulsion
328:
317:A. A. Griffith
313:
306:
299:Auguste Rateau
291:
284:
281:Ăgidius Elling
277:
258:
251:
234:
223:
210:
191:
168:
165:
101:
100:
93:
87:
85:gas compressor
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6072:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5990:
5989:Manson engine
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5967:Steam turbine
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:Carnot engine
5900:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5880:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5799:. p. 81.
5798:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5727:0-262-11162-4
5724:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5713:0-9510589-9-1
5710:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5679:
5678:0-13-015847-X
5675:
5671:
5668:
5667:0-07-065158-2
5664:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5633:
5626:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5604:
5603:Flight Global
5600:
5593:
5590:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5559:
5556:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5533:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5488:
5472:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5383:9781909327016
5379:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5337:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5254:
5241:
5239:
5231:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5203:
5198:
5196:9780710605955
5192:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5150:9781840372946
5146:
5142:
5135:
5132:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5106:
5094:
5091:
5084:
5081:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5016:
5009:
5006:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4924:
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4913:
4910:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4802:
4790:
4786:
4779:
4776:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4749:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4694:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4534:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4496:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4385:
4381:
4380:VGB PowerTech
4374:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4138:
4135:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3989:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3861:
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3842:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
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3744:
3739:
3735:
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3725:
3722:
3706:
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3677:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3638:
3625:
3621:
3615:
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3599:
3596:
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3585:
3581:
3580:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3378:9783658385309
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3252:9783486735710
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:9780471737599
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3197:9780850451634
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Steam turbine
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2903:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2881:This section
2879:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:foil bearings
2842:
2841:exceeds 60%.
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:that exhibit
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:Stena Carisma
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:Stena Voyager
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2681:
2680:marine diesel
2677:
2673:
2672:Asiafreighter
2669:
2665:
2664:Eurofreighter
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:John Sergeant
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:John Sergeant
2580:
2579:Liberty ships
2576:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:, a modified
2473:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2453:Arleigh Burke
2449:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:fitted their
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:motor gunboat
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:naval vessels
2138:
2131:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1975:Brescia Italy
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:Colin Chapman
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:project with
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1722:in 1975, the
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:Clean Air Act
1665:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:transit buses
1582:
1577:
1576:GM Firebird I
1570:
1569:GM Firebird I
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:Maurice Wilks
1516:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1420:series hybrid
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:microturbines
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:turbochargers
1277:
1270:Microturbines
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1222:Gas Generator
1219:
1215:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
988:
982:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
956:
950:
945:
938:
936:
934:
930:
929:fixed turbine
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:Tupolev Tu-95
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Pilatus PC-12
882:
878:
873:
865:
863:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:Airbreathing
818:
813:
806:
801:
799:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
762:
757:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
717:
713:
705:
703:
702:
698:
697:Foil bearings
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
672:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
626:
623:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:gas generator
552:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:Brayton cycle
522:
518:
514:
513:thermodynamic
507:
506:Brayton cycle
502:
495:
490:
486:
482:
479:
478:turbine blade
476:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
389:Heinkel HeS 1
386:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
332:Frank Whittle
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
248:
243:
242:steam turbine
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
218:was drawn by
217:
216:
211:
208:
204:
196:
192:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
166:
164:
162:
157:
155:
151:
150:power turbine
147:
143:
138:
134:
133:working fluid
130:
129:Brayton cycle
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
94:
92:
88:
86:
82:
81:
80:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
6050:Gas turbines
6002:Beale number
5957:Split-single
5911:
5891:Heat engines
5796:
5718:
5685:
5636:. Retrieved
5625:
5602:
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5566:
5558:
5550:the original
5540:
5531:
5525:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5478:. Retrieved
5471:the original
5458:
5446:. Retrieved
5442:the original
5432:
5418:
5410:
5405:
5397:
5392:
5372:
5366:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5327:. Retrieved
5321:(WPB-82314)"
5318:
5311:
5300:
5292:the original
5285:
5278:
5270:the original
5263:
5256:
5244:. Retrieved
5237:
5230:
5211:
5205:
5181:
5174:
5159:
5140:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5118:the original
5108:
5098:12 September
5096:. Retrieved
5092:
5083:
5071:. Retrieved
5067:the original
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5040:
5031:
5019:. Retrieved
5008:
4996:. Retrieved
4992:the original
4982:
4968:
4954:
4945:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4873:
4869:
4859:
4842:
4836:
4827:
4819:1721.1/31259
4810:
4804:
4794:12 September
4792:. Retrieved
4788:
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4761:
4751:
4739:. Retrieved
4735:the original
4729:
4723:
4711:. Retrieved
4706:
4696:
4684:. Retrieved
4679:
4675:
4667:
4655:. Retrieved
4653:. Allpar.com
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4628:
4624:
4587:
4584:Transactions
4583:
4577:
4568:
4564:
4555:
4547:the original
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4509:
4498:
4486:. Retrieved
4481:
4477:
4468:
4460:the original
4455:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4413:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4384:the original
4379:
4366:
4352:
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4322:the original
4307:
4299:the original
4288:
4269:
4263:
4244:
4219:. Retrieved
4213:
4203:
4195:the original
4185:
4174:the original
4164:
4145:
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4121:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
3997:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3956:
3949:
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